Post-Secondary Graduation Research: Enrolment and Graduation Rates from Environment-Related College and University Programs F I N AL
R E P O RT
ECO CANADA ECO Canada develops programs that help individuals build meaningful environmental careers, provides employers with resources to find and keep the best environmental practitioners, and informs educators and governments of employment trends to ensure the ongoing prosperity of this growing sector.
LABOUR MARKET RESEARCH ECO Canada Labour Market Research investigates current environmental skill and labour trends within the environmental profession and provides up-to-date, timely and relevant insights that can be applied in policy, business, and educational contexts. The complete collection of reports is available at www.eco.ca.
Table of Contents
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4
4 4 4
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5 3.1 UNIVERSITY PROGRAMS 5 3.1.1 University Enrolment and Graduation of all Learners from Environment-Related Programs 6 3.1.2 University Enrolment in Environment-Related Programs 8 3.1.3 University Graduation in Environment-Related Programs
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Research Objectives
SECTION 2: METHODOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS Data Source Identifying Programs of Study Changes to Methodology
SECTION 3: FINDINGS
10 3.2 COLLEGE PROGRAMS 10 3.2.1 College Enrolment and Graduation of all Learners from Environment-Related Programs 11 3.2.2 College Enrolment in Environment-Related Programs 13 3.2.3 College Graduation from Environment-Related Programs
15
SECTION 4: CONCLUSIONS
16
REFERENCES
16
DATA SOURCES
18 APPENDIX 18 Table A.1 25 Table A.2 26 Table A.3
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
According to a 2007 report produced by ECO Canada, one of the most critical issues
In this report, we conduct similar analyses to that provided in ECO Canada’s 2008 study of enrolment and graduation rates among all students of college and university environmentrelated programs 3,4 where the data has permitted. The following questions are addressed:
facing Canada’s environmental sector is a shortage of skilled labour to fill the growing demand for environmental employees.1 As this report outlines, the demand for
1. What are current and historical trends in university and college enrolment and graduation rates for environmentrelated programs as a proportion of all programs?
environmental employees specifically was expected to increase by 1.6% between 2006 and 2011. By contrast, employment in all
2. What is the distribution of university and college enrolment and graduation rates for environment-related programs as a proportion of all programs in the province/ territory?
industries was expected to increase by 1.4%. Compounding the issue, forecast models
3. What is the current distribution of university and college enrolment and graduation rates of environment-related programs?
reported by Human Resources and Social Development Canada (HRSDC) predict that about 65.9% of job openings between 2006
4. What is the rate of change for college and university enrolment and graduation of select environment-related programs of study?
and 2015 are expected to be in occupations usually requiring post-secondary education (university, college, or apprenticeship
ECO Canada would like to thank the Canadian Council on Learning for conducting the research and analyzing the data collected throughout the project.
training) and in management occupations in all industries.2 This forecast further suggests increased difficulties in attracting qualified workers to the environmental sector.
ECO Canada. (2007). Labour Market Transition: A Remedy for Labour Shortages in the Environment. Environmental Labour Market (ELM) Research, Environmental Careers Organization of Canada: Calgary, AB.
1
Lapointe, M., Dunn, K., Tremblay-Cote, N., Bergeron, L-P., & Ignaczak, L. (2006). Looking-Ahead: A 10-Year Outlook for the Canadian Labour Market (2006-2015). Gatineau, QC: Human Resources and Social Development Canada.
2
ECO Canada. (2008a). College Graduation Trends for Environment-Related Programs, 2002-2005. Environmental Labour Market (ELM) Research. Calgary, AB: Author.
3
ECO Canada. (2008b). University Graduation and Enrolment for EnvironmentRelated Programs 1999-2005. Environmental Labour Market (ELM) Research. Calgary, AB: Author.
4
3
SECTION 2: METHODOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS This section describes the Statistics Canada data sources that were used to address the research objectives.
Data Source Post-Secondary Student Information System: Statistics Canada’s Post-Secondary Student Information System (PSIS) is a good source for enrolment and graduation rates for learners of all programs of study, including environmentrelated programs. Although PSIS began in 2000, it is not yet fully implemented, meaning that not all post-secondary institutions are reporting data. PSIS data was used for reporting the provincial/territorial distribution and for tracking trends between 2000 and 2007 for university enrolments and graduates. PSIS college graduation data are not available beyond 2004 and enrolment data are not available beyond 2005. Key terms used by the PSIS are defined below. Enrolment “Counts of the number of enrolments within each program offered. Each student enrolled within each program is counted. If a student is enrolled in two programs, then this is counted as two program enrolments.” Graduate “Counts of the number of graduates within each program offered at an institution. Each student that has graduated from each program is counted. If a student has graduated in two programs, then this is counted as two graduates.”
Identifying Programs of Study Programs of study were identified and grouped using Statistics Canada’s Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP)5. [1] The CIP is designed to classify ‘instructional programs’ by ‘field of study’. For the purposes of this study, the second CIP level, known as the “subseries”, was used to group programs that have comparable content and objectives. Programs of study related to the environment (Table A.1 in Appendix A) and some specific environment-related programs (Table A.2 in Appendix A) were identified and used for analysis in this report.
Changes to Methodology Previous ECO Canada reports published in 2008 identified 27 college and 20 university environment-related programs in Canada that prepare environmental professionals (with overlap between college and university programs). Some programs that seemed environment-related had been excluded and other programs that did not seem related to the environment were included. Of note, the previous 2008 college report produced by ECO Canada did not use PSIS data, but obtained data from provincial/ territorial reports, and where no such report was available, by contacting individual institutions. The decision was made to identify and select programs of study without recurrence to previous ECO Canada reports (presented in Table A.1 in Appendix A). However, because the programs identified and selected for analysis differ between previous ECO Canada reports and this one, it is not possible to draw any direct comparisons between the two reports. This is fortunately not a significant problem because PSIS college and university data was available from 2000 and was used for conducting trend analyses.
The Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) was developed in 1980 by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) in the United States and is used as a standard in both countries.
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SECTION 3: FINDINGS 3.1 UNIVERSITY PROGRAMS 3.1.1 University Enrolment and Graduation of all Learners from Environment-Related Programs
Environmental-related program graduation grew 10.9% from 2000 to 2007. However, environment-related programs represent a lower proportion of the total graduation rate in 2007 than in 2000.
Enrolment in environment-related programs increased 40.1% between 2000 and 2007, while enrolment in all programs increased 25.4% over the same time period.
Figure 1 shows university enrolment and graduation trends between 2000 and 2007 for environment-related programs as a proportion of all programs.
Figure 1 Why University enrolment and graduation rates for environment-related programs as a proportion of all programs (2000 - 2007) Graduates
16% 14%
Enrolments 12.6% 11.5%
12%
10.7%
10.5%
10.1%
10%
9.7%
9.9%
8.8%
9.1%
2005
2006
10.2% 9.9%
8%
8.9%
8.4%
8.4%
8.5%
8.8%
2001
2002
2003
2004
6% 4%
2000
2007
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
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Figure 2 University enrolment and graduation rates for environment-related programs as a proportion of all programs in the province (2007) 16%
Enrolments
14%
Graduates
12% 10% 8% 6%
9.2%
8.0%
10.9%
7.3%
11.7%
8.4%
10.1%
10.6%
6.5%
6.7%
11.3%
11.0%
13.2%
14.2%
10.4%
7.2%
14.0%
14.3%
11.6%
2%
10.5%
4%
0% BC
AB
MB
SK
ON
QC
NB
NS
PE
NL
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
The proportion of university enrolment and graduation rates for environment-related programs as a proportion of all programs within each province is given in Figure 2. Overall, Alberta and Saskatchewan showed the largest proportions of students both enrolling in and graduating from environment-related programs in 2007. Quebec had the smallest proportion of both enrolments and graduates from environment-related programs out of all the provinces.
3.1.2 University Enrolment in Environment-Related Programs Based on 2007 enrolment numbers, the largest proportion of students studying environmentrelated university programs were enrolled in the biological and biomedical sciences (30.8%), followed by engineering (24.5%) as shown in Figure 3. Programs of study were grouped into 2-digit CIP categories for this analysis and only those programs selected were included.
Figure 3 Distribution of university enrolment in environment-related programs (2007)
Social sciences 10.0%
Natural resources and conservation 9.8%
Physical sciences 12.2%
Other environmental programs 13.8%
Biological and biom edical sciences 30.8% Engineering 24.5%
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
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Many programs have seen significant increase in enrolment numbers from 2000 to 2007 (Table 1). The largest rate of change in enrolments was observed in land use planning and management/development (1900%), followed by conservation biology (783.3%) and natural resources management and policy (408.5%). However, other programs experienced decline in enrolments between 2000 and 2007, such as agriculture and others relating to natural resources. Wildlife biology and atmospheric physics and dynamics both experienced declines of 100%.
Table 1 University enrolment rate of change for select environment-related programs (2000-2007) CIP Code
CIP Program Name
% Change
03.0206
Land use planning and management/developmenta
26.1307
Conservation biologyb
783.3%
03.0201
Natural resources management and policy
408.5%
26.1301
Ecology
218.2%
45.1201
Urban studies/affairs
202.6%
03.0104
Environmental science
157.7%
15.0506
Water quality & wastewater treatment management & recycling technology/technicianc
150.0%
13.1316
Science teacher education/general science teacher education
138.6%
14.1401
Environmental/environmental health engineering
119.5%
03.0101
Natural resources/conservation, general
82.3%
14.0801
Civil engineering, general
76.3%
04.0301
City/urban, community and regional planning
60.7%
13.1332
Geography teacher education
58.3%
40.0501
Chemistry, general
49.1%
14.0701
Chemical engineering
36.2%
26.0101
Biology/biological sciences, general
29.2%
13.1322
Biology teacher education
21.4%
40.0601
Geology/earth science, general
20.2%
40.0401
Atmospheric sciences and meteorology, general
18.4%
40.0404
Meteorology
18.2%
45.0701
Geography
10.2%
14.3901
Geological/geophysical engineering
1.9%
13.1323
Chemistry teacher education
0.0%
03.0103
Environmental studies
01.1201
Soil science and agronomy, general
26.0301
Botany/plant biology
1900.0%
-0.1% -4.8% -11.5%
26.1302
Marine biology and biological oceanography
-15.6%
51.2202
Environmental health
-18.9%
13.1329
Physics teacher education
-19.0%
03.0205
Water, wetlands, and marine resources management
-33.3%
01.0000
Agriculture, general
-43.5%
03.0501
Forestry, general
-48.6%
14.3401
Forest engineering
26.0709
Wildlife biology
-100.0%
-58.9%
40.0403
Atmospheric physics and dynamics
-100.0%
40.0402
Atmospheric chemistry and climatologyd
n/a
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations. c d a
b
Rate of change calculated from 2001 to 2007 because data is not available for previous years. Rate of change calculated from 2003 to 2007 because data is not available for previous years. Rate of change calculated from 2005 to 2007 because data is not available for previous years. Rate of change cannot be calculated because data is not available for this program.
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Figure 4 Distribution of university graduates in environment-related programs (2007)
Other environmental programs 14.2% Natural resources and conservation 10.0%
Similar to enrolments, in 2007 the largest proportion of students graduated from biological and biomedical sciences (31.9%) and engineering (22.1%) as shown in Figure 4.
Biological and biomedical sciences 31.9%
Science technologies/ technicians 10.1%
Social sciences 11.7%
Engineering 22.1%
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
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3.1.3 University Graduation in Environment-Related Programs
Similar to enrolments, in 2007 the largest proportion of students graduated from biological and biomedical sciences (31.9%) and engineering (22.1%).
Table 2 shows the rate of change between 2000 and 2007 for graduates of select environmental programs. The largest rates of change were observed in land use planning and management/development (2000%), natural resources management and policy (225%), and environmental science (145.1%). Forestry, general (-77.6%) and wildlife biology (-100%) experienced the largest declines in graduation.
Table 2 University graduation rate of change for select environment-related programs (2000-2007) CIP Code
CIP Program Name
% Change
03.0206
Land use planning and management/development
03.0201
Natural resources management and policya
03.0104
Environmental sciencea
145.1%
03.0101
Natural resources/conservation, generala
127.8%
13.1332
Geography teacher educationa
115.8%
13.1316
Science teacher education/general science teacher educationa
86.7%
26.1301
Ecologya
76.9%
13.1329
Physics teacher educationa
71.4%
14.1401
Environmental/environmental health engineeringa
65.2%
13.1323
Chemistry teacher educationa
58.3%
14.0801
Civil engineering, general
34.0%
40.0401
Atmospheric sciences and meteorology, generala
33.3%
01.1201
Soil science and agronomy, general
30.8%
14.0701
Chemical engineering
30.7%
45.1201
Urban studies/affairsa
30.4%
04.0301
City/urban, community and regional planning
27.4%
26.0301
Botany/plant biology
24.0%
26.1302
Marine biology and biological oceanographya
23.1%
13.1322
Biology teacher educationa
16.1%
26.0101
Biology/biological sciences, general
11.7%
45.0701
Geography
6.9%
40.0501
Chemistry, general
6.7%
26.1307
Conservation biologyb
-8.3%
14.3901
Geological/geophysical engineeringa
-8.7%
a
2000.0% 225.0%
40.0404
Meteorology
-10.0%
40.0601
Geology/earth science, general
-15.4%
03.0205
Water, wetlands, and marine resources managementa
-15.4%
03.0103
Environmental studies
-28.5%
51.2202
Environmental healtha
-33.3%
14.3401
Forest engineering*
-64.7%
01.0000
Agriculture, general
-65.6%
03.0501
Forestry, general
-77.6%
26.0709
Wildlife biologya
-100.0%
15.0506
Water quality and wastewater treatment management and recycling technology/technicianc
n/a
40.0403
Atmospheric physics and dynamicsd
n/a
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations. Rate of change calculated from 2001 to 2007 because data is not available for previous years. Rate of change calculated from 2004 to 2007 because data is not available for previous years. c Rate of change cannot be calculated because data available for 2007 only. d Rate of change cannot be calculated because data is not available for this program. a
b
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3.2 COLLEGE PROGRAMS 3.2.1 College Enrolment and Graduation of all Learners from Environment-Related Programs Overall, there are fewer students enrolling in and graduating from environment-related programs at the college level.
Overall, there are fewer students enrolling in and graduating from environmentrelated programs at the college level.
Enrolment increased 0.4% between 2000 and 2005 and graduates increased 11.8% between 2000 and 2004. However, as a share of all college programs, both enrolment and graduation from environment-related programs have decreased since 2000 (Figure 5). College enrolment and graduation rates for environmentrelated programs as a proportion of all programs of study by province or territory are shown in Figure 6. In contrast to the university data, Newfoundland, the Yukon Territories, and Nunavut have the largest proportions of enrolments and graduates of environment-related programs. The smallest proportions are observed in Quebec and PEI.
Figure 5 College enrolment and graduation rates for environment-related a programs as a proportion of all programs (2000 - 2005) Graduates
8%
Enrolments
7% 6%
5.4%
5.2%
5% 4%
4.4%
4.2%
4.8%
4.9%
5.1%
4.2%
4.1%
4.3%
2003
2004
3.8%
3% 2%
2000
2001
2002
2005
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations. a PSIS college graduation data are not available beyond 2004 and enrolment data are not available beyond 2005.
10
Figure 6 College enrolment and graduation rates for environment-related programs a as a proportion of all programs in the province/territory (2004/2005) 22%
Enrolments
20%
Graduates
18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6%
BC
AB
MB
SK
ON
QC
NB
NS
PE
NL
YT
NT
14.3%
6.4%
7.3%
4.5%
20.0%
8.9%
13.8%
14.5%
2.6%
2.4%
6.1%
4.2%
9.2%
6.1%
2.6%
3.0%
6.0%
4.0%
5.2%
4.6%
6.0%
4.9%
7.6%
5.9%
0%
5.2%
2%
2.3%
4%
NU
a Graduation data are not available beyond 2004. Enrolment data are not available beyond 2005.
3.2.2 College Enrolment in EnvironmentRelated Programs Based on 2007 enrolments, the largest share of students were enrolled in engineering technologies/ technician programs (41.9%), followed by natural resources and conservation programs (15.8%) and agriculture, agriculture operations, and related sciences (13.4%) as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7 Distribution of college enrolment in environment-related programs (2005) Other environmental programs 9.8%
Science technology/ technicians 6.9% Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies 12.3%
Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences 13.4%
Engineering technologies/ technicians 41.9%
Natural resources and conservation 15.8%
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
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Table 3 presents environment-related programs of interest and the rate of change for college enrolments between 2000 and 2005. The largest rates of change were experienced in natural resource management and policy (485.7%), environmental science (466.7%), and water, wetlands, and marine resource management (200%). Negative changes were observed in environmental studies (-100%), natural resources/conservation, general (-67.3%), and biology/ biological sciences, general (-51.9%).
Table 3 College enrolment rate of change for select environment-related programs (2000-2005) CIP Code
CIP Program Name
03.0201
Natural resources management and policy
485.7%
03.0104
Environmental science
466.7%
03.0205
Water, wetlands, and marine resources management
200.0%
26.1302
Marine biology and biological oceanographya
100.0%
14.0801
Civil engineering, general
51.2202
Environmental health
71.4%
40.0501
Chemistry, general
40.0%
46.0000
Construction trades, general
22.7%
04.0301
City/urban, community and regional planning
6.1%
26.1301
Ecology
3.5%
45.0701
Geography
03.0206
Land use planning and management/development
-29.1% -32.0%
12
-6.3%
03.0501
Forestry, general Science teacher education/general science teacher educationb
-33.3%
01.0000
Agriculture, general
-38.3%
15.0506
Water quality and wastewater treatment management and recycling technology/technician
-46.9%
40.0601
Geology/earth science, general
-49.2%
26.0101
Biology/biological sciences, general
-51.9%
03.0101
Natural resources/conservation, general
-67.3%
03.0103
Environmental studies
40.0401
Atmospheric sciences and meteorology, generalc
Rate of change calculated from 2001 to 2005 because data is not available for previous years. Rate of change calculated from 2004 to 2005 because data is not available for previous years. c Rate of change cannot be calculated because data is not available for this program. b
90.5%
13.1316
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations. a
% Change
-100.0% n/a
Figure 8 Distribution of college graduates in environment-related programs (2004)
Other environmental programs 9.8%
Engineering technologies/ technicians 40.3%
Science technology/ technicians 4.1% Social sciences 4.9% Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies 11.7%
Agriculture, agriculture operations and related sciences 14.5%
Natural resources and conservation 19.2%
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations.
3.2.3 College Graduation from EnvironmentRelated Programs In line with enrolment rates, the largest share of students graduated from engineering technologies/technician programs (40.3%), followed by natural resources and conservation programs (19.2%) and agriculture, agriculture operations, and related sciences (14.5%) as illustrated in Figure 8.
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The college-level graduation rates of change for select environment-related programs are given in Table 4 below. The largest increases were observed in construction trades, general (350%), natural resources management and policy (230.8%), and environmental science (140%). The largest declines were observed in water quality and wastewater treatment management and recycling technology/technician (-42.9%), biology/biological sciences, general (-30%), and forestry, general (-26.5%).
Table 4 College graduation rate of change for select environment-related programs (2000-2004) CIP Code
CIP Program Name
46.0000
Construction trades, general
350.0%
03.0201
Natural resources management and policy
230.8%
03.0104
Environmental science
140.0%
45.0701
Geography
100.0%
03.0103
Environmental studies
75.0%
03.0205
Water, wetlands, and marine resources managementa
50.0%
26.1301
Ecology
29.4%
51.2202
Environmental health
11.1%
03.0206
Land use planning and management/development
14.0801
Civil engineering, general
0.0%
40.0501
Chemistry, generala
0.0%
03.0101
Natural resources/conservation, general
04.0301
City/urban, community and regional planning
-2.6% -15.2%
01.0000
Agriculture, general
-16.7%
Geology/earth science, general
-23.3%
03.0501
Forestry, general
-26.5%
26.0101
Biology/biological sciences, general
-30.0%
15.0506
Water quality and wastewater treatment management and recycling technology/technician
-42.9%
Rate of change calculated from 2001 to 2004 because data is not available for previous years.
14
7.1%
40.0601
Source: Statistics Canada. Post-Secondary Student Information System. Custom tabulations. a
% Change
SECTION 4: CONCLUSIONS Enrolment in both college and university environment-related programs is on the rise, with university enrolments (40.1%) increasing at a much greater pace than college enrolments (0.4%). But as a whole, both university and college environmentrelated programs represent a lower proportion of the total graduates of all programs than they did in 2000. While many traditional programs are declining steadily in terms of enrolment and graduation (i.e. wildlife biology, water & wastewater quality and treatment), other new emerging areas are experiencing tremendous growth (i.e. land use and planning, natural resource management). Many different factors could be driving the increases and decreases in individual environment-related programs of study and further research is necessary to better understand these. At minimum, the data analysed in the present study provides a picture of the current state of college and university enrolments and graduates of environment-related programs.
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REFERENCES Environmental Careers Organization Canada. (2007). Labour Market Transition: A Remedy for Labour Shortages in the Environment. Environmental Labour Market (ELM) Research, Environmental Careers Organization of Canada: Calgary, AB. Environmental Careers Organization Canada. (2008a). College Graduation Trends for Environment-Related Programs, 2002-2005. Environmental Labour Market (ELM) Research. Calgary, AB: Author. Environmental Careers Organization Canada. (2008b). University Graduation and Enrolment for Environment-Related Programs 1999-2005. Environmental Labour Market (ELM) Research. Calgary, AB: Author. Lapointe, M., Dunn, K., Tremblay-Cote, N., Bergeron, L-P., & Ignaczak, L. (2006). LookingAhead: A 10-Year Outlook for the Canadian Labour Market (2006-2015). Gatineau, QC: Human Resources and Social Development Canada.
DATA SOURCES Statistics Canada. (2009). Custom tabulation based on 2006 Census of Canada. Ottawa: Minister of Industry. Statistics Canada. (2009). Custom tabulation based on 2001 Census of Canada. Ottawa: Minister of Industry. Statistics Canada. (2009). Custom tabulation based on Post-Secondary Student Information System. Ottawa: Minister of Industry. Statistics Canada. (2009). Custom tabulation based on National Graduates Survey, 2005. Ottawa: Minister of Industry. Statistics Canada. (2009). Custom tabulation based on National Graduates Survey, 2000. Ottawa: Minister of Industry.
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APPENDIX Table A.1 Environment-Related Programs of Study: Concordances between Major Field of Study (MFS) and Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) codesa, b, c
18
MFS Code
MFS Program Title
CIP Code
CIP Program Title
221
Agricultural Science - General
01.0000
Agriculture, General
230
Agricultural Technology - General
01.0000
Agriculture, General
231
Agricultural Business
01.0101
Agricultural Business and Management, General
231
Agricultural Business
01.0102
Agribusiness/Agricultural Business Operations
232
Farming
01.0102
Agribusiness/Agricultural Business Operations
139
Agricultural Economics
01.0103
Agricultural Economics
231
Agricultural Business
01.0104
Farm/Farm and Ranch Management
231
Agricultural Business
01.0106
Agricultural Business Technology
229
Agricultural Science - Other
01.0199
Agricultural Business and Management, Other
231
Agricultural Business
01.0199
Agricultural Business and Management, Other
233
Agricultural Technology - Other
01.0199
Agricultural Business and Management, Other
231
Agricultural Business
01.0301
Agricultural Production Operations, General
232
Farming
01.0301
Agricultural Production Operations, General
233
Agricultural Technology - Other
01.0301
Agricultural Production Operations, General
263
Aquaculture and Fisheries
01.0303
Aquaculture
223
Crop Science / Agronomy
01.0304
Crop Production
233
Agricultural Technology - Other
01.0304
Crop Production
221
Agricultural Science - General
01.0399
Agricultural Production Operations, Other
232
Farming
01.0399
Agricultural Production Operations, Other
233
Agricultural Technology - Other
01.0399
Agricultural Production Operations, Other
233
Agricultural Technology - Other
01.0401
Agricultural and Food Products Processing
263
Aquaculture and Fisheries
01.0401
Agricultural and Food Products Processing
225
Horticulture/Floriculture
01.0601
Applied Horticulture/Horticulture Operations, General
225
Horticulture/Floriculture
01.0603
Ornamental Horticulture
225
Horticulture/Floriculture
01.0604
Greenhouse Operations and Management
299
Landscape Architecture - General
01.0605
Landscaping and Groundskeeping
300
Landscape Horticulture
01.0605
Landscaping and Groundskeeping
301
Landscape Technology
01.0605
Landscaping and Groundskeeping
225
Horticulture/Floriculture
01.0606
Plant Nursery Operations and Management
301
Landscape Technology
01.0607
Turf and Turfgrass Management
209
Retailing and Sales
01.0608
Floriculture/Floristry Operations and Management
225
Horticulture/Floriculture
01.0608
Floriculture/Floristry Operations and Management
227
Floral Design / Florist
01.0608
Floriculture/Floristry Operations and Management
225
Horticulture/Floriculture
01.0699
Applied Horticulture/Horticultural Business Services, Other
300
Landscape Horticulture
01.0699
Applied Horticulture/Horticultural Business Services, Other
233
Agricultural Technology - Other
01.0701
International Agriculture
Table A.1 Environment-Related Programs of Study: Concordances between Major Field of Study (MFS) and Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) codesa, b, c MFS Code
MFS Program Title
CIP Code
CIP Program Title
221
Agricultural Science - General
01.0801
Agricultural and Extension Education Services
90
Communications
01.0802
Agricultural Communication/Journalism
93
Journalism, News Reporting
01.0802
Agricultural Communication/Journalism
184
Social Services - Other
01.0899
Agricultural Public Services, Other
226
Plant Science
01.1101
Plant Sciences, General
223
Crop Science / Agronomy
01.1102
Agronomy and Crop Science
225
Horticulture/Floriculture
01.1103
Horticultural Science
248
Plant Sciences - Specialized
01.1104
Agricultural and Horticultural Plant Breeding
223
Crop Science / Agronomy
01.1105
Plant Protection and Integrated Pest Management
233
Agricultural Technology - Other
01.1105
Plant Protection and Integrated Pest Management
248
Plant Sciences - Specialized
01.1105
Plant Protection and Integrated Pest Management
259
Entomology
01.1105
Plant Protection and Integrated Pest Management
229
Agricultural Science - Other
01.1106
Range Science and Management
223
Crop Science / Agronomy
01.1199
Plant Sciences, Other
226
Plant Science
01.1199
Plant Sciences, Other
228
Soil Science / Agrology
01.1201
Soil Science and Agronomy, General
228
Soil Science / Agrology
01.1202
Soil Chemistry and Physics
228
Soil Science / Agrology
01.1203
Soil Microbiology
228
Soil Science / Agrology
01.1299
Soil Sciences, Other
233
Agricultural Technology - Other
01.1299
Soil Sciences, Other
229
Agricultural Science - Other
01.9999
328
Environmental Technology - General
03.0101
Natural Resources/Conservation, General
158
Environmental Studies - General
03.0103
Environmental Studies
288
Environmental/Resource Engineering
03.0104
Environmental Science
460
Geology - Other
03.0104
Environmental Science
328
Environmental Technology - General
03.0199
Natural Resources Conservation and Research, Other
331
Renewable Resources Technology
03.0199
Natural Resources Conservation and Research, Other
160
Resource Management
03.0201
Natural Resources Management and Policy, General
266
Natural Sciences
03.0201
Natural Resources Management and Policy, General
328
Environmental Technology - General
03.0201
Natural Resources Management and Policy, General
331
Renewable Resources Technology
03.0201
Natural Resources Management and Policy, General
143
Economics - Other
03.0204
Natural Resource Economics
160
Resource Management
03.0205
Water, Wetlands and Marine Resources Management
328
Environmental Technology - General
03.0205
Water, Wetlands and Marine Resources Management
329
Water Treatment Technologies
03.0205
Water, Wetlands and Marine Resources Management
160
Resource Management
03.0206
Land Use Planning and Management/Development
161
Urban and Regional Planning
03.0206
Land Use Planning and Management/Development
294
Forestry - General
03.0299
Natural Resources Management and Policy, Other
298
Forestry - Other
03.0299
Natural Resources Management and Policy, Other
328
Environmental Technology - General
03.0299
Natural Resources Management and Policy, Other
332
Fish and Wildlife Technology
03.0299
Natural Resources Management and Policy, Other
260
Fisheries Biology
03.0301
Agriculture, Agriculture Operations and Related Sciences, Other
Fishing and Fisheries Sciences and Management
19
Table A.1 Environment-Related Programs of Study: Concordances between Major Field of Study (MFS) and Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) codesa, b, c
20
MFS Code
MFS Program Title
CIP Code
CIP Program Title
263
Aquaculture and Fisheries
03.0301
Fishing and Fisheries Sciences and Management
294
Forestry - General
03.0501
Forestry, General
259
Entomology
03.0502
Forest Sciences and Biology
294
Forestry - General
03.0502
Forest Sciences and Biology
298
Forestry - Other
03.0502
Forest Sciences and Biology
294
Forestry - General
03.0506
Forest Management/Forest Resources Management
298
Forestry - Other
03.0506
Forest Management/Forest Resources Management
298
Forestry - Other
03.0508
Urban Forestry
359
Forest Products Technology
03.0509
Wood Science and Wood Products/Pulp and Paper Technology
359
Forest Products Technology
03.0510
Forest Resources Production and Management
183
Protection Services (Fire and Other)
03.0511
Forest Technology/Technician
359
Forest Products Technology
03.0511
Forest Technology/Technician
330
Forest Conservation Technologies
03.0599
Forestry, Other
359
Forest Products Technology
03.0599
Forestry, Other
296
Forest Wildlife Management
03.0601
Wildlife and Wildlands Science and Management
332
Fish and Wildlife Technology
03.0601
Wildlife and Wildlands Science and Management
265
Trapping
03.9999
Natural Resources and Conservation, Other
332
Fish and Wildlife Technology
03.9999
Natural Resources and Conservation, Other
151
Urban Geography
04.0301
City/Urban, Community and Regional Planning
161
Urban and Regional Planning
04.0301
City/Urban, Community and Regional Planning
267
Architecture - General
04.0301
City/Urban, Community and Regional Planning
299
Landscape Architecture - General
04.0401
299
Landscape Architecture - General
04.0601
Landscape Architecture (BSc, BSLA, BLA, MSLA, MLA, PhD)
301
Landscape Technology
04.0601
Landscape Architecture (BSc, BSLA, BLA, MSLA, MLA, PhD)
17
Industrial/Vocational Education
13.1301
Agricultural Teacher Education
45
Education, n.e.c. - Other
13.1301
Agricultural Teacher Education
9
Mathematics and/or Science Teaching
13.1316
Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education
9
Mathematics and/or Science Teaching
13.1322
Biology Teacher Education
9
Mathematics and/or Science Teaching
13.1323
Chemistry Teacher Education
9
Mathematics and/or Science Teaching
13.1329
Physics Teacher Education
11
Social Studies Teaching
13.1332
Geography Teacher Education
271
Biochemical Engineering
14.0301
Agricultural/Biological Engineering and Bioengineering
287
Agricultural Engineering
14.0301
Agricultural/Biological Engineering and Bioengineering
273
Chemical Engineering
14.0701
274
Civil Engineering
14.0801
Civil Engineering, General
283
Geological Engineering
14.0802
Geotechnical Engineering
290
Water Resources Engineering
14.0805
Water Resources Engineering
274
Civil Engineering
14.0899
Civil Engineering, Other
Environmental Design/Architecture
Chemical Engineering
Table A.1 Environment-Related Programs of Study: Concordances between Major Field of Study (MFS) and Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) codesa, b, c MFS Code
MFS Program Title
CIP Code
CIP Program Title
288
Environmental/Resource Engineering
14.1401
Environmental/Environmental Health Engineering
289
Marine Engineering
14.2401
Ocean Engineering
293
Engineering, n.e.c.
14.2401
Ocean Engineering
286
Petroleum Engineering
14.2501
295
Forest Engineering
14.3401
152
Geography - Other
14.3801
Surveying Engineering
274
Civil Engineering
14.3801
Surveying Engineering
283
Geological Engineering
14.3901
271
Biochemical Engineering
14.9999
Engineering, Other
295
Forest Engineering
14.9999
Engineering, Other
369
Other Engineering Technologies, n.e.c.
15.0000
333
Civil Engineering Technologies - General
15.0201
358
Power/Stationary Engineering
15.0503
Energy Management and Systems Technology/Technician
369
Other Engineering Technologies, n.e.c.
15.0503
Energy Management and Systems Technology/Technician
369
Other Engineering Technologies, n.e.c.
15.0505
Solar Energy Technology/Technician
329
Water Treatment Technologies
15.0506
Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment Management and
Petroleum Engineering Forest Engineering
Geological/Geophysical Engineering
Engineering Technology, General Civil Engineering Technology/Technician
Recycling Technology/Technician
362
Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment Management and
Water Well Drilling and Primary Resources - Other 15.0506
Recycling Technology/Technician
328
Environmental Engineering Technology/Environmental
Environmental Technology - General
15.0507
Technology
369
Hazardous Materials Management and Waste Technology/
Other Engineering Technologies, n.e.c.
15.0508
Technician
328
Environmental Technology - General
15.0599
Environmental Control Technologies/Technicians, Other
329
Water Treatment Technologies
15.0599
Environmental Control Technologies/Technicians, Other
418
Industrial Health
15.0701
Occupational Safety and Health Technology/Technician
348
Industrial Technologies - Other
15.0702
Quality Control Technology/Technician
369
Other Engineering Technologies, n.e.c.
15.0702
Quality Control Technology/Technician
418
Industrial Health
15.0703
Industrial Safety Technology/Technician
419
Industrial Hygiene
15.0703
Industrial Safety Technology/Technician
360
Mining Technology
15.0901
Mining Technology/Technician
361
Petroleum Technologies
15.0903
Petroleum Technology/Technician
360
Mining Technology
15.0999
Mining and Petroleum Technologies/Technicians, Other
369
Other Engineering Technologies, n.e.c.
15.0999
Mining and Petroleum Technologies/Technicians, Other
145
Cartography
15.1102
230
Agricultural Technology - General
15.9999
Surveying Technology/Surveying Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other
21
Table A.1 Environment-Related Programs of Study: Concordances between Major Field of Study (MFS) and Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) codesa, b, c MFS Code
MFS Program Title
CIP Code
CIP Program Title
304
Chemical Technology - General
15.9999
Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other
328
Environmental Technology - General
15.9999
Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other
360
Mining Technology
15.9999
Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other
157
Law - Other
22.0207
22
Energy, Environment and Natural Resources Law (LLM, MSc, JSD/SJD)
240
Biology - General
26.0101
246
Botany - General
26.0301
Botany/Plant Biology, General
247
Phycology
26.0301
Botany/Plant Biology, General
248
Plant Sciences - Specialized
26.0301
Botany/Plant Biology, General
246
Botany - General
26.0399
Botany/Plant Biology, Other
262
Wildlife Biology
26.0701
Zoology/Animal Biology, General
259
Entomology
26.0702
Entomology
244
Biology - Other
26.0709
Wildlife Biology
260
Fisheries Biology
26.0709
Wildlife Biology
262
Wildlife Biology
26.0709
Wildlife Biology
257
Zoology - General
26.0799
Zoology/Animal Biology, Other
159
Human Ecology
26.1301
Ecology
244
Biology - Other
26.1301
Ecology
248
Plant Sciences - Specialized
26.1301
Ecology
258
Animal Biology
26.1301
Ecology
262
Wildlife Biology
26.1301
Ecology
261
Marine Biology
26.1302
Marine Biology and Biological Oceanography
467
Oceanography and Marine Sciences
26.1302
Marine Biology and Biological Oceanography
244
Biology - Other
26.1303
Evolutionary Biology
244
Biology - Other
26.1304
Aquatic Biology/Limnology
260
Fisheries Biology
26.1304
Aquatic Biology/Limnology
261
Marine Biology
26.1304
Aquatic Biology/Limnology
244
Biology - Other
26.1305
Environmental Biology
244
Biology - Other
26.1306
Population Biology
244
Biology - Other
26.1307
Conservation Biology
244
Biology - Other
26.1308
Systematic Biology/Biological Systematics
244
Biology - Other
26.1399
Ecology, Evolution, Systematics and Population Biology, Other
266
Natural Sciences
30.1801
36
Outdoor Recreation
31.0101
Parks, Recreation and Leisure Studies
265
Trapping
31.0101
Parks, Recreation and Leisure Studies
36
Outdoor Recreation
31.0301
466
Meteorology
40.0401
Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, General
466
Meteorology
40.0402
Atmospheric Chemistry and Climatology
466
Meteorology
40.0403
Atmospheric Physics and Dynamics
466
Meteorology
40.0404
Meteorology
466
Meteorology
40.0499
Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Other
Biology/Biological Sciences, General
Natural Sciences
Parks, Recreation and Leisure Facilities Management
Table A.1 Environment-Related Programs of Study: Concordances between Major Field of Study (MFS) and Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) codesa, b, c MFS Code
MFS Program Title
CIP Code
CIP Program Title
448
Chemistry - General
40.0501
Chemistry, General
449
Analytical Chemistry
40.0502
Analytical Chemistry
450
Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
40.0503
Inorganic Chemistry
450
Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
40.0504
Organic Chemistry
452
Physical Chemistry
40.0506
Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
453
Mathematical and Theoretical Chemistry
40.0506
Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
454
Chemistry - Other
40.0506
Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
450
Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
40.0507
Polymer Chemistry
454
Chemistry - Other
40.0507
Polymer Chemistry
474
Chemistry Physics
40.0508
Chemical Physics
449
Analytical Chemistry
40.0599
Chemistry, Other
454
Chemistry - Other
40.0599
Chemistry, Other
465
Metallurgy
40.0599
Chemistry, Other
455
Geology
40.0601
Geology/Earth Science, General
456
Geochemistry
40.0602
Geochemistry
457
Geophysics
40.0603
Geophysics and Seismology
460
Geology - Other
40.0604
Paleontology
458
Hydrogeology and Hydrology
40.0605
Hydrology and Water Resources Science
286
Petroleum Engineering
40.0606
Geochemistry and Petrology
460
Geology - Other
40.0606
Geochemistry and Petrology
467
Oceanography and Marine Sciences
40.0607
Oceanography, Chemical and Physical
457
Geophysics
40.0699
Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences, Other
458
Hydrogeology and Hydrology
40.0699
Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences, Other
460
Geology - Other
40.0699
Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences, Other
426
Biological Laboratory Technology and Cytology
41.0101
480
Science Lab Technology
41.0399
480
Science Lab Technology
41.9999
144
Geography - General
45.0701
Geography
146
Economic Geography
45.0701
Geography
147
Historical Geography
45.0701
Geography
148
Human and Social Geography
45.0701
Geography
150
Physical Geography
45.0701
Geography
145
Cartography
45.0702
Cartography
150
Physical Geography
45.0702
Cartography
336
Drafting - Specialized
45.0702
Cartography
339
Surveying Technology
45.0702
Cartography
147
Historical Geography
45.0799
Geography and Cartography, Other
149
Environmental Geography
45.0799
Geography and Cartography, Other
151
Urban Geography
45.1201
Urban Studies/Affairs
161
Urban and Regional Planning
45.1201
Urban Studies/Affairs
187
Social Sciences and Related, n.e.c. - Other
45.1201
Urban Studies/Affairs
Biology Technician/Biotechnology Laboratory Technician Physical Science Technologies/Technicians, Other Science Technologies/Technicians, Other
23
Table A.1 Environment-Related Programs of Study: Concordances between Major Field of Study (MFS) and Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) codesa, b, c MFS Code
MFS Program Title
CIP Code
CIP Program Title
309
Building Technology
46.0000
Construction Trades, General
334
Construction Technologies, n.e.c.
46.0000
Construction Trades, General
418
Industrial Health
51.2202
Environmental Health
419
Industrial Hygiene
51.2202
Environmental Health
MFS coding was used in 2001 and previous censuses of population; CIP coding was used in 2006 census of population. Programs of study highlighted in green were not identified as ‘environmental programs’ by ECO Canada. However, they have been included in all analyses (where available). In the current report, a broad definition of ‘environmental program’ was adopted in order to be as inclusive as possible. c Previous ECO Canada reports included Business/Commerce, General (52.0101) and Business Administration, Management, and Operations (52.0201 to 52.0299). However, these fields of study are excluded from all analyses in the current report. Although many environmental practitioners report a business or business-related program of study (ECO Canada, 2006), these are not environment-specific programs and including them in enrolment or graduation counts would give misleading results. n.e.c. – not elsewhere classified. a
b
24
Table A.2 Environment-Related Programs of Specific Interest to ECO Canada CIP Code
CIP Program Title
01.0000
Agriculture, General
01.1201
Soil Science and Agronomy, General
03.0101
Natural Resources/Conservation, General
03.0103
Environmental Studies
03.0104
Environmental Science
03.0201
Natural Resources Management and Policy, General
03.0205
Water, Wetlands and Marine Resources Management
03.0206
Land Use Planning and Management/Development
03.0501
Forestry, General
04.0301
City/Urban, Community and Regional Planning
13.1316
Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education
13.1322
Biology Teacher Education
13.1323
Chemistry Teacher Education
13.1329
Physics Teacher Education
13.1332
Geography Teacher Education
14.0701
Chemical Engineering
14.0801
Civil Engineering, General
14.1401
Environmental/Environmental Health Engineering
14.3401
Forest Engineering
14.3901
Geological/Geophysical Engineering
15.0506
Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment Management and Recycling Technology/Technician
15.0508
Hazardous Materials Management and Waste Technology/Technician
26.0101
Biology/Biological Sciences, General
26.0301
Botany/Plant Biology, General
26.0399
Botany/Plant Biology, Other
26.0709
Wildlife Biology
26.1301
Ecology
26.1302
Marine Biology and Biological Oceanography
26.1304
Aquatic Biology/Limnology
26.1307
Conservation Biology
40.0401
Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, General
40.0402
Atmospheric Chemistry and Climatology
40.0403
Atmospheric Physics and Dynamics
40.0404
Meteorology
40.0499
Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Other
40.0501
Chemistry, General
40.0601
Geology/Earth Science, General
45.0701
Geography
45.1201
Urban Studies/Affairs
46.0000
Construction Trades, General
51.2202
Environmental Health
25
Table A.3 College and University Environment-Related Programs of Study Identified and Analysed in Previous ECO Canada reportsa College Programs (n = 26)b
University Programs (n = 20)c
Agriculture, General (01.00)
Agriculture (01.00)
Agricultural Business and Management (01.04)
Biology, Aquatic (26.13)
Agricultural Production Operations (01.03)
Biology (26.01)
Applied Horticulture/Horticulture Business Services (01.06)
Biology, Conservation (26.13)
Plant Services (01.11)
Chemistry (40.05)
Natural Resources Conservation and Research (03.01)
Ecology (26.13)
Natural Resources Management and Policy (03.02)
Engineering, Chemical (14.07)
Forestry (03.05)
Engineering, Civil (14.08)
Wildlife and Wildlands Science and Management (03.06)
Engineering, Environmental (14.14)
Natural Resources and Conservation, Other (03.99)
Engineering, Geological (14.39)
City/Urban, Community and Regional Planning (04.03)
Environmental Science (03.01)
Engineering Technology, General (15.00)
Environmental Studies (03.01)
Civil Engineering Technology/Technician (15.02)
Forestry (03.05)
Environmental Control Technologies/Technicians (15.05)
Geography (45.07)
Quality Control and Safety Technologies/Technicians (15.07)
Geology/Earth Sciences (40.06)
Engineering-Related Technologies (15.11)
Natural Resource Management (03.02)
Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other (15.99)
Science Education (13.13)
Biology, General (26.01)
Soil Science (01.12)
Parks, Recreation and Leisure Studies (31.01)
Urban and Regional Planning (04.03)
Parks, Recreation and Leisure Facilities Management (31.03)
Water Resources (03.02)
Biology Technician/Biotechnology Laboratory Technician (41.01) Physical Science Technologies/Technicians (31.03) Science Technologies/Technicians, Other (41.99) Geography and Cartography (45.07) Public Health (51.22) Business Administration, Management and Operations (52.02)
Sources: ECO Canada. (2008a). College Graduation Trends for Environment-Related Programs, 2002-2005. Environmental Labour Market (ELM) Research. Calgary, AB: Author. ECO Canada. (2008b). University Graduation and Enrolment for Environment-Related Programs 1999-2005. Environmental Labour Market (ELM) Research. Calgary, AB: Author.
4-digit CIP codes in brackets. Only 26 programs are listed in the ECO Canada college report. c Some 4-digit codes repeat due to extrapolating from the 6-digit codes. a
b
26
This project was funded by the Government of Canada’s Sector Council Program. The opinions and interpretations in this publication are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect those held by the Government of Canada. Copyright © 2010 ECO Canada All rights reserved. The use of any part of this publication, whether it is reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or means (including electronic, mechanical, photographic, photocopying or recording), without the prior written permission of ECO Canada is an infringement of copyright law. ECO Canada (2010). Post-Secondary Graduation Research: Enrolment and Graduation Rates from Environment-Related College and University Programs Labour Market Research. Environmental Careers Organization of Canada.
27
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Funded by the Government of Canada’s Sector Council Program
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