Natural hazards and disasters 5th edition hyndman test bank

Chapter 06 - Volcanoes - Tectonic Environments and Eruptions

1. A hot rock deep in Earth may melt if it is subjected to an increase in pressure.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Introduction to Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: True / False

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

2. The viscosity of different types of magma is controlled by the peridotite content.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Introduction to Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: True / False

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

3. Most hazardous volcanoes occur near subduction zones.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: Tectonic Environment of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: True / False

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

4. Basaltic magma generally produces non-explosive eruptions.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: Volcanic Eruptions and Products

QUESTION TYPE: True / False

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

5. Most volcanic ash consists of curved shards of glass.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: Volcanic Eruptions and Products

QUESTION TYPE: True / False

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

6. Pahoehoe lava has a ropy, smooth, or billowy surface.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: Volcanic Eruptions and Products

Chapter 06 - Volcanoes - Tectonic

QUESTION TYPE: True / False

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

7. Volcanic ash is always injected into the upper atmosphere and therefore, does not immediately affect the area around the eruption.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Volcanic Eruptions and Products

QUESTION TYPE: True / False

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

8. Shield volcanoes are characterized by steep slopes.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Types of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: True / False

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

9. Stratovolcanoes are generally the smallest category of volcanoes.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Types of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: True / False

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

10. Lava domes and continental calderas cannot produce pyroclastic flows.

a. True

b. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Types of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: True / False

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

11. Volcanic eruptions are likely to be more explosive for magmas that have ____.

a. high viscosity and a low amount of volatiles

b. high viscosity and a high amount of volatiles

c. low viscosity and a high amount of volatiles

d. low viscosity and a low amount of volatiles

e. any viscosity with a high amount of volatiles

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Introduction to Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

Chapter 06 - Volcanoes - Tectonic Environments and Eruptions

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

12. The two most abundant gasses in magmas are ____.

a. sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide

b. water vapor and oxygen

c. oxygen and carbon dioxide

d. methane and carbon dioxide

e. water vapor and carbon dioxide

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: Introduction to Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

13. Compared to other types of magma, basalt ____.

a. has lower viscosity, but equivalent silica content

b. has lower viscosity and higher silicate content

c. has higher viscosity and lower silicate content

d. has higher viscosity and higher silicate content

e. has lower viscosity and lower silicate content

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: Introduction to Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

14. The volume of magma expelled in an eruption depends on ____ of the magma.

a. the temperature and volatiles but not the viscosity

b. the temperature and viscosity but not the volatiles

c. both the viscosity and volatiles

d. only the volatiles

e. the temperature, viscosity, and volatiles

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Introduction to Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

15. When comparing the characteristics of common magmas or lavas, ____.

a. rhyolite has the lowest water content

b. andesite has the lowest viscosity

c. basalt has the highest silicate content

d. rhyolite has the highest viscosity

e. basalt has the lowest temperature

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: Introduction to Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

Chapter 06 - Volcanoes - Tectonic Environments and Eruptions

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

16. Which type(s) of magma result in erupted material that is mostly in the form of ash?

a. rhyolite only

b. andesite only

c. basalt only

d. both andesite and basalt

e. both basalt and rhyolite

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Introduction to Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

17. Basaltic magma eruptions usually take which form?

a. lava flows

b. pale ash flows

c. lahar

d. steam-rich explosions

e. ash-rich explosions

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Tectonic Environments of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

18. The magma that erupts from the divergent boundary of the Mid-Atlantic ridge produces ____.

a. thin basalt lava flows

b. thin rhyolite lava flows

c. andesite volcanoes

d. peridotite shield volcanoes

e. peridotite lava flows

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Tectonic Environments of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

19. A subduction zone provides an environment that affects the types of volcanoes that develop there because ____.

a. the subducting slab is subjected to high pressure

b. the continental slab is composed of denser material than the subducting slab

c. the magma will reach the surface more quickly

d. the subducting crust is high in silicates

e. there is a high water content in the rock of the subducting slab

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: Tectonic Environments of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

Chapter 06 - Volcanoes - Tectonic Environments and Eruptions

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

20. Hotspot volcanoes in an oceanic plate ____.

a. create large amounts of serpentine as they react with groundwater

b. tend to form large lava flows from wet basalt

c. are among the most explosive of volcanoes

d. originate from melted rhyolite in the seafloor

e. originate from deep peridotite, which rises as a plume of dry basalt

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: Tectonic Environments of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

21. Rhyolite magma usually erupts in which form?

a. thin, fast lava flows

b. thick, fast lava flows

c. thick, slow lava flows

d. fast ash flows

e. fine ash columns

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: Volcanic Eruptions and Products

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

22. The ropy, basalt-rich, and steam-charged lava flows found in volcanoes like Kilauea are called ____ lava.

a. aa

b. maar

c. lahar

d. pumice

e. pahoehoe

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: Volcanic Eruptions and Products

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

23. Basaltic lava flows that are charged with little steam and crystallize before reaching the surface are called ____ lava.

a. pahoehoe

b. maar

c. aa

d. lahar

e. pumice

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Volcanic Eruptions and Products

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

Chapter 06 - Volcanoes - Tectonic Environments and Eruptions

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

24. Pumice is ____.

a. created in explosive eruptions involving viscous magma and high amounts of volatiles

b. the solidified form of a lahar that has reached the sea

c. compacted volcanic ash

d. “clinkers” of basalt formed in slow lava flows

e. created in slow eruptions involving fluid magma and low amounts of volatiles

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Volcanic Eruptions and Products

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

25. Pyroclastic flows are dangerous because they ____.

a. contain poisonous sulfur compounds

b. cause magma chamber collapse

c. move very fast, and extend a long distance

d. move very fast over a short distance

e. move at unpredictable speeds

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Volcanic Eruptions and Products

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

26. A low, bowl-shaped crater encircled by a low rim is a(n) ____.

a. pahoehoe

b. aa

c. maar

d. lahar

e. pumice

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Volcanic Eruptions and Products

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

27. A caldera is formed ____.

a. when seawater reacts with hot basalt

b. in volcanoes which do not have enough steam pressure to support solidified magma

c. from pyroclastic flows

d. when volcanoes form in freshwater lakes

e. by the collapse of a magma chamber

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: Volcanic Eruptions and Products

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

Chapter 06 - Volcanoes - Tectonic Environments and Eruptions

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

28. Small to moderate sized volcanoes formed of rhyolite above subduction zones are ____.

a. shield volcanoes

b. cinder cones

c. lava domes

d. stratovolcanoes

e. resurgent caldera

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Types of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

29. Small, explosive basalt volcanoes formed at continental rifts and the flanks of shield volcanoes are ____.

a. resurgent caldera

b. lava domes

c. cinder cones

d. stratovolcanoes

e. shield volcanoes

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Types of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

30. The andesite volcanoes that form on the U.S. west coast below the Cascadia subduction zone are good examples of ____.

a. cinder cones

b. stratovolcanoes

c. shield volcanoes

d. resurgent caldera

e. lava domes

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Types of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

31. Rift zones where a volcano spreads in different wedge-shaped sections are characteristic of ____.

a. cinder cones

b. stratovolcanoes

c. resurgent caldera

d. shield volcanoes

e. lava domes

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: Types of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

Chapter 06 - Volcanoes - Tectonic Environments and Eruptions

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

32. Cinder cones are formed when ____.

a. seawater leaches into the magma plume of a stratovolcano

b. low-viscosity basalt encounters groundwater near the surface

c. a magma chamber collapses, building magma pressure

d. a volcanic eruption creates large amounts of ash

e. high-viscosity rhyolite interacts with surface soil

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Types of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

33. Which statement is most correct?

a. Lava domes and cinder cones are always found in resurgent caldera.

b. Lava domes often grow on the side of shield volcanoes; cinder cones often grow on the side of stratovolcanoes.

c. Cinder cones often grow on the side of shield volcanoes; lava domes often grow on the side of stratovolcanoes.

d. Lava domes and cinder cones can both be found around all other volcanic types.

e. Lava domes and cinder cones are always isolated structures far from other volcanoes.

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Types of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

34. A resurgent dome ____.

a. forms in the collapsed magma chamber of a stratovolcano or shield volcano

b. is a precursor to an eruption of a shield volcano

c. is a precursor to an eruption of a stratovolcano

d. is a pumice formation created by the release of volatile gasses

e. forms inside of a continental caldera

ANSWER: e

REFERENCES: Types of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

35. Stratovolcanoes have relatively steep sides because ____.

a. they are composed of compacted ash

b. they are composed of strong basalt with little ash

c. their magma has moderate viscosity so lavas flow a short distance before cooling

d. their explosions are fast and catastrophically explosive

e. they grow slowly, as new magma pushes them higher, often without eruption

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Types of Volcanoes

Chapter 06 - Volcanoes - Tectonic

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand

36. The term _______________ refers to how fluid magma is.

ANSWER: viscosity

REFERENCES: Introduction to Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Completion

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

37. _______________ is black or brownish black, contains significant amounts of calcium and iron, and flows fluidly.

ANSWER: Basalt

REFERENCES: Introduction to Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Completion

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

38. _______________ comes in many pale shades of color, is very silica rich, and produces very thick, stiff flows.

ANSWER: Rhyolite

REFERENCES: Introduction to Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Completion

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

39. Material from _______________-basalt lava flows can contain hundreds of cubic kilometers of material.

ANSWER: flood

REFERENCES: Tectonic Environment of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Completion

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

40. The term _______________ refers to a surface marked by rubble and a clinker, and results from a Hawaiian basaltic lava flow.

ANSWER: aa

REFERENCES: Volcanic Eruptions and Products

QUESTION TYPE: Completion

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

41. When an eruption cloud spills downslope from the crater rim, it forms a(n) _______________ flow.

ANSWER: pyroclastic

REFERENCES: Volcanic Eruptions and Products

QUESTION TYPE: Completion

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

42. A mix of volcanic ash and water that pours downslope from a volcano is a(n) _______________.

ANSWER: lahar

REFERENCES: Volcanic Eruptions and Products

QUESTION TYPE: Completion

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

Chapter 06 - Volcanoes - Tectonic Environments and Eruptions

43. After a large volume of magma is ejected, the magma chamber will often collapse to form a(n) _______________.

ANSWER: caldera

REFERENCES: Volcanic eruptions and products

QUESTION TYPE: Completion

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

44. A small volcano with steep sides produced by low-viscosity magma is a(n) _______________. (two words)

ANSWER: cinder cone

REFERENCES: Types of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Completion

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

45. Volcanoes with large, steep-sided cones, called _______________-volcanoes, often form near subduction zones.

ANSWER: strato

REFERENCES: Types of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Completion

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

46. Montserrat, an island on the edge of the Caribbean plate and South American plate, is dominated by the Soufriere Hills volcano. The volcano is moderate-sized with moderately steep slopes. Beginning in July of 1995, the volcano began erupting in a style associated with magma contacting surface water. The magma vent hardened in a rounded shape out of rock containing a mix of rhyolite and basalt, stopping the eruption after 18 weeks. The collapse of one side of the dome sent ash and mud streaming down over the capital city and main airport, rendering them uninhabitable.

Describe the events above using as many terms from the chapter as possible.

ANSWER: The Soufriere Hills volcano is an andesite stratovolcano formed at a subduction zone. The 1995 event was a phreatic eruption, stopped by the formation of a lava dome in the volcano vent. The collapse of one side of the zone created pyroclastic flows and lahar, damaging the capital city and airport.

REFERENCES: Types of Volcanoes | Volcanic Eruptions and Products

QUESTION TYPE: Essay

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Analyze

47. Subduction zones are common sources of volcanoes. Explain the key details of the process of volcano formation along subduction zones.

ANSWER: The subducting oceanic plate has a high water content. This water boils off as it descends and rises under the peridotite supporting the continental plate above. The water allows the magma to melt at a lower temperature. The peridotite melts to form basaltic magma, which is less dense than its surroundings and begins to rise. The rising basaltic magma can melt granitic rock to form rhyolite. Either the rhyolite, basalt, or intermediate andesite magma melts through to the surface to form a volcano.

REFERENCES: Tectonic Environment of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Essay

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Apply

48. The text discusses six styles of volcanic eruption. Choose one and describe the causes of an eruption of this style, the danger they represent, and the characteristics of an eruption.

ANSWER: A successful answer discusses all three aspects of one of the following: A nonexplosive (Hawaiian-type) eruption is caused by low-viscosity basalt oozing through the

surface. These eruptions represent very little danger since they are slow and frequent. The eruptions produce broad lava flows in the form of pahoehoe and aa.

A phreatic eruption is a violent, steam-driven explosion generated by vaporization of water. The eruption consists largely of a magma-free steam and ash column, and often results in a maar, a broad, bowl-shaped crater with a low rim. (If magma incorporates groundwater, it causes a phreatomagmatic eruption.) These eruptions are highly dangerous, as they may form a fast-moving base surge of hot sand and rock fragments.

A Stombolian eruption involves magma that interacts with saltwater or groundwater near the surface. The steam generated blows magma into cinders and bombs, which fall around the vent to form a cinder cone. They are small and represent little danger.

A Vulcanian volcano is fed by highly viscous magma rich in gas. The eruption expels large blocks of rock, ash, and bombs. They may create pyroclastic flows. The eruptions are forceful and represent moderate danger.

A Pelean eruption are violent rhyolite, dacite, or andesite eruptions, characterized by tall ash columns that collapse to form incandescent pyroclastic flows. Occasionally, viscous spines of extruded magma form lava spines up to 300 m high.

A Plinian eruption produces powerful, continuous blasts of gas that carry huge amounts of ash into the atmosphere. Pyroclastic and pumice flows are numerous. Collapse of the magma chamber often forms a caldera.

REFERENCES: Volcanic Eruptions and Products

QUESTION TYPE: Essay

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Apply

49. How are pyroclastic flows created and why are they dangerous?

ANSWER: A volcano with a viscous magma content with a high concentration of volatiles will froth to form pumice and explode violently, fueled by the expansion of volatile gasses. The ash forms of shards of volcanic glass or shattered pumice. If the cloud is heavy enough, the ash and steam may roll down the slope of the volcano as a pyroclastic flow.

A pyroclastic flow has high steam temperatures, contains dense ash, and is violently turbulent, causing catastrophic danger inside the flow. The flow moves at very high speed and can travel up to 20 km from the volcano, making it very difficult to escape or avoid.

REFERENCES: Volcanic Eruptions and Products

QUESTION TYPE: Essay

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Apply

50. Name and describe the three types of major volcanoes (exclude lava domes and continental calderas). Identify their rock composition, shape, and the viscosity and composition of the magma that created them.

ANSWER: A correct answer must include all of the following:

- Shield volcanoes are composed of basalt. They have gently sloping sides and formed from lowviscosity magma.

- Stratovolcanoes are composed of andesite. They have moderate slopes and formed from moderately viscous magma.

- Cinder cones are composed of rhyolite. The have steep slopes and formed from moderateviscosity magma mixed with volatiles.

REFERENCES: Types of Volcanoes

QUESTION TYPE: Essay

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Apply

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twists both ends round his left hand, and then in his right gathers the thong itself in loose coils. Fixing on a reindeer, he flings the coils over its antlers. Sometimes the latter offers no resistance; but generally, on feeling the touch of the thong, it darts away, and its pursuer, in order to secure it, is called upon for the most vigorous efforts. And the scene is animated indeed, when half-a-dozen reindeer, pursued by as many Lapps, sweep round and round the enclosure, until the former are finally overcome, or, as now and then happens, wrest the cord from the hands of the discomfited Lapp, and leave him prostrate on the ground. When the animal is secured, his master takes a dexterous hitch of the thong round his muzzle and head, and then fastens him to the trunk of a prostrate tree. The operation of milking is performed by both men and women.

As soon as the pasture in the neighbourhood is exhausted, the encampment is broken up, and the little company migrate to some fresh station. The rude tuguria are dismantled in less than half an hour, and packed with all the household furniture on the backs of the reindeer, who, by long training, are inured to serve as beasts of burden. On the journey they are bound together, five and five, with leather thongs, and led by the women over the mountains; while the father of the family precedes the march to select a suitable site for the new encampment, and his sons or servants follow with the remainder of the herd.

As spring verges upon summer, the Lapps abandon their mountain pastures, and move towards the shore. No sooner do the reindeer scent the keen sea-air than, breaking loose from all control, they dash headlong into the briny waves of the fiord, and drink long draughts of the salt sea-water The Lapps consider this sea-side migration essential to the health of their herds. When summer reaches its meridian, and the snow melts, they return to the pleasant mountain-solitudes, ascending higher and higher, according to the increase of temperature. Then, on the approach of winter, they retire into the woods, where their great difficulty is to defend their herds and themselves from the attacks of the wolves. In this incessant warfare they derive much assistance from the courage of their dogs.

These are about the size of a Scotch terrier, with long shaggy hair, and a head bearing a curiously close resemblance to that of a lynx.

REINDEER IN LAPLAND

In the winter the Lapp accomplishes his journeys either by sledging or skating.

Their skates are not exactly things of beauty, but they answer their purpose admirably. One is as long as the person who wears it; the other is about a foot shorter. The feet of the wearer are placed in the middle, and the skates, or skidas, fastened to them by thongs or withes. They are made of fir-wood, and covered with the skins of reindeer, which check any backward movement by acting like bristles against the snow. It is astonishing with what speed the Lapp, thus equipped, can traverse the frozen ground. The most dexterous skater on the canals of Holland could not outstrip him. He runs down the swiftest wild beasts; and the exercise so stimulates and warms his frame that, even in mid-winter, when pursuing one of these lightning-like courses, he can dispense with his garment of furs. When he wishes to stop, he makes use of a long pole, which is