CHINH PHỤC KÌ THI VÀO 10 MÔN HÓA (CHUYÊN)

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LỜI NÓI ĐẦU Các em học sinh thân mếm! &y EҥQ ÿm WӯQJ QyL YӟL FiF WKҫ\ F{ FӫD &&%RRN UҵQJ ÿLӅX OjP EҥQ FҧP WKҩ\ WKtFK WK~ QKҩW NKL ÿѭӧF KӑF P{Q +yD Oj Fy WKӇ NKiP SKi Yj Oê JLҧL QKӳQJ KLӋQ WѭӧQJ WK~ Yӏ WURQJ FXӝF VӕQJ KҵQJ QJj\ WѭӣQJ QKѭ EuQK Gӏ QKѭQJ ÿҫ\ NǤ WK~ Yj PjX VҳF Ĉm EDR JLӡ FiF HP Wӵ ÿL WuP OӡL JLҧL FKR FkX QyL FӫD {QJ FKD WD ³/~D FKLrP OҩS Oy ÿҫX Eӡ KӉ QJKH WLӃQJ VҩP SKҩW Fӡ Pj OrQ´ KD\ Wӵ KӓL WҥL VDR ³1ѭӟF FKҧ\ ÿi PzQ´" /~F FiF HP Wӵ ÿһW UD FKR PuQK FkX KӓL ÿy KD\ NKDR NKiW WuP ÿѭӧF OӡL JLҧL FKR QKӳQJ KLӋQ WѭӧQJ [XQJ TXDQK FNJQJ FKtQK Oj O~F FiF HP ÿһW QKӳQJ EѭӟF ÿҫX WLrQ YjR FiQK FӱD FӫD NKRD KӑF Wӵ QKLrQ WURQJ ÿy Fy P{Q +yD KӑF 1KӳQJ KLӋQ WѭӧQJ ÿӡL VӕQJ QKӳQJ WKt QJKLӋP WK~ Yӏ Yj FzQ Y{ YjQ QKӳQJ ÿLӅX WX\ӋW YӡL NKiF ÿDQJ UӝQJ Pӣ FKӡ ÿӧL FiF HP NKiP SKi ÿһF ELӋW YӟL FiF HP KӑF VLQK OӟS QKӳQJ QJѭӡL ÿDQJ WURQJ JLDL ÿRҥQ FKXҭQ Eӏ FKR KjQK WUuQK YѭӧW ³9NJ 0{Q´ FӫD PuQK WKu FiQK FәQJ FӫD WUѭӡQJ FKX\rQ FKtQK Oj QѫL JL~S FiF HP WKӓD PmQ QLӅP ÿDP Pr YӟL P{Q +yD KӑF Yj UӝQJ Pӣ KѫQ QӳD EҫX WUӡL WUL WKӭF QkQJ ÿӥ JLҩF Pѫ FӫD FiF HP &iF HP ҥ G ÿDQJ WURQJ WkP WKӃ WUjQ ÿҫ\ Wӵ WLQ Yj VҹQ VjQJ YѭӧW TXD WҩW Fҧ QKӳQJ FKѭӟQJ QJҥL WURQJ KjQK WUuQK WUL WKӭF FӫD PuQK QKѭQJ FKҳF FKҳQ WURQJ PӝW JLӡ SK~W QjR ÿy FiF HP NK{QJ WUiQK NKӓL QKӳQJ EӕL UӕL OR kX WUѭӟF NKӕL OѭӧQJ NLӃQ WKӭF NKәQJ Oӗ QKӳQJ F{QJ WKӭF SKӭF WҥS Yj Vӕ OѭӧQJ GҥQJ EjL WұS OӟQ YӟL SKѭѫQJ SKiS JLҧL UӕL UҳP +LӇX ÿѭӧF WkP Oê FӫD FӫD FiF HP Yj NKDR NKiW ÿӗQJ KjQK F QJ QKӳQJ QKkQ WjL WѭѫQJ ODL FӫD ÿҩW QѭӟF QKyP WiF JLҧ FK~QJ W{L ÿm NӃW KӧS F QJ &&%RRN [XҩW EҧQ FXӕQ ViFK ³&KLQK SKөF NǤ WKL YjR FKX\rQ P{Q +yD KӑF´ Ĉk\ Oj FXӕQ ViFK &KX\rQ P{Q +yD ÿҫX WLrQ ÿHP ÿӃQ FKR FiF HP FiFK WLӃS FұQ PӟL YӟL FiF ÿѫQ Yӏ NLӃQ WKӭF Oê WKX\ӃW TXD ӭQJ GөQJ ,1)2*5$3+,& 7K{QJ TXD YLӋF [ӱ Oê FiF ÿѫQ Yӏ NLӃQ WKӭF EҵQJ ӭQJ GөQJ ,1)2*5$3+,& FiF NLӃQ WKӭF SKӭF WҥS ÿѭӧF WUuQK Ej\ PӝW FiFK KӋ WKӕQJ U} UjQJ Yj WUӵF TXDQ WK{QJ TXD YLӋF NӃW KӧS P{ Wҧ EҵQJ KuQK ҧQK 9ӟL FXӕQ ViFK Qj\ FiF HP NK{QJ FzQ SKҧL Ź +ӑF ÿL KӑF OҥL PӝW ÿѫQ Yӏ NLӃQ WKӭF Ź /RD\ KRD\ ÿӇ KLӇX Yj JKL QKӟ FiF NLӃQ WKӭF SKӭF WҥS Ź 0ҩW TXi QKLӅX WKӡL JLDQ ÿӇ WuP KLӇX FiFK JLҧL FӫD FiF GҥQJ EjL WұS Ź 7uP KLӇX [HP QKӳQJ GҥQJ EjL QjR VӁ [XҩW KLӋQ WURQJ ÿӅ WKL 0j FiF ÿѫQ Yӏ NLӃQ WKӭF VӁ JL~S HP Ź 'Ӊ KLӇX GӉ JKL QKӟ Ź +LӇX VkX KLӇX ÿѭӧF EҧQ FKҩW FӫD FiF ÿѫQ Yӏ NLӃQ WKӭF Ź 0DQJ WtQK KӋ WKӕQJ Fy Vӵ ORJLF FiF JLӳD FiF QӝL GXQJ OLrQ TXDQ Ź 7әQJ KӧS ÿҫ\ ÿӫ FiF GҥQJ EjL WKѭӡQJ [XҩW KLӋQ WURQJ ÿӅ WKL Yj FiF F{QJ WKӭF iS GөQJ


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Chúc em sẽ dễ dàng chinh phục ược ước mơ!


MỤC LỤC Ôn tập Hóa học lớp 8 Phần 1: Hóa vô cơ &KѭѫQJ &iF ORҥL KӧS FKҩW Y{ Fѫ &Kӫ ÿӅ 7iF GөQJ YӟL +&O + 62 ORmQJ &Kӫ ÿӅ 7iF GөQJ YӟL +12 + 62 ÿһF &Kӫ ÿӅ 2[LW D[LW WiF GөQJ YӟL GXQJ GӏFK NLӅP &Kӫ ÿӅ %jL WRiQ NKӱ &Kӫ ÿӅ 7tQK FKҩW FӫD PXӕL &KѭѫQJ .LP ORҥL &Kӫ ÿӅ 1K{P NӁP Yj KӧS FKҩW &Kӫ ÿӅ 6ҳW Yj KӧS FKҩW FӫD VҳW &Kӫ ÿӅ +ӧS NLP &KѭѫQJ 3KL NLP &Kӫ ÿӅ +DORJHQ Yj KӧS FKҩW &Kӫ ÿӅ 3KkQ EyQ KyD KӑF &KѭѫQJ 1JX\rQ Wӱ %ҧQJ WXҫQ KRjQ &Kӫ ÿӅ 1JX\rQ Wӱ &Kӫ ÿӅ %ҧQJ WXҫQ KRjQ FiF QJX\rQ Wӕ KyD KӑF

Phần 2: Hóa hữu cơ &KѭѫQJ ĈҥL FѭѫQJ KӳX Fѫ &Kӫ ÿӅ ĈӗQJ SKkQ &Kӫ ÿӅ ;iF ÿӏQK F{QJ WKӭF SKkQ Wӱ KӧS FKҩW KӳX Fѫ &KѭѫQJ +LÿURFDFERQ &Kӫ ÿӅ $QNDQ &Kӫ ÿӅ $QNHQ &Kӫ ÿӅ $QNLQ &Kӫ ÿӅ +LÿURFDFERQ WKѫP &KѭѫQJ 'үQ [XҩW KLÿURFDFERQ &Kӫ ÿӅ $QFRO &Kӫ ÿӅ $[LW FDFER[\OLF &Kӫ ÿӅ (VWH &KҩW EpR &Kӫ ÿӅ &iF KӧS FKҩW JOX[LW &Kӫ ÿӅ 3URWHLQ 3ROLPH


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