Cognition _ Exploring the Science of the Mind (9780393877403) - Reisberg, Daniel by Luna James

Cognition _ Exploring the Science of the Mind (9780393877403) - Reisberg, Daniel

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Cognition _ Exploring the Science of the Mind (9780393877403) - Reisberg, Daniel

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Reisberg, Daniel, author.

Title: Cognition : exploring the science of the mind / Daniel Reisberg.

Description: Eighth Edition. | New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2021. | Revised edition of the author’s Cognition, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2021022097 | ISBN 9780393877601 (paperback) | ISBN 9780393877403 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Cognitive psychology.

Classification: LCC BF201 .R45 2021 | DDC 153—dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021022097

ISBN: 978-0-393-87740-3 (ebook)

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Cognition _ Exploring the Science of the Mind (9780393877403) - Reisberg, Daniel

With the hope of reminding people of the power and relevance of science.

PART 5 THINKING

Glossary G-1

References R-1

Credits C-1

Author Index I-1

Subject Index I-9

Form Perception 79

Constancy 86

The Perception of Depth 91

Cognitive Psychology and Technology: Virtual Reality 97

Chapter Review 99

4 Recognizing Objects 102

Recognition: Some Early Considerations 105

Word Recognition 107

Feature Nets and Word Recognition 112

Descendants of the Feature Net 121

Face Recognition 127

Top-Down Influences on Object Recognition 134

Cognitive Psychology and Education: Speed-Reading 137

Chapter Review 139

5 Paying Attention 142

Selective Attention 144

Selection via Priming 152

Divided Attention 170

Practice 176

Cognitive Psychology and Technology: “Virality” 180

Chapter Review 182 PART 3

185

6 The Acquisition of Memories and the Working-Memory System 186 Acquisition, Storage, and Retrieval 189

The Route into Memory 190

A Closer Look at Working Memory 196

Entering Long-Term Storage: The Need for Engagement 205

The Role of Meaning and Memory Connections 210

Organizing and Memorizing 213

The Study of Memory Acquisition 218

Cognitive Psychology and Education: How Should I Study? 220

Chapter Review 223

7 The Many Types of Memory 226

Learning as Preparation for Retrieval 229

The Memory Network 233

Different Forms of Memory Testing 238

Implicit Memory 241

Theoretical Treatments of Implicit Memory 246

Amnesia 253

Cognitive Psychology and Technology: “Truthiness” 259

Chapter Review 261

8 Remembering Complex Events 264

Memory Errors, Memory Gaps 266

Memory Errors: A Hypothesis 268

The Cost of Memory Errors 273

Avoiding Memory Errors 278

Forgetting 282

Autobiographical Memory 287

How General Are the Principles of Memory? 297

Cognitive Psychology and Health: Medical Histories 299

Chapter Review 302

PART 4 KNOWLEDGE 305

9 Concepts and Generic Knowledge 306

Understanding Concepts 308

Prototypes and Typicality Effects 311

Exemplars 315

The Difficulties with Categorizing via Resemblance 318

The Broader Role of Conceptual Knowledge 323

Cognition _ Exploring the Science of the Mind (9780393877403) - Reisberg, Daniel

The Diversity of Concepts 327

The Knowledge Network 330

Concepts: Putting the Pieces Together 336

Cognitive Psychology and the Law: Defining Legal Concepts 337

Chapter Review 339

10 Language 342

The Organization of Language 344

Phonology 346

Morphemes and Words 355

Syntax 356

Sentence Parsing 360

Prosody 364

Pragmatics 366

The Biological Roots of Language 368

Language and Thought 374

Cognitive Psychology and Technology: The “Vocabulary” of Texting? 379

Chapter Review 381

11 Visual Knowledge 384

Visual Imagery 386

Chronometric Studies of Imagery 389

Imagery and Perception 396

Visual Imagery and the Brain 397

Individual Differences in Imagery 401

Images Are Not Pictures 409

Long-Term Visual Memory 413

The Diversity of Knowledge 420

Cognitive Psychology and Health: Visualization and Pain Relief 421

Chapter Review 424

PART 5 THINKING 427

12 Judgment and Reasoning 428

Judgment 430

Detecting Covariation 437

Dual-Process Models 440

Triggers for Skilled Intuition 442

Confirmation and Disconfirmation 444

Logic 450

Decision Making 454

Cognitive Psychology and the Law: Pretrial Publicity 464

Chapter Review 468

13 Problem Solving and Creativity 472

General Problem-Solving Methods 474

Drawing on Experience 478

Defining the Problem 483

Creativity 489

Cognitive Psychology and Education: Brainstorming 498

Chapter Review 500

14 Intelligence 504

What Is Intelligence? 506

Intelligence beyond the IQ Test 515

The Roots of Intelligence 518

Cognitive Psychology and Health: IQ and Life Expectancy 527

Chapter Review 531

15 Conscious Thought, Unconscious Thought 534

The Study of Consciousness 536

The Cognitive Unconscious 537

Disruptions of Consciousness 544

Consciousness and Executive Control 547

The Cognitive Neuroscience of Consciousness 552

The Role of Phenomenal Experience 560

Consciousness: What Is Left Unsaid 565

Cognition _ Exploring the Science of the Mind (9780393877403) - Reisberg, Daniel

Cognitive Psychology and Health: “Vegetative States” 567

Chapter Review 570

Glossary G-1

References R-1

Credits C-1

Author Index I-1

Subject Index I-9

Preface

But alongside of these lofty questions, I also saw that cognitive psychologists were simultaneously pursuing more immediate, personal Cognition _ Exploring the Science of

I began writing the first edition of this book in 1994—almost three decades ago. Working on the book, I soon found, was a glorious intellectual adventure. I had to examine my field, asking myself which claims, and which findings, were solid enough, and important enough, so that they deserved some space on the pages. I had to find ways to make the linkages clear among the various strands of research. I had to work through the challenge of finding a presentation that was orderly and persuasive. And as an extra pleasure, I wanted to find ways that (I hoped) would make the material as interesting for readers as it is for me.

Now, in 2021, we’re about to release the Eighth Edition, and I have to say: Working on the book, for all the same reasons, is still a pleasure. In addition, I’ve now gained the further reward of watching my field evolve and advance, with new findings and new conceptualizations. But I’ve also been gratified to see how many of the field’s claims have remained solidly in place—a strong indication of the power of our science. And, of course, I’ve also been gratified by the fact that my colleagues have enough respect for the book so that they’ve sustained it across these many editions.

But maybe I should begin with the real start of this journey: I was a college sophomore when I took my first course in cognitive psychology, and, remarkably, I decided almost immediately that I wanted to spend the rest of my professional life working in this domain. What was it that caught me from the very beginning? Part of the answer lies in the fact that I could see that cognitive psychologists were pursuing fabulous questions, questions that have intrigued humanity for thousands of years: Why do we think the things we think? Why do we believe the things we believe? What is “knowledge,” and how secure (how complete, how accurate) is our knowledge of the world around us?