INSIDE THIS EDITION OF THE PULSE PLACEMENT TALKS at Pg 12
The journey of two individuals who were hired by silicon labs
PHOTO GALLERY at Pg 18
Photography is an art of teleporting the past into the future
FREE SPACE OPTIC TECHNOLOGY at Pg 16
A potential alternate means of Communication
their seniors. This fest engages the students in technical and non-technical events while organising several informative workshops.
Pulse is the official magazine of the ECE Association, in which students showcase their creativity in various aspects. Each edition of the Magazine is themed and this 4th edition of the magazine gives in-sight on the recent trends in the domain of Electronics and Communication all over the world
MAGAZINE OFFICE BEARERS
HARISH M R
KEERTHANA N S MADHUMITHA R V
SURIYA PRAKASH
PHOTOGRAPHY
JEGADHEEP EDWIN A
SHRIEYA SHREE S HARINI V K
KISHEN KANTH J
SANTHOSH M MRUDHULA VIJAYAKUMAR
AKASH KUMAR K
DHEEPAN RAAJ S SIDDHARTH K THAMIL SELVAN MM
V LA HARIVARADAN SARAVANAN SIVAKUMAR THEJESVINII
This catchy title may have caught your attention quickly, but the actual name is visual prosthesis. But it is often referred to as bionic eyes. As you can see from the title, it is an artificial eye made to bring back vision for those who lack it. It is an electrical prosthesis surgically implanted into the eye to allow transduction of light or the change of light from the environment into impulses that the brain can process.
Many of you may confuse this with a bionic contact lens, which is not yet universal, but you might have heard of it. According to rumours, it provides the virtual reality experience we see in movies. It consists of a conventional contact lens with added bionics technology in the form of augmented reality. The gaming industry will cherish this peak of virtual technology.
Let us get back to the topic. The bionic eye is a device that intends to restore vision for people with blindness, both partial and profound. There have been many similar devices developed. For example, consider the case of a cochlear implant, which aids people with hearing loss. This technique allows the patients for improved speech understanding. It has been in practice since the middle of the 1980s.
Let’s get into the topic deeply. The retina is the light-sensitive tissue found within the inner eye that transforms light from the environment into neural impulses, which are then passed to the thalamus through the optical nerve and finally to the primary visual cortex. It comprises a camera, transmitter, and microchip. The camera is
mounted on a pair of eyeglasses. The stimulator microchip contains an array of electrodes surgically implanted into the retina. The radio waves emitted by the camera and transmitter are received by the stimulator, which then fires electrical impulses, resulting in vision.
It may sound like an easy process, but it isn’t. It highly depends on the nature of the lack of vision. The most benefited people by bionic eyes are middle-aged or elderly with poor eyesight associated with age-related degeneration or hereditary diseases that destroy the rod and cone cells in the retina. People who have lost their vision due to the deterioration of photoreceptors are the best candidate for treatment. The most prevalent prosthesis under development is the retinal prosthesis. For people born with blindness, l inking nerves to the brain, also known as neuroplasticity, has to be done before treatment.
“A REMEDY FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED”
References
Quantum physics seems strange at first glance. It tries to describe the infinitesimally small world of individual particles and the indivisible units of light and radiation. We live in an enigmatic world where our intuition doesn’t work at first Yet, but it is possible to understand and model it, and the predictions of quantum physics have turned out to be correct.
The majority of information manipulation is digital, therefore bits are used to process, store, and transmit data. Depending on what is being done with the data, the two states of a conventional data bit—are encoded in suggestive quantum notation as |0> and |1. These bits can take many different forms, including two different voltages across a transistor on a chip, magnetic domain orientations on a disc or tape, voltages propagating down a wire, light pulses traveling down an optical fiber, and so on. Although bits change positions as data is processed or memory is re-inscribed, scarcely is never in state |0> or state |1> at any given moment. A qubit, which is a quantum equivalent of a normal bit, has more freedom. It can be placed anywhere in a two-dimensional Hilbert space – picture it as the surface of a sphere.
The exact characteristics that distinguish quantum mechanics from our everyday experience of the classical world also support its potentially revolutionary implications for IT. In theory, interference between all the amplitudes in a multi-qubit processor may be set up to provide answers to some jobs that we won’t be able to complete with even the best conventional supercomputers in the future. This is known as massively parallel quantum computing. Using photon qubits and open communications, two correspondents and Two interested parties can communicate with guaranteed security, thanks to the irreversibility of quantum quantification. Hackers with their quamtum technology, still cannot detect plain text (message) using quantum cryptography techniques.
Richard Feynman and others planted the seeds for quantum computing in the early 1980s, and David Deutsch was the first to thoroughly examine how quantum physics’ implicative implications affected the theory of computation. David Deutsch and Richard Jozsa developed an algorithm in 1992 that demonstrated a definite quantum advantage. Better yet, Peter Shor and LovGrover’s factoring
and probing algorithm, which give a significant edge over their classical counterparts, gave the topic its real boost in the middle of the 1990s.
QPublic key cryptography, which is nearly unbreakable and relies on factoring a very big number into its two component primes, is used in a major portion of today’s “secure” communications. The development of a multi-thousand-qubit quantum computer would destroy the global communications network. Quantum computers could also do a much better job of simulating quantum systems than conventional IT, and so would open up new research capabilities in many fields. The quantum computational advantage results from the fact that during the evolution stage, several calculations can occur concurrently (and, in theory, exponentially). Simple number crunching does not gain an exponential advantage because quantum measurements are required to obtain the results. Instead, issues that make use of parallelism through interference can gain a huge advantage. The factoring algorithm employs exponential resources and a Fourier transform to determine the (extremely large) periods of oscillatory functions.
The theory of quantum teleportation was developed in 1993 by Charles Bennett, Gilles Brassard, Claude Crepeau, Richard Jozsa, Asher Peres, and Bill Wootters. The rudimentary concept is that if two communicating parties share a dyad of entangled qubits, they can be used as resources to provide a teleportation shelter. Say a sender receives an unknown qubit from a customer and on it and qubit we run a 2-qubit gate and measure both. The sender sends the result (2 bits) to the receiver over the traditional communication channel. The results identify the receiver’s single one of qubit manipulations. After performing the identified operation on qubit B, it remains in the state of the customer-supplied qubit. There is no instantaneous signaling, So relativity cheers, and all records of the state on the sender’s side are discarded, so no quantum copy was made. This way quantum teleportation works the sender knowing the location of the receiver’s qubits.
To secure and transmit data in a way that cannot be intercepted is a universal data confidentiality goal. Data is encrypted and protected using cryptography so that only those with the proper secret key may decrypt it. In contrast to conventional cryptographic systems, quantum cryptography uses physics rather than mathematics as the primary component of its security concept. Quantum cryptography is a system that cannot be broken into without the transmitter or the message’s receiver being aware of it. It is therefore impossible to copy or read data encoded in a quantum state without disclosing the act to the sender or recipient. Quantum cryptography ought to be impervious to quantum computer users as well. Data is sent across optic fiber wires using individual light particles, or photons in quantum cryptography. Binary bits are represented by photons. Quantum physics is a key component of the system’s security.
The conceptual underpinning of quantum cryptography is the 1984 model. The simulation assumes that two individuals who want to communicate securely start the conversation by handing the reciever a key. A stream of photons that only travel in one direction holds the secret. Only one bit of information, a 0 or a 1, makes up each photon. However, these photons are also vibrating or oscillating in addition to their linear motion. After the photons have been through a polarizer the sender, starts the transmission. A polarizer is a type of filter that allows certain photons with the same vibrations to flow through while blocking the passage of other photons with the same vibration. The po-
larizer states could be diagonal (45 bits), vertical (1 bit), horizontal (0 bit), or 45 degrees left or right (0 bit). Any of the methods she suggests has the transmission have one of two polarizations, either a 0 or a 1, signifying a single bit. The photons are currently travelling through an optical fiber from the polarizer to the receiver. This method determines the polarization of each photon using a beam splitter. Since the reciever does not know the correct polarization of the photons when he receives the photon key, he picks a polarization at random. The sender IPconstitute the key. Consider the possibility that eavesdroppers might be present. Eve makes an effort to listen in using Bob’s equipment. Reciever has the advantage of communicating with sender to learn the type of polarizer that was applied to each photon.
Quantum cryptography uses and examples: Compared to conventional cryptography, quantum cryptography enables users to communicate more securely. There is little worry that a hostile actor may decode the data without
the key once keys have been shared amongst the interested parties. Although this form of cryptography has not yet been fully developed, it has been successfully used in the following applications: Using the BB84 quantum cryptography protocol, the University of Cambridge and Toshiba Corp. developed a high-bit rate QKD system. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Quantum Network was a 10-node QKD network created by Boston University, Harvard University, and IBM Research that operated from 2002 to 2007.
The numerous advantages of quantum cryptography include - Secure communication (Quantum cryptography, a more advanced and secure kind of encryption, is based on the rules of physics rather than hardto-crack numbers.) It also Identifies listeners vis a vis The quantum state changes whenever someone tries to decode the data, changing what consumers might expect to happen. However no single cryptography method is flawless quantum cryptography may have some drawbacks and restrictions, such as the following:
Modifications to error rates and polarization during transit, photons may undergo polarization changes, thereby increasing error rates. another comprimise is the range of Quantum cryptography , With the exception of Terra Quantum, the maximum range of quantum cryptography has often been in the range of 400 to 500 km. Fiber optic connections and repeaters are often needed as part of the infrastructure for quantum cryptography. Moreover in a quantum channel, keys cannot be sent to more than two sites, only bipolar communication channels can be enabled.
“ONLY WHEN WE UTILIZE QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY TO ITS FULLEST, WE’LL TRULY UNDERSTAND ITS POWER”
Vijey Adhithya B S and Vasanth Kumar V are final ECE students who are all set to work at Silicon Labs as Analog RF Engineers. While Vijey Adhithya got placed through the campus placements Vasanth Kumar had previously interned at this company for two months prior and after his internship he got the PPO offer. They shared their experiences in this Placement Talks.
Q While entering the 3rd year of your college life, how exactly were you able to manage your academics and co-curricular activities, while preparing for your placements?
Vijey: I will not say that my routine was well-managed, but I made some lifestyle changes. Trying to understand everything taught in class and performing a light revision once I reached home helped me in managing my time and learning the subject. In addition, setting aside some time for myself and my hobbies gave me the mental space I needed to forget about the enormous workload I had.
Q: Vasanth, Intern in Silicon labs, what was your experience and what is Silicon Labs?
Vasanth: Let me start by introducing Silicon Labs before I talk about my internship. Silicon Labs entered India by acquiring Redpine Signals in Hyderabad. Their main focus at the moment is IoT. From the design to the production of the chips to the software that runs on those chips, Silicon Labs now handles everything for IoT. Every person working in that enterprise is a book of knowledge, and each one is a master in a particular field. Therefore, approaching them with your doubts and problems will resolve them very quickly and give you a clearer picture.
Q: How did you feel before attending the placements and after getting the placement offer?
Vasanth: I got my offer after completing my internship in 3rd year itself, so I did not sit for placements. I had my first interview clashing with my Digital Communication end-sem exam. Because I was focused on the exam and trusted myself to pull through with the knowledge I had acquired thus far, I didn’t pay much attention to the interview. But I did feel slightly nervous before sitting for it. I got my PPO a few days after, and that day after reaching my room, we partied for a long time.
What would you advise your juniors who cannot choose between going for masters or attending placements?
Vijey: It is always an ongoing issue in the minds of students. I did not plan on going for masters, so I focused on my placements. Even if you have decided a little bit about what you want to do, go for it. At least, by the time of the HR round, you should be very clear on what you want to do, because companies come expecting that you want to work for them.
Q: When did you start your preparation?
Vijey: It started way back in 2nd semester when we learnt Circuit Theory. Through questioning why we are taught the things we are, we slowly accumulate information from our course, which is what we need. Then, last-minute cramming during our 3rd to 4th-year transition. It is a continuous process, which has to become a regular habit.
Q: You have done a project with the ISL lab, how useful did that prove to be for your internship and subsequent interview?
Vasanth: I worked on a temperature sensor, while my specific role was to work on the frequency divider, counter, and reader. While I was interning that project provided exposure to how a core analog electronics project is implemented from scratch, which helped me during the internship.
Q: Is there a gap between our syllabus and what’s expected from candidates during an interview? If so, how much of a gap should we be bridging?
Vijey: To my knowledge, I think the industry and university syllabus might have some gap that comes only with experience, but for the interview process they mostly stick to what we’ve learned and how well we’ve understood concepts.
Vasanth: Well, our world is constantly changing and improvising, our syllabus however is more stable and linear, so because of this we might get overwhelmed about whether or not what we learn here is truly applicable in tomorrow’s world. But taking baby steps to cover any kind of mammoth task is the way to go.
Q: What piece of advice do you have to offer to the present second-year students?
Vijey: When it comes to the curriculum, whatever college provides us is sufficient, spend some time and dedicatedly understand the concepts. Another important aspect is that one must have a logical break, a fun time, and some curricular interests. It’s an integral part of college. The covid batches missed out on a few years of college, so make the most of this time and balance all your pursuits. Our college has a plethora of activities and clubs, and cul tural programs that occur throughout the academic year. I really want to emphasize the value of participating in these, and the experience you get from organizing these, so don’t miss out on these!
Vasanth: My first advice is to explore yourself. Engineering has a wide variety of branches, including Software, core, electrical, IT and so on. Besides, you still have some non-engineering career paths too. But in this professional degree, try your hand at various projects, tech events, and theory classes. We all tend to like some subjects and concepts better, so seek your real interests and pursue that.
- A JOHN FELIX, 2 nd YEAR
“In the 6G era we will witness a move toward communica tions with surfaces and with wearables and implants”
Today the world we live in is changing rapidly and steadily. One of the pillars that the modern world relies on is Data Transfer which plays an essential part in almost all fields. The new embodiment of technology and luxury is the upcoming 6G cellular network which will revolutioize the world. It is critical to know about it as a communication engineer.So, let’s have a summary of this topic.
6G is expected to launch in around 2030. It outshines 5G by employing a wider range of frequencies in the range of MHz and THz covering a larger area, reducing latency, and providing highspeed internet.
The frequencies that play a role as part of the broader 6G spectrum have the following applications: The spectrum of waves with frequencies below 1GHz plays a vital role in providing basic coverage, which the present 4G systems have.
As we know, Electromagnetic waves with low wavelengths have penetrating properties. The spectrum with higher frequencies helps in covering areas that are hard to penetrate, like concrete buildings,closedrooms, forest areas, etc.
Mid-band spectrum, like the waves with frequencies 3.5GHz, and 4GHz provides a wider area of coverage.
6G will ensure faster data transfer since it has high frequencies. The peak data transfer rate can range from 10GB/s to 1TB/s, while 5G has a peak speed of around 20GB/s, next comes 4G with 100Mbps and 3G with 20Mbps. The time taken to transfer a packet of information is known as latency. 4G networks have a latency of around 50ms, while 5G is expected to have a latency of around 5ms. 6G will have a drastic decrease in latency equal to 1 microsecond. The gaming industry will receive a massive boost with such low latency. here is no official information regarding the release of 6G in India.
5G’s release itself is delayed in India, and expected to release around November. In India, the average mobile download speed is around 20 Mbps as of April 2022.
Jio and Airtel will be the first telecom companies to launch 5G, so it is safe to assume that they will be the ones to launch 6G too.
Currently, Japan, America, China, South Korea, and Europe have started to work on 6G. China launched its first 6G satellite in 2020, described as the World’s first 6G satellite with tetra hertz system from Taiyuan Satellite launch centre in Shanxi province in 2020.
But 6G will take a long time to be brought into India. The 6G nework will have a massive impact on various sectors like education, information technology, etc.
- SOFIYA SAFFRIN S, 2 nd YEAR
“A potential substitute for radio waves and conventional communication techniques”
One of the needs that man has acquired since the beginning of time on Earth is communication. Since then, it has been changing up until the present. Even methods of long-distance communication were devised. As time went on, we required communication technologies that were faster. The fastest network we currently use has a maximum speed of 2000mbps. Science has now tapped into the potential for a 1.25gbps network that can even be increased to 10gbps - free space optics technology makes this feasible.
Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an optical communication system that uses light traveling in free space to wirelessly transmit data for telecommunications or computer networking. Air, outer space, a vacuum, or a term to that effect are all considered free space. This is in contrast to the use of solids such as optical fiber cables. It is a Line of Space technology that uses lasers to provide optical bandwidth connections. It uses transceivers at both ends.
Free Space Optics (FSO) uses low-power infrared lasers in the terahertz range to transfer invisible, eye-safe light beams from one “telescope” to another. Laser beams focused on extremely sensitive photon detector receivers are utilized to transmit the light beams in Free Space Optics (FSO) devices. These receivers are telescopic lenses that may gather the photon stream and send digital data that may include a mixture of radio signals, computer files, Internet messages, and videos.
It is based on communication between FSO-based optical wireless devices, each of which has a full-duplex (bi-directional) optical transceiver with a transmitter and a receiver. Each optical wireless unit consists of an optical source and a lens or telescope that sends light to another lens, which receives the information, through the atmosphere. At this point, optical fiber links the telescope or receiving lens to a high-sensitivity receiver.
FSO lines are a very cost-effective technique to provide a high capacity of connectivity across small distances because of their excellent bandwidth-tocost ratio, however, Lasers are not ideal for putting on towers or masts since they need a very firm mounting location. They can be impacted by
meteorological conditions, such as rain and fog, while improved links are making this less of a problem. On units that are improperly installed, snow might accumulate. Another crucial bonus is that fiber optics do not suffer from interference (Innately dependable and secure Direct line of sight is the only requirement of such optics, not Fresnel zone clearance. Yet their limited life, unlike radio links, which can last much longer, the laser diodes used in FSO links have limited lives before failing, often around 7-8 years.
Another crucial bonus is that fiber optics do not suffer from interference (Innately dependable and secure Direct line of sight is the only requirement of such optics, not Fresnel zone clearance. Yet their limited life, unlike radio links, which can last much longer, the laser diodes used in FSO links have limited lives before failing, often around 7-8 years Another crucial bonus is that fiber optics do not suffer from interference (Innately dependable and secure Direct line of sight is the only requirement of such optics, not Fresnel zone clearance. Yet their limited life, unlike radio links, which can last much longer, the laser diodes used in FSO links have limited lives before failing, often around 7-8 years.
- Ajay Monish G, 4 th Year
- Madhumitha RV, 2 nd Year
- Guhan Era, 2 nd Year
- Harisha R Sivakumar, 4 th Year
- Murthy Spandhana, 2 nd Year - Sai Kumar, 3 rd Year
- Siddharth K, 3 rd Year
- Suwetha K, 2 nd Year
- Saravanan D, 2 nd Year
- Supraja Kannan, 3 rd Year
Smart antennas are antenna arrays with smart signal processing algorithms used to identify spatial signal signatures like the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal and use them to calculate beamforming vectors used to track the antenna beam on the mobile. Smart antennas are also known as adaptive array antennas, digital antennas, multiple antennas, and, more recently, MIMO. Reconfigurable antennas, which offer comparable characteristics but are single-element antennas rather than antenna arrays, should not be confused with smart antennas. Acoustic signal processing, tracking and scanning RADAR, radio astronomy, radio telescopes, and cellular systems like W-CDMA, UMTS, and LTE all utilize smart antenna techniques. Smart antennas have many functions:
• DOA estimation,
• Beamforming,
• Interference nulling,
• Constant modulus preservation.
• Beamforming
By constructively combining the phases of the signals in the direction of the desired targets/mobiles and cancelling the pattern of the destination/mobiles that are unwanted/interfering targets, beamforming is a technique used to produce the radiation pattern of the antenna array. A standard Finite Impulse
Response (FIR) tapping delay line filter can do this. For optimal beamforming, the weights of the FIR filter are modified adaptively. It lowers the Minimum Mean Square Error between the desired and generated beam pattern. The steepest descent and Least Mean Squares algorithms are popular algorithms. Digital beamforming can be achieved, often by DFT or FFT, in digital antenna arrays with many channels.
Switched beams and adaptive array smart antennas are two of the main categories of smart antennas. Multiple fixed beam patterns are available for switched beam systems. Based on the needs, a choice is made as to which beam to access at any particular time. The antenna can focus the beam in any desired direction while simultaneously filtering out distracting signals thanks to adaptive arrays. Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) estimation methods are used to estimate the direction of the beam.
The US NTIA launched a significant initiative in 2008 to assist consumers in purchasing digital television converter boxes.
A “smart antenna” in the context of consumer electronics complies with the EIA/ CEA-909 Standard Interface. The ADA adaptive array antenna was introduced by Israeli Aerospace Industries in 2017 claiming it is already operational and will be installed on “important platforms” utilized by the Israel Defence Forces. Limited choice of EIA/ CEA-909A smart antennas in the marketplace
Two smart antenna variants were released to the market before the final switch to ATSC digital television in the US on June 11th, 2009:
• Retailers no longer carry the RCA ANT2000
• DTA-5000 - produced by Funai Electric and sold under the “DX Antenna” brand name, occasionally linked to the Sylvania brand name; no longer offered by retailers Additionally, two models are confusing customers:
• The Channel Master 3000A and CM3000HD SMARTenna series are typical amplified omnidirectional antennas, not steerable smart antennas, even if the Apex SM550 can connect to a CEA-909 connector to draw electrical power.
• ADA - An adaptable antenna made by Israel Aerospace Industries’ MLM facility. Extension of smart antennas
A smart antenna is a component of a wireless communication system that processes spatial signals using numerous antennas. Both the transmitter and the receiver are capable of using multiple antennas. A system known as the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver. Just like traditional research on Smart Antennas has concentrated on giving a digital beamforming advantage using spatial signal processing in wireless channels, MIMO supports spatial information processing as an extension of Smart Antenna technology.
“The main benefit of smart antenna systems is its ability to simultaneously increase the useful receiving signal and lower the interference level, increasing the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) in more densely populated areas”
People are becoming more involved in inventing technologies that reduce harm to humans and the environment. One example is the development of electric power trains for electric automobiles. The primary goal of these electric power trains is to replace the rising use of fuel-powered cars, thereby reducing pollution and depletion of natural resources.
When you think of electrified vehicles, you generally think of a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), an automobile that operates entirely on electricity and uses a rechargeable battery to power an electric motor. However, there are various sorts of electric powertrains.
Before entering into the many forms of E-power trains, explore one of their primary applications, the elimination of tailpipe emissions. What exactly is a tailpipe emission? The combustion of fuels emits greenhouse gases through the tailpipes of cars and trucks. Once discharged, these greenhouse gases can remain in the atmosphere for more than 100 years, posing a significant hazard to future generations.
Electric vehicles are classified into three categories (EVs). BEVs (battery electric vehicles), PHEVs (plug-in hybrid electric cars), and HEVs (hybrid electric vehicles) are the three types of electric vehicles.
BEV:
• Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are solely powered by batteries.
• They turn the wheels using an electric motor and emit no pollution.
• Since April 2020, zero-emission EVs (BEVs) have been exempt from road tax (VED) in the first and following years.
• Tesla Model 3, Mini Electric, and Nissan Leaf .
PHEV:
• Plug-in hybrids provide zero-emission driving for 20-30 miles and can run on gasoline or diesel for longer excursions.
• To maximize their zero-emission capabilities, they must be hooked into a power supply, as the name implies.
• They have lowered the road tax (VED).
• Toyota Prius Plug-in, Mitsubishi Outlander, Volkswagen Golf GTE.
HEV:
• Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) can drive with zero emissions but often have a shorter range than a PHEV.
• For long-distance travel, they employ electric power generated while braking to increase fuel economy and run on gasoline or diesel.
• They pay less in road taxes (VED).
• Toyota Yaris Hybrid, Lexus RX450h, and Ford Mondeo Hybrid.
MHEV:
• Mild Hybrid Electric Cars (MHEVs), also known as hybrid assist vehicles, are powered by a gasoline or diesel internal combustion engine with an electric motor that allows the engine to shut down while the automobile is coasting or stopping.
• The motor can also help the engine by lowering fuel consumption and emissions.
• MHEVs cannot be powered only by electricity.
• Suzuki Swift, Range Rover Evoque, and Mercedes-Benz S 400.
FCEV:
• Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) are zero-emission electric vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells.
• In the fuel cell, hydrogen stored in an onboard fuel tank is mixed with oxygen to provide only power, heat, and water.
• Hyundai Nexo, Toyota Mirai.
When it comes to the construction, a battery pack, a DC-AC converter, an electric motor, and an on-board charger comprise an EV powertrain. Apart from these components, there are several hardware and software components in an EV powertrain. They have ECUs (Engine Control Units), essentially software programs that integrate powertrain components for data exchange and processing. It is important to note that the EV powertrain has 60% fewer components than an ICE power plant, making it more advanced.
“The world is now in the middle of a new mobility revolution”
– Shri Narendra Modi (Hon’ble Prime Minister of India)
The Department of ECE of CEG has always enjoyed a reputable status among the students and thus the ECEA was set up with the objective of organizing various activities that contribute to the academic and professional development of students along with leadership qualities, teamwork and other essential employability skills. Technical Symposiums such as Resonance, an intra-college tech festival targeted primarily at first-year students, and VISION, an inter-college tech festival, are both organized by the ECEA.
The ECEA launched a new initiative this year to assist lateral entry students in keeping up with the curriculum, which was highly received by the student community. Students from higher semesters offered their time to make this endeavour successful. The ECEA has always attempted to impart knowledge to the students and to foster excellence and throughout the year, they have strived to contribute to the holistic development of students of the ECE department as a whole.
