Grammar 6

Authors Juan J. Rodríguez González, Ph.D. Pennsylvania State University Curriculum & Instruction and Language & Literacy Catherine A. Toro Full Professor of English University of Puerto Rico - Bayamón Linguistic and Technical Revision Catherine A. Toro

EDITORIAL PANAMERICANA INC. Copyright 2015 Editorial Panamericana, Inc. Tel: (787) 277-7988 • Fax: (787) 277-7240 P.O. Box 25189 San Juan, Puerto Rico 00928 info@editorialpanamericana.com • www.editorialpanamericana.com Produced in San Juan, Puerto Rico ISBN: 978-1-61725-271-6 Partial or total reproduction of this book is prohibited without the written consent of the Editorial.

Executive VP Educational Projects: Dr. Juan J. Rodríguez González Editorial Director: Prof. Luz Amarilis Ramos Diagramming and Design: Michelle Acevedo Padilla Cover Design: Emmanuel Morales Montes Illustrations: Image bank of Editorial Panamericana, Inc.

Table of Contents

Unit 1 The Sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Unit 2 Nouns, Pronouns and Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Unit 3 Present Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Unit 4 Past Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Unit 5 Present Continuous Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Unit 6 Auxiliary Verbs – Be, Do and Have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Unit 7 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Unit 8 Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Unit 9 Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Unit 10 Compound Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Unit

1

Sentences

5

Unit 1: Sentences

Sentence Fragments An incomplete sentence is called a sentence fragment. A fragment lacks either a subject, a predicate, or does not communicate a complete thought.

Saw that it was time to leave. ➔ lacks a subject The king and all his men. ➔ lacks a predicate Before we went to soccer practice. ➔ does not communicate a complete thought

★★ Let’s Practice A.

Decide whether each group of words is a sentence (S) or a fragment (F).

Example: Don’t think I can do it. _______1. Daniel can come. _______2. I didn’t know that. _______3. Went to the store. _______4. Singing loudly all day long. _______5. Once they get here. _______6. Went to the beach and it was fun. _______7. Without singing a song. _______8. A high quality car. _______9. The thunder scared us all. _______10. Annie and her best friend Julia. _______11. I am very tired, but I cannot sleep. _______12. Five slices of pizza. _______13. “Ahhh,” she yawned, “I am getting tired.” _______14. Until 2:30 in the morning! _______15. Jean Carlos went to church on Sunday.

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F

If the group of words is a complete sentence, write the letter S on the line. If the group of words is a fragment, write an F on the line. _______1. Yesterday when I got to school. _______2. My friend and I saw a brown rabbit hopping on the sidewalk. _______3. Yelled and ran when she saw it. _______4. My friend, who is afraid of snakes. _______5. I picked up the rabbit and looked closely at it. _______6. Had wet, smelly fur on its body. _______7. Monica said, “I don’t want to see that snake!” _______8. Said, “Then go home, Monica.” _______9. Monica was angry and she ran away. _______10. I put the snake in my backpack. _______11. Took it home to show my mother. _______12. My mother was in the kitchen cooking. _______13. Then I put the backpack on the living room sofa. _______14. The snake was still inside. _______15. My mother opened the backpack to see if I had homework. _______16. Jumped out of my backpack and hid under the sofa. _______17. Screamed loudly! _______18. Do you think my mother will let me keep the snake? _______19. The snake was afraid of me. _______20. Was looking around for food. _______21. It stared at my mom’s kitten in the kitchen. _______22. Some snakes are poisonous. _______23. Is that! _______24. Put the snake in a box. _______25. I took the snake to a pet shop.

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Unit 1: Sentences

B.

Unit 1: Sentences

Subject and Predicate The subject of a complete sentence is who or what the sentence is about, and the predicate tells about that subject.

The lion roared.

The lion is the subject of the sentence, because the sentence is telling something about that lion. And what is it telling? It says that the lion roared. So in this example the subject is “lion” and the predicate is “roared.”

The lion roared at the zookeeper.

Here we have more details, but the subject is still “lion.” How can we know that the subject is “lion” and not “zookeeper” since the sentence seems to be about an animal and a person?

To determine the subject of a sentence, first find the verb and then ask “who?” or “what?” In this sentence, the verb is “roared.” If we ask, “who roared?” the answer is, “the lion roared.” This is how we know that “lion” is the subject of the sentence.

What is the subject in the following sentence: Yesterday after breakfast Belinda was talking about the movie she had seen.

The subject of a sentence includes the noun or pronoun along with all the words that modify, or describe it. The simple subject is the noun or pronoun all by itself.

The light blue shirt with the colorful pattern was her favorite top.

In this sentence “shirt” is the simple subject, and all the descriptive words tell us more about that shirt. The subject is “shirt” and all its modifiers (the light blue shirt with the colorful pattern), but the simple subject is simply “shirt.”

The predicate of a sentence is based on the simple predicate, which is the verb. All the other words in the predicate tell more about the subject, and some of the words can modify the verb. In the example above, the word “was” is the verb, and therefore it is the simple predicate.

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Sometimes a sentence has a compound subject, when there are two or more nouns in the subject: Bobby and his friends ran outside to play basketball.

The verb is “ran” and we ask, “Who ran?” The answer is “Bobby and his friends” which comprise the subject.

A compound predicate includes two or more verbs that relate to the subject: The little girl picked up her doll and climbed into bed.

The verbs are “picked up” and “climbed.” We ask, “Who picked up? Who climbed?” The answer is the same for both verbs: “the little girl.”

• The subject of a sentence is simply what or whom the sentence is about. It usually comes before the predicate.

• The predicate is the part of the sentence that makes a statement about the subject. The main part of the predicate is the verb.

• The predicate usually comes after the subject. Once you find the subject, you can easily find the predicate. Just ask yourself what the sentence is telling you about the subject.

• The predicate might tell you what the subject did (or does, or will do).

★★ Let’s Practice A.

Draw a CIRCLE around the simple subject and UNDERLINE the simple predicate.

1.

The young boy ate the red apple.

2.

I need help with this math problem.

3.

Next week my grandmother is coming from New York.

4.

My favorite month is July.

5.

Our homeroom is having a pizza party tomorrow.

6.

My father’s expensive watch has stopped.

7.

After dinner I like to take a little nap in my room.

8.

I always bring my reading book to class.

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Unit 1: Sentences

Compound Subject and Compound Predicate

Unit 1: Sentences

9.

My friend and I went to the movies after school yesterday.

10. On the weekend my mother works at a department store.

11. Jackie walked to the door and ran out.

12. On the way from New York to Puerto Rico yesterday afternoon the airplane had an emergency landing.

13. Two ladies and a gentleman were injured in the landing.

14. A huge black bird was sitting on the roof of my house.

15. After completing my science project I watched TV for an hour and went to bed.

B.

Decide whether the underlined group of words is a simple subject, simple predicate, compound subject, or compound predicate. Draw a circle around your answer.

1.

The Pony Express began on April 3, 1860. a. simple subject b. simple predicate c. compound subject d. compound predicate

2.

The service carried mail between Saint Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California. a. simple subject b. simple predicate c. compound subject d. compound predicate

3.

Mail and news could take three weeks to reach people on the West Coast. a. simple subject b. simple predicate c. compound subject d. compound predicate

4.

The Pony Express delivered mail in eight to ten days. a. simple subject b. simple predicate c. compound subject d. compound predicate

5.

The workers rode horses and delivered mail. a. simple subject b. simple predicate c. compound subject d. compound predicate

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Riders and horses completed their route after about one hundred miles. a. simple subject b. simple predicate c. compound subject d. compound predicate

7.

Then a new rider and horse would take the mail and continue on. a. simple subject b. simple predicate c. compound subject d. compound predicate

8.

Approximately 180 men rode for the Pony Express. a. simple subject b. simple predicate c. compound subject d. compound predicate

9.

One famous Pony Express rider was Buffalo Bill. a. simple subject b. simple predicate c. compound subject d. compound predicate

Pony Express statue in St. Joseph, Missouri

10. President Abraham Lincoln’s Inaugural Address was delivered by the service. a. simple subject b. simple predicate c. compound subject d. compound predicate 11. William Russell, Alexander Majors, and William Waddell were the founders. a. simple subject b. simple predicate c. compound subject d. compound predicate 12. The Pony Express failed and went bankrupt in October 1861. a. simple subject b. simple predicate c. compound subject d. compound predicate 13. The telegraph ended the need for the Pony Express. a. simple subject b. simple predicate c. compound subject d. compound predicate

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6.

Unit 1: Sentences

14. Riders and horses were retired. a. simple subject b. simple predicate c. compound subject d. compound predicate 15. But the legend of the Pony Express survived and became a part of history. a. simple subject b. simple predicate c. compound subject d. compound predicate C. Indicate whether the sentence has a compound subject or a compound predicate.

Draw a circle around the answer.

1.

Jim and Ruth climb rock walls. a. compound subject b. compound predicate

2.

Mr. Smith writes and draws on the computer program. a. compound subject b. compound predicate

3.

Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse are part of the creation of Walt Disney. a. compound subject b. compound predicate

4.

Our planet revolves around the sun and rotates on its axis. a. compound subject b. compound predicate

5.

The A minor chord and the C minor chord sound different. a. compound subject b. compound predicate

6.

Dolphins and Orcas have highly developed reasoning abilities. a. compound subject b. compound predicate

7.

John Lennon wrote and performed the song “Imagine”. a. compound subject b. compound predicate

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Asians and Hispanics are minorities in the United States. a. compound subject b. compound predicate

9.

Maya Angelou wrote poetry and appeared on many TV shows. a. compound subject b. compound predicate

10. Parentheses and brackets tell us which operation to do first. a. compound subject b. compound predicate 11. Platelets and red blood cells are found in the blood. a. compound subject b. compound predicate 12. Flowers and trees can be found near the capital. a. compound subject b. compound predicate 13. The directions said to recite and repeat until understood. a. compound subject b. compound predicate 14. The principal and the teacher are best friends. a. compound subject b. compound predicate 15. John selected and paid for the newly released CD. a. compound subject b. compound predicate A Compound Subject is a subject with two or more nouns or pronouns joined by the word and or another conjunction. Compound subjects share the same predicate.

Example: Her shoes were covered with mud. Her ankles were covered with mud, too.

Her shoes and ankles were covered with mud.

‘Her shoes and ankles’ is the compound subject. The predicate in both the sentences is ‘were covered with mud.’

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Unit 1: Sentences

A Compound Predicate is a predicate with two or more verbs joined by the word and or another conjunction. Compound predicates share the same subject.

Example: Jan jumped on her bike. Jan rode around the block.

Jan jumped on her bike and rode around the block.

The compound predicate is ‘jumped on her bike and rode around the block.’ The subject in both the sentences is Jan. Compound Subject and Compound Predicate: A sentence can have a compound subject and a compound predicate.

Example: Cindy and Melissa went to the mall and shopped for an hour.

★★ Let’s Practice A.

Combine each pair of sentences into one sentence using a compound subject or compound predicate. Place a checkmark (✓) in front of the best answer.

1.

Harry went to the bathroom. Harry washed his hands. _____ Harry went to the bathroom, washed his hands. _____ Harry went to the bathroom and Harry washed his hands. _____ Harry went to the bathroom and washed his hands.

2.

Ken went to school. Fred went to school. _____ Ken and Fred went to school. _____ Ken, Fred went to school. _____ Ken went to school and Fred went to school.

3.

Cars ride on the street. Buses ride on the street. Trucks ride on the street. _____ Cars, buses, and trucks ride on the street. _____ Cars ride on the street and buses ride on the street and trucks ride on the

street.

4.

Jack went up the hill. Jill went up the hill. _____ Jack went up the hill and Jill went up the hill. _____ Jack and Jill went up the hill. _____ Jack, Jill went up the hill.

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Dan and Mike went to the store and bought some gum.

Choose the compound subject of the sentence. _____ and bought some gum _____ Dan and Mike _____ went to the store

6.

In preschool, boys and girls drew pictures and colored them.

Choose the compound subject of the sentence. _____ colored them _____ In preschool _____ boys and girls _____ drew pictures

7.

Dan and Mike went to the store and bought some gum.

Choose the compound predicate of the sentence. _____ Dan and Mike _____ went to the store and bought some gum

B.

Read the sentences and find the compound subjects. Draw a circle around it.

1.

Our school library and cafeteria are next to each other.

2.

Birds either find worms in the grass or dig for them underground.

3.

Graham crackers, marshmallows, and chocolate taste delicious together.

4.

Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn were written by the same author.

5.

My name, address, and phone number appear on my ID.

6.

John, Jay, and Joe got on the roller coaster.

7.

The bedroom or the living room are quiet places to study.

C. Read the sentences and find the compound predicates. Draw a circle around it.

1.

The dog ran to the fence and stood up against it.

2.

The careless boy lost his ball and glove.

3.

Mr. Maldonado’s dog loves and serves his master faithfully.

4.

Some boys from the class built and flew a pretty big kite.

5.

Will the man sitting in the wheelchair sing or recite a poem?

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Unit 1: Sentences

5.

Unit 1: Sentences

6.

Margie bought and read the Nancy Drew series.

7.

Mariceli emailed and texted her friend about the bad news.

Compound Sentences - What are They?

Compound sentences are made up of two simple sentences connected by a coordinating conjunction. These conjunctions are also known as FANBOYS: F - For A - And N - Nor B - But O - Or Y - Yet S - So Here are some examples of compound sentences: Let’s read them: Tom arrived home. Then, he ate dinner.

Tom arrived home, and ate dinner.

We studied many hours for the test. We didn’t pass the test.

We studied many hours for the test, but we didn’t pass it.

Peter doesn’t need to buy a new car. He also doesn’t need to go on vacation.

Peter doesn’t need to buy a new car, nor does he need to go on vacation.

Conjunction Use in Compound Sentences Conjunctions are used for different purposes in sentences. A comma is always placed before the conjunction. Here are the main uses of the FANBOYS: Addition / Next Action and addition ➔ Tom enjoys playing tennis, and he likes cooking. next action ➔ We drove home, and we went to bed.

Opposition - Unexpected Results but / yet We wanted to visit Italy, but we didn’t have enough money to get there.

Janet did very well on her test, yet she didn’t get an A+.

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for / so cause ➔ Martha needed some new clothing, so she went shopping. effect ➔ They stayed home during the summer, for they had to study.

Choice Between Two or We thought we might go to see a movie, or we might have dinner out.

Anita said she might buy her mother a watch, or she might give her a gift certificate.

Not One nor the Other nor We won’t be able to visit our friends, nor will they be able to visit us this summer.

Sharon isn’t going to school, nor is she going to stay at home.

★★ Let’s Practice Use FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) to write one compound sentence using the two simple sentences.

1.

Peter drove to visit his friend. They went out for dinner.

___________________________________________________________________________________ 2.

Mary wants to go to school. She wants to complete her education.

___________________________________________________________________________________ 3.

Al spent a lot of money on video games. The video games were damaged.

___________________________________________________________________________________ 4.

Donald didn’t understand the assignment. He asked his teacher for help.

___________________________________________________________________________________ 5.

The students didn’t pass the test. They didn’t know how important it was.

___________________________________________________________________________________

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Unit 1: Sentences

Cause / Effect

Unit 1: Sentences

6.

Rose thinks she should stay home. She also thinks she should go out.

___________________________________________________________________________________ 7.

The doctors looked at the x-rays. They decided to operate on the patient.

___________________________________________________________________________________ 8.

We went to the party. We came home late.

___________________________________________________________________________________ 9.

Jack went to Mexico to visit The Riviera. He also wanted to visit Cancun.

___________________________________________________________________________________ 10. It is sunny. It is very warm. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 11. Ted worked hard to buy a bicycle. He bought one with his savings. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 12. I would like to be a doctor. If not, I would like to be a scientist. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 13. We needed some food for the week. We went to the supermarket. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 14. Tom asked his teacher for advice. He asked his brother for advice. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 15. Juan doesn’t like sushi. He doesn’t like any kind of fish. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 16. Steven gave his dog milk. He gave his cat milk. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 17. We needed to do a project. We went to the library. ___________________________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________________________

Complex Sentences - What are They?

Complex sentences are made up of two clauses - an independent clause and and a dependent clause. Independent clauses are similar to simple sentences. They can stand alone and function as a sentence. Dependent clauses, however, need to be used together with an independent clause to make sense. Here are some examples: Independent Clauses Angel won the race.

Sandra didn’t win the spelling bee competition.

The doctor will go ahead with the operation.

Dependent Clauses Although we had studied the words for a long time Because he had practiced for weeks If he gets positive test results

Notice how the first group of sentences, the independent clauses, can be used as complete sentences. The dependent clauses, on the other hand, are missing an element (the independent clause) to make sense.

Here are the two clauses combined to make complex sentences: Although she had studied the words for a long time, she didn’t win the spelling bee. Angel won the race because he had practiced for weeks. The doctor will go ahead with the operation if he gets positive test results.

Complex sentences are written by using subordinating conjunctions to connect the two clauses. These subordinating conjunctions fall into different categories. Here are the most common subordinating conjunctions based on their function. When beginning a sentence with a subordinating conjunction, place a comma at the end of the clause. There is no need for a comma if the subordinating conjunction introduces the dependent clause in the middle of the sentence.

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Unit 1: Sentences

18. The cake tastes delicious. The cake tastes like vanilla.

Unit 1: Sentences

Showing Opposition or Unexpected Results although / even though / though Although I felt he was wrong, I decided to trust him.

Sharon started looking for a new job even though she was currently employed.

Though I couldn’t understand a word, we had a great time!

Showing Cause and Effect because / since / as Since you need some help, I’ll come over this afternoon.

Henry felt he needed to take some time off because he had been working so hard.

The parents paid for extra lessons as the children were very gifted.

Expressing Time when / as soon as / before / after / by By the time you get this letter, I will have left for New York.

I used to play a lot of tennis when I was a teenager.

We had a wonderful dinner after she had arrived.

Expressing Conditions if / unless / in the case that If I were you, I would take my time with that project.

They won’t come next week unless you ask them to do so.

In the case that he isn’t available, we’ll look for another consultant.

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A.

Spotting different clauses. Underline either the main or the subordinate clauses of each of these sentences when you are asked to do so.

Exercise 1 has already been done for you. The exercise requires that the student underline the subordinate clause. Remember A subordinate clause (or dependent clause) is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought.

B.

1.

Tom, who played rugby twice a week, was athletic. * Underline the subordinate clause.

2.

Magicians perform tricks which appear impossible. * Underline the main clause.

3.

Watching scary films, shown late at night, is foolish. * Underline the subordinate clause.

4.

Lei enjoys listening to her iPod which is pink. * Underline the main clause.

5.

The corridor, on the left, leads down to the dungeons. * Underline the subordinate clause.

6.

The dog barked at the burglar who was stealing the diamonds. * Underline the main clause.

7.

Pets, properly cared for, act obediently. * Underline the subordinate clause.

8.

Some people, who are very religious, will pray every day. * Underline the subordinate clause.

9.

Max went shopping and bought books which were on sale. * Underline the main clause.

Different types of sentences. Decide if the nine sentences below are simple, compound or complex. Draw a circle around the word that describes it.

1.

Leila hates swimming in the ocean.

Simple / Compound / Complex

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Unit 1: Sentences

★★ Let’s Practice

Unit 1: Sentences

2.

I lost the video games CD that Marcos lent me.

Simple / Compound / Complex

3.

Alan enjoys reading and he enjoys playing sports.

Simple / Compound / Complex

4.

Real Madrid, my favorite soccer team, has the best team players.

Simple / Compound / Complex

5.

Brian eats lots of vegetables.

Simple / Compound / Complex

6.

When the sun shines, people feel happy and smile.

Simple / Compound / Complex

7.

I have a dog but I don’t have a cat.

Simple / Compound / Complex

8.

My parents can’t drive home today if the car is not fixed.

Simple / Compound / Complex

9.

You can have a salad or you can have a sandwich.

Simple / Compound / Complex

10. The sidewalk was under construction.

Simple / Compound / Complex 11. Naomi can bake a cake, or she can bake cookies for the party.

Simple / Compound / Complex

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✓ name: Lissette ✓ owns: a pet dog called Maggie ✓ species: Maggie is a mutt ✓ wears: a cap, red t-shirt and blue pants ✓ hair color: brown ✓ ambition: to become a dentist. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

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Unit 1: Sentences

C. Writing Complex Sentences. Look at the picture below of Megan. Compose some sentences about her including some subordinate clauses (relative and adverbial). Use these details to help you get started:

Unit 1: Sentences

The complex sentence consists of one main clause and one or more subordinating clauses. The subordinate clause modifies a word in the main clause.

After Dan studies, he often watches television. (subordinate clause modifies watches) This is the week when the Todds go on vacation. (subordinate clause modifies week) After Ann made the salad, she set the table. (subordinate clause modifies set)

★★ Let’s Practice Identify the complex sentence by placing a check mark ( ✓ ) on the spaces provided. _______1. We rang the doorbell, but no one answered it. _______2. I wrote Jane a letter while she was away at camp. _______3. Have you seen Mr. Nelson’s garden at the back of his house? _______4. When Miss Jones entered the room, we all became quiet. _______5. Susan likes chemistry, but she likes physics better. _______6. Since we’ve lost every game but one, no one is excited about football this year. _______7. When I’m tired, I’m not good company for anyone. _______8. Wandering aimlessly up the path, Mr. Cutter approached the house. _______9. Susan sang a solo and accompanied herself on the piano. _______10. When the rain began, we were playing tennis. _______11. When Uncle Jack comes to town, we all have a good time. _______12. I worked all morning, and then I relaxed in the afternoon. _______13. I’m going to bed early because I’m tired. _______14. We drove every afternoon until five o’clock.

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Unit

2

Nouns, Pronouns and Articles

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Unit 2: Nouns, Pronouns and Articles

Nouns Nouns are all around us every day!

A noun can be a person, like

girl

boy

A noun can be a place, like

home

school

A noun can be a thing, like

pen

cup

A noun can be an idea, like

love

fear

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A.

Cross out the words that are not nouns. chair

sing

car

shoe

store

write

television

classroom

run

pencil

eat

dog

learn

sit

ball

friend

swim

table

nurse

talk

B.

The regular plural form of nouns is made by simply adding an “s” to the end of the word.

If the noun is singular, write the plural form. If the noun is plural, write the singular form.

1.

car

_______________________

7.

hair

_______________________

2.

plants _______________________

8.

box

_______________________

3.

chair _______________________

9.

spoons _______________________

4.

animals _______________________

10. basketball _______________________

5.

house _______________________

11. tables _______________________

6.

trucks _______________________

12. students _______________________

C. Capitalization of Proper Nouns. Since proper nouns are names, they must be capitalized.

Remember that proper nouns are the names of specific people, places, things, or ideas.

Circle the proper nouns in the story below. Write them correctly, with the first letter of each word capitalized, on the lines below the story. There are eight proper nouns to find.

One morning scott woke up late and he had to hurry to get ready for school. His school, westlake elementary school, was about ten minutes away from his house. He picked up his

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Unit 2: Nouns, Pronouns and Articles

★★ Let’s Practice

Unit 2: Nouns, Pronouns and Articles

library book, charlotte’s web, and tucked it into his backpack with his homework. He almost forgot his soccer uniform. He had to practice with the red devils, his soccer team, after school. In the bathroom he ran a comb through his hair and brushed his teeth with minty max toothpaste. There was only time for a few bites of his favorite cereal, captain crunchies. He ran to the car with his mom, and they drove to school. Standing there waiting for him was his best friend, peter. They both hurried to mrs. anderson’s classroom, and sat down in their seats as the late bell rang.

Capitalize proper nouns. Write them here: 1. _____________________________

5. _____________________________

2. _____________________________

6. _____________________________

3. _____________________________

7. _____________________________

4. _____________________________

8. _____________________________

D. Identifying Nouns. A noun can be a person, place, thing, or idea. Read the story below.

Circle all the nouns. Copy twenty nouns on the lines below the story. Circle the letter C next to common nouns, and P next to proper nouns.

Jillian and her mother went to an auction in the city. They were hoping to find paintings and other artwork to decorate their home. They looked around at all the things on display. There were vases, furniture, and sculptures. Everywhere they looked there were more beautiful and exotic items to see.

Eager to find the paintings, Jillian walked quickly to the far side of the building. She could hardly believe her eyes when she saw an original painting by Monet. Tiny colored dots combined to make a magnificent picture. She didn’t even want to guess how much it would cost. She knew that she would never have enough money to buy it. She did see several other paintings that she liked. She showed them to her mother, who agreed that they were beautiful.

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Jillian’s mother had the winning bid! By the end of the auction, they had three lovely paintings to take home with them. Jillian also had some great memories of the time she had spent with her mother. She would think of that day, and the painting by Monet that she had seen up close, every time she saw the new paintings hanging in their home. It had been a wonderful day.

1.

_______________________

C

P

11.

_______________________

C

P

2.

_______________________

C

P

12.

_______________________

C

P

3.

_______________________

C

P

13.

_______________________

C

P

4.

_______________________

C

P

14.

_______________________

C

P

5.

_______________________

C

P

15.

_______________________

C

P

6.

_______________________

C

P

16.

_______________________

C

P

7.

_______________________

C

P

17.

_______________________

C

P

8.

_______________________

C

P

18.

_______________________

C

P

9.

_______________________

C

P

19.

_______________________

C

P

10.

_______________________

C

P

20.

_______________________

C

P

Remember that a noun can be a person, place, thing, or idea.

E.

Circle the nouns in each sentence.

1.

The little girl played with her dolls in front of her house.

2.

The students worked on their homework at their desks.

3.

While on a walk, the man found a lost wallet on the ground.

4.

Helen and Sam went to visit the museum with their mom.

5.

Freedom is important to the people in our country.

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Grammar Portfolio for Kids 6

Unit 2: Nouns, Pronouns and Articles

The auction lasted for hours! Finally, one of the paintings that they liked was on the platform.

Unit 2: Nouns, Pronouns and Articles

Subject Pronouns A subject pronoun is used as the subject of a sentence in place of a person’s or thing’s name or description, particularly after the subject has already been introduced.

★★ Let’s Practice A.

Complete each sentence with the appropriate pronoun.

Person

Subject Pronouns - Singular

Subject Pronouns - Plural

1st (speaking)

I

We

2nd (being spoken to)

You

You

3rd (being spoken about)

He/She/It

They

1.

(Joe, Scott, and Bob) They

went hiking on the mountain together.

2.

(My Aunt Jane)

__________likes to read scary stories at night.

3.

(Nick and I)

__________have a favorite place to go on weekends.

4.

(The neighbor’s car)

__________has a very pretty color.

5.

(Jenny and Lucy)

__________wore boots to school because of the snow.

6.

(The little old lady)

__________walks very slowly with a cane.

7.

(Adam’s grandfather) __________retired from the U.S. Army four years ago.

8.

(The red notebook)

9.

(The pens and pencils) __________belong in the cup on the desk.

__________contains all the notes from History class.

10. (Your Uncle Ralph)

__________works for a large company in San Juan.

11. (The Andersons)

__________were our neighbors for seven years.

12. (Amanda Santini)

__________is the prettiest girl in school.

13. (The boy wearing red) __________scored the most points in the game.

14. (The small girl)

__________is the youngest student in the class.

15. (Your parents)

__________live in a beautiful home in the country.

16. (The green apple)

__________will be ripe in a couple of weeks.

17. (The sweet oranges)

__________are on sale at the grocery store today.

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__________rode on the roller coaster yesterday.

19. (You and I)

__________can go together to the movies.

20. (Dr. Nunan)

__________wrote a book about traveling.

21. (The city of San Juan) __________is the capital city of Puerto Rico.

22. (Melanie and Susan) __________were tired because they jumped rope.

B.

23. (My friend, Susan)

__________was called by her mom at the party.

24. (Your parents and I)

__________got to know each other at the office.

25. (Our cousin Ken)

__________just graduated from sixth grade.

There are several kinds of pronouns in the sentences below. Circle only the subject pronouns.

1.

We watched movies and ate popcorn until one o’clock in the morning.

2.

They wrote letters to us about how the kangaroos are losing their habitat.

3.

He was talking in a loud voice over the phone.

4.

She laughed while she played with her parents and her dog.

5.

They were late to school because they found a dog.

6.

Our old car got a flat tire when it ran over a rusty nail on the road.

7.

You wore your blue jacket to the dance, and I wore my green dress.

8.

He enjoys playing on the swings and slides at the park every night.

Object Pronouns An object pronoun is used in place of a person or thing that is acted upon or receives the action of the verb in a sentence.

Person

Object Pronouns - Singular

Object Pronouns - Plural

1st (speaking)

Me

Us

2nd (being spoken to)

You

You

3rd (being spoken about)

Him/Her/It

Them

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Grammar Portfolio for Kids 6

Unit 2: Nouns, Pronouns and Articles

18. (Santos and Jeffrey)

Unit 2: Nouns, Pronouns and Articles

★★ Let’s Practice A.

Complete each sentence with the appropriate pronoun.

1.

(Joe, Scott, and Bob) The waiter brought out three plates of food for ________________________________ .

2.

(My Aunt Julia) My sister and I wrote thank you letters to______________________________________ .

3.

(Tom and I) The science teacher gave a bottle rocket to__________________________________ .

4.

(The neighbor’s car) The mechanic from the garage went to work on_______________________________ .

5.

(Jenny and Fabiola) My parents bought $25 gift certificates for____________________________________ .

6.

(The little old lady) I carried in the bags of groceries to help______________________________________ .

7.

(Adam’s grandfather) Adam carefully painted a special portrait of__________________________________ .

8.

(The blue notebook) Samantha quickly wrote down all her notes in_________________________________ .

9.

(The pens and pencils) I bought a new zippered pouch at the store for________________________________ .

10. (Your Uncle Peter) Sally expertly danced her tap dance routine for _______________________________ .

11. (The Andersons) We got a letter in our mailbox that belongs to_________________________________ .

12. (Amanda Sanderson) Andrew went shopping and bought a ring for_________________________________ .

13. (The boy wearing red) The soccer goalie kicked the soccer ball to___________________________________ .

14. (The small girl) The waitress handed the ice cream cone to__________________________________ .

15. (Your parents) You couldn’t wait to show the report card to___________________________________ .

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Review: Object or Subject Pronoun Circle the correct PRONOUN to complete each sentence.

1.

My sister tried to soak (I, me) with the water hose.

2.

Mom will not let (I, me) eat my candy before lunch.

3.

After (I, me) finished my shower, I dried myself with a towel.

4.

It’s hard for (I, me) to resist buying chocolate when I shop at the candy store.

5.

(I, Me) think my mom is old, but she’d like to think that she is much younger than she is.

6.

The car in front of (we, us) is very slow.

7.

Mrs. Black said (we, us) can’t chat during class.

8.

Will you let (we, us) play the game with you?

9.

(We, Us) have to pay tax on bars of soap.

10. (We, Us) bought fresh lettuce for our salad.

C. Circle the pronoun that takes the place of the underlined part of the sentence.

Example: My friend and I went to the store. We went to the store.

Answer- We 1.

My mom and I played soccer. We played soccer.

2.

My mom and dad went on vacation. They went on vacation.

3.

John and Sarah danced together. They danced together.

4.

My sister plays with dolls. She plays with dolls.

5.

My brother went to school. He went to school.

6.

My aunt and uncle went to my party. They went to my party.

7.

Jacky bought a new car. She bought a new car.

8.

Mr. Davis works in the library. He works in the library.

9.

Jenny plays basketball. She plays basketball.

10. My friend and I went to the park. We went to the park.

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Grammar Portfolio for Kids 6

Unit 2: Nouns, Pronouns and Articles

B.

Unit 2: Nouns, Pronouns and Articles

D. Circle the possessive pronoun that best completes each sentence.

Example: (My/ Mine) backpack is near my desk.

Answer- My 1.

I did (mine/ my) assignment the day before class.

2.

Make sure (your / you’re) school supplies are ready for the next day.

3.

(He’s / His) mother walked with him to school.

4.

Everyone liked (her’s / her) bold new attitude.

5.

(It’s / Its) colors are beautiful in the fall.

6.

(Ours / Our) industry is booming.

7.

Can you do (your / yours) assignment on time?

8.

They brought (there / their) food to the potluck.

9.

(Ours / Our) team won the championship game!

10. (He’s / His) message was sent loud and clear.

11. (Your / Yours) instrument is waiting for you in the room.

12. My neighbor always takes care of (he’s / his) lawn.

13. (Ours / Our) leather couch was expensive.

14. (Mine / My) garage sale was very lucrative.

15. (Its / It’s) title is very creative.

16. (Ours / Our) leader gave many good suggestions.

Possessive Pronouns Definition: We use the Possessive Pronouns when we want to substitute a group of words that are indicating a possession relation.

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Subject

Possessive

I

Mine

You

Yours

He

His

34

Hers

It

Its

We

Ours

You

Yours

They

Theirs

For example: This is my book. ➞ This is mine.

In this example, we can substitute “my book” for the possessive pronoun “mine”.

This is your disk and that’s mine.

Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.

A possessive pronoun indicates it is acting as a subject complement or a subject of the sentence.

Example: The smallest gift is mine. This is yours.

Here the possessive pronouns acts as a subject complement.

His is on the kitchen counter. Theirs will be delivered tomorrow.

Ours is the green one on the corner.

Here the possessive pronoun acts as the subject of the sentence.

Note: Possessive pronouns are very similar to possessive adjectives.

Example: You can borrow my book as long as you remember that it’s not yours.

The possessive “my” depends on the noun “book”. The possessive “yours” is a pronoun which stands in the place of “your book”.

When you drive to Ponce, will you take your car or theirs?

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Grammar Portfolio for Kids 6

Unit 2: Nouns, Pronouns and Articles

She

Unit 2: Nouns, Pronouns and Articles

The possessive “your” depends on the noun “car.” The possessive pronoun, “theirs,” stands in the place of the noun phrase, “their car.”

There are two types of possessive pronouns: Possessive pronouns are words that take the place of a noun that belongs to someone or something. The seven possessive pronouns are: mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, theirs.

Possessive adjectives are words that describe a noun as belonging to someone or something. Possessive adjectives are placed before the noun they describe. The seven possessive adjectives are: my, your, his, hers, its, our, their.

A possessive pronoun tells who or what owns (possesses) something.

A possessive pronoun takes the place of possessive nouns (nouns that show ownership).

Examples of possessive pronouns that are used before a noun: our boat, her brother, my necklace, your house, their basket, its tail

★★ Let’s Practice Rewrite each sentence using a possessive pronoun from the word box for the underlined word.

Is this hat yours? Yes, the cards are mine. Is this book theirs?

WORD BOX her

1.

his

its

our

their

I am going to Jacob’s performance.

___________________________________________________________________________________ 2.

I will tell Linda’s friend about the book.

___________________________________________________________________________________ 3.

Look at the turtle’s shell.

___________________________________________________________________________________

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This is my family’s garden.

___________________________________________________________________________________ 5.

Does that look like Mike and Sue’s car?

___________________________________________________________________________________ 6.

This is my family’s houseboat.

___________________________________________________________________________________ 7.

Please put this on Mark and Laura’s patio.

___________________________________________________________________________________ 8.

Did you see the peacock’s feathers?

___________________________________________________________________________________

Reflexive Pronouns A pronoun ending in -self or -selves that is used as an object to refer to a previously named noun or pronoun in a sentence. Reflexive pronouns usually follow verbs or prepositions.

Reflexive pronouns have the same forms as intensive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns are essential to the meaning of a sentence.

★★ Let’s Practice A.

Fill in these sentences with myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves or themselves.

1.

Every morning I wash _______________ and brush my teeth.

2.

3.

Jane is a baby, she is too small to eat by _______________.

Peter is very lazy. He always copies his friend´s homework and never does it by _______________.

4.

The children can decorate the Christmas tree by _______________.

5.

Julie is always looking at _______________ in the mirror.

6.

If you can´t do this exercise by _______________ , ask the teacher for help.

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Grammar Portfolio for Kids 6

Unit 2: Nouns, Pronouns and Articles

4.

Unit 2: Nouns, Pronouns and Articles

7.

The cat cleans _______________ with its tongue.

8.

Don´t help us, Dad! Jim and I can paint the car all by _______________.

9.

You are five years old, Danny. You have to comb your hair by _______________ now.

10. Hi, Martin! Hi, Rebeca! Please, come in and make _______________ at home.

B.

Complete these sentences with MYSELF, YOURSELF, HERSELF, HIMSELF, ITSELF, OURSELVES, YOURSELVES or THEMSELVES. 1.

Tom cut _______________ while he was shaving this morning.

2.

We really enjoyed _______________ very much.

3.

I repaired my bike _______________ .

4.

Why don’t you clean the windows _______________ ?

5.

Jack and I introduced _______________ to our new neighbor.

6.

He decided to repair his bike _______________ .

7.

They looked at _______________ .

8.

The film _______________ wasn’t very good but I liked the music.

9.

The old woman sat at the park bench talking to _______________ .

10. Let’s paint the house _______________ .

11. Did you write it _______________ ?

12. She locked the door _______________ .

13. The children cleaned their room _______________ .

14. Ann baked the cake _______________ .

15. The cat caught the mouse _______________ .

C. Articles Fill in the blank with a, an, or the if necessary. Put an X where none is required.

1.

I still keep wondering if I was doing _____ right thing when I asked my father for _____ permission to leave school.

2.

We needed _____ house to live in when we were in San Juan.

3.

There are some things _____ gentleman can’t do, Tom.

4.

He told me he hated _____ doctors.

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She had _____ laughing eyes and _____ most charming mouth.

6.

We talked about _____ books. Charles had just finished _____ last volume of Proust.

7.

I went into _____ room quietly and sat down opposite him without _____ word.

8.

Mr. March spent most of the night talking to Francis about buying _____ house. _____ two of them were happy discussing _____ plans and _____ prices.

9.

I told myself that in wartime _____ letters are lost.

10. He is _____ man to deal with _____ customers’ complaints.

11. She went to _____ writing-desk and brought out _____ sealed envelope.

12. I’ll book _____ sleeper on _____ Geneva-Paris train for tomorrow night.

D. Choose the correct answer from the four options.

1.

Please wait for __________ hour for the test results. ____ a ____ an ____ the ____ none of the above

2.

India is the second most populous country in ___________ world. ____ a ____ an ____ the ____ none of the above

3.

Paul is ___________ smartest boy in the class. ____ a ____ an ____ the ____ none of the above

4.

Do you have ___________ pen? ____ a ____ an ____ the ____ none of the above

5.

Mr. Reddy is wearing ___________ blue shirt. ____ a ____ an ____ the ____ none of the above

Here are the basic rules for when to use “A, An or The”:

• a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants Eric has a dog. Gregory works in a factory.

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Grammar Portfolio for Kids 6

Unit 2: Nouns, Pronouns and Articles

5.

Unit 2: Nouns, Pronouns and Articles

• an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u) Can I have an apple? Donata is an English teacher.

• the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know) The car over there is fast. The teacher is very good, isn’t he?

The first time you speak of something use “a or an”, the next time you repeat that object use “the”.

I live in a house. The house is quite old and has two bedrooms. I ate in a Vietnamese restaurant. The restaurant was not very clean.

DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as “The United States”.

My uncle lives in Cumbria near Lake Windermere. They live in Bristol.

Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas.

I live on a small island in the Baltic Sea. DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in general.

I like Indian tea. Simon likes reading books about linguistics.

DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places, and means of transport.

He has breakfast at home. I go to university. Magda comes to work by taxi.

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