Architectural Thesis Report '21- Re-Defining Drop-In Centers for the Homeless

RE-DEFINING DROP-IN CENTRES FOR THE HOMELESS A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by

SNEHA UTTARKAR JAYAPRAKASH in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE (B.ARCH)

SASI CREATIVE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

JULY 2021

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “RE-DEFINING DROP-IN CENTRES FOR THE HOMELESS ” is the bonafide work of “SNEHA UTTARKAR JAYAPRAKASH ” who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE

SIGNATURE

C Sam Charles Devanand

C Sam Charles Devanand

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

SUPERVISOR

Sasi Creative School of Architecture

Sasi Creative School of Architecture

293 / 2A, Pollachi Main Road

293 / 2A, Pollachi Main Road

Coimbatore-641 032

Coimbatore-641 032

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DECLARATION

SNEHA UTTARKAR JAYAPRAKASH (Reg. No. 723816251069), a bonafide student of Sasi Creative School of Architecture, Coimbatore, declares that this thesis report entitled “RE-DEFINING DROP-IN CENTRES FOR THE HOMELESS” for the award of the degree, Bachelor of Architecture, is her original work and has not formed the basis or submitted to any other university or educational institution for the award of the degree or diploma.

DATE: PLACE: COIMBATORE (SNEHA UTTARKAR JAYAPRAKASH)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would firstly thank God, whose graceful blessings are always present.

I am and will forever be grateful for my Mom and Dad who stood by me and without whom I wouldn’t have made it this far.

I am deeply indebted to my guide C. Sam Charles Devanand for his invaluable guidance and constructive criticism rendered during the course of this project.

(SNEHA UTTARKAR JAYAPRAKASH)

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO.

1.

2.

3.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

METHODOLOGY (ABSTRACT)

1

1.1 DATA COLLECTION AND CONDITION ANALYSIS

2

1.2 DESIGN GROUND ESTABLISHMENT

2

1.3 INITIAL FINDINGS

2

1.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF PREMEDITATED GOALS

2

INTRODUCTION AND SITUATION ANALYSIS

3

2.1 PURPOSE

4

2.2 REASONS FOR HOMELESSNESS IN INDIA

7

2.3 EFFECTS OF HOMELESSNESS

8

2.4 THEIR STORIES FROM THEIR MOUTHS

9

2.5 PROGRAMS PROVIDED BY SHELTERS

9

2.6 QUESTIONNAIRE SYNTHESIS

10

SITE AND ANALYSIS

12

3.1 SITE JUSTIFICATION

13

3.2 AREAS OF HIGHER DENSITY OF HOMELESS

13

POPULATION 3.3 SITE ANALYSIS

14

3.3.1. Sun Path, Prevailing winds and Views

14

3.3.2. Topography

14

3.3.3.

15

Land use of Neighbourhood

3.3.4. Land use of Site

16

3.3.5. Neighbourhood Context

16

3.3.6. Nearby Amenities

18 i

4.

3.3.7. Traffic flow on weekdays

19

3.3.8. Traffic flow on weekends

19

3.3.9. Traffic flow near site

20

3.3.10. Analysis of Site

20

LITERATURE CASE STUDIES

21

4.1 THE BRIDGE HOMELESS ASSISTANCE CENTRE/OVERLAND PARTNERS, DALLAS, TEXAS, U.S.A.

22

4.2 C.A.P.S.L.O. HOMELESS SERVICES CENTRE IN SAN LUIS OBISPO, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A.

26

4.3 HIGH AVENUE HOMELESS SHELTER, SALT LAKE CITY- HOLST + A.J.C. ARCHITECTS

30

4.4 PROPOSED PROTOTYPE OF SHELTERS FOR URBAN HOMELESS UNDER N.U.L.M.H.U.D.C.O. DESIGN DEPARTMENT 4.5 INFERENCE

33 37

4.6 PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF SURROUNDINGS IN A HOMELESS SHELTER 4.7 ISSUES RELATED TO DESIGN

5.

CONCEPTUAL IDEAS 5.1 BRUTALISM

37 39

44 45

5.2 HISTORY OF BRUTALISM IN ARCHITECTURE 46 5.3 BRUTALISM IN SOCIAL PROJECTS

47

5.4 KEY ELEMENTS OF BRUTALISM

48

5.5 KEY REASONS FOR CHOOSING BRUTALISM 49 5.6 MAKING CONCRETE GREEN

50

5.7 CONCEPT IMPLEMENTATION IN DESIGN

51 ii

6.

IMPLEMENTATION

52

6.1 SPATIAL CONFIGURATION

53

6.2 USER DEFINED SPACES

53

6.3 SELF SUSTENANCE PROGRAMS AND

54

MEASURES

7.

DETAILED DESIGN RESPONSE

55

7.1 SITE PLAN

56

7.2 SLEEPING PAVILION

57

7.3 DINING, KITCHEN AND STORAGE

64

7.4 ADMINISTRATION, EMPLOYMENT AND

68

LEGAL SERVICES, EDUCATION AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT, STAFF RESIDENTIAL, MEDICAL, INDIVIDUAL ROOMS, FAMILY DORMITORIES, MALE AND FEMALE DORMITORIES AND AMENITIES 7.4.1. Administration, Employment and Legal services, Education and Skill development,

8.

Staff Residential and Medical

68

7.4.2.

Individual rooms and Family dormitories

75

7.4.3.

Male and Female Dormitories

76

7.4.4.

Amenities

79

7.5 RETAIL, WORKSHOP AND RECREATION

82

ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM

87

8.1 PROXIMITY CHART

88

iii

8.2 TAKING FORWARD AND LOGISTICS OF CONSTRUCTION

89

8.3 INTERVALS OF DRAWINGS

91

8.4 SCHEDULE OF COMPLETION OF WORK

92

8.5 ARCHITECTURAL VIRTUAL WALKTHROUGH 93

9.

REFERENCES

95

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

FIG. 1. Article in Times of India (Dated 23-Dec-2010)

5

FIG. 2. Article in The Hindu (Dated 07-June-2018)

6

FIG. 3. Statistics showing No. of Homeless in India

6

FIG. 4. Statistics showing No. of Homeless in Chennai

7

FIG. 5. Statistics showing No. of Homeless found in Rural vs. Urban

7

FIG. 6. Short Stories of The Homeless in Chennai Source: T.O.I.

9

FIG. 7. Representation of services provided in a shelter

9

FIG. 8. Questions asked to 180 respondents

11

FIG. 9. Map showing areas of high homeless population

13

FIG. 10. Map showing Sun path, prevailing winds and Views

14

FIG. 11. Map showing topography of site

15

FIG. 12. Map showing land use of surroundings

15

FIG. 13. Map showing prescribed land use

16

FIG. 14. Map showing nearby amenities

17

FIG. 15. Map showing nearby transportation systems

18

FIG. 16. Map showing Amenities on a larger scale

18

FIG. 17. Map showing traffic flow on weekdays

19

FIG. 18. Map showing traffic flow on weekends

19

FIG. 19. Map showing traffic flow on Ratan Road which abuts the site

20

FIG. 20. Map showing analysis of site

20

FIG. 21. Site Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

23 v

FIG. 22. Zoning of the Site Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter 23 FIG. 23. First Floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

24

FIG. 24. Zoning of the First Floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

24

FIG. 25. Second Floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

25

FIG. 26. Zoning of the Second Floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

25

FIG. 27. Third Floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

25

FIG. 28. Zoning of the Third Floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

25

FIG. 29. The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

25

FIG. 30. The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

25

FIG. 31. Ground Floor Plan of C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Centre

27

FIG. 32. Zoning of the Ground Floor Plan of C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Centre

27

FIG. 33. First Floor Plan of C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Centre

28

FIG. 34. Zoning of the First Floor Plan of C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Centre

28

FIG. 35. View of the C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Centre

29

FIG. 36. View of the C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Centre

29

FIG. 37. Ground Floor Plan of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter

30

FIG. 38. Zoning of the Ground Floor Plan of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter

31 vi

FIG. 39. First Floor Plan of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter

31

FIG. 40. Zoning of the First Floor Plan of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter

31

FIG. 41. View of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter

32

FIG. 42. View of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter

32

FIG. 43. Ground Floor Plans of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters

34

FIG. 44. Zoning of the Ground Floor Plans of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters

34

FIG. 45. First Floor Plans of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters

34

FIG. 46. Zoning of the First Floor Plans of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters

35

FIG. 47. Second Floor Plans of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters

35

FIG. 48. Zoning of the Second Floor Plans of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters

35

FIG. 49. Elevation of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters

36

FIG. 50. Zoning of the Vertical Section of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters

36

FIG. 51. Representation of Inference received from the Literature Case Studies

37

FIG. 52. Elements of Brutalism

46

FIG. 53. Unite d’Habitation in Marseille

47

FIG. 54. Trellick tower in North West London

48

FIG. 55. Habitat 67, Montreal

48

FIG. 56. Key Elements of Brutalism

49

FIG. 57. Site Plan

57

FIG. 58. Vertical Zoning of the Gender Differentiated dorms

58 vii

FIG. 59. Floor plans of the Sleeping pavilion

59

FIG. 60. Section and elevation of the Sleeping pavilion

60

FIG. 61. Details of joinery of truss to masonry wall

60

FIG. 62. Details of Bow-String truss

61

FIG. 63. View of the Atrium Lounge on the Ground Floor

62

FIG. 64. View of the Sleeping Pavilion Reception

62

FIG. 65. View of the Male Dormitories on the Ground and First Floors

63

FIG. 66. View of the Female Dormitories on the Second and Third Floors

63

FIG. 67. View of the Sky Lounges

64

FIG. 68. Zoning of the Dining, Kitchen and Storage units showing the connection and juxtaposition of the three blocks

65

FIG. 69. Ground floor plan of the Dining, Kitchen and Storage

65

FIG. 70. First floor plan of the Dining

65

FIG. 71. Section and Elevation of the Dining, Kitchen and Storage blocks

66

FIG. 72. Detail of the skylight

66

FIG. 73. View of the Dining Area

66

FIG. 74. View of the Service Areas

67

FIG. 75. View of the Cafeteria

67

FIG. 76. Zoning of the Administrative, Employment and Legal services, Education and Skill development, staff residential and Medical Blocks and showing the connection and juxtaposition of the three blocks

69

FIG. 77. Ground floor plan of the Administrative, Employment and Legal services, Education and Skill development, staff residential and Medical viii

Blocks

69

FIG. 78. Detail of the skylight

70

FIG. 79. Details of wall

70

FIG. 80. Details of wall

70

FIG. 81. View of the Waiting Lounge for the Employment and Legal Services

71

FIG. 82. View of The Office

71

FIG. 83. View of the Home School and Library

72

FIG. 84. View of the Vocational Training Classrooms

72

FIG. 85. View of the Transitional Zone

73

FIG. 86. View of the Medical Examination Rooms

73

FIG. 87. View of the Service Groups

74

FIG. 88. View of the Medical Block Lounge

74

FIG. 89. Zoning of the Individual rooms and the Family dormitories and showing the connection and juxtaposition of the two

75

FIG. 90. Floor plan of the first floor

75

FIG. 91. View of the Individual Rooms

76

FIG. 92. View of the Outdoor Dining Area on the First Floor

76

FIG. 93. Zoning of the Male and Female dormitories and showing the connection and juxtaposition of the two

77

FIG. 94. Floor plan of Male and Female dormitories

77

FIG. 95. View of the Male Dormitories

78

ix

FIG. 96. View of the Female Dormitories

78

FIG. 97. Floor plan of the Amenities

79

FIG. 98. Section and Elevation

79

FIG. 99. Details of the Bow-String truss

80

FIG. 100. View of the Barber Room

80

FIG. 101. View of the Exercise Room

81

FIG. 102. View of the Art Therapy Room

81

FIG. 103. Zoning of the Retail, Workshops and the Recreational Area

83

FIG. 104. Plan and section of the Retail, Workshops and the Recreational Area

83

FIG. 105. View of the Community Garden

83

FIG. 106. View of the Seating Area

84

FIG. 107. View of the O.A.T.

84

FIG. 108. View of the Pond

85

FIG. 109. View of the Retail Area

85

FIG. 110. View of the Food Carts

86

FIG. 111. View of the Wood Workshop

86

FIG. 112. Proximity mapping Units: Seconds

88

FIG. 113. Proximity Matrix Units: Meters

89

FIG. 114. Logistics of Construction

90

FIG. 115. Types of Drawing issued for a project

92

FIG. 116. Schedule of completion of work

93 x

LIST OF TABLES

Page

TAB. 1. Journal Study Synthesis

42

TAB. 2. Description of various services provided

57

xi

xii

1. METHODOLOGY (ABSTRACT) 1

1.1. DATA COLLECTION AND CONDITION ANALYSIS: i.

Selection of best location for proposal

ii.

Statistical data collection

iii.

Situation analysis of the homeless

1.2. DESIGN GROUND ESTABLISHMENT: i.

Defining Spatial Requirement to cater to 360⁰ development of the homeless

ii.

Design psychology

1.3. INITIAL FINDINGS: i.

Placement of different category of spaces in juxtaposition to achieve maximum integration

1.4. IMPLEMENTATION OF PREMEDITATED GOALS: i.

Implementation of design psychology for orientation

ii.

Maximum Integration of spaces, keeping in mind their multidimensional relationship

2

2. INTRODUCTION AND SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 3

2.1. PURPOSE: To provide the homeless in Chennai with a dignified living and growing

space

with

amenities

to

help

them physically,

psychologically and financially, thus helping end the cycle of homelessness. Shelters are the first step towards helping people overcome homelessness.

Ultimately the people architects engage with are the upper echelons of society or large institutions, but what about the ones that need it the most? Homelessness is a major issue in India. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights defines 'homeless' as those who do not live in a regular residence due to lack of adequate housing, safety, and availability.

Definition of homeless shelter- Shelters provide a temporary solution as they are not permanent and do not replace the right to housing. According to the Commissioners of the Supreme Court, a shelter is a covered space where homeless people can feel safe and secure, and is accessible by anyone. It should provide protection from the environment, safety and security, a place to keep belongings, and a place to drink water and use sanitary bathrooms.

The Supreme court order states that for every city with more than 5 lakh population, there should be shelters in the ratio of one per every lakh population. There are currently 54 night shelters in Chennai (36 Government and 18 Non-Governmental Organisation run) who provide temporary place to stay overnight, but almost all of them are in extremely poor conditions.

4

Figure 1 Article in Times of India dated Dec, 2010

The 2011 census places the base figure of the homeless at 1.7 million or 0.19 per cent of the total population. It also records an increase in the number of homeless households: from 0.447 million families in 2001 to 0.449 in 2011, suggesting the rise of the nuclear family set up.

Tamil Nadu has the highest number of urban homelessness, 7.3 percentage of homelessness in the country and Chennai houses 3/4th’s of these.

The Chennai Corporation has identified 2,586 homeless families in Chennai district. The total number of homeless persons in the district is 11,116 and now the number is 19564. Almost 80 percentage of the homeless belonged to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other backward classes, and 60 percentage were born in the same city where they were found, indicating an intergenerational cycle of poverty.

5

Figure 2 Article in The Hindu dated June 2018

3500000 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 2011

2020

No. of Homeless Residents in India Figure 3 Statistics showing No. of Homeless in India Source: Census 2011

6

25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2011

2020

No. of Homeless Residents In Chennai Figure 4 Statistic showing No. of Homeless in Chennai Source: Census 2011

No. of Homeless Residents

Rural Areas

Urban Areas

Figure 5 Statistic showing No. of homeless found in Rural vs. Urban Source: Census 2011

2.2. REASONS FOR HOMELESSNESS IN INDIA: There are many reasons a person might become homeless. Some of the widespread reasons are: i.

Lack of affordable housing

ii.

Changes in the industrial economy

iii.

Leading to unemployment

iv.

Inadequate income supports 7

v.

De-institutionalisation of patients with mental health problems

vi.

Physical or mental illness

vii.

Disability

viii.

Substance abuse

ix.

Domestic violence

x.

Job loss

2.3. EFFECTS OF HOMELESSNESS: Being or becoming homeless leaves physical as well as psychological scars on a person, such as, i.

Loss of Identity

ii.

Loss of Stability

iii.

Loss of Community

iv.

Loss of Privacy

v.

Loss of Belonging

vi.

Loss of Security

vii.

Limited contact with family

viii.

Physical and mental stress

ix.

Exacerbated pre-existing conditions

x.

Increased hospitalization

xi.

Vulnerability to abuse

xii.

Premature Death rate

8

2.4. THEIR STORIES FROM THEIR MOUTHS: “If there is one thing you can do for us, please ask the police to stop beating us, especially women. Even if some young men create trouble somewhere on the beach, the police come here and beat us with lathis, sometimes even if we are asleep. We struggle to make ends meet. He’s a construction labourer and I carry water for homes in the slum nearby. We just want to live,” says Seetha.

.“I had to give birth to my child on a railway platform as nobody would take me inside a hospital.” says homeless and pregnant Muthulakshmi J.

“When the rain comes we tie extra sheets along the footpath so that we don't get wet.” said Anjana of 49 year old who sells mud lamps .

“If the toilet is crowded we use the ones at the railway station once it starts raining many of us go sleep at the station. The only problem is that we want houses. A few months ago as well officials collected details and left and we haven’t heard from them yet” ,said R.Vanjana ,a street dweller and a mother of 3.

Figure 6 Short Stories of the Homeless in Chennai (Source: T.O.I.)

2.5. PROGRAMS PROVIDED BY SHELTERS: Feeding Rehabilitation

Providing shelter

Distribution of basic necessities

Employment Education

Figure 7 Representation of services provided in a shelter (Source: Author)

9

2.6. QUESTIONNAIRE SYNTHESIS: A study was conducted where a set of questions was directed to different people in the society to understand their views and thoughts on homelessness and shelters. A total of 180 responses were received which have been analysed using google forms below.

10

Figure 8 Questions asked to 180 respondents

11

3. SITE AND ANALYSIS 12

3.1. SITE JUSTIFICATION: Selection of a site is of utmost importance when it comes to homeless shelters as it is preferrable to choose one that is located near areas of high density of homeless which is usually in the busiest parts of the urban area, proximity to any local Public health centres or government hospitals and near employment and educational facilities. i.

Near high homeless population areas

ii.

Near public food bank where homeless frequent

iii.

Green space

iv.

Easily approachable by homeless

v.

Every immediate need in hand’s reach.

vi.

Quite neighbourhood

vii.

4 kms. From V.O.C. Nagar Railway station

3.2. AREAS OF HIGHER DENSITY OF HOMELESS POPULATION: i.

Teynampet

ii.

Broadway

iii.

Saidapet

iv.

Egmore

v.

Alwarpet

vi.

Mylapore

vii.

Tondiarpet

viii.

Parrys

PARRY’S

ix.

Royapuram

Figure 9 Map showing areas of high homeless population

13

3.3.

SITE ANALYSIS: 3.3.1. Sun Path, Prevailing winds and Views: Long facades of buildings should be oriented towards north- south.

Buildings should be oriented with their longer axis (north- south) aligned perpendicular to the prevailing winds (N.E.) to facilitate maximum airflow and cross ventilation through the building.

Figure 10 Map showing Sun path, prevailing winds and Views (Source: Author)

3.3.2. Topography: The site has predominantly 4 levels In contour. The highest is 8m. and the lowest is 4m. Located in the northern and western side of the site and the arrow suggests the surface drainage.

14

Figure 11 Map showing topography of site

3.3.3 Land use of neighbourhood: The site has predominantly residential land use around it.

Figure 12 Map showing land use of surroundings

15

3.3.4. Land use of Site: The site is registered under residential land use in the C.M.A.2026 Land use Map.

Figure 13 Map showing prescribed land use

3.3.5. Neighbourhood Context: The neighbourhood surrounding the site is very Social Service oriented. We have several social housing and banks such as: Houses: Pope John’s Leprosy Aid House Don Bosco Anbu Illam home for the girl child Hospitals: Anbu Heart care Clinic

16

Noors Hospital Food Banks: 2 Public Food Banks

Figure 14 Map showing nearby Amenities

17

Figure 15 Map showing nearby transportation systems

3.3.6: Nearby amenities:

Figure 16 Map showing amenities on a larger scale

18

3.3.7.: Traffic flow on weekdays:

Figure 17 Map showing traffic flow on weekdays

3.3.8.: Traffic flow on weekends:

Figure 18 Map showing traffic flow on weekends

19

3.3.9.: Traffic flow near site: The traffic in the road abutting the site which is Ratan Rd. is usually fast moving.

Figure 19 Map showing traffic flow on Ratan Road which abuts the site

3.3.10.: Analysis of Site:

Figure 20 Map showing Analysis of Site

20

4. LITERATURE CASE STUDIES 21

4.1. THE BRIDGE HOMELESS ASSISTANCE CENTRE/ OVERLAND PARTNERS, DALLAS, TEXAS, U.S.A. Architects: Overland Partners Area: 75000 sq. ft. (6967sq.m.)

Year: 2010 “Best Architectural Entry” award in the International Rebranding Homelessness Competition, hosted by South Africa’s Tshwane Leadership Foundation.

The competition honours homeless facilities and initiatives around the world that seek to develop a new language, new visions and new approaches to addressing homelessness, challenge perpetuating myths and perceptions, and demonstrate viable alternatives, both to homelessness and to the way in which homelessness is dealt.

Designed by San Antonio-based Overland Partners Architects and Dallas-based Camargo Copeland Architects, L.L.P., the 75,000square-foot multi-purpose homeless facility was exhibited at the Better World Village in Pretoria, South Africa, a month-long festival with the goal of promoting global social concerns.

Completed in May 2008 and situated on a 3.41-acre site in Dallas’ central business district, The Bridge provides a broad spectrum of care including housing, emergency and transitional care for more than 6,000 people in Dallas experiencing long-term homelessness.

Consisting of five buildings that create a courtyard in the Centre of the campus as well as engaging the surrounding community, The Bridge incorporates a three-story services building, a one-story welcome building, a storage building, an open air pavilion, and a

22

dining facility, which serves as a focal point to the interior landscaped courtyard of the campus and also as a food magnet providing social workers with an opportunity to connect with the homeless.

“Since the opening of the Bridge, more than 2.5 million meals have been served, 750 homeless have been placed in housing and the chronic homeless has been reduced by 57 percent,” said James Andrews, principal of Overland Partners Architects. “The homeless have not been the only beneficiaries of having The Bridge in their community”. Since its opening, the local crime rate has reduced by more than 20%.”

Figure 21 Site plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

Figure 22 Zoning of the Site plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

23

Figure 21 First floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

Figure 22 Zoning of the First floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

24

Figure 25 Second floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

Figure 27 Third floor Plan of the Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

Figure 29 The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

Figure 26 Zoning of the Second floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

Figure 28 Zoning of the Third floor Plan of the Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

Figure 30 The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter

25

4.2. C.A.P.S.L.O. HOMELESS SERVICES CENTRE IN SAN LUIS OBISPO, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. Architects: Gwynne Pugh Urban Design Studio Area: 6440sq.m.

Year: 2011 Gwynne Pugh Urban Design Studio, in conjunction with Garcia architecture + design, was recently selected from a pool of sixteen firms to design the new CAPSLO Homeless Services Centre located in San Luis Obispo, California. Since 1997, there have been two shelters providing services to the homeless community. However, when the county offered a site, it was determined that a consolidated Centre would be able to operate much more efficiently, 24 hours a day.

The new Centre includes a multitude of spaces that range from community rooms, day-use services areas, kitchen and community enterprise spaces, offices, medical and mental health areas, and dormitories. The overall design is structured around a central spine that guides the organization of the programming and distribution of services according to the cardinal directions. Security of the spaces increases from the public areas located on the West to the much more intimate and private areas on the East side of the building.

Security becomes increasingly stringent as one moves from the West side of the building to the East. The West side is dominated by public program spaces and a strong connection to the outside, while the Eastern side of the building has less open access. The design efficiently leverages the staff’s ability to monitor the environment

26

effectively. On the first floor, more public uses such as community rooms and service areas give way to more private and secure areas such as medical service and interagency office spaces. This principle is repeated on the second story, where a security-monitoring desk segregates the single men’s area to the West from the family rooms and women’s only areas to the East. Such consideration is important when creating a comfortable and safe environment for these clients, whose lives are often plagued by a lack of privacy and security.

Figure 31 Ground Floor Plan of C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Center

Figure 32 Zoning of the Ground Floor Plan of C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Centre

27

Figure 33 First Floor Plan of C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Center

Figure 34 Zoning of the First Floor Plan of C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Center

28

Figure 35 View of the C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Center

Figure 36 View of the C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Center

29

4.3.

HIGH AVENUE HOMELESS SHELTER, SALT LAKE CITY- HOLST + A.J.C. ARCHITECTS Architects: Holst + A.J.C. Architects Area: 13000 sq.m.

Year: 2019 To provide comprehensive and dignified services for houseless individuals in Salt Lake City, a public-private partnership among the City, County, and non-profit organization Shelter the Homeless is constructing these homeless resource Centres in the metro area. The partnership enlisted Holst to advise on the program and design of the shelter in collaboration with local firm A.J.C. Architects.

The South Salt Lake Homeless Resource Centre will provide services and temporary shelter to three hundred men each day. The design approach Centres on a thoughtful, controlled progression from intake to various service locations. The spacious circulation spine, wrapped in folded metal that contrasts the brick structure on the exterior, is easily navigable, open, and welcoming.

Figure 37 Ground Floor Plan of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter

30

Figure 38 Zoning of the Ground Floor Plan of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter

Figure 39 First Floor Plan of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter

Figure 40 Zoning of the First Floor Plan of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter

31

Figure 41 View of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter

Figure 42 View of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter

32

4.4. PROPOSED PROTOTYPE OF SHELTERS FOR URBAN HOMELESS UNDER N.U.L.M.- H.U.D.C.O. DESIGN DEPARTMENT Architects: Design & Development Wing, H.U.D.C.O. Area: Site Area = 567 sq. m.

Built-Up Area = 732 sq. m.

The design of model day and night shelters for Shelters for Urban Homeless (S.U.H.) under National Urban Livelihoods Mission (N.U.L.M.) has been prepared by Design & Development Wing, H.U.D.C.O. as per the provisions under the scheme.

The warm and humid zone covers the coastal part of the country such as Chennai, Mumbai etc. The main design criteria in the warm humid region are to reduce heat gain by providing shading and promote heat loss by maximizing cross ventilation. The shelter to design has capacity of maximum 62 beds.

Care has been taken to plant trees that grow in the area. Veranda in East and West direction is left open for maximum ventilation. Brick blocks for masonry, outdoor open space land for various activities, the main structure is R.C.C. framed structure with large span to act as a multipurpose hall surrounded on three sides by verandas. Both the Western and eastern verandas are left open to ensure good inlets for day and night breeze. Decorative Jalli’s partially screening verandas, soak pit and rainwater harvesting & usage of FalG bricks, hollow concrete blocks & Compressed Earth Blocks. Use of

33

horizontal over hangs, vertical louvers, trees adjacent to buildings, and egg crates have been used for solar radiation techniques.

Figure 43 Ground Floor Plan of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters

Figure 44 Zoning of the Ground Floor Plan of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters

Figure 45 First Floor Plan of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters

34

Figure 46 Zoning of the First Floor Plan of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters

Figure 47 Second Floor Plan of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters

Figure 48 Zoning of the Second Floor Plan of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters

35

Figure 49 Elevation of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters

Figure 50 Zoning of the Vertical section of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters

36

4.5. INFERENCE: The inference that was drawn from the above case studies was that many of the structures where not designed keeping the end user in consideration, be it thermal or psychological comfort. Many of them are executed with no systematic research in to statistics of the homeless and lacks spaces dedicated to their overall development to help curb the viscous cycle of homelessness.

Figure 51 Representation of Inference received from Literature Case Studies

Source: Author

4.6. PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF SURROUNDINGS IN A HOMELESS SHELTER Research into homelessness by social work and social policy scholars has focused on the psychological, economic and social 37

dimensions of the problem, and recommendations for responding to the needs of homeless people have usually stressed the importance of social and psychological treatments and interventions.

Counselling, job-training, employment referral, mental health, advocacy and other programs are usually highlighted in the social welfare literature The above question leads to another - what do the homeless really need?

There are two parts to the answer. i.

The first is fairly straightforward and deals with the tangible, that is, some form of shelter.

ii.

The second part is more complex and deals with the intangible - a sense of belonging and security.

The conundrum lies in the second part of the answer; how do we as architects help to provide that intangible, empathetic extra?

The architect must intervene by spelling out approaches to inclusive design, based on principles of an egalitarian society.

Homeless shelters, too, can influence how residents see the world and themselves. A shelter with sterile corridor and glaring lights may silently send the message that, “People don’t think you deserve a nice place to live.”

Homeless shelters designed with warm colours, thoughtful lighting and useful signage, on the other hand, can send the opposite message: “Someone cares.”

38

4.7. ISSUES RELATED TO DESIGN: 1.

Safety and Privacy: (1)

Gender

Safety, privacy and self-preservation are differentiated of utmost importance. Designers need to Dorms. create spaces that are welcoming, demonstrate a safe environment, and provide some degree of privacy. Gender privacy is a crucial issue in facilities that provide services to both sexes and families.

2.

Control:

Designing spaces

The homeless depend on others for their with multiple survival, be the government services,

furniture layout

non-profit services, religious and other

possibilities.

charitable organisations, or strangers.

That dependency can undermine their sense of dignity and deepen their feelings of helplessness and resentment.

Providing means of personal control in the physical environment (e.g., the ability to rearrange furniture) has great symbolic and psychological significance, as well as practical benefit.

3.

Storage :

Adequate storage

Although they have no permanent

compartments in

home, the homeless have belongings.

rooms and

Often they carry with them all their

Lockers in

personal possessions, including

39

important documents and records,

dorms.

photographs and other memorabilia, cash or vouchers. Residents need a place where they can store and securely lock up their belongings overnight and, depending on the facility, during the day when they are outside the shelter.

4.

Aesthetics:

Use different

Aesthetics have a profound effect on the colours to mood and well-being of occupants. It is

advantage in

well documented that colour affects

different spaces.

mood and task performance. Studies have shown that warm colours (red, orange, yellow) can cause alertness, while cool colours (blue, green, purple) have a calming effect.

5.

Families:

Family dorms as

Shelters should serve families and have

well as individual

sleeping quarters for families separate

rooms.

from single men and single women, in light of the rising number of homeless nuclear families.

6.

Healing Environments:

Orient buildings

Ulrich (2001) has set forth a Theory of

towards green

Supportive Healthcare Design that

views.

posits design of healthcare environments can promote healing by eliminating environmental factors that

40

are known to be stressful or have negative impacts on outcomes, such as loud noises, lack of windows. These include art, soothing music, and plants, gardens and nature views.

7.

Function:

Separate

Spatial volumes that may be over-

restrooms for

whelming; provide “retreat” spaces.

staff should be

Balconies can be an aesthetic addition

provided. Storage

to a building, but they may also invite

needs be lockable

suicide attempts. Separate restrooms for and tall handrails staff should be provided. Storage needs

in balconies.

be lockable.

8.

Home & Sense of Place:

Kitchenette’s in

Homeless individuals and families not

dorms and

only lack permanent shelter, they also

communal spaces

lack the psychological and emotional

in

connection to place that is fundamental

structure.

to our sense of identity and well-being.

What has been called “place lessness.”

It also points out, staff and administrators do not want residents to regard a facility as their “home,” as that is counterproductive to breaking the

41

cycle of homelessness and helping them transition to more permanent housing.

The need for privacy, particularly a bedroom where they could be alone, was of primary importance.

Furthermore, the ability to cook, entertain, and pursue leisure activities is a must.

9.

Spatial Layout / Perceptions of Space:

90 walls and

The space is perceived as open, with

appropriate room

clear sightlines and no barriers, it will

heights.

increase the sense of safety as well as that of “spatial availability,” which mitigates perceived sense of crowding.

Raybeck states that the structure of the environment, including shape, size, and amount and location of both fixed and moveable objects, and paths of ingress and egress can markedly influence both the perception of the environment by its occupants and patterns of interaction between them. Curved walls, he found, should be avoided.

Table 1 Journal study synthesis

42

“Dignity and autonomy are closely related to perceived control, offering more control over the physical environment can help increase sense of self-worth” (Clarke, 2009; Pable, 2012)

43

5. CONCEPTUAL IDEAS 44

5.1

BRUTALISM Béton brut (“raw concrete”) as its namesake, is also its primary material.

Brutalist architecture, or New Brutalism, is an architectural style which emerged during the 1950s in Great Britain, among the reconstruction projects of the post-war era. Brutalist buildings are characterised by their massive, monolithic and ‘blocky’ appearance with a rigid geometric style and large-scale use of poured concrete.

New Brutalism is not only an architectural style; it is also a philosophical approach to architectural design, a striving to create simple, honest, and functional buildings that accommodate their purpose, inhabitants, and location.

As well as concrete, other materials commonly used in Brutalist buildings included brick, glass, steel, and rough-hewn stone. Brutalist structures will emphasize a solid, unadorned and undecorated flat, concrete exterior.

Brutalist buildings are characterised by minimalist constructions that showcase the bare building materials and structural elements over decorative design. The style commonly makes use of exposed concrete or brick, angular geometric shapes and a predominantly monochrome colour palette; other materials, such as steel, timber and glass, are also featured.

Featuring visually heavy edifices with geometric lines, solid concrete frames, exaggerated slabs, double height ceilings, massive forbidding walls, exposed concrete and a predominantly monochrome palette, brutalist buildings prioritised function over form, and stripped-back minimalism over flashy design.

Brutalism is an offshoot of modernism.

45

Figure 52 Elements of Brutalism

5.2 HISTORY OF BRUTALISM IN ARCHITECTURE Who started Brutalism?

Le Corbusier Brutalism was a movement in architecture which flourished in the 1960s and 1970s. Pioneered in continental Europe by Le Corbusier , its main protagonists in Britain were the husband and wife team of Peter and Alison 46

Smithson. Corbusier’s brutalism represented a reformist movement in building architecture, in which structural elements were deliberately given prominence over decorative features.

Why not so popular?

The negative perceptions around brutalist architecture could be attributed to this word association – such buildings are often seen as unfriendly, intimidating and even uninhabitable. Brutalism is considered one of the most divisive among all architectural styles, thanks to the strong emotions it evokes amongst the design community as well as the masses.

Brutalist buildings are popular locations in films and television series about urban dystopias.

5.3

BRUTALISM IN SOCIAL PROJECTS Brutalism has been adopted in one many social projects. The reason being that it metaphorically conveys what the architect wanted to tell about the society during the time of its construction, functionality over form.

Figure 53 Unite d’Habitation in Marseille

47

Figure 54 Trellick Tower in north-west London

Figure 55 Habitat 67, Montreal

5.4

KEY ELEMENTS OF BRUTALISM i.

Blocky, heavy appearance

ii.

Simple, graphic lines

iii.

Lack of ornamentation

iv.

Utilitarian feel

48

v.

Monochromatic palette

vi.

Use of raw exposed concrete exteriors

vii.

Rough, unfinished surfaces

viii.

Use of modern materials such as steel, glass, stone, gabions

ix.

Largeness of scale and muscular character

x.

Off form concrete construction

xi.

Large areas of blank wall

xii.

Diagonal, Sloping or strong curved elements contrasting with horizontal or vertical members

Figure 56 Key Elements of Brutalism

5.5

KEY REASONS FOR CHOOSING BRUTALISM i.

It is termed as a style of architecture which was a symbol of honesty and simplicity, which is a perfect backdrop to serve welfare to the inhabitants.

49

ii.

Is a historical symbol of social equality and hope.

iii.

Many critics have termed brutalism to be the flag bearer of the idea of unity and shared space as it was best transformed into shape through the means of Brutalist suburban blocks, with lots of open space and moderately tall buildings and houses that have a capacity to accommodate many people.

iv.

Philosophical way of telling people to find the best in the “bare minimum”.

v.

A brutalist environment can be uncomfortable to live in for a long time, thus aiding to the need to break the cycle of homelessness.

vi.

Known for being very durable unlike other shelters often of which are sheet structures or tents.

5.6

MAKING CONCRETE GREEN: i.

Replacing cement in concrete with larger amounts of S.C.M.s (Supplementary Cementing materials) and combinations of it like fly ash, silica fume etc.

ii.

Incorporating other by-products. Some examples are foundry sand, post-consumer glass, wood ash and other materials that would typically end up in landfills (Green concrete).

iii.

Producing leaner concrete with less cement per cubic meter utilizing plasticizers.

iv.

Making concrete with recycled aggregate from demolished concrete structures.

v.

Making slimmer structures with high strength concrete.

vi.

Reusing and recycling waste products from concrete manufacturing, such as water and unused returned concrete.

50

vii.

Switching from fossil fuels to renewable energy for the production and transportation of concrete.

5.7

CONCEPT IMPLEMENTATION IN DESIGN i.

Use of materials such as concrete, glass, steel etc.

ii.

Function over form

iii.

Implementation of open spaces

iv.

Minimal Ornamentation

v.

Modular elements

vi.

Walls directing flow of traffic

51

6 IMPLEMENTATION 52

6.1. SPATIAL CONFIGURATION i.

Sleeping pavilion

ii.

Administrative

iii.

Employment and Legal Services

iv.

Education and Skill Development

v.

Gender Differentiated Dormitories

vi.

Individual rooms

vii.

Amenities

viii.

Staff Accommodation

ix.

Dining

x.

Kitchen cum storage

xi.

Workshops spaces

xii.

Retail shops

6.2. USER DEFINED SPACES Different spaces have been framed keeping in mind the different users. i.

Unemployed men and women: Living- In Male and Female dormitory, if family then in family dorm or individual rooms, according to the severity of the condition.

Employment help- Employment and legal services block Education- Vocational training in Education and skill Development Block Medical help- Examination rooms in Medical Block

ii.

Differently abled people: Living- Individual room

53

Medical help- Examination rooms in Medical Block for mild help Education- Vocational training in Education and skill Development Block Employment services- Employment and legal services block iii.

Old age group: Living- Gender differentiated dorms or in Individual Rooms Medical help- Examination rooms in Medical Block

6.3. SELF SUSTENANCE PROGRAMS AND MEASURES It is imperative that the homeless have programs in the shelter to support them financially and give many their first job experience. Thus, such programs are proposed keeping in mind the long-time sustenance of the facility. i.

Retail shops to sell items made in the workshops. All proceeds go to the functioning of the shelter.

ii.

Workshop as a part of vocational training and also for retail items making.

iii.

Kitchen used for catering services from students of Culinary vocational training

iv.

Restaurants in retail area for revenue generation and work exposure to the people.

54

7. DETAILED DESIGN RESPONSE 55

7.1. SITE PLAN

1.

Ground Floor: Administrative- Main head and Functioning behind the shelter and tending to every need.

Education and Skill Development- Providing the homeless with basic education, identifying skills and turning it into a source of employment.

Employment and Legal Services- Helping employ the homeless to help them get back up on their feet.

Staff Residential- Exclusive rooms for any volunteer or activist visiting.

First Floor: Individual Rooms- For the physically challenged and the infirm.

Family Dormitories- For the increasing number of nuclear families going homeless in Chennai.

Second Floor: Male and Female Dormitories- Gender differentiated dorms for the homeless male and female.

Third Floor: Amenities- For 360 degree development of the homeless.

2.

Transitional Space: An outdoor lounge serves as a transitional space blurring the line between the out and the in and integrating the two blocks. It also serves as an outdoor “hangout” space for both the employees and the inmates.

3.

Medical Block: Help for any immediate health related concerns of the inmates. Tends to the physical and mental health of the inmates, hence helping them in all aspects.

4.

Open Air Theatre: An outdoor space for any motivational speeches that may occur via volunteers.

5.

Community Garden: A source of organic produce wherein the inmates volunteer to grow fruits and vegetables either for selling or usage in kitchen. It is also a part of vocational training giving any person with any interest in farming, an exposure.

6.

7.

Recreational Space: An outdoor recreational space for relaxation.

Workshops: Part of the vocational training and well as a space for making any item to be sold in retail.

8.

Retail: Public space where any items made by the homeless in workshops as a part of vocational training, can be displayed for public purchase to support the cause. All proceeds go towards the functioning of the shelter.

9.

Donation and Storage: Any donated items is collected near the entrance and transferred to the storage inside. Storage of beds and food happens here as well.

56

10.

11.

Community Kitchen: Cooking for the inmates, catering business and community kitchen to serve the homeless who aren’t currently sheltered.

Community Dining: Dining space for the residents of sleeping pavilion as well as that in transitional units including employees.

12.

Sleeping Pavilion: Night shelter for immediate help.

Table 2 Description of various services provided

Figure 57 Site Plan

7.2. SLEEPING PAVILION A night shelter where people can stay the night. Accommodation will purely be on first come first serve basis. The accommodation has been strategically distributed based on the gender and security. The male dorms are placed in the lower levels and the female dorms on the top levels so the male needn’t traverse upstairs unless absolutely necessary. The population has been effectively divided into two for better hygiene and flow of spaces.

Lockers are provided for any immediate storage of any belonging of the homeless.

The Ground and the first floor can accommodate 24 male homeless each,

57

the second floor can hold 24 female homeless , whereas the third floor can accommodate 12 female inmates. The topmost floor has a multipurpose hall, serving as a space for any sort of gathering. Volunteers are known to frequent shelters to provide any help and support to the homeless, thus this space can be utilized for the same.

An atrium serves as a “hangout” space for the men on the ground floor, whereas the other floors have sky lounges as breathing spaces.

Figure 58 Vertical Zoning of the gender differentiated dorms

58

Figure 59 Floor plans of the sleeping pavilion

59

Figure 60 Section and Elevation of the Sleeping Pavilion

Figure 61 Detail of joinery of truss to masonry wall

60

Figure 62 Details of Bow-string truss

61

Figure 63 View of the Atrium Lounge on the Ground Floor

Figure 64 View of the Sleeping Pavilion Reception

62

Figure 65 View of the Male Dormitories on the Ground and First Floors

Figure 66 View of the Female Dormitories on the Second and the Third Floors

63

Figure 67 View of the Sky Lounges

7.3. DINING, KITCHEN AND STORAGE Dining space for the residents of the Sleeping Pavilion is provided on the ground floor with a seating capacity of 86+ seats. A service area is strategically placed next to the kitchen for easy serving of meals. The Staff and volunteer entry for the dining area is on the southern side accompanied by a janitor room, staff lockers and staff washrooms. An office placed on each floor facilitates surveillance and administration. The dining space for the residents of the transitional units is on the top floor with the entry from the north, opposite to the transitional block. A cafeteria placed on the top floor opens out to a sky lounge to serve as an outdoor dining space.

The Dining and the kitchen are linked to facilitate easy transfer of freshly cooked food to and from the kitchen. The Kitchen serves as a cooking space for predominantly three services, community service, wherein the food is prepared for distributing among homeless people who are not

64

currently sheltered, second is for indoor service and third as a part of vocational training for catering business wherein the food can be sold at a certain price outside the shelter as part of self-sustenance program to generate revenue for shelter’s functioning.

Homeless shelters receive a lot of donated items ranging from personal hygiene supplies to blankets and clothing. To store the donated items as well as blankets, beds, linen etc. needed for everyday functioning, as well as food and vegetables for kitchen functioning, a storage unit is provided.

Figure 68 Zoning of the Dining, Kitchen and Storage units showing the connection and juxtaposition of the three blocks

Figure 69 Ground floor plan of the Dining, Kitchen and Storage

Figure 70 First floor plan of the Dining

65

Figure 71 Section and Elevation of the Dining, Kitchen and Storage Blocks

Figure 72 Detail of the Skylight

Figure 73 View of the Dining Area

66

Figure 74 View of the Service Areas

Figure 75 View of the Cafeteria

67

7.4. ADMINISTRATION,

EMPLOYMENT

AND

LEGAL

SERVICES, EDUCATION AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT, STAFF RESIDENTIAL, MEDICAL, INDIVIDUAL ROOMS, FAMILY

DORMITORIES,

MALE

AND

FEMALE

DORMITORIES AND AMENITIES

7.4.1. Administration, Employment and Legal services, education and skill development, staff residential and medical: Administrative services are placed on the ground floor for easy access by the officers so the privacy of the inmates is preserved.

The Administrative and the employment and legal services blocks are in juxtaposition as these are spaces frequented by government officials and N.G.O.’s. An atrium connecting all floors brings in ample lighting and ventilation.

The vocational training classrooms are provided along with home school for children and library for their perusal. These classrooms teach the homeless a variety of skills which can form the basis of their employment. The vocational training is broadly classified as services based on production, construction, engineering, secretariat, business retail, personal service, education and healthcare services. The training can result in employment in flower making, sewing, machine handling, construction mason, cook, sales person, postman, gardener, cleaning, mechanic etc.

A lot of volunteers travel from across the country as well as the world to serve for social purposes. In such cases the shelter has accommodation for visiting staff and activists.

68

A transitional space between the admin. and medical is provided as a good “hangout” spot for the employees as well as the residents.

The medical block is for any sort of immediate medical attention required. It focuses on the physical and mental health of inmates, thus catering to 360 degree development of the homeless.

Figure 76 Zoning of the Administrative, Employment and Legal services, Education and Skill development, staff residential and Medical Blocks and showing the connection and juxtaposition of the three blocks

Figure 77 Ground floor plan of the Administrative, Employment and Legal services, Education and Skill development, staff residential and Medical Blocks

69

Figure 78 Detail of the skylight

Figure 79 Detail of wall

Figure 80 Detail of wall

70

Figure 81 View of the Waiting Lounge for the Employment and Legal Services

Figure 82 View of The Office

71

Figure 83 View of the Home School and Library

Figure 84 View of the Vocational Training Classrooms

72

Figure 85 View of the Transitional Zone

Figure 86 View of the Medical Examination Rooms

73

Figure 87 View of the Service Groups

Figure 823 View of the Medical Block Lounge

74

7.4.2. Individual Rooms and Family Dormitories: More and more nuclear families are going homeless in Chennai.

Thus by providing a family dormitory, these people can be provided with temporary shelter and can utilize the services provided to get back up on their feet. The Individual rooms prioritizes the old and the infirm and to facilitate easy dining for these residents, an outdoor dining cum sky lounge space has been provided to avoid unnecessary travel.

Figure 89 Zoning of the Individual rooms and the Family Dormitories and showing the connection and juxtaposition of the two

Figure 90 Floor plan of the first floor

75

Figure 91 View of the Individual Rooms

Figure 92 View of the Outdoor Dining Area on the First Floor

7.4.3. Male and Female Dormitories: The rescued men and woman are given refuge in this dormitory. The population is effectively divided into two and separated to provide a more movement friendly space and for better hygiene. Lockers are

76

provided for storage of belongings and a reading nook provides as a effective recreational space on the floor.

A sky lounge serves as a breathing space for the inmates.

Figure 93 Zoning of the Male and Female Dormitories and showing the connection and juxtaposition of the two

Figure 94 Floor Plan of the Male and Female Dormitory

77

Figure 95 View of the Male Dormitories

Figure 96 View of the Female Dormitories

78

7.4.4. Amenities: Amenities to cater to the 360 degree development of the homeless has been taken care of. In the top most floor we have amenities such as multipurpose hall for group activities, social support and public information, art rooms for art therapy which are an integral part of the 360 degree development of the homeless, exercise rooms for maintaining physical health and barber shop as a part of vocational training.

Figure 97 Floor Plan of the Amenities

Figure 98 Section and Elevation

79

Figure 99 Details of the Bow-String truss

Figure 100 View of the Barber Room

80

Figure 101 View of the Exercise Room

Figure 102 View of the Art Therapy Room

81

7.5. RETAIL,WORKSHOP AND RECREATION Workshop spaces has been provided as part of vocational training (any hands on training which cannot be conducted in the training classrooms) and also as a space for making the items that are going to be sold in the retail. The vocational training that can be conducted in the workshop can be sewing, machine handling demo, construction education for job as a mason, carpentering, and as a mechanic. The items that can be sold in the retail provision are small handicrafts, handmade envelops, handmade paper, flower sets, small furniture, toys etc.

The retail is a public space that can be accesses by general public to purchase any handicrafts and ultimately support the shelter. It also consists of a restaurant and food carts serving food to gain additional revenue.

Parking spaces are provided for convenience.

The workshop is a semi-public space functioning to provide as a space for vocational training as well as a space for manufacturing of retail items. Any volunteer willing to teach in the shelter may use the parking provided adjacent to the workshop area and conduct the training. The workshop is an enclosed space to protect any machine from weathering.

The recreational space is a private space for the use of the inmates and the employees. They may use this space for their evening stroll and for any sort of motivational speeches by volunteers in the Open air theatre. The pond and the landscape serves as a blue-green element for collaborative healing and pleasing of the mind and soul.

Community Garden is an integral part of the program as it teaches the inmates the value of community based development and is also a important part of vocational training. The produce will be either used in the kitchen or sold.

82

Figure 103 Zoning of the Retail, Workshops and the recreational area

Figure 104 Plan and Section of the Retail, Workshops and the Recreational Zone

Figure 105 View of the Community Garden

83

Figure 106 View of the Seating Area

Figure 107 View of the O.A.T.

84

Figure 108 View of the Pond

Figure 109 View of the Retail Area

85

Figure 110 View of the Food Carts

Figure 111 View of the Wood Workshop

86

8. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING

87

8.1. PROXIMITY CHART

This chart shows the distance of a block from adjacent blocks. The distances mentioned in the matrix are in meters. This chart helps in understanding the distance a person needs to travel in order to reach their destination.

Average speed of walking for a person is 1.4m./sec.

Average travelling speed of a person in a wheelchair is 1m./sec.

Average speed of a vehicle in the premises is 10-15kmph.

(3m./sec @ 10kmph. speed)

Figure 112 Proximity Mapping Units: sec.

88

Figure 113 Proximity Matrix Units: Meters

8.2. TAKING

FORWARD

AND

LOGISTICS

OF

CONSTRUCTION

Logistics of Construction: The methodology of construction, keeping logistics in mind, is carried out in a set procedure.

-The area closest to the main road is utilized for storage of materials and for easy dump and go of rubble and other materials guarded by a watchmen.

-The block farthest from the main road gets construction grant first as they work their way out from the interior to the exterior of the site.

-By the time the structural skeleton of the farthest block is complete, the 89

second block will have begun with the foundation and so on and so forth.

-The areas of ponds or landscape elements will be executed last.

Order of Execution of work: Paper Work.

Marking of Layout.

Excavation.

Foundation Work.

Column Casting.

Construction of Walls.

Lintel.

Roofing.

Figure 114 Logistics of Construction

90

8.3. INTERVALS OF DRAWINGS There are a number of drawings issued from the architect’s office before and during the commencement of the construction which occurs over a period of 3-5 years. They are as follows: -

Site Plan

-

Ground to top floor plan

-

Terrace floor plan

-

N.E.W.S. side elevation and wall sections

-

Part elevations and sections

-

Sky lounge elevations and sections

-

Corridor wall sections

-

Exterior colour scheme

-

Facade treatment drawings

-

Flooring layout for toilet and other

-

False ceiling layout

-

Door detail

-

Window detail

-

Window grill detail

-

Toilet wall elevations and sections

-

Staircase and lift section detail

-

Parking details

-

Lounge area detailed drawings

-

Compound wall elevations

-

Gate detail

-

Services area detail

-

Joinery details

-

Staircase & handrail detail

91

Summary: Setting Out Plan Floor Plans Elevation Drawings Section Drawings Working Drawings Opening Schedules Rood Drainage Plan Flooring Plan Furniture Plan Typical Details

Figure 115 Types of drawings issued for a project

8.4. SCHEDULE OF COMPLETION OF WORK Time frame: 4 years (3years and 8 months) Date of commencement of work: July 2021 Date of Completion: March 2025 Approx. time for: Plans and permitting- 6-7 months The Site work- 7 months 92

Masonry- 5-6 months Plumbing & Electric- 4-5 months Flooring and Finishes- 7-8 months Landscaping & Exterior aspects- 6 months

Figure 116 Schedule of completion of work

8.5. ARCHITECTURAL VIRTUAL WALKTHROUGH The link for the Architectural virtual walkthrough is linked below: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbyYGfbY7GU&t=114s

93

9. REFERENCES 94

REFERENCES

Housing and Land Rights Networks 2020, India <https://www.hlrn.org.in/homelessness> India Homeless Resource Network 2020, India <http://www.ihrn.org.in/about/workingareas/National-Shelter-Policy> International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Sage Journals May 14, 2020, India <https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0020764020922890> Youth Ki Awaaz, September 13 2019, India <https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2019/09/causes-of-homelessness-inindia/> Arch Daily <https://www.archdaily.com/> Archinet <https://archinect.com/> Research Gate <https://www.researchgate.net/> Various news sources (T.O.I., The Hindu etc.)

1.

Berens M.J.,(2017) Designing the Built Environment for recovery from homelessness

2.

Chennai Masterplan 2026 and Developmental Control Regulations

3.

Homeless Shelters in Delhi- Indo Global Social Service Society

4.

Lee, J., (2017)Architecture for Better Days: Design Solution for Homelessness - Kennesaw State University

95

5.

Mander H., Living Rough- Surviving City Streets- A Study of Homeless Populations in Delhi, Chennai, Patna and Madurai- For the Planning Commission of India

6.

National Report on the Status of Shelters for Urban HomelessSupreme Court Commissioner’s Office

7.

Night Shelters for the Urban Shelter less- Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation

8.

Proposed Prototype Designs for Shelters for Urban Homeless under N.U.L.M. by H.U.D.C.O. Design and Development wing

9.

Scheme of Shelters for Urban Homeless, National Urban Livelihoods Mission Handbook

10.

Shelter in Chennai C.M.D.A.

11.

Singh Nishikant, Koiri Priyanka and Shukla Sudheer Kumar March 2018, Signposting invisibles: A study of the homeless population in India (Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India)

12.

T.N.C.D.R.B.R.-2019

96

Re-Defining Drop-In Centres for the Homeless Sneha Uttarkar Jayaprakash Sasi Creative School of Architecture B.Arch., 2016-2021 723816251069

97