Refuge[e] duaneharry thesis p1 2

REFUGE[E] MA_ARCH STUDIO NECESSITY Duane Harry Prof. Roger Bundschuh PART 1 Current Condition

Refuge[e]

Necessity

Statement of Necessity

/nI’sξsIti/ the state or fact of being required

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It is common place to think that necessity should be universal for everyone everywhere, the reality is not so straight forward. What is necessary is a matter of context: culture, identity, social.

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Introduction

For this project we are asked to consider what defines the essential of human dignity. Though the lens of architecture and with the criterion of necessity we will attempt to crystallise for a particular scenario primary components and uses in the context of building and society.

In this phase I identify an event of mass migration of Syrians out of their country as a result of civil war and commence an initial investigation into the circumstances that are precipitated due to this current situation.

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Thesis Idea

In today’s current context there are many regions of flux which force critical issues for consideration. None more so immanent than the developing refugee crisis. However, unfortunately this is not the first and will not be the last of such incidents. So it forces us to consider the realities such a situations bring to the individual and collective, and what responses and or solutions are developed in reaction to the posed contextual scenarios.

To examine these contextualizations, reflection on previous occurrences and of written works is important as they give some balance and would facilitate objective analysis.

The main idea therefore is the creature a space or a series of spaces for these individual and communities to regain status in civil society and to eventually release them from the stigma of their current circumstances.

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Methodology

To understand the area under investigation firstly I would start by reading. This reading would help me formulate and ask critical questions.

Reading

The Human Condition Hannah Arendt The Production of Space Henri Lefebvre

These questions I sought to answer by researching the themes of : Safety, Privacy, Identity, Society. This was

done primarily by collecting data from agencies concerned with the managing of refugee camps. In addition to this and most importantly I would collect the interviews of refugees in camps and in their journeys. This step was critical as it would allow me to understand better the plight of the refugees and the short comings of the system that they find themselves participating in.

Consequently resulting in the mapping of the movement of the refugees from their home countries to neighbouring countries and finally to third countries in Europe.

The next step was to analyse the information found to ascertain where there could been the possibility of intervening.

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Contents Part I: Current Condition Reading

Human Condition

Production of Space Questions Staticstics: Refugee Camps Perspective: Interviews with Refugees

In a Child’s Eye

Education vs. Food

Pritate Public Waiting

Never Enough Current Stratergies

Current Responses Possible Outcome Regional Outlook

In Europe

Europe

Move to Europe Germany Berlin Summary

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Part I

Current Condition

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Reading

Human Condition

Hannah Arendt looks at human condition. Some themes explord are the Public Realm versus Private Realm and Work versus Labour. With reference to the refugee these themes illustrate what is necessity for them.

In reference to Public versus Private Realm for the refugee all that was previously private now occurs in public. All happens in the collective. Shared showers, shared toilets, shared kitchens. Individuality is lost, privacy becomes necessity.

Public Realm

Private Realm

Work

Labour

It follows also the work becomes labour. The labour of moving from your home and becoming a refugee, the labour of supporting your family with limited resources and limited opportunity. Labour unlike work is continous and has no beginning and end. So the refugees are in need of rest.

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necessity

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The Production of Space

Henri Lefebre’s, ‘The Production of Space’ attempts to analyse space as a product. Production implies, product and labour. It also brings the question Who produces, what, how, why and for whom?. With reference to refugee camps, if we assume that they are the space produced for the refugees who fit in the place of the ‘for whom’ we see that the refugee camp is an implementation of the subconscious stigma with which we view displace population and is a physical representation of a particular ideology.

Production of space is in the sector of control of no control for the refugee. However the movement of this to the sector of control for the refugee is a necessity in order to leave behind the stigma associated with being a refugee.

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sectors of no control

sectors of control

necessity

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Questions

What are the needs of a refugee?

How do refugees see themselves?

How does the refugee settlement evolve?

Do we need the ‘refugee camp’?

What is the best way to intervene?

What is the perspective of the refugee of their present circumstance?

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seeking to find relevant information on the event and experience of mass migration the right question had to be asked in order to gain insight.

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Statistics

refugee camps

Where are they?

2,181,293

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23 22 19

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30

29 32

18 16 14

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17 15

34 33 35

245,134 1,078,338 13 12

11 10

6

9 8

5 7

4 3 2

630,776 1

1 Maan 2 Karak 3 Zarga 4 Amman 5 Balga 6 Jarash 7 Azraq 8 Mrajeeb Al Fhood 9 Zaatari

10 Mafraq 11 Irbid 12 Ain al-Hilweh 13 Shatila 14 Yayladagi 1 15 Yayladagi 2 16 Apaydin 17 Altinozu Boynuyogon 18 Altinozu Tekel

a

19 Kilis Ocupinar 20 Islahiye 21 Osmaniye 22 Karkamis 23 Nizip 24 Kahramanmaras 25 Akcakale 26 Adiyaman 27 Ceylanpinar - Telhamut

28 Domiz 1 29 Domiz 2 30 Gawilan 31 Kawergosk 32 Basirma 33 Qushtapa 34 Darashakran 35 Arbat

Returning Home

Population

When the conflict

When the government changes

When the conflict Never I plan to return soon

36% of refugee population is under the age of 12yrs and close to 50% under the age of 18yrs

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Shower

Water Closets

7.6 persons per shower

6 persons per wc

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Food Preparation

Shelter

2.15 m

4m

5 persons per 1 m2 food prep area

4m

Double Fly-Double Fold Tent

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Families

16%

26%

58%

3 persons or less

4 persons

5 persons or more

approximately 58 % of families registered have 5 members or more

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Perspective

interviews with refugees

Refugees

‘‘We ask God to let us go back to Syria.......’’ - Fuad

The Syrian civil war unrest began is 2011 setting in motion a mass migration of the population with an estimated 6 million internally displaced and another 4 million leaving Syria to neighbouring countries and Europe. Those taking the decision to leave would have a long and arduous journey ahead which would be documented and recorded by several agencies including the international press and charitable organisations producing hundreds of articles and reports. However my objective was to put these statistics into context by highlighting the opinions and experience of the refugees.

‘‘We are tired of sharing everything, baths, kitchens......’’

- Battoul

‘‘We don’t know what to play here.’’ - Abdelkarim

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In a child’s eye

“I am 11 years old and I have spent the last four and half months here. I miss my home, my friends, I even miss going to the school because here everything is difficult. My friends and I, we don’t know what to play here, that is why we have brought these plastic guns. We imagine that the bad ones are following us and we fire on them. There is also a playground for the little ones, but I get bored there, I want to do other things. Here we don’t know what to do, but we could not stay there anymore.

We do nothing in the camp’s school. The teacher tells us stories or reads books but they don’t teach us things or give us homework like in Syria.

The situation in the camp it is not very good, it is chaos, and everything is expensive, complicate. I live with my family in this big tent but they don’t want to talk because they are worried about the situation in my country.’’

Abdelkarim

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Education vs. Food

“All I want is for my mother to be happy, She is always sick and I will not accept that she begs on the streets.

She is sick because she worries too much. It is simple: if I don’t work, I cannot survive. If I go to school instead, who will provide for my old mother? You [can] help me once, maybe twice, eventually I will need to work.”

“I read so that I don’t forget what I learned the last nine years of my life in Syria. I refuse to forget what I have learned over the years.”

When asked about his future dreams, Ali smiled. “I may die tomorrow, or the day after, I can’t dream of the future.”

Samer

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Private Public

Our daily life it is not that bad but there are too many people here. You always have to share the space, the time, and at the end of the day it is annoying. It is difficult to find empty space in the kitchen to cook for your family; in each tent you can find several families with many children.

There is a bath for at least 20 tents. It is also very tiring to cover the long distances inside the camp.

But my daily life, thank God, it is not bad. I have been here for the last month and half. I am here with two sons and one daughter. My husband it is not here. I am from Tafs, a village of Deraa. We decided to leave because Tafs is completely destroyed, there is nothing left and everything is shelled. It is one of Deraa´s most devastated villages.

I don’t have a house now – they demolished and burnt it completely.

Battoul’s Family

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Waiting

“This camp it is very poorly organised. The Europeans here are a little better organized but the Jordanians have no system. 47,000 people go at once on the same day to get blankets or a heater. It is crazy!

The other day one women vanished in the queue because she had to wait during hours with no water. Some days ago another women died and two pregnant women gave birth prematurely.

If they establish a system, some rules, the people will follow, this is what we have been asking for since the beginning.

There is not an official responsible to whom we can complain. We know the World Food Programme receives supplies every two weeks, but even that is not always distributed. There is a problem with the people in charge of the Programme in the camp; they are not doing their work properly. I am not sure that the United Nations it is aware of this, that their humanitarian aid it is not arriving to us, to the refugees. And the majority of the people depend completely on that food aid because they don’t have cash to buy in the small shops, and they are getting nothing. We think there is a black hole and someone is pocketing profits instead of the refugees. The problem is that the people working here for United Nations are not implementing the system and reflecting the preciseness of their institution.�

Omar

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Never Enough

‘‘My baby it is two months old. He was born in Syria but I had to leave afterwards. When I arrived here he was three days old. I don´t have any family here to help me and I cannot leave the baby alone in the tent for hours every morning to queue. So, under the rain, the sun, in the middle of the wind, I queue because it is our only chance we have to survive.

Winter has came and they didn’t give us blankets, we spend here all day long and sometimes, after waiting for hours they tell us to leave because there is nothing left and we go back to the tent empty-handed. There are six of us in my tent and sometimes we don´t get anything.

What life is this? Someone can come anytime and take my child. Why they don´t make some distribution points to get the goods? They are treating us like animals, they want us to behave like animals, but we are human beings and we suffer every day.

They gave us three pieces of bread for the children. It is this enough for them to grow? We don´t have money to buy in the little shops of the camp. They have not given us diapers for 20 days now.

I tried to get some milk for my baby but nobody helped me and when I went to the doctor she reprimanded me and said that I have to feed him better, that he is not doing well and it is my responsibility…but how?’’

Imane

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Current Stratergies

Current Responses

a

b

Today’s response mostly focuses on the temporal accommodation of refugees in refugee camps and the installation of many and various designs of tents and containers for family fleeing warfare. However today’s response is not a new and has been the usual method of action in similar circumstances. c

a. b. c. d.

Ikea flatpack shelter Shiguru Ban shelter Tent city Container city d

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1949

Possible Outcome

e

2005

f

2007 For the better part of 70 years Nahr el-Bared has been a refugee camp for Palestinian refugees and has evolved from an informal settlement of tents to an informal city.

Although this development went a long way to satisfying most of the needs of the refugees it still was not adequate.

There was still the stigma of refugee attached. This was possible as the community remained the home of the original refugees and their subsequent generations. There was no integration with the population of Lebanon. This would eventually lead to the scapegoating of an entire community which would see Nahr el Bared almost totally destroyed.

g

2013

After the destruction of 2007 an ambitious project was taken on to rebuild the settlement. This was carried out over a period of 5 years with families moving into houses as early as 2011 in completed phases of the project. h

e. f. g. h. i.

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Original Nahr el-Bared camp Nahr el-Bared city’s development After destruction by Lebonese Gov. Courtyard view of rebuilt Nahr el-Bared Elevated view of new Nahr el-Bared

i

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Regional Outlook

These are the cities of tomorrow,........The average stay today in a camp is 17 years. That’s a generation. In the Middle East, we were building camps: storage facilities for people. But the refugees were building a city. I think we have reached the dead end almost where the humanitarian agencies cannot cope with the crisis, we’re doing humanitarian aid as we did 70 years ago after the second world war. Nothing has changed. Many places in Europe are totally deserted because the people have moved to other places, You could put in a new population, set up opportunities to develop and trade and work. You could see them as special development zones which are actually used as a trigger for an otherwise impoverished neglected area.

Kilian Kleinschmidt Switxboard Former United Nations Official j. Zaatari refugee camp Jordan

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In Europe

Europe

The continued conflict in Syria and the unequal conditions of refugee camps has resulted in an ongoing migration of an estimated 500,000 refugees applying for asylum in European countries where there is the perception amongst the refugees that there will be better conditions for living.

I will be looking specifically at the move of the refugees into Germany and how this is managed particularly with reference to receptions and accommodation.

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Move to Europe 93,273

29

1,127

11,246

42

89 14,533

29

113 8,060

746

27,411 12,030 496

8,894

161,980

27,379

10,202

189

2,427

359

2,183

16,607 2,087

190

187

6,256

4,625

1,104 2,889

A s ylum A pplic ation 29

205,587

Germany

Berlin

ZAA

Germany at the moment pays host to 250,299 Refugees and 311,551 asylum seekers, who will be joined by more as time passes . In Germany I will be looking at the city of Berlin and the process of reception to housing.

‘Refugees in Germany often live for a long time in collective accommodation. This is not only distressing for the residents, but also ensures lower support and acceptance of refugees in the local community. Positive for the integration effect a long-term decentralized accommodation, early information and participation of the population and the integration of refugees into the local life’ The reception of refugees in the provinces and municipalities Regulatory practice and civic engagement

Initilal Reception Centre

Collective Accomodation

Robert Bosch Stiftung Jutta Aumüller, Priska Daphi, Celine Biesenkamp

Decentralised Accomodation

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Sleeping

4m2

Water Closet

*

9m2

15m2

21m2

27m2

*room for children under 6 years

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Shower

*not separated by gender

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Summary

Journey (Current Scenario) Centralised

Refugee Camp

Leaving Home Country

Travel to Third Country

Intial Accomodation

Temporary / Permanent Accomodation

Normality

Intial to Permanent Accomodation

Decentralised (Proposed)

Zone of influence

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REFUGE[E] MA_ARCH STUDIO NECESSITY Duane Harry Prof. Roger Bundschuh PART 2 New Start

Part II

New Start

Contents Part II: New Start

We Are Where to Live Context: Civilizational Cultural Historical Graphic Illustration

We Are

Amena 27yrs

Ar-Raqqah

My name is Amena. My life was going to plan until I lost my husband. I am left alone with three young children, which is quite tough, but I love them, and I want a future for them. So I had to make the difficult decision to leave my home town of Ar-Raqqah. First came the rebel forces, then came ISIL. Now I’m 27 and starting over.

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Ali

21yrs Aleppo

I was training to be a civil engineer at university. I come from a family of engineers, my father, and my grandfather before him. I really want to continue these studies but now it is not possible. If I stay I maybe be forced to fight.....I prefer to study.

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Nizar

11yrs Palmyra

I use to be able to play outside and go to school. My mommy says it’s too dangerous. The last time I went to school a bomb was dropped on a build nearby. We all screamed when it happened, and sometimes I have dreams about it. One day my parent took us away from home. I wish we could go back home.

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Sayid 14yrs

Deir ez-Zor

The rebel are recruiting teen-aged boy to training us to be soldiers in their army. I have friends who have already joined. They say the training is fun but they are scared to fight. Once the rebels came looking for me but my mother told them that I was too young. Now I am 14 and my family has decided to leave to protect me and to search for a better life.

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What We Leave and What We Bring

The refugees leave their country behind. Familiar neigbourhoods, family, langauge, culture all left. All these thing they would try to import into their new home. Every interaction they make will leave an intangible mark on a new Europe.

However at some point in time they will return home from there exile. More than 90% of Syrian refugees have indicated their desire to go back home to Syria at some time.

So after this time has passes, and they return home, what is left to mark their presence?

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Urban Affordances

Atzpodienstraße

Simmelstraße

61m2

25m2

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DunckerstraĂ&#x;e

Sonnerbuger StraĂ&#x;e

62m2

156m2

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Tuchollaplatz

Blücherstraße

85m2

133m2

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Hauffstraße

Karlshorster Straße

113m2

85m2

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Dänenstraße

Karl-Marx Allee

67m2 + 126m2

200m2

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Context

Civilizational Cultural Historical

Syria

Syria has been inhabited for thousands of years and the history of inhabition is clear to see. Indeed the record of inhabitation has be left in the urban and rural landscapes of Syria. From the Mesopotamian Time to The Ottoman Empire, Syria has had a rich civilization,culture, and historical context.

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Arches

/a:t∫/ A curved symmetrical structure spanning an opening and typically supporting weight.

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Arched doorway, St. Simeon’s ruins , Syria Tunnel entrance, Krak des Chevaliers, Syria Nabataean in Bosra Sham, eastern door, Syria Door, Khan-al-Wazir, Aleppo, Syria Arch ruins at Tadmur, Syria Window, Krak des Chevaliers, Syria Palmyra, Syria Arches at Caesarea, Israel (Assyria) Triumphal Arch, Palmyra, Syria Aleppo Roman alleyway, Syria Tunnel, Krak des Chevaliers, Syria Interior, Krak des Chevaliers, Syria Hosn Sileman Gate, Tartus, Syria Aqueduct near water wheel, Hama Stepped Arches Bosra, Syria Arch of Hadrian, Palmyra, Syria Unnamed Arch, Palmyra, Syria Arch, Krak des Chevaliers, Syria Arch, Hama, Syria Arch streetscape, Aleppo

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Beehive Houses

A house typically made of stones placed in a circular formation topped by a dome. This form is then rendered in mud and clay.

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Interior veiw, beehive House, Syria Walled town beehive homes, Tell Bisse, Syria Beehive House, Al hamra, Syria House, Damascus countryside, Syria Beehive House, Tall MardÄ­kh, Syria Unknow willage, Syria Mud Beehive House near Aleppo, Syria Conical Mud brick bee hive, central Unknow village 2, Syria Harran Boarder Town, Turkey Syria Mud House near Aleppo, Syria

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Interior, beehive house, Syria House, Hama, Syria

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Courtyards

/΄kɔ:tja:d/ an unroofed area that is completely or partially enclosed by walls or buildings.

1 Farhi House Courtyard, Jewish Quarters, Syria 2 Courtyard Al Azem Palace, Hama, Syria 3 Veiw from steps, Azem Palace, Hama, Syria 4 Courtyard, St. Takla Monastery. Maaloula, Syria 5 Courtyard, Old Damascus, Syria 6 Deir el-Qamar courtyard, Ottoman empire, Lebanon

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Doorways

/dÉ”:weI/ An entrance to a room or building through a door.

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Colourful door frame, Homs, Syria Blue Door, Bosra, Syria Wooden door, old Damascus, Syria Door of Farag, Damascus, Syria Ayyubid Palace, Aleppo Citadel, Syria Door in the Streets of Damascus, Syria Stone and Wood, old Damascus, Syria Wooden wall and Door, Damascus, Syria Broken tiles and wooden door, Aleppo, Syria Wooden door, Palmyra, Syria Teal door, Homs, Syria Church door, Damascus, Syria Vines with door, Damascus, Syria Metal blue door, unknown town, Syria

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Facades

/fə΄sa:d/ The principal front of a building.

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Bab Touma neighborhood, Damascus, Syria Old town, Aleppo, Syria Composite facade, Damascus, Syria Old house, Aleppo, Syria Balcony facade, Damascus, Syria Old House, Christian Quarters, Damascus, Syria Ottoman styled facade, Aleppo, Syria Armenian Cathedral, Deir ez-Zor, Syria Khan el Saboun, Aleppo, Syria

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Passageways

/pasIdÓĄweI/ A long, narrow way, typically having walls either side.

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Passage, Krak Des Chevaliers, Homs, Syria Stepped passage between buildings, Syria Vaulted passage, Krak Des Chevaliers, Homs, Syria Arched back street passage, Aleppo Passage under Roman Amphitheatre, Bosra, Syria Veiw of Mosque, on ancient Roman Street, Bosra, Syria Narrow lane, Aleppo Syria Passage 2, Krak Des Chevaliers, Homs, Syria Passage 3, Krak Des Chevaliers, Homs, Syria Passage Great Mosque, Aleppo, Syria Stepped passage, Krak Des Chevaliers, Homs, Syria

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Colonnades

/ˌkɒləˈneɪd/ a row of evenly spaced columns supporting a roof, an entablature, or arches.

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Bel Temple, Palmyra, Syria Colossal Nabataean columns, Bosra, Syria Colonnade, Palmyra, Syria Roman Theatre, Palmyra, Syria Colonnades, Apamea, Syria South baths, colonnade, Bosra, Syria Triumphal arch, colonnaded street, Palmyyra, Syria Ruins, Palmyra, Syria Mushabbak Basilica, Aleppo, Syria Columns outside Bosra Amphitheatre, Syria

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Ruins

/ˈruːɪn/ The physical destruction or disintegration of something or the state of disintegrating or being destroyed.

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Roman Amphitheatre Walls, Bosra, Syria Temple of Baal, Dura Europos, Syria Church of Saint Simeon Stylites, Syria Wall of Ancient City of Bosra, Syria Interior View, Temple of Baal, Palmyra, Syria Arch of Triumph, Palmyra, Syria Cathedral of Bosra, Syria Temple of Baal Shamin 1, Palmyra, Syria Roman amphitheater at Bosra, Syria Temple of Bel 1, Palmyra, Syria Doorway, Palmyra, Syria Temple of Baal Shamin 2, Palmyra, Syria Ruin, Serjilla, Syria Column detail, Basilique de Saint Siméon, Deir Semaan Temple of Bel 2, Palmyra, Syria

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Stairs

/stÉ›Ë?/ A set of steps leading from one floor of a building to another, typically inside the building.

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Stepped passage, Krak Des Chevaliers, Homs, Syria Typical residential steps, Aleppo, Syria Steps in passage, Krak des chevaliers, Syria Steps 2 in passage, Krak des chevaliers, Syria Stone staircase, monastery Mar Musa, Syria Stepped passage , Krak Des Chevaliers, Homs, Syria Stepped passage 2, Krak Des Chevaliers, Homs, Syria

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Towers

/ˈtaʊə/ A tall narrow building, either free-standing or forming part of a building such as a church or castle.

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Tower tomb, Tadmur, Palmyra, Syria Tower tomb of Elahbel, Palmyra Unkown tower tomb, Palmyra, Syria Tower tomb of Iambliku, Palmyra, Syria Tower tombs, Palmyra, Syria Minaret Of Al-Atroush Mosque, Aleppo, Syria Safita Tower, Syria South east minaret, El-Kebir Mosque, Hama, Syria Ruin of minaret, Mahkan, Syria Zoroastrian Temple, Naqsh-e-Rostam, Iran (Assyria)

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Graphic Illustration

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