politics
Neolithic China
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politics
ancient china
ancient china
Shang dynasty (16th-11th century BC)
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politics
ca 1700-1046 BC - Shang Dynasty - the first Chinese state for which clear written records remain - unites much of north central China.
ancient china
Western Zhou dynasty (1066 BC - 771 BC)
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politics
1045-ca 770 BC - Zhou dynasty replaces Shang as dominant force across northern China,
ancient china
Eastern Zhou dynasty (771 BC - 256 BC)
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politics
ca 770 BC - Zhou state collapses into loose association of warring states, known as the Eastern Zhou.
imperial china
1st Empire: Qin dynasty (221BC- 206BC)
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politics
221-206 BC - King Ying Zheng of Qin for the first time unites much of the Chinese heartland, becomes the first ruler to use the title “emperor” as Qin Shihuangdi (“First Qin Emperor”) and builds first Great Wall of China, but his empire quickly collapses after his death. After a brief period of instability, Liu Bang founds the Han dynasty.
imperial china
2nd Empire: Han dynasty (206BC - 220AD) - at its greatest extent
http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?/topic/54-general-maps-of-chinese-dynasties/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017882
politics
206 BC - 220 AD - Han Dynasty: first durable state governing the entire Chinese heartland, ushers in first Chinese cultural “golden age�, growth in money economy, and the promotion of Confucianism as the state philosophy. Buddhism makes its first inroads into China.
imperial china
Reunification under Sui dynasty (581 - 618AD)
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politics
220 - 589 - Collapse of Han state results in nearly four centuries of division between competing dynasties before China is reunited by the short-lived Sui dynasty. Start of the development of southern China.
imperial china
Period of great strength and prosperity: Tang dynasty (618-907AD)
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politics
618-907 - Tang Dynasty unites China for nearly three centuries, in what is seen as the second high point of Chinese civilisation after the Han; imperial sphere of influence reaches Central Asia for the first time.
imperial china
Unification under Northern Song, Liao and Western Xia (960- 1126AD)
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politics
960-1279 - Song Dynasty: While weaker than the Tang empire militarily and politically, Song rule marks a high point of Chinese classical culture, with a flowering of literature, scientific innovation and the adoption of Neo-Confucianism as the official state ideology.
imperial china
Partition of China into southern Song, Jin , Western Xia, Western liao (1126- 1279 AD)
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politics
960-1279 - Song Dynasty: While weaker than the Tang empire militarily and politically, Song rule marks a high point of Chinese classical culture, with a flowering of literature, scientific innovation and the adoption of Neo-Confucianism as the official state ideology.
imperial china
Mongols conquer China: Unification under Yuan dynasty (1279 - 1368 AD)
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politics
1271-1368 - Mongols conquer China and establish their own Yuan Dynasty, founded by Kublai Khan. Marco Polo and other Westerners visit. Beijing becomes the capital of a united China.
imperial china
Period of Autocracy: Ming dynasty (1368- 1644 AD)
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politics
1368 - 1644 Ming Dynasty overthrows Mongols and establishes sophisticated agricultural economy, underpinning strong centralised bureaucracy and military. Great Wall of China completed in the form seen today.
imperial china
Manchu ruled China: Qing dynasty (1644-1911AD) - last imperial dynasty in China
http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?/topic/54-general-maps-of-chinese-dynasties/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017882
politics
1644 - 1911 Manchu Qing Dynasty drives out Ming. Chinese empire reaches its zenith, with the annexation of Tibet, Mongolia and present-day Xinjiang (Turkestan).
Republic of China (1911 - today) - (source: Taiwan ROC): ROC claimed sovereignty to Xinjiang, Taiwan, Mongolia, Tibet, although within this period, Taiwan was ruled by Japan while Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet became independent or autonomous from China.
politics
modern china
Republic of China in Taiwan (1949 - today) - Republic of China today consists of The Islands of Taiwan, Matsu, Kinmen and Penghu according to the ammendment to the Constitution of the R O C . http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?/topic/54-general-maps-of-chinese-dynasties/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017882
People’s Republic of China (1949-today) - PRC occupied Tibet in 1950 and continued to claim sovereignty over Taiwan, although from 1949 onwards, it did not rule Taiwan. PRC however recognises the independence of Mongolia.
http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?/topic/54-general-maps-of-chinese-dynasties/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017882
politics
today’s china
1911-12 - Military revolts by reform-minded officers lead to proclamation of Republic of China under Sun Yat-sen and abdication of last Qing emperor. Republic struggles to consolidate its rule amid regional warlordism and the rise of the Communist Party. 1925 - The death of Sun Yat-sen brings Chiang Kai-shek to the fore. He breaks with the Communists and confirms the governing Kuomintang as a nationalist party. 1931-45 - Japan invades and gradually occupies more and more of China.
1934-35 - Mao Zedong emerges as Communist leader during the party’s “Long March” to its new base in Shaanxi Province.
http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?/topic/54-general-maps-of-chinese-dynasties/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017882
politics
1937 - Kuomintang and Communists nominally unite against Japanese. Civil war resumes after Japan’s defeat in Second World War.
1958 - Mao launches the “Great Leap Forward”, a five-year economic plan. Farming is collectivised and labour-intensive industry is introduced. The drive produces economic breakdown and is abandoned after two years. Disruption to agriculture is blamed for the deaths by starvation of millions of people following poor harvests. 1976 - Mao dies. “Gang of Four”, including Mao’s widow, jockey for power but are arrested and convicted of crimes against the state. From 1977 Deng Xiaoping emerges as the dominant figure among pragmatists in the leadership. Under him, China undertakes far-reaching economic reforms.
http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?/topic/54-general-maps-of-chinese-dynasties/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017882
1950 - China intervenes in the Korean War on the side of North Korea. Tibet becomes part of the People’s Republic of China
1966-76 - “Cultural Revolution”, Mao’s 10-year political and ideological campaign aimed at reviving revolutionary spirit, produces massive social, economic and political upheaval.
1979 - Government imposes one-child policy in effort to curb population growth.
politics
1949 - 1 October - Mao Zedong, having led the Communists to victory against the Nationalists after more than 20 years of civil war, proclaims the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The Nationalists retreat to the island of Taiwan and set up a government there.
1986-90 - China’s “Open-door policy” opens the country to foreign investment and encourages development of a market economy and private sector.
1989 - Jiang Zemin takes over as Chinese Communist Party general secretary from Zhao Ziyang, who refused to support martial law during the Tiananmen demonstrations.
http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?/topic/54-general-maps-of-chinese-dynasties/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017882
politics
1989 - Troops open fire on demonstrators who have camped for weeks in Tiananmen Square initially to demand the posthumous rehabilitation of former CCP General Secretary Hu Yaobang, who was forced to resign in 1987. The official death toll is 200. International outrage leads to sanctions.
1993 - Jiang Zemin officially replaces Yang Shangkun as president.
1996 - China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan - dubbed the Shanghai Five - meet in Shanghai and agree to cooperate to combat ethnic and religious tensions in each others’ countries. 1998 - Zhu Rongji succeeds Li Peng as premier, announces reforms in the wake of the Asian financial crisis and continued deceleration of the economy. Thousands of stateowned enterprises are to be restructured through amalgamations, share flotations and bankruptcies. About four million civil service jobs to be axed. Large-scale flooding of the Yangtse, Songhua and Nenjiang rivers.
http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?/topic/54-general-maps-of-chinese-dynasties/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017882
1994 - China abolishes the official renminbi (RMB) currency exchange rate and fixes its first floating rate since 1949.
1997 - Deng Xiaoping dies, aged 92. Rioting erupts in Yining, Xinjiang and on day of Deng’s funeral Xinjiang separatists plant three bombs on buses in Urumqi, Xinjiang, killing nine and injuring 74. Hong Kong reverts to Chinese control.
politics
Preliminary construction work on the Three Gorges dam begins. It will create a lake almost 600 kilometres (375 miles) long and submerge dozens of cultural heritage sites by the time it is completed in 2009.
1999 - Fiftieth anniversary of People’s Republic of China on 1st October.
2003 July-August - Some 500,000 people march in Hong Kong against Article 23, a controversial anti-subversion bill. Two key Hong Kong government officials resign. The government shelves the bill. 2006 May - Work on the structure of the Three Gorges Dam, the world’s largest hydropower project, is completed.
http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?/topic/54-general-maps-of-chinese-dynasties/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017882
2003 March-April - China and Hong Kong are hit by the pneumonia-like Sars virus
2005 April - Relations with Japan deteriorate amid sometimes-violent anti-Japanese protests in Chinese cities, sparked by a Japanese textbook which China says glosses over Japan’s World War II record. 2006 August - Official news agency says 18 million people are affected by what it describes as the country’s worst drought in 50 years.
politics
2002 November - Vice-President Hu Jintao is named head of the ruling Communist Party, replacing Jiang Zemin, the outgoing president. Jiang is re-elected head of the influential Central Military Commission, which oversees the armed forces.
2000 - Beijing is awarded the Olympic games of 2008
2010 January - China posts a 17.7% rise in exports in December, suggesting it has overtaken Germany as the world’s biggest exporter.
http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?/topic/54-general-maps-of-chinese-dynasties/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017882
2009 February - Russia and China sign $25bn deal to supply China with oil for next 20 years in exchange for loans. 2011 February - China formally overtakes Japan to become the world’s second-largest economy after Tokyo published figures showing a Japanese GDP rise of only four per cent in 2010.
politics
2008 August - Beijing hosts Olympic Games
china quick facts
Peoples Republic of China, a sovereign state located in East Asia. A single party state governed by the communist party
The worlds most populous country, over 1.35 billion China’s political system was based on hereditary monarchies, known as dynasties. Lasted 150 BCE – 1911 CE China is a socialist state espousing communism and is ruled by the communist party of china
The premier is Li Keqiang
politics
The president is Xi Jinping, who is also the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and the chairman of the central military commission
suzhou quick facts Utilized Foreign Direct Investment Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
916.89 billion RMB FIxed Asset Investment
13.2%
Imports
120.97 billion US$
361.78 billion RMB Exports
153.11 billion US$
http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/city/suzhou/
politics
GDP growth
8.54 billion US$
Suz hou
Popul at i on: 10, 549, 100 Dens i t y : 1, 200peopl e/ k m2 Ur banpopul at i on: 5, 454, 500 Ur bandens i t y : 2, 000peopl e/ k m2.
Zhangj i agang Yangt z eRi v er
Changs hu
8, 488. 42k m2 6, 093. 92k m2 2, 394. 50k m2
T ai c ang Xi angc heng Huqi u
Xi angc hengDi s t r i c t Popul at i on:693, 576 Dens i t y : 1, 667peopl e/ k m2 T ot alAr ea:416k m2
T ai huL ak e
Gus u
SI P
Kuns han
Wuz hong
Wuj i ang
Shanghai
demogr aphi c s
T ot alAr ea: L and: Wat er :( 28%)
TheXi angc hengdi s t r i c ti sl oc at edi nt henor t hpar tofSuz houc i t y ,ast henor t her ngat eoft heol dc i t y .I ti sadj ac entt ot heSuz hou I ndus t r i alPar k( SI P)i nt heeas tandnei ghbour st heSuz houNew Dev el opmentZone( SND)i nt hewes t .
L eadbyt het r adi t i onalbus i nes si ndus t r y ,f oc us i ngonv ar i ouss pec i al i z edmar k et s( Pr ec i s i onmac hi ner y ,aut opar t s ,ener gys av i ng andenv i r onment alpr ot ec t i ont ec hnol ogy ) ,boos t edbyt her eales t at ei ndus t r yandt henew s er v i c ei ndus t r y ,t hewhol edi s t r i c t hasbeenbui l di ngi t snew ec onomi cs y s t em i nt her ec enty ear s .I nMar c h2012,16new pr oj ec t s-8domes t i cand8f or ei gnt ot al l i ng RMB7 . 7bi l l i on wer e anounc ed f ort he ar ea.T wel v e oft hes e pr oj ec t s ar ei nt he c at egor i es ofei t heradv anc ed manuf ac t ur i ng( pr ec i s i onmac hi ner y ,el ec t r oni cequi pmentc omponent s )oremer gi ngs ec t or s( new mat er i al s ,env i r onment al pr ot ec t i on) . Xi angc hengDi s t r i c ti soneoft hel eadi ngar easwi t hi nt heex pans i onr angei nSuz houc ent r al c i t yandi ti sanewc i t yar eaofgr eat pot ent i alandv i gor .
Suz houec onomy Suz hou’ sec onomyr epr es ent st hehi ghes tgr owt handt hef as t es tex pans i oni nt hepas t510y ear si nt her egi onandi nChi na. Thec i t y’GDPhass ur pas s edal lnei ghbour i ngc i t i esex c eptShanghai . TheSuz hougov er nmentt ak eanac t i v epar ti nt hei nv or gor at i ngt hel oc alec onomy .I tac t si nac c or danc ewi t hmar k etec onomy r ul esaswel l asl ay i ngoutanex pl i c i tbl uepr i nti nor dert oat t r ac ti nv es t or s .Unl i k emanyar easofChi nat hatonl yf oc usonbui l di ng t hehar dwar e,Suz houhasal s oi nv es t edheav i l yi nt hes of t war er equi r edt oef f ec t i v el yat t r ac ti nv es t ment .
Av er ageannuali nc ome:117 , 200RMB( £11, 920GBP) Di s pos abl ei nc ome:26, 320RMB( £2, 675GBP) Suz houi sanel ec t r oni c sandc l ot hi ngmanuf ac t ur ec ent er .I ti s al s ohasr i c hagr i c ul t ur alar ea,andanabundanc eoff os s i lf uel s . The c i t yi sc ur r ent l yt he wor l dl eaderi nt he pr oduc t i on of l apt opsanddi gi t alc amer as . Cur r ent l yt her e ar e 138 c ompani es f r om t he F or t une 500 l i s t i ngsbas edi nSuz hou
Xi angc hengec onomy
27 . 9% Pr i mar y( agr i c ul t ur e, pear l s ,mi ni ng,oi l )
34. 2% T er t i ar yi ndus t r y ( f i nanc e,t r ade,s er v i c es )
37 . 9% Sec ondar y ( i ndus t r y )
Cur r enti ndus t r yi nSuz hou
demogr aphi c s
Company di r ec t or ss ay t hat Suz hou’ s qual i t y of l i f e has i mpr ov eddr amat i c al l yi nt hel as tt hr eey ear s ,andasar es ul t t heyar ewi l l i ngl yt omov eoper at i onst ot hec i t y .Theperc api t a i nc omei samongt he‘ T op5’ofChi na' sc i t i es .
Fr om t he y ear2001 s i nc e Xi angc heng di s t r i c twasf ounded,Xi angc heng' sec onomy hasbeen r i s i ng v er yf as t .I n 2007 , Xi angc heng' sl oc al GDPhasac hi ev ed23. 22bi l l i onRMB,wi t hay ear l yi nc r eas edr at eof22. 8%;Thel oc al nor mal f i nanc i al i nc ome i s19. 6bi l l i onRMB,t heav er agey ear l yi nc r eas er at ei s38. 5%.I nt hef i r s t7y ear ss i nc et hedi s t r i c twasf ounded,i tat t r ac t ed1082 f or ei gni nv es t mentpr oj ec t s ,r egi s t erf or ei gnc api t al3. 11bi l l i onGBpounds ,t her ealr ec ei v edf or ei gnc api t al£1. 73bi l l i onGB pounds .Ur bandi s pos abl ei nc omeperc api t ai s20213RMB( £2052GBP) ,Rur al neti nc omer eac hed10187RMB( £1034GBP)wi t h t hei nc r eas i ngr at emor et hen10%.
onec hi l dpol i c y 1. 6b
Fi nes ,pr es s ur est oabor tapr egnanc y ,and ev en f or c ed s t er i l i z at i on ac c ompani ed s ec ond or s ubs equent pr egnanc i es .
1. 2b
Ther ul ehasbeenes t i mat edt ohav er educ edpopul at i on gr owt hi nt hec ount r yof1. 3bi l l i onbyasmuc has300 mi l l i onpeopl eov eri t sf i r s tt went yy ear s .
. 4b
Thi sr ul ehasc aus edadi s dai nf orf emal ei nf ant sr es ul t i ng i nabor t i on,negl ec t ,abandonment ,andev eni nf ant i c i de hav ebeenk nownt ooc c urt of emal ei nf ant s .
Par ent sat t end‘ Mar r i ageMar k et s ’i nShanghai
Chi na 130% Gr owt h
. 8b
0
I ndi a 180% Gr owt h 1979
2012
s oc i ali s s ues
Cr eat ed i n 1979 by Chi nes el eaderDeng Xi aopi ng t o t empor ar i l yl i mi tc ommuni s tChi na' spopul at i ongr owt h.
Si nc e Chi na began enf or c i ng t he OneChi l d Pol i c yi n 1979, ov er37mi l l i ongi r l shav edi s appear edi nt hewor l d’ sl ar ges t gender c i deandov er336mi l l i onf or c edandc oer c edabor t i ons hav eoc c ur r edundert hepol i c y’ sr ei gn.
Nat ur al
Chi na’ s av er age
10ot her Pr ov enc es
J i angx i Henan
100
100
100
100
105
114
130+
140
Oneoft hegr eat es ti s s uesc ur r ent l yf ac i ngChi nai st hei ragi ngpopul at i on,wi t h200mi l l i on ov ert heageof60.Anew l aw r equi r esadul t st opr ov i dement alandf i nanc i als uppor tt ot hei r agi ngpar ent s .I fadul t sf ai lt ohonort hi sr es pons i bi l i t y ,t heyf ac ef i nesandot herpuni s hment . 90% ofol deradul t sl i v eof ft hei rf ami l y’ ss uppor t .Howev er ,ast henumberofc hi l dr ens hr i nk s bec aus eoff ami l ypl anni ngpol i c i es ,t her ear ef ewers uppor t i ngt her es our c esf ort heel der l y . By2050mor et hanaquar t eroft hepopul at i onwi l lbeov er65y ear sol d Chi nawasadev el opi ngc ount r y ,wi t hhi ghbi r t h 1950 r at esandal i f eex pec t anc yofabout44y ear s . Chi na' sonec hi l dpol i c ywasi nt r oduc edi n1979. 1980 Ex empt i onsar eal l owed,eg.c oupl eswhohada gi r lf i r s t ,f ami l i esi nr ur alar eas ,et c . Whenc hi l dr enoft heonec hi l dgener at i onr eac h 2010 t hei r30sor40s ,t her ei sa good c hanc et hei r par ent sandgr andpar ent swi l lbeal i v eandneed s omef or m ofc ar e.
s oc i ali s s ues
agei ngpopul at i on
s uz houc ul t ur e-oper aandgar dens
Suz houGar dens 州园林 Ci r c l eopeni ngsper f or at et hegar denwal l ,of f er i ngav i ew t ot he beaut ywi t hi n-t hewat erandpl ant sandt r eesandbi r dsandc ol our s .Onec anac hi ev epeac e wi t hnat ur ei nt hegar den.T r adi t i onalar c hi t ec t ur ei sf oundi nt hegar denl ands c ape.
Kunqu|Bai duEnc y c l opedi a.[ ONL I NE]Av ai l abl eat : ht t p: / / bai k e. bai du. c om/ l i nk ? ur l =QL Du_L eXv 18I x Rx ez VnAPXr 7Fr M712d7aUYi v M_x _hQL c DTUXRGI pXoKOm9I CUb.[ Ac c es s ed23Oc t ober2013] .
v er nac ul ar
KunquOper a昆曲 Chi na’ sol des toper a,wasf oundedi nSuz hou. Kunqui sabl endofdanc eandmar t i alar t s ,andmus i c alac c ompani mentofdr ums ,s i ngi ng, t hr ees t r i ngedl ut emai nl y .Knownast he‘ f at herofahundr edpl ay s , ’i ti sahi ghl yhonour ed par tofChi nes ec ul t ur eandc apt ur est hel i f eandener gyandhi s t or yofChi na.Onemi ghts ay i ti saut hent i c al l yChi nes e.
s uz houhous e-ol dt own
v er nac ul ar
T wos t or eywhi t ewal l hous eswi t hgr eyt i l edpi t c hedr oof sf ol l owt hegr i dl ay outandt hec anal net wor ki nSuz hou.Smal ls t onear c hbr i dgesar eal s oaf eat ur eoft heol dar c hi t ec t ur et hat mak esupt heol dt own.
s uz houur banpl anni ng
As i t es ec t i onal s ogi v esusi nf or mat i onaboutt hemak eupoft hes i t e.Asy oumov ef r om t he t hel ak es i det owar dst heGr andCanalt hebui l di ngsbec omel ar gerandi ndus t r i albutt owar ds t he l ak et her ei smor e open s pac e and f ar ml and and s c at t er ed s mal lf ar m hous es .The f ac t or i esandi ndus t r i al bui l di ngsar ei nc l os epr ox i mi t yt ot hewat erf ort r ans por tofgoodsand t heopenl ands c apei sus edf orf ar mi ngandagr i c ul t ur e.
v er nac ul ar
We c an s ee t he di f f er enc ei nt he v er nac ul arar c hi t ec t ur e bet ween Suz hou SI P and t he mas t er pl ans i t eatWangt i ngz henćœ›äş whenwec ompar et heur banpl anofbot hs i t es . Onehasas t r i c tr egi ment edf or mat ,t heot heramor es pac edoutr ur alappear anc e.Onei s madeupofdens ehous i ngdev el opment sandc ommer c i alt owerbl oc k s ,t heot heri smadeup ofr ur alf ar m bui l di ngsandi ndus t r i alf ac t or i es .
v er nac ul ar
v er nac ul ar
v er nac ul ar
The t r ans f or mat i on ofSuz hou i nt o an ur ban c ent r er epr es ent s one ofChi na’ s mos t ec onomi c al l ydy nami cr egi onsandal eadi ngf or c ei nt hedev el opmentofur banChi na.But wi t hec onomi cdev el opmentc omespopul at i ongr owt handwi t ht hatt hec hal l engeofhow t o pr ov i des hel t erf ort hemi l l i onsofr es i dent si nSuz hou.Notonl yt hi sbuthowt oens ur eagood qual i t yofl i v i ngwhi l s ts t i l lc apt ur i ngt hees s enc eofChi nes ear c hi t ec t ur e. T odot hi swemus tgobac kt ot hes t ar t . T ounder s t andt het r adi t i onalhous esi nChi na,onemus tal way sk eepi nmi ndt heChi nes e v i ew ofmanasbei ngatt hec ent r eofs oc i et yandasenc l os i ngs pac ear oundhi m.I nan ex ami nat i onoft heChi nes ehous eonef i ndsal lt hebas i cel ement swhi c hc anbef oundi nt he Chi nes ec i t y ,andf i nal l yi nt hec i t yofSuz hou.Thenot i onofChi nes es oc i et yasbei ngan ex t endedf ami l yort hei deaofaChi nes ec i t yasbei nganex t endedhous ei sanadequat e des c r i pt i onofChi nes ec ul t ur e.Cer t ai nbas i car c hi t ec t ur alel ement s ,s uc hast hewal l ,t he c our t y ar d,andt hegat ec anbef oundi nChi nes ear c hi t ec t ur eatev er yl ev el . Thet r adi t i onalc our t y ar dhous es er v edast hepr ot ot y pef ort heChi nes ec i t y .Es s ent i al l yt he hous ewasawal l edenc l os ur ec ompos edofoneormor ec our t y ar ds ,eac hwi t h l es s erandl owerbui l di ngsont heeas tandwes ts i desofeac hc our t y ar d. Thec our t y ar dhous e,gar denhous eandr ow hous ear et het hr eemos tc ommont y pet hat c har ac t er i z et heSuz hout r adi t i onaldwel l i ng.Thec our t y ar dhous ei st hepr ot ot y peofal lt he t r adi t i onalhous es .
TheT r ans f or mat i onandCont i nui t yoft heT r adi t i onal Dwel l i ngi nSuz hou,Chi nabyChuanWang Submi t t edt ot heMas s ac hus et t sI ns t i t ut eofT ec hnol ogy .Depar t mentofAr c hi t ec t ur eonJ une,1992
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T r adi t i onalCour t y ar dHous ePl an
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Ol dCi t y( adapt edf r om t hePi ngJ i ang Map( 1229)
The c our t y ar d hous ei st he mos tper v as i v e and i nf l uent i aldwel l i ngt y pei nChi na. Unl i k e wes t er n hous es , wher et he hous ei s s ur r ounded by t he gar den, t he dwel l i ngs i n Suz hou hav e enc l os i ng wal l st hatobs t r uc tt he v i ew f r om out s i des ot hatones eesonl yr oof sand end-wal l s .gr ayt i l es ,andbr i c kpai nt edwhi t eor bl ac k ,gi v et hi sdomes t i car c hi t ec t ur ebot huni t y andaus t er i t y .Anyopul enc ei st obef oundonl yon t he i nt er i oroft he dwel l i ngsi n Suz hou.I nt he c ent r e wi l lbe t he c our t y ar d( orc our t y ar ds ) ,as t r adi t i onal Chi nes egar denar eex t r emel ypr i v at e,a pl ac eofs ec l us i onf ormedi t at i on.Gener al l y ,i ti san ex t endedf ami l yt hatl i v esi nt heent i r edwel l i ng c ons i s t i ngoft wot ot hr eec our t y ar ds .Thev ar i ous s pac esar ec onnec t ed byc our t y ar ds ,t o pr ov i de ac c es st ot hec ommonl yus edar eas ,s uc hast he k i t c hen,t hel i v i ngar ea,t heanc es t orpr ay erhal l , andt het oi l et s .
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c our t y ar dhous e
At y pi c albl oc ki n Suz hou i s a pr i or idef i ned geomet r i c al l y by t he or t hogonaldi v i s i onsoft hec anal sandt hepat hst hatf ol l ow t hem on l and.Thes ees t abl i s hapr edomi nanc eofl ongr ec t angul arl ot samongan eas t -wes tax i s ,bor der edont hes out hbyas t r eetal ongs i det hec anal . Thi sc r eat es a v er yc ompac t ,dens e ur ban env i r onmentwi t hl ong nar r ow al l ey way sandt hec anal sus edast hemai nc i r c ul at i ont hr ough t hec i t y .
Whent hegov er nmentor i gi nal l yr edev el opedt he eas t er ns i deoft hebr i dgeasanadmi s s i onc har gi ngt hemepar k( whi c hs oonbec amef r eeduet o al ac kofpat r ons ) ,t hewes ts i der emai ned unt ouc hedasoneoft hel as twat er f r ont nei ghbor hoodsi n21s tCent ur ySuz hou.
Thi si st heaut hent i cs i deofSuz hout hati ss l owl ydi s appear i ng,an anc i entnei ghbor hoodofpeas antr es i denc esbui l tar oundt he 2500y ear ol dc anal ,s omeoft hef ew r emai ni ngf r om t hedoz enst hat us edt oi nt er weav et hr oughoutt hec i t yandf unc t i onast hemai n t hor oughf ar es ,muc hl i k et hec anal sofVeni c e.I t ' snow di f f i c ul tt ol ook att hes edi l api dat edhous esandv i s ual l yi magi net hi sex ac ts ec t i onof t hec analasi twas . Ther omant i cnot i onofl i v i ngbyt hewat erwas benef i c i alatt het i mewhenal loft hec anal swer ei nus e.Nowaday s ,out oft he25k m ofc anal ,onl yaf ew oft hem f unc t i onsast r ans por t at i on c hannel sasbef or e.Thei mageofawat ert owni ser odedbybei ngd epr i v edofi t swat er .ar eofus e.Thi smeanst hatt her ei snol ongerqui c k andeas yac c es st ot hehomesf r om t hec anal .Notonl yt hi sbutt he c anal spr ov edi tt obedi f f i c ul tandex pens i v ewheni tc amet ot he upk eepoft hedwel l i ngs .Manyoc c upi er sc oul dnotaf f or dt hewor k , whi c hi sc l earwhenwel ookatt hedamagedpr oper t i es .Thi shas r es ul t edi nt heol dt r adi t i onalhomesbei ngabandonedwi t hpeopl e opt i ngt omov eoutoft heol dc i t yandi nt ot henew dev el opment s .
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Suz hou has an ar ea of8, 488 s quar ek i l omet er s ,wi t h an ur ban ar ea of1, 650 s quar e k i l omet er s .Byl at es tpopul at i onc ens usi nNov ember2010,i t st ot alpopul at i onhasr eac hed 11. 76mi l l i on. Suz houi sdi v i dedi nt os i xmai nar eas ,Ol dCi t y ,Downt own,Wuz hongandXi angc heng,wi t h t wo popul arl i v i ng di s t r i c t s ;The Suz hou New Di s t r i c tand t he Suz hou I ndus t r i alPar k . Downt owni snotapopul arc hoi c eduet ot r af f i cc onges t i on,ov er c r owdi ngandl ac kofqual i t y apar t ment c ompounds . The t wo i ndus t r i al par k s ar e ex pandi ng r api dl ys o popul ar nei ghbor hoods t end t o be c l us t er ed ar ound ar eas wi t h good f ac i l i t i es .The c hoi c ei s as t oundi ng.Mos tl i v ei nhi ghr i s eapar t ment st hatar el oc at edi nf enc edc ompoundswi t h 24hours ec ur i t y-manyc ompoundshav et hei rowns hops ,r es t aur ant s ,s wi mmi ngpooland gy m.Theot heropt i oni sr ent i ngamul t i s t or yv i l l awhi c hi smor eex pens i v e,butmi ghtbe mor es ui t abl ef oraf ami l ywi t hc hi l dr en.Thev i l l ac ompoundsar el oc at ed on t her api dl y dev el opi ngf r i ngear eas ;notasc l os et os hoppi ngandr es t aur antar easbutus ual l yc l os ert o i nt er nat i onals c hoolc ampus es .Wuz hongDi s t r i c tandXi angc hengDi s t r i c tar ec ur r ent l ys t i l l under gowi ngmaj orr edev el opmentandar er api dl yex pandi ng.
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L i v i ngDi s t r i c t s
Anc i ent
Ci t y
Downt own Di s t r i c t Suz hou Hi gh T ec h Di s t r i c t ( SND) Suz hou I ndus t r i al Par k ( SI P) Xiangcheng angchen D is tr ic t
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Wuz hong Di s t r i c t
Suz houAnc i entCi t y
Suz houDownt own
Char ac t er :T r adi t i onalChi nes e Dens i t y :Ver yc ondens e Gr eenSpac e:Cour t y ar dsandgar den Hei ght :Res t r i c t edt o6s t or ey s Qual i t y :Det er i or at i ng/ r edev el oped/ new bui l d
Wuz hongDi s t r i c t
Char ac t er :Chi nes e/ moder n Dens i t y :Dwel l i ngsmor eev enl ys pac ed Gr eenSpac e:Pr i v at eandPubl i cGar dens Hei ght :Mi xofl ow andhi ghr i s e Qual i t y :Di s t r i c ts t i l li ndev el opment ,goods t andar ds
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Char ac t er :T r adi t i onalChi nes e Dens i t y :Ver yc ondens e Gr eenSpac e:Smal lgar dens Hei ght :12s t or eymai nl y Qual i t y :Det er i or at i ngandr undown
Xi angc hengDi s t r i c t
Suz houI nt er nat i onalPar k
Char ac t er :Moder nbl oc k s Dens i t y :Onl yi nhei ght Gr eenSpac e:L ar gegar dens ,bal c oni esandt er r ac es Hei ght :Hi ghr i s eapar t ment( 20+) Qual i t y :Upt obui l di ngr egs ,Goodqual i t y
Suz houNew Di s t r i c t
Char ac t er :Moder n( wi t hhi ntoft r adi t i onalc hi nes e) Dens i t y :Dwel l i ngsmor eev enl ys pac ed Gr eenSpac e:Pr i v at eandpubl i cgar dens ,bal c oni es Hei ght :Mi xofl ow andhi ghr i s e Qual i t y :Upt obui l di ngr egs ,Goodqual i t y
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Char ac t er :Moder nbl oc k s / Eur opean Dens i t y :Dwel l i ngsmor eev enl ys pac ed Gr eenSpac e:L ar gepubl i cgar denandr ooft er r ac es Hei ght :Hi ghr i s eapar t ment( appr ox20s t or ey ) Qual i t y :Newl ydev el oped
s pec i alec onomi cz ones
SI Phasat ot alj ur i s di c t i onar eaof288 k m2 wi t h apl annedr es i dent i alpopul at i onof1. 2mi l l i on peopl e.Thatwor k soutatov er40, 000peopl eper m2!Theonl ys ol ut i oni st oc r eat es pac eoutof nowher eandbui l dupwar ds .Thi shasr es ul t edi n hundr edsofmonot onoushi ghr i s eapar t ment bl oc k ss c at t er edac r os sSuz hou' ss k y l i ne,l os i ng al lar c hi t ec t ur alqual i t yandc har ac t eroft heOl d Ci t y .T r ue,t hes enew dev el opment sar epr ov i di ng peopl ewi t hs hel t erands ani t at i onbuti tf ai l sat addr es s i nganumberofot heri s s ues . I ti sas i mi l ars t or yi nSNDwi t hhi ghr i s eaf t er hi ghr i s ebei ngc ons t r uc t edandv as tar easof gr eenpar k s .Ther es eemst obenor el at i ons hi p bet weenpr i v at eandpubl i cs pac esandv er yl i t t l e ar c hi t ec t ur almer i t .Wi t hmor emoneys pent or i gi nal l yont hedev el opmentofSNDt hedes i gn out c omenodst owar dst hatofi t sChi nes e her i t ageandl es soft her epr oduc eds t andar d hous i ngbl oc kbuti ts t i l lr unst her i s kofbec omi ng a' s oul l es s 'es t at e.
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Suz hou’ sur bandev el opmentandi t si nc or por at i on i nt ot hegl obalec onomyhasbeenanc hor edon anex por t or i ent ed,f or ei gni nv es t ment l edmodel begi nni ngi nt heear l y1990st hr ought he es t abl i s hmentoft wos pec i alec onomi cz ones ( SEZ) ,t heSuz houNew Di s t r i c t( SND)andt he Suz houI ndus t r i alPar k( SI P) .
Res i dent i alFl oorSpac ePerPer s on ( ur ban,s qm)
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Abov e36 33t o36 30t o33 27t o30 24t o27 L e s st ha n24 Noda t aa v a l i a bl e
ol dv er s usnew
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Ev enwhenc i t i esc hangei nf or m,t hepeopl e,t hei rdai l yneedsandt hei rbas i cac t i v i t i esc ont i nue.Bec aus et henew i sc r eat edf r om t heol dt her ei ss omet hi ngpower f uli nt hef ami l i ar t hatmus tber es pec t ed.Thepeopl emak eanef f or tt or et ai nt hei rol dbui l tenv i r onment bas edont hei rs oc i alnor msandv al ues .
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I ti sobv i oust hatt hehor i z ont alt y pol ogyofc our t y ar dhous ei snotabl et oac c ommodat et hegr owi ngpopul at i onofSuz hou.I naddi t i on,t her eappear sac onf l i c tbet weent het r adi t i onalhous i ng whi c hl ac k smoder nf ac i l i t i esandt hec ont empor ar yl i v i ng.Moder nhi ghr i s ebui l di ngs ,ont he c ont r ar y ,pr ov i dewel l equi ppedhous i ngf ormor r es i dent s ,butl os emos toft het r adi t i onals pat i al , s oc i al ,andc ul t ur alv al ues . I deal l yweneet oc ombi net hepr ec i oust r adi t i onalv al uesandt hemoder nar c hi t ec t ur alt ec hnol ogy .Dr awi ngl es s onsf r om t r adi t i onalhous i ngand appl y i ngi ti nc ont empor ar yar c hi t ec t ur ewi l lbe anappr oac ht ok eept hev al uabl eher i t ageandt o i mpr ov et hemoder nar c hi t ec t ur aldes i gn.
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T odayi nt heol dnei ghbour hoodswi t hc our t y ar d hous es ,as i ngl ec ompoundi snol ongeri nhabi t ed byal ar geex t endedf ami l y .Manydi f f er ent ,unr el at edf ami l i esnow s har eac ompound,butt he s ur r oundi ngwal l sar es t i l lnec es s ar y .Theenc l os ur ec ont i nuest ogi v epeopl eadi s t i nc ts t at us .I t c r eat esanent i t ywher epeopl eeas i l yk now eac h ot herandwi t hwhi c hpeopl ec ani dent i f y .Thi s ,i n t heor y ,i st hes amedy nami c soff ami l i eswi t hi na bl oc k .Butwi t ht hel ac kofal l oc at edpubl i cand pr i v at es pac esv er yl i t t l ei nt er ac t i onc anoc c ur .
Pol l ut i on
Pol l ut i on
Amer i c a
Sal t z man,SammyRos e.“ Aut i s m:Ai rPol l ut i onMayBet oBl ame,St udySugges t s . ”CBSNews .Dec ember17 ,2010.Ac c es s ed:J anuar y25,2012. “ Wor l dCar bonDi ox i deEmi s s i onsDat abyCount r y :Chi naSpeedsaheadoft heRes t . ”TheGuar di an.J anuar y31,2011.Ac c es s ed:J anuar y25,2012.
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2012St at eofEnv i r onmentRepor tRev i ew |Chi naWat erRi s k .2013.2012St at eofEnv i r onmentRepor tRev i ew |Chi naWat erRi s k .[ ONL I NE] Av ai l abl eat :ht t p: / / c hi nawat er r i s k . or g/ bi gpi c t ur e/ c aus es of pol l ut i on/ .[ Ac c es s ed22Oc t ober2013] .
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2012St at eofEnv i r onmentRepor tRev i ew |Chi naWat erRi s k .2013.2012St at eofEnv i r onmentRepor tRev i ew |Chi naWat erRi s k .[ ONL I NE] Av ai l abl eat :ht t p: / / c hi nawat er r i s k . or g/ r es our c es / anal y s i s r ev i ews / 2012s t at eof env i r onment r epor t r ev i ew/ .[ Ac c es s ed22Oc t ober2013] .
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2012St at eofEnv i r onmentRepor tRev i ew |Chi naWat erRi s k .2013.2012St at eofEnv i r onmentRepor tRev i ew |Chi naWat erRi s k .[ ONL I NE] Av ai l abl eat :ht t p: / / c hi nawat er r i s k . or g/ bi gpi c t ur e/ c aus es of pol l ut i on/ .[ Ac c es s ed22Oc t ober2013] .
2012St at eofEnv i r onmentRepor tRev i ew |Chi naWat erRi s k .2013.2012St at eofEnv i r onmentRepor tRev i ew |Chi naWat erRi s k .[ ONL I NE] Av ai l abl eat :ht t p: / / c hi nawat er r i s k . or g/ r es our c es / anal y s i s r ev i ews / 2012s t at eof env i r onment r epor t r ev i ew/ .[ Ac c es s ed22Oc t ober2013] .
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OnL ak eT ai hu,Chi naMov esT oBat t l eMas s i v eAl gaeBl oomsbyRi c har dSt one:Yal eEnv i r onment360.2013.OnL ak eT ai hu,Chi naMov esT oBat t l eMas s i v eAl gaeBl ooms byRi c har dSt one:Yal eEnv i r onment360.[ ONL I NE]Av ai l abl eat :ht t p: / / e360. y al e. edu/ f eat ur e/ on_l ak e_t ai hu_c hi na_mov es _t o_bat t l e_mas s i v e_al gae_bl ooms / 2429/ . [ Ac c es s ed22Oc t ober2013] .
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Wi l l i am Mc Donough,.Cr adl et oCr adl e.Ki ndl eEdi t i on..
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weak nes si nmas t er pl anandmani f es t o. -f ai l ur et oac c omodat ef ori nc r eas eddemandsf r om t her es i dent alout put .
Sal t z man,SammyRos e.“ Aut i s m:Ai rPol l ut i onMayBet oBl ame,St udySugges t s . ”CBSNews .Dec ember17 ,2010.Ac c es s ed:J anuar y25,2012. “ Wor l dCar bonDi ox i deEmi s s i onsDat abyCount r y :Chi naSpeedsaheadoft heRes t . ”TheGuar di an.J anuar y31,2011.Ac c es s ed:J anuar y25,2012.
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