Graduation Thesis Report - BioSynergy, A Centre for Biodiversity Research and Education

BIOSYNERGY A Centre for Biodiversity Research and Education, Dihing Patkai

THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirement for the award of the degree Of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

By DRISTI KEJRIWAL 2016-ARCH-40

CHANDIGARH COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE PANJAB UNIVERSITY CHANDIGARH (INDIA) July 2021

BIOSYNERGY A CENTRE FOR BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH AND EDUCATION DIHING PATKAI, ASSAM

PROPOSED BY: DRISTI KEJRIWAL THESIS GUIDE: PROF. DEEPIKA GANDHI THESIS COORDINATOR: PROF. SOHAN LAL SAHARAN

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DECLARATION I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the thesis en-titled “BIOSYNERGY A Centre for Biodiversity Research and Education” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelors of Architecture, submitted in the Chandigarh College of Architecture, Chandigarh, is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the period from January 2021 to July 2021 under the supervision of Associate Professor Deepika Gandhi.

The matter embodied in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree.

_____________________ Dristi Kejriwal

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of our knowledge.

_____________________ Prof. Deepika Gandhi (Thesis Guide)

_____________________ Prof. Sohan Lal Saharan (Thesis Coordinator) (iii)

_____________________ Dr. Sangeeta Bagga Mehta (Principal)

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CERTIFICATE BY THE STUDENT I Dristi Kejriwal, D/O Sudhir Kejriwal, Roll No. 2016-ARCH-40, a student of 10th semester, B.Arch, hereby give an undertaking that the Architectural Design for the Final submission of B.Arch Thesis scheduled for 9th July 2021 is an original design prepared by undersigned.

All the references utilized for the preparation of this Final Design Submission have been duly acknowledged and mentioned in the assignment. The undersigned is solely responsible for all the contents of this work and the consequences related to the undersigned’s submitted work/s if found plagiarized, which may include punitive action as per the Punjab University rules.

_____________________ (Dristi Kejriwal) Name of the student: Dristi Kejriwal Roll No: 2016-ARCH-40 Title of Thesis Topic: BioSynergy - A Centre for Biodiversity Research and Education Date: 09.07.2021

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thesis is an important milestone. This project would not have been possible without the support and help of many individuals. I wish to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

First and foremost, praises and thanks to the Almighty for His blessings throughout my thesis work to complete the project successfully.

I am grateful to my college, Chandigarh College of Architecture for providing me the opportunity and the environment to complete my thesis work with utmost dedication.

I would like to express a deep sense of gratitude to my guide, Professor Deepika Gandhi for guiding me immensely throughout the course of the thesis. She has been an ideal teacher, mentor, and thesis supervisor, offering advice and encouragement with a perfect blend of insight and humor. She has provided invaluable feedback on my research and design, at times responding to queries late at night and early in the morning. It was a great privilege and honor to work and study under her guidance.

I would like to thank Anudeep Sir for being a constant mentor past 6 months. His encouraging thoughtful words and detailed feedback have guided me well through the journey.

Special thanks to the Officials of the Digboi Forest Division for their keen interest and great support while conducting the study.

Thanks to my dearest juniors: Vanshita Yadav, for being my go-to person since day one; Sana Dhingra, who was just a phone call away everytime I needed her help; Sakshi Goel, who came to my rescue during extreme workload and Onam Shandil for her support.

Some special words of gratitude go to my friends, Prabhnoor and Nitika, who provided stimulating discussions as well as happy distractions to rest my mind outside of my thesis. Thank you for fielding a ridiculous number of phone calls, for calming me down, and keeping me sane through the longest 6 months.

Most importantly, I am grateful for my family’s unconditional, unequivocal, and loving support.

They have always stood behind me, and this was no exception. Love to my munchkins, Tani and Trisha, who keep me grounded, remind me of the little things which are important in life, and always bring a smile on my face even after long hours of work. To my family, I give everything, including this.

Finally, my thanks go to all the people who have supported me to complete the thesis work directly or indirectly. Thank you all for the strength you gave me.

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ABSTRACT

Plants, Animals, Humans: We Are All of One Original Genome

Biodiversity is a term used to describe the enormous variety of life on Earth. It can be more specifically used to refer to all of the species in one region or ecosystem.

There’s a woven web of ecology that ties us, humans deeply to the rest of the living things on this planet. If our genome is important then the genomes of all those other organisms must be important for understanding the fabric of life, the ecology of our planet.

The term synergy translates into “working together” which further implies two or more things that interact to create a combined effect that is greater, or less than each effect in isolation.

A primary question of interest when looking at an ecology is how do two or more elements within the ecological network inter-relate.

Do they interact in a constructive or destructive fashion? Do they synchronize their states to work together, thus forming some larger system of organization, or do they remain asynchronous?

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CONTENT ABOUT THE PROJECT

01-10

DESCRIPTION TOPIC

AIM OF THE PROJECT

NEED FOR THE PROJECT

02 02 02 02

OBJECTIVES

03

ABOUT THE SITE

SITE SELECTION

SITE VALIDITY

04-05 04 05

PROJECT OUTLINE

ARCHITECTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

ARCHITECTURAL CHALLENGES

PROJECT VALIDITY

FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS

SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS

06-08 06 06 06 07 08

SCOPE METHODOLOGY

08 09

LITERATURE STUDY

11-54

ECOLOGICAL DESIGN

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY

HISTORY OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY

PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY

COMPONENTS OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY

12-15 13 13 14 15

COEXISTENCE WITH FLORA AND FAUNA

LYNN’S PRINCIPLE OF COEXISTENCE

DEFINING APPROACHES OF COEXISTENCE

ESTABLISHING CONNECTORS BETWEEN HABITATS

DESIGNING SEPARATORS BETWEEN HABITATS

ANIMAL-AIDED BUILDING DESIGN

BIRD-FRIENDLY BUILDING DESIGN

16-26 16 16 17 18-20 21 22-26

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SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS

RESEARCH FACILITIES

ANIMAL RESEARCH FACILITIES

ANIMAL RESEARCH ZONES

RESEARCH LABORATORY

TYPES OF LABORATORY MODULES

OPEN LABS VS CLOSED LAB

ACADEMIC LABORATORY

INTEGRATING TEACHING AND RESEARCH LABORATORY

BUILDING SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION CONCEPT

STUDENTS HOSTEL, STAFF QUARTERS AND GUEST HOUSES

27-37 27 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34-35 36-37

PASSIVE DESIGN TECHNIQUES

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF ASSAM

BAMBOO AS A BUILDING MATERIAL

TYPES OF HOUSING IN ASSAM

ECO-SENSITIVE ZONE DEFINITION

WHY WERE ECO-SENSITIVE ZONE(S) CREATED?

FUNCTIONING OF AN ECO-SENSITIVE ZONE

BYE-LAWS FOR INSTITUTIONAL COMPLEX

38-43

BIODIVERSITY OF ASSAM

52-53

PROTOTYPE AND CASE STUDY

44-47 44-46 47 48-51 48 48 49 50-51

55-104

ECOLOGICAL DESIGN

CALUMET ENVIRONMENT CENTRE

57-62 57-62

COEXISTENCE WITH FLORA AND FAUNA

SYNANTHROPIC SUBURBIA

HABITAT FOR URBAN WILDLIFE

KINGSBROOK WILDLIFE FRIENDLY HOUSING

63-76 63-68 69-72 73-76

SPATIAL STANDARDS

BIODIVERSITY TRAINING INSTITUTE, SIKKIM

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF FOREST MANAGEMENT, BHOPAL

RAIN FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, JORHAT

FOREST AND WILDLIFE TRAINING CENTER

77-92 77-82 83-86 87-92 93-96

RESIDENTIAL COMPONENT AND LOCAL MATERIAL

BAMBOO HOSTELS, CHINA COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS - COEXISTENCE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS - SPATIAL STANDARDS

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96-101 96-101 102 103

SITE ANALYSIS

105-140

MACRO SITE ANALYSIS

SITE LOCATION AND ACCESS

HISTORICAL TIMELINE

SITE PRECINCTS

SITE CIRCULATION LANDMARKS NODES

106-117 107 108-109 110-111 112-113 114-115 116-117

MICRO SITE ANALYSIS

COMPARATIVE MAP

SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

TOPOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

CLIMATIC ANALYSIS

CLIMATIC CHARTS

ARCHITECTURAL INFERENCES

ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

MAN-MADE ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE

SWOT ANALYSIS

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PROGRAMME FORMULATION

141-148 142-143 144 145-147

DEVELOPMENT NORMS PROGRAMME COMPONENTS AREA STATEMENT

149-162

CONCEPT SITE SYNTHESIS AND INFERENCES SITE ZONING - BUILT UP SPACES SITE ZONING - OPEN SPACES FUNCTIONAL INTER-RELATIONSHIP MASSING AND FORM DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTUAL SECTIONS ELEMENTS OF DESIGN

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DRAWINGS BIBLIOGRAPHY (xiii)

LIST OF FIGURES Fig.1

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Nature of Human-Animal Interaction (http://waterlooarchitecture.com/bridge/ Fig.1 blog/2015/09/01/thesis-synanthropic-suburbia/) Levels of Human-Animal Interaction (Author) Fig.2 Institution as a Living Laboratory (https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.mediapost.com/dam/ Fig.3 cropped/2020/01/09/277004_ces2020toyotawovencity04_979305_ePGhjTr.jpg) Use of local material : Bamboo (https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2014/10/06/04/02/hut- Fig.5 476003_1280.jpg) Nature Trails (https://www.dearchitect.nl/architectuur/blog/2015/05/biodiversiteit-in-steden-Fig.4 hard-nodig-101102846?hcb=1) Developing innovative solutions (https://issuu.com/sarahgunawan/docs/ Fig.6 synanthropicsuburbia_sarahgunawan) World Map highlighting India (Author) Fig.7 Map of India highlighting Assam (Author) Fig.8 Map of Assam highlighting Dihing Patkai (https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Uploads/ Fig.9 image/ezgif-2-bfd5d427d53a.jpg) The Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary (https://miro.medium.com/max/2880/1*YQXRu0_Fig.10 YRHCoqBTy44IgDw.jpeg) Bio-sensitive Zone of The Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary (http://moef.gov.in/wp- Fig.12 content/uploads/2019/06/dehing-patkai.pdf) Location of Site on the Map of Digboi (Google Map) Fig.13 Site Boundaries and Size (Google Map) Fig.11 Inter-linkages of the Wildlife and Ways of Human Access (https://www.researchgate. Fig.14 net/profile/Alexander-Felson/publication/251565761/figure/fig2/AS:646824662683649@153 1226425707/Presidio-Fort-Scott-Creek-and-Historic-Garden-sections-illustrating-alternative. png) Ecological Design (https://www.intechopen.com/media/chapter/45436/media/image1.png)Fig.16

Ecological Sciences and Design (https://www.intechopen.com/media/chapter/45436/ Fig.17 media/image4.png) Ecological Landscape Design (https://www.intechopen.com/media/chapter/45436/media/ Fig.15 image3.png) Landscape Ecology (https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/3-s2.0Fig.19 B9780080454054008648-gr2.jpg) The History of Landscape Ecology (http://www.umass.edu/landeco/about/landeco.pdf) Fig.18 Aesthetics and Ecology (https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTK5_Fig.20 Skp_JgvnnnrzUdUQe5KGJKmwvN7Gm7Ag&usqp=CAU) Matrix (https://i.ytimg.com/vi/VTUqOdxFGiw/hqdefault.jpg) Fig.21 Patches (Author) Fig.22 Corridors (https://content.yardmap.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Connectivity.jpg) Fig.23 Scenarios of Human-Wild Interaction (Author) Fig.24 Illustration showing moat type enclosure with a water pool of Otters (https://issuu. Fig.25 com/bkgupta.brij/docs/barrier_design_for_zoos) Illustration showing box type dry moat for elephant enclosure (-do-) Fig.26 Illustration showing ditches dug to prevent animals from entering human zone (-do-) Fig.27 Using inclined walls to keep snakes away (Author) Fig.28 Pop-Up Viewing to provide ground level viewing of agile animals (Author) Fig.29 Bunker viewing with tunnels (Author) Fig.30

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18 18 19 19 19 Illustration showing the cross section on the use of mesh fence with inclined inward Fig.31 19 steel plate overhang providing additional barrier (https://issuu.com/bkgupta.brij/docs/ barrier_design_for_zoos) Glass Reflectivity: Mirror Effect (http://mn.audubon.org/sites/default/files/05-05-10_bird-Fig.32 22 safe-building-guidelines.pdf) Glass Transparency: Fly Through (-do-) Fig.33 22

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Beacon Effect (-do-) Fig.34 23 Illuminated Atria (-do-) Fig.35 23 The 2X4 Rule (https://abcbirds.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Bird-friendly-BuildingFig.36 23 Guide_2015.pdf) Site Analysis (http://mn.audubon.org/sites/default/files/05-05-10_bird-safe-buildingFig.37 24 guidelines.pdf) Existing Habitat (-do-) Fig.38 24 Landscape Placement (-do-) Fig.39 25 Interior Landscaping (-do-) Fig.40 25 Landscape Placement (-do-) Fig.41 25 Exterior Light Trespass (-do-) Fig.44 26 Interior Light Preferences (-do-) Fig.42 26 Exterior Light Trespass (-do-) Fig.43 26 Interior Light Preferences (-do-) Fig.45 26 Animal Research Facilities (https://www.wbdg.org/images/animal_research_04.gif) Fig.46 27 Animal Research Zones (https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/am.15.2.378-389.1967)Fig.49

28 Laboratory Research Zone (-do-) Fig.51 28 Clean Zone, Clean and Contaminated Change Rooms (-do-) Fig.47 28 Small-animal Research Zone (-do-) Fig.48 28 Large-animal Research Zone (-do-) Fig.50 28 Laboratory Support Zone (-do-) Fig.52 28 Flexible Lab interiors (https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/research-facilities/research- Fig.53 29 laboratory) Flexible Lab interiors (-do-) Fig.54 29 Lab Module (https://vdocuments.site/building-types-basic-for-research-laboratories.html) Fig.55 30 Lab Module (-do-) Fig.57 30 Three-Directional Lab Module (-do-) Fig.56 30 One-hundred percent open lab (-do-) Fig.58 31 Fifty percent open-fifty percent closed lab (-do-) Fig.59 31 Open/Closed lab (-do-) Fig.60 31 Closed lab (-do-) Fig.61 31 Flexible Teaching Labs (https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/research-facilities/academic-Fig.62 32 laboratory) Teaching Labs - Casework Options (-do-) Fig.63 33 Integrated Teaching and Research Laboratory (-do-) Fig.64 33 Interstitial Space (https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/research-facilities/researchFig.65 34 laboratory) Service Corridor (-do-) Fig.66 34 Structural Systems (-do-) Fig.67 34 Shafts in the middle of the building (-do-) Fig.68 35 Shafts at the end of the building (-do-) Fig.69 35 Exhaust at the end and supply in the middle (-do-) Fig.70 35 Staircase (Book: Metric Handbook Planning and Design Data (Second Edition) by David Fig.71 36 Adler) Linear Corridor (-do-) Fig.74 36 Corridor wrapped around a service core (-do-) Fig.72 36 Flat or maisonette (-do-) Fig.75 36 House (-do-) Fig.73 36 Semi-Detached Housing (-do-) Fig.76 37 Linked Housing (-do-) Fig.77 37 Houses with courtyards (-do-) Fig.78 37 Terraced Houses (-do-) Fig.79 37 Town Houses (-do-) Fig.80 37 Wind Movement Pattern (https://nzeb.in/knowledge-centre/passive-design/) Fig.82 38 Form and Orientation (-do-) Fig.81 38 Horizontal Shadow Angle (HAS) and Vertical Shadow Angle (VSA) are used for Fig.83 39 designing vertical and horizontal shading devices respectively (-do-) External Shading Device configured according to orientation on the wall (-do-) Fig.84 39

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Fig.85

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Performance of cool roofs can be accessed in terms of thermal emittance, solar Fig.85 40 reflectance or Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) (-do-) Fig.88 Cool Roofs are able to maintain a temperature differential of 6-8 deg celcius 40 between ambient and indoor air temperature (-do-) Heat transmission in a single glazing clear glass (-do-) Fig.86 40 Insulation should always be placed on the warmer side of the envelope in warm Fig.87 40 climates, Insulation should be installed on the outside and in cold climates, on the Inside. (-do-) External light shelves allow diffused light penetration and shade (-do-) Fig.89 41 External/Internal light shelves allow deeper diffused light penetration and shade. Fig.92 41

Fig.91

External/Internal light shelves allow deeper diffused light penetration and shade Fig.90 41

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(-do-) (-do-)

Top lighting is an effective daylighting solution for wide buildings where side Fig.91 41 lighting not be used for adequate lighting of the deeper areas of the floorplate. To reduce glare, skylights must be designed with reflective surfaces that redirects direct sunlight into the space. Design of direction specific skylights must take Fig.93 in consideration angle and path of sun during winter and summer North facing skylights are most suitable for work spaces (-do-) Opening controls like louvers, sashes, canopies and screens can be used to 42 control tie direction and velocity of air stream flowing into a space. Comparatively Fig.94 permanent controls like canopies can alter the pressure build up at the face of fenestrations and must be designed keeping this factor in mind. (-do-) Horizontal placement of openings and internal partitions can alter the direction 42 and spread of air stream, Ideally openings must be placed in opposite walls, and diagonally but not directly opposite to each other. When placed in walls perpendicular to each other the inlets and outlets should be at the farthest corners of the walls (-do-) Thermal Mass: Daytime (-do-) Fig.95 43 Thermal Mass: Nocturnal Cooling (-do-) Fig.96 43 Passive downdraught towers catch hot ambient air through wind scoops at the Fig.97 43 top. This air is cooled either through mechanical systems like nozzle sprays or through passive systems like water filled vessels. The heavy cool air sinks to the bottom zone of habitable spaces. Efficiency depends on the temperature differential between the warm outside air and cool air inside the tower (-do-) Vernacular Architecture of Assam (https://www.google.com/ Fig.98 44

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url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FAbhishekSharma592%2Fvernaculararchitecture-of-assam&psig=AOvVaw3xcfm1m3vO9z1tufDo9ijT&ust=1625251185244000&so urce=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAoQjRxqFwoTCJipvtDCwvECFQAAAAAdAAAAABAI) Major components of the vernacular Architecture of Assam (-do-) Fig.99 Bamboo Column Section (https://theconstructor.org/building/bamboo-as-a-buildingFig.100 material-uses-advantages/14838/) Bamboo for plinth (-do-) Fig.102 Diagonal Bracing for Earthquake and Wind-resistance (-do-) Fig.101 Use of Knee Braces for Lateral load resistance (-do-) Fig.103 Bamboo for Walls (-do-) Fig.105 Bamboo for Roofing (-do-) Fig.106 Tying with columns and beams (-do-) Fig.104 Wattle and Daub House (https://builtarchi.com/architecture-in-assam/) Fig.107 Ikra House (-do-) Fig.108 Chang House (-do-) Fig.109 Eco-Sensitive Zone of Dihing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary (http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/ Fig.110 uploads/2019/06/dehing-patkai.pdf) Assam State (http://asbb.gov.in/booklets/Glimpses-of-biodiversity.pdf) Fig.112 Symbols Birds of Assam (-do-) Fig.111 Lesser Known Globally Threatened Mammals of Assam (-do-) Fig.113 Master plan (https://www.urbanlab.com/calumet-environmental-center) Fig.114 Terrace Plan (-do-) Fig.115

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Fig.116 Fig.117 Fig.118

Ground Floor Plan (-do-) Water + Wetlands Filtration Loops (-do-) Operable exterior louvers allow occupants full environmental control over their

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learning spaces, and provide direct entry to the landscape. (-do-) Longitudinal Sections (-do-) Fig.119 Transverse Sections (-do-) Fig.120 Media Orientation Slope (-do-) Fig.121 Marsh Exhibition Space (-do-) Fig.123 Cleaned Water (-do-) Fig.125 Self-Guided Trails (-do-) Fig.122 Exhibition Space - Exterior (-do-) Fig.124 Ice Skating in Winters (-do-) Fig.126 Narrative of suburban development and cohabitation (https://issuu.com/sarahgunawan/Fig.127 docs/synanthropicsuburbia_sarahgunawan) Interface Opportunities (-do-) Fig.130 Interface Vulnerabilities (-do-) Fig.131 Temperature Control Components (-do-) Fig.128 Water Mitigation Components (-do-) Fig.129 Compost Chimney Prosthetics (-do-) Fig.133 Compost Chimney Section (-do-) Fig.134 Structural Axonometric (-do-) Fig.132 Enclosure Axonometric (-do-) Fig.135 Extended Eave Prosthetics (-do-) Fig.137 Extended Eave Details (-do-) Fig.136 Extended Eave Section / Winter (-do-) Fig.138 Extended Eave Section / Summer (-do-) Fig.139 Habitat Dormer Prosthetics (-do-) Fig.143 Habitat Dormer View (-do-) Fig.141 Scale Prototypes (-do-) Fig.140 Bat Wall Cladding (-do-) Fig.144 Habitat Dormer Section (-do-) Fig.142 Water Tank - Ground Plan (https://www.archdaily.com/113280/habitat-for-urban-wildlife- Fig.147 ofer-bilik-architects) Water Tank - Roof Plan (-do-) Fig.145 The Water Tower - Section (-do-) Fig.146 Viewing Platforms (-do-) Fig.148 Biodiversity (-do-) Fig.149 Viewpoints (-do-) Fig.150 Tank Typical Detail (-do-) Fig.151 Home Building for Nature (https://www.rspb.org.uk/globalassets/downloads/documents/ Fig.152 conservation-projects/nature-home-kingsbrook.pdf) Interaction Booster Solutions (-do-) Fig.153 On-Site Interventions - House Martin Cups (https://www.rspb.org.uk/our-work/ Fig.154 conservation/projects/kingsbrook-housing/) On-Site Interventions - Hedgehog Haven (-do-) Fig.155 Site Plan (http://architecturebrio.com/projects-item/biodiversity-training-institute/) Fig.157 Site and Landscape View (-do-) Fig.156 Massing and Inter-relationship (-do-) Fig.158 Circulation (-do-) Fig.159 Program Distribution (-do-) Fig.161 Rainwater Harvesting (-do-) Fig.160 Climate Control (-do-) Fig.162 Plan 1 (-do-) Fig.163 Plan 2 (-do-) Fig.166 Plan 3 (-do-) Fig.167 Section 1 (-do-) Fig.164 Section 2 (-do-) Fig.165 Brick Wall – Thermally insulated wall construction (-do-) Fig.169

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Forest succession overtime in six stages (-do-) Fig.168 Site Plan with Ground Floor Details (https://worldarchitecture.org/article-links/ehmmf/ Fig.170

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Fig.174 Openings are recessed into shadow pockets which become the dominant feature Fig.171

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anant_rajedesigned_iifm_bhopal_needs_urgent_restoration_ingenious_approach_for_ future_growth.html) Spatial Study and Program (-do-) Dining Area (-do-) Dormitories (-do-)

controlling and directing scale and proportion throughout the building. (-do-) Site and Circulation (Author) Fig.175 Reception Area (Author) Fig.179 Reception Area (Author) Fig.181 Reception Area (Author) Fig.180 VIP lounge (15’x12’) (Author) Fig.182 Director’s room (18’x15’) (Author) Fig.176 Office (12’x8’) (Author) Fig.177 Accounts Section (15’x15’) (Author) Fig.183 Waiting area (Author) Fig.185 Computer IT Cell (20’x20’) (Author) Fig.178 Conference room (18’x15’) (Author) Fig.184 Entrance Lobby (Author) Fig.186 Library (Author) Fig.189 Reading Zone (Author) Fig.190 Open Workshop Area (Author) Fig.187 Semi-Open Shed (Author) Fig.191 Storage Shed (Author) Fig.188 Equipment Slab (Author) Fig.192 Storage Unit (Author) Fig.193 Working Desk (Author) Fig.194 Co-Working Research Space (Author) Fig.195 Floor Plan (https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/hpvch/forest_and_wildlife_ Fig.196 learning_center-project-pages.html) Exhibition Zone (-do-) Fig.198 Section A (-do-) Fig.199 Section B (-do-) Fig.200 Section C (-do-) Fig.201 View 1 (-do-) Fig.202 View 2 (-do-) Fig.197 View 3 (-do-) Fig.203 Bamboo Hostels (https://www.archdaily.com/950733/bamboo-hostels-china-studio-anna- Fig.204 heringer) Site Planning (-do-) Fig.205 Guest House (-do-) Fig.206 Youth Hostel Women (-do-) Fig.207 Youth Hostel Men (-do-) Fig.208 Sleeping Capsules Section (-do-) Fig.209 Sleeping Capsules (-do-) Fig.211 Elevation of Stairs Youth Hostel Female (-do-) Fig.212 The textile skins of the cocoons painted with motifs referring to the three buildings’Fig.210 symbolic names: dragon, peacock or nightingale. (Elevation view of the core’s wall) (-do-) Assam on the map of India (Author) Fig.213 The Dehing Patkai on the map of Assam (Author) Fig.214 Site Accessibility (Author) Fig.215 Historical Timeline (Author) Fig.216 Site Precincts (Author) Fig.217 Site Circulation (Author) Fig.218 Landmarks (Author) Fig.219

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Fig.254 Fig.255

Fig.256

Fig.257 Fig.258 Fig.259 Fig.260 Fig.261 Fig.262 Fig.263

Nodes (Author) Fig.220 116 Site View: Year 2009 (Google Map) Fig.221 119 Site View: Year 2021 (Google Map) Fig.222 119 SOUTH- Entrance to the site (Author) Fig.223 120 SOUTH- Pathways on site (Author) Fig.224 120 NORTH- View of the highway from site (Author) Fig.225 120 WEST- Undulating landforms (Author) Fig.226 120 WEST- Temporary built structures-bridges on site (Author) Fig.227 121 EAST- Position and size of trees on site (Author) Fig.228 121 EAST- Building Nallah on site for carrying drainage (Author) Fig.229 121 Trees with existing habitat (Author) Fig.230 121 Section AA’ (Author) Fig.232 122 Section BB’ (Author) Fig.233 122 Section CC’ (Author) Fig.234 122 Section DD’ (Author) Fig.231 122 Climatic Analysis (https://weatherspark.com/y/112393/Average-Weather-in-Digboi-India- Fig.235 123 Year-Round) Temperature (-do-) Fig.236 124 Wind Direction (-do-) Fig.237 125 Precipitation (-do-) Fig.238 126 Humidity Comfort Levels (-do-) Fig.239 126 Cloud Cover Categories (-do-) Fig.240 127 Rainfall (-do-) Fig.241 127 Ecological Analysis - Flora (Author) Fig.242 131 Ecological Analysis - Fauna (Author) Fig.243 133 Ecological Analysis - AviFauna (Author) Fig.244 135 Bamboo Architecture (https://www.greavesindia.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/diphlu_Fig.245 136 river_lodge_1920x1080.jpg) Assamese Handicraft and Furnishing (https://www.pinterest.com/ Fig.246 137 pin/631981760180465408/) Site Synthesis and Inferences (Author) Fig.247 150 Site Zoning - Built-Up Spaces (Author) Fig.248 152 Site Zoning - Open Spaces (Author) Fig.249 154 Functional Inter-Relationships (Author) Fig.250 156 Retention of major tree species on the site and designing in accordance to their Fig.251 158 placement. (Author) Major vehicular circulation on site, dividing the residential and the institutional Fig.253 158 zones. (Author) Placement of blocks according to the slope and aligning the major axis to the wind Fig.255 158 direction. (Author) Providing accessible roofs and extruding the built up structure accordingly. (Author) Fig.252 158 Green patches divided into entrance plaza, central patch and experiential zone, Fig.254 158 differing in its nature. (Author) Entire site; nature trails to be built on stilts, which link to the terraces at various Fig.256 158 places. (Author) Section AA’ (Author) Fig.257 159 Section BB’ (Author) Fig.258 159 Section CC’ (Author) Fig.259 159 Section DD’ (Author) Fig.260 159 Climate (Author) Fig.263 161 Landscape (Author) Fig.261 161 Co-Existence (Author) Fig.262 161

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CHAPTER 1

ABOUT THE PROJECT

INTRODUCTION TOPIC: Centre for Biodiversity Research and Education, Assam TYPOLOGY: Research and Education DESCRIPTION The Centre for Biodiversity Research and Education shall serve as a one-stop centre for biodiversity-related information and activities. The purpose of this project is to develop a comprehensive institute in a manner that it becomes environmentally sustainable, socio culturally enriching and economically beneficial to the people.

Fig.1

Nature of Human-Animal Interaction

Fig.2

Levels of Human-Animal Interaction

AIM OF THE PROJECT The main aim of this project is to develop as a regional centre of International importance on wildlife and natural resource conservation.

NEED FOR THE PROJECT Though Assam is famous for its National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries, it lacks infrastructure supporting research and preservation due to which problem is faced in transferring data and research work. Thus this thesis project aims to establish proper research facility which merges with the context without disturbing the surrounding environment. It shall also create a platform for the locals and the tourists to gain awareness about the rich biodiversity of Assam.

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OBJECTIVES

DIRECT GOALS 1. To create an institutional building which will serve as a living laboratory for understanding the ecological processes and function of the region.

2. Design in an eco-friendly manner making the built form sustainable and energy efficient.

3. Exploring creative ways to resolve Human-Animal conflict leading to a harmonious relationship.

4. To develop innovative solutions of intervention in the eco-sensitive area that regenerates & keeps originality of the place intact.

5. To identify various locations for architectural interventions, pause-points, stop-overs etc. and formulate a design programme with a spatial quality that creates new forms of interaction.

6. To understand the role of multiple user groups & stakeholders, their associative values and activities in shaping the existing architecture.

7. To increase public awareness of the importance of inventorying and preserving biodiversity.

8. Check the unwanted and illegal activities by generating an interactive environment.

Fig.3

Institution as a Living Laboratory

Fig.4

Use of local material : Bamboo

Fig.5

Nature Trails

Fig.6

Developing innovative solutions

INDIRECT GOALS 1. To promote leisure and research based tourism in a sustainable and integrated manner to make Dehing Patkai a major national and international tourist destination, so that tourism becomes an important catalyst for economic development.

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ABOUT THE SITE

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN): India is a mega-diverse country with only 2.4% of the world’s land area, accounts for 7-8% of all recorded species, including species of plants and species of animals. It also has a rich cultural heritage going back thousands of years.

Much of Indian biodiversity is intricately related to the socio-cultural practices of the land.[1] Fig.7

World Map highlighting India

Assam is one of the richest biodiversity zones in the world. This is because Assam falls in the transitional zone of Indian, Indo-Malayan and Indo Chinese biogeographical regions. The climate is sub-tropical with heavy rainfall and humidity which supports various habitats such as rain-forests, riverine grasslands , bamboo thickets and wetland ecosystems. About 37.2% of state’s area is under green cover. It is a biological hotspot with many rare and endemic plant and animal species. [2]

Fig.8 Map of India highlighting Assam

Bio-geographically, the Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary falls under the North- East Brahmaputra valley provinces, and constitutes an important part of the Evergreen Rain Forests of India. The protected area is having immense research, recreational and educational values and it is necessary to conserve and protect the area surrounding the Wildlife Sanctuary.

Fig.9 Map of Assam highlighting Dihing Patkai

1. https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/summary-on-the-biodiversity-in-India-15217165721#:~:text=Flora%20and%20Fauna%20of%20India,plants%20and%20species%20of%20animals.

2. http://asbb.gov.in/booklets/Glimpses-of-biodiversity.pdf

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SITE VALIDITY

The Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary has three parts and they are Dirok rainforest, upper Dihing River, and Jeypore.

Fig.10 The Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary

Fig.11 Bio-sensitive Zone of The Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary

On the basis of the overall SWOT Analysis and verbal conversation with the Official, a chunk of land has been identified.

STRENGTH Highway connecting the site and urban area Ample amount of area for development Proximity to Govt. Hospital and colleges

Fig.12 Location of Site on the Map of Digboi

WEAKNESS Flooding Earthquake OPPORTUNITY Upliftment of local community Ecologically vibrant area Promotion of Eco-tourism

10 Acres

THREAT Wildlife Displacement Pollution from coal mining sites Irresponsible tourism Fig.13 Site Boundaries and Size

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PROJECT OUTLINE ARCHITECTURAL SIGNIFICANCE 1. The complex shall be a prototype development showing the following architectural features.

2. Implementing proper planning and design strategies for protection and conservation of native flora & fauna by providing dialogue with Humans through Architectural spaces.

3. Providing wildlife friendly green spaces.

4. Using passive design techniques.

5. Using local and eco-friendly materials.

CHALLENGES 1. Design Human-Animal Co-Habitable spaces.

2. Retaining the ecological balance of the region.

3. Restricting movement of dangerous animals into the site while allowing synanthropic movement.

PROJECT VALIDITY Since Assam is at the cusp of development and advancing towards becoming another concrete jungle, this project shall have a major impact and become a role model for all the upcoming buildings.

Fig.14 Inter-linkages of the Wildlife and Ways of Human Access

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FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS

RESEARCH

Collaborative and multidisciplinary research on biodiversity (plants and animals) through architecture which encourages biodiversity-safe buildings.

TRAINING

Enhancing community involvement by providing short-term training programs and workshop areas for the local public in efforts to create sustainable built environment.

EDUCATION

Educating the students about the conservation of biodiversity by providing spaces in and around the institute which lets them interact and coexist with the different species.

AWARENESS

Create awareness amongst locals and tourists about the importance of biodiversity through museums and exhibition spaces.

RECREATIONAL

Creating interesting spaces, experiential trails and viewing galleries inside the site in an attempt to create a positive response towards cohabitation.

STAKEHOLDERS

BIRDS AND ANIMALS

FOREST OFFICIALS

RESEARCH SCIENTISTS

STUDENTS AND TRAINEES

TEACHING STAFF

LOCAL PEOPLE

SECONDARY STAFF

TOURIST

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SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS

ADMINISTRATIVE

INSTITUTIONAL

RESIDENTIAL

Offices Information Centre Auditorium Reception Conference

Classroom Experiment Lab Library Computer lab Lecture halls Seminar halls Staff room Research labs Wildlife care unit

Students Staff Researchers Guest House Sports

TOURISM

LANDSCAPE

Interpretation centre Community area Experimental area Museum Exhibition halls Cafeteria

Animal park Botanical garden Watch towers Artificial Pond Nature Trails OAT

SCOPE

• • • • •

To study the ecology and natural resource utilization pattern in the region.

To understand and apply the indigenous construction pattern of the region.

To design and detail out the institutional, residential and landscape areas of the project.

To define the landscape character of different patches on site.

To restrict dangerous interaction between human and animal, and allow for synanthropic coexistence.

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METHODOLOGY FORMULATING THE PROJECT Aim, Objective, Scope, Limitation, Site Selection

LITERATURE STUDY Study about the biodiversity of the Wildlife Sanctuary Study the norms of Eco-Sensitive zones Study the spatial requirements of institutional building, residential spaces and open areas Study the requirements of animal aided design Study the local and eco-friendly construction techniques and materials of the region

CASE STUDY Selecting case studies on the basis on different functions Forest Research Institute (India), Dehradun Forest And Wildlife Learning Center

INSTITUTE MUSEUM INTERPRETATION CENTRE

Biodiversity Training Institute, Sikkim

DESIGN FOR BIRDS

Habitat for Urban Wildlife Synanthropic Suburbia Canada

COEXISTENCE

SITE ANALYSIS Formulating the detailed programme and area statement Analyzing the site conditions Studying the land-use pattern and movement of animal and birds around the site

CONCEPT Developing concept and sketches on the basis of inferences

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT FINAL DESIGN

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE STUDY

ECOLOGICAL DESIGN Ecological design is defined by Sim Van der Ryn and Stuart Cowan as "any form of design that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with living processes."

Ecological design is an integrative ecologically responsible design discipline. [3] It helps connect scattered efforts in green architecture, sustainable agriculture, ecological engineering, ecological restoration and other fields. The “Eco” prefix is used in ninety sciences including eco-city, eco-management, eco-technique, eco-tecture.

Fig.15 Ecological Design

Fig.16 Ecological Sciences and Design

Fig.17 Ecological Landscape Design

3. http://msrblog.com/assign/science/geography/ecological-design-a-new-way-of-seeing-and-thinking-aboutdesign.html

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WHAT IS LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY? Landscape ecology is the study of landscapes; the composition, structure and function of landscapes.

Landscape ecology involves the study of patterns in landscape structures.[4] Landscape Ecology draws together expertise from both biophysical and socioeconomic sciences to explore basic and applied research questions concerning the ecology, conservation, management, design/planning, and sustainability of landscapes as coupled humanenvironment systems.[5]

Fig.18 Landscape Ecology

HISTORY OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY Landscape Ecology as a discipline has two evolutionary lines, which might be caricatured as the “European School” (which is also strongly represented in the United States and elsewhere), and the “American School” (which is also common in Australia and elsewhere). [4]

Fig.19 The History of Landscape Ecology

4. https://www.umass.edu/landeco/about/landeco.pdf 5. https://www.springer.com/journal/10980/aims-and-scope

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LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY PRINCIPLES LANDSCAPE COMPOSITION: Composition involves the genetic makeup of populations, identity and abundance of species in the ecosystem and the different types of communities present.

STRUCTURE: The structural element refers to the spatial arrangement and organization of distinct landscape elements. Analysis is often focused towards the physical composition and configuration of particular habitat patches within a landscape.

FUNCTION: Landscape function is concerned with the interactions between these structural elements through ecological processes and the flow of energy. In terms of biodiversity, landscape function is often related to the movement and viability of particular species within these structures.

CONNECTIVITY: Connectivity is a landscape characteristic that encompasses habitat amount and isolation. It is important to assess both the structural connectedness and the functional connectivity within a landscape. The latter occurs when individuals are able to move between habitat patches.

CHANGE: Change involves the continual state of flux present in ecosystems.

Fig.20 Aesthetics and Ecology

Applying the principles of landscape ecology enables management of land use, animal and plant populations, and natural disturbances.

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COMPONENTS OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY A landscape consists of three main components: MATRIX, PATCH, CORRIDOR. MATRIX The matrix, the dominant component in the landscape, is the most extensive and connected landscape type, and it plays an important role in landscape functioning.

If we try to manage a habitat without considering the matrix, we will fail to meet the needs of the wildlife in that area.

Fig.21 Matrix

PATCHES Patches are nonlinear surface areas that differ in vegetation and landscape from their surroundings. They are units of land or habitat that are heterogeneous when compared to the whole. They include four different types Disturbance, Remnant, Environmental resource, and Introduced.

Fig.22 Patches

CORRIDORS The final landscape component is the corridor, the strip of land that differs from the matrix on either side. Corridors are areas that link patches together, serving as highways or conduits for organisms to transfer or move from patch to patch.

Corridors function in several ways to provide habitat for various species, especially the smaller ones like chipmunks. Line or narrow strip corridors are mainly dominated by edge species, whereas wider strip corridors, which may have mostly interior species, function for better movement of animals.

Fig.23 Corridors

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LYNN’S PRINCIPLES OF COEXISTENCE PRINCIPLE OF GEOCENTRICISM: Recognizing the moral value of animals, humans, along with the rest of nature.[6] PRINCIPLE OF EQUAL CONSIDERATION: Giving equal consideration to the well-being of all creatures affected by human actions.[6] PRINCIPLE OF HARD CASES: When faced with hard cases pitting animals against humans, solve the problem, look for alternatives, or choose a geographic compromise that defends the well-being of animals.[6] PRINCIPLE OF MORAL CARRYING CAPACITY: Humans should live within a carrying capacity that preserves the integrity of the entire geographical community.[6]

DEFINING APPROACHES OF COEXISTENCE Coexistence ideally implies reducing the conflict between animals and humans. While the humans hunt, poach and destroy animal habitats, the animals compete for resources and pose a hazard to health and safety. Understanding that both must receive equal importance in decision making, there emerge two approaches to make them exist together: A. The pragmatic approach that is being adopted which segregates the areas for wild and human settlement excluding each from the other.

This forms clear cut boundaries of forests and settlements demarcating ‘them’ and ‘us’. While this makes it safer for the humans to cut out some animals, cutting them out altogether makes our landscapes dead. How exciting is a pond without the buffaloes that occasionally walk into them? How beautiful are fields without the lambs? What good use are trees without birds? By incorporating animals into our lives, we can make human settlements more vibrant; especially cities that have expropriated most fauna apart from human beings themselves. A diversity of animals is hence what may be required in this case; it can be a mix of domestic, feral and wild animals which are permissible - taking care of human health and safety.

B. The other approach is an adaptive approach which allows both of them to exist in and use the same space outlining the concept of ‘them’ with ‘us’.

Places like parks, woods and pools are no longer just for children to play or adults to use; but also, for the animals for whom these areas can be habitats. While realizing that certain animals (e.g., predators) pose high risk to human lives, it may be useful for us to design these areas keeping in mind interaction between humans and animals range from completely visual (e.g., zoos) and to very physical (e.g., fishing, ponds, pets). Such a measure will include adapting human habits and measures that allow them to deal with the exposed health hazards of animal attacks and zoonotic diseases transmitted by them. Staggered activity patterns, vaccination and protective wear maybe some approaches.

6. https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Animal_Geographies/-AWag5IvaHkC?hl=en&gbpv=0

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ESTABLISHING CONNECTORS BETWEEN HABITATS Increasing the interaction between animals is important to the health of species. Animals require corridors that are broad in width and continuous in length to move between one patch of wilderness to another. With smaller territorial mobility to find mates, the future generations are likely to be affected severely as breeding with closer genetic relationships can not only affect offspring’s health but also pose risk of local extinction. Thus it becomes important to connect the different wilderness areas or pockets through green corridors. Extreme caution to these green corridors must be paid. Because these corridors are often adjacent to roads and the spill over activities of animals restrict the speed of traffic and if they invite animals like feral dogs, mongoose and snakes the incidence of road carnages may occur. With growing encroachment of forest areas and increasing fragmentation of land due to transport corridors, incidents of road carnages have only increased. There are numerous devices that have been used to avoid such conflicts.

Bridges, viaducts, tunnels, underpasses and overpasses are examples of ‘animal crossings’ that allow animals to cross human-made barriers (like expressways) safely. Although animals may need some time to get used to begin using these arrangements, they are nevertheless critical in connecting fragmented habitats and recover the health of gene flow between the populations.

NATURAL CORRIDORS are often but not always created along the roads. They also occur as riparian areas along streams and canals and such a setting is argued to be more effective. In many ways it can be interesting to note how the flood plains offer a unique opportunity to build corridors in contrast to the motor-roads. Thus water becomes a natural means to also integrate habitats.

HABITATS need to be connected at different scales. At the regional scale, we have wildlife corridors that connect forests, whereas within the city urban forests and road side landscaping can become connectors between larger patches of habitats like parks and institutions. Shallows provide access over water bodies and streams when bridges and underpasses designed for such wildlife can connect fragmented landscapes.

Visual appreciation from decks

Mechanism like board walks through nature allows limited but extended interaction

Physical access to nature through activities involving natural features

Fig.24 Scenarios of Human-Wild Interaction

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DESIGNING SEPARATORS BETWEEN HUMAN & ANIMAL HABITATS If animals and humans are to live in harmony, then their habitats must be designed in such a way that avoids any major conflicts. Road carnages for instance are certainly one; venomous snakes that crawl into back yards and homes are another. It is interesting to hear about leopards and humans not knowing about each other’s existence in the urban areas, but at the same time it is risky to human life. Such risks cannot be accepted as in cities the safety of human life is of foremost priority. Let us identify a few elements that can be used as separators and their limitations:

NATURAL WATER BODIES The depth and width of the water body is an important determinant of what can and cannot pass through. For instance, water invites crocodiles and tigers in many areas but will stop certain species of bears such as the sloth bears and Himalayan black bears that prefer drier environments (Gupta B. K., 2008).

Hence they may be considered semipermeable barriers. In zoo architecture, water is used in combination with moats and walls and fencing to yield a variety of results and improve its effectiveness as a barrier.

MOATS AND DITCHES These are large ditches with or without water. They are often used in zoos to keep the tigers at a safe distance from fences. Small ditches like snake pits are dug around a camping site that makes it difficult for the crawling reptiles to enter the tented area. Moats have proven effective even during protecting human strongholds at war. Thus they are absolutely important and reliable measure at small and large scale. However, digging pits to stop large animals such as elephants though effective, can pose a danger to the animals’ life.

Fig.25 Illustration showing moat type enclosure with a water pool of Otters

Fig.26 Illustration showing box type dry moat for elephant enclosure

Fig.27 Illustration showing ditches dug to prevent animals from entering human zone

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WALLS Stronger walls of buildings can provide better protection from predators. While constructing homes and facilities with stronger materials are desirable, the labour and expense that goes to building can be a hindering factor. In areas where snakes are common threats, outward slanting walls of compound make it difficult for snakes to climb them. Fencing such as pointed spears or with broken glass on the other hand may injure animals.

BRIDGES AND UNDERPASSES Bridges and underpasses that are dedicated for the animals are essentially separating the human and wild layers by prohibiting them to interact with each other. They may still provide visual interaction between the two realms and can be effectively used for recreational purposes.

BOULDERS In almost all cases, this is a natural barrier: as it is not viable to move large rocks just to create a barrier. At the same time, if such is present in the site they can be strategically used to create spaces where animals will not be able to enter.

FENCING Although, barbed wires are very common to keep away large animals: fencing with mesh and grills are also used in urban situations especially around parks and private yards. The barriers are often meant to restrict human or animal entry into the compound. Unlike a wall, one can still visually interact with the other side.

Inside of fence

Fig.28 Using inclined walls to keep snakes away

Fig.29 PopUp Viewing to provide ground level viewing of agile animals

Fig.30 Bunker viewing with tunnels

Fig.31 Illustration showing the cross section on the use of mesh fence with inclined inward steel plate overhang providing additional barrier

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BARRIER TYPE MOATS - U SHAPED (VERTICAL SIDES)

ADVANTAGES • •

No contact with animals.

Less chances of transmission of infectious disease from visitors.

DISADVANTAGES • • • •

MOATS-V-SHAPED (SLOPED SIDES)

• •

Reduced contact with animals Less expensive to build than U-shaped moats.

More natural looking than U-shaped moats

• •

Requires much smaller area than moats.

Inexpensive to build.

Can be hidden easily with vegetation.

• • •

Visitor vandalism.

High maintenance.

Clear viewing requires expensive glass viewing areas.

Close visual connection between visitors and animals.

Provides privacy to animals by insulating from noise.

Requires much smaller area than moats.

• • • • •

Reflection of light.

Off glass surfaces reduces visibility.

Frequent cleaning required.

Expensive to construct and replace.

Visitor vandalism.

Natural looking.

Enrichment possibilities.

Nocturnal animal and reptiles may use for clinging, hibernation, aestivation.

Requires much smaller area than moats.

•

Authentic looking clay banks can be expensive to construct.

HIGH WALLS TO • SIMULATE ROCK CLIFFS •

Natural looking.

Requires much smaller area than moats.

• •

Authentic looking rock cliffs can be very expensive to construct.

Unrealistic rockwork detracts from exhibit.

WALLS (BRICK, CONCRETE)

• • •

Long lasting.

Easy to construct.

Maintenance free.

• •

Expensive to construct.

Unattractive to look at unless hidden.

BAMBOO/ CANE FENCES

• • • •

Attractive to look at.

Fits most natural habitat themes.

Inexpensive to construct.

Easy to install.

•

Needs maintenance and protection from vandalism.

Replacement every few years.

HEDGES

• •

Attractive to look at.

Inexpensive to plant.

•

Needs regular maintenance and protection from vandalism.

GREEN WALLS (MOSS, CREEPERS)

• •

Attractive to look at.

Fits most natural habitat themes.

• •

Expensive to construct.

Needs maintenance and protection.

ARTIFICIAL ROCKWORK

• • • •

Attractive to look at.

Fits most natural habitat themes.

Long lasting.

Maintenance free.

• •

Very expensive to construct.

Needs specialized fabricators to obtain realistic results.

PHYSICAL BARRIER

•

FENCES- CHAIN LINK, WELDED WIRE MESH

•

GLASS-LAMINATED TEMPERED

•

• •

• •

LOW WALLS TO SIMULATE CLAY BANKS

• • • •

VISUAL BARRIER

Needs large areas.

Improper drainage can lead to proliferation of parasitic load.

Structural design makes these very expensive to build.

Animals can fall into moat areas hurting themselves.

•

•

Needs large areas.

Improper drainage can lead to proliferation of parasitic load.

Animals can walk into moat areas making them less visible to visitors.

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ANIMAL-AIDED BUILDING DESIGN Animal-Aided Design (AAD) is a methodology for the design of urban open spaces, to integrate conservation into open space planning. The basic idea of AAD is to include the presence of animals in the planning process, such that they are an integral part of the design. For AAD, the desired species are chosen at the beginning of a project. The requirements of the target species then not only set boundary conditions for the design, but also serve as an inspiration for the design itself. AAD thus allows a combination of good urban design with species conservation.[7]

STEPS FOR ACHIEVING ANIMAL AIDED DESIGN • Target species need to be selected at the beginning of the planning process: Selecting target species before the detailed planning of a building or road construction commences offers the possibility that species requirements are considered in the landscape architectural design. This is in sharp contrast to the current situation, where a completed or advanced design is controlled without the requirement of species that needs to be protected. Thus, we suggest to treat the presence of animals as any other requirement or constraint in the design of an open space, such as the layout of a playground for children, an open-air cinema, or the number of benches or parking spaces required. If this is the case, the habitat requirements of species have the same priority in the planning process as do other functions of the open space - not higher, but not lower either. Because the needs of animals thus become an integral part of the planning process, the current time delay between initial project development and the consideration of biodiversity is avoided.

• The requirements of the animals should inspire the design of the green space: For most critical needs, it does not matter for the animal how they are implemented, in particular how they ‘look’, as long as the solution offered fulfills its functional role. For example, many bird species require a sandbath and a water bath for dusting, drinking and bathing respectively, but there are many examples showing that birds accept a variety of structures acting as sand or water bath.

In a landscape architectural design of an open space, it is very simple to provide such critical needs. As long as the texture of the sand or water depth and quality meet the requirements of the animal, it will accept this and the structure will fulfill its function for the animal. Thus, the need to provide a water bath and sand bath is not a constraint for the designer, but may instead inspire the design. This is why we refer to our method as Animal-Aided Design, design that is enriched, also in its beauty for humans, through including the needs of animals. Importantly, the solutions for the critical needs of animals can and should be multi-functional, i.e. also serving the needs of humans. For example, open water enriches any green space and can be provided by small structures like a small fountain or even an open bowl, thus benefiting both humans and animals such as birds. But this is also true for other needs. A sand bath needed by birds, for example, can be integrated into structures like footpaths or a vegetation-free space on a green roof.

7. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150359v1#:~:text=We%20propose%20’Animal%2DAided%20 Design,integral%20part%20of%20the%20design.

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BIRD-FRIENDLY BUILDING DESIGN Bird-building collisions are an unfortunate side effect of our expanding built environment and a proven problem throughout the world. Glazed buildings that make up modern city skylines and suburban settings along with countless windows in our homes present serious hazards for birds.

In addition, increased interest in “building green” often results in both desirable habitat for birds and large expanses of glass – a deadly combination.[8]

CAUSES OF COLLISION The magnitude of bird collisions in any one area depends on local and migratory avian populations, densities and species composition; diurnal (daytime) or nocturnal (night-time) migration characteristics; resting and feeding patterns; habitat preferences; time of year; prevailing winds; and weather conditions.

DAYTIME COLLISIONS Daytime collisions occur because most birds do not perceive glass as an obstacle. Migratory birds in particular have not evolved to live in built environments and don’t see the context cues that indicate that glass is solid. Instead they see the things they know and need, such as habitat and open sky, reflected in the glazed surface or on the other side of one or more panes of glass.

Collisions occur at glass facades of all sizes, in all seasons and weather conditions, and in every type of environment from residential and rural settings to dense urban cores. Collisions and mortality occur at any place where birds and glass coexist. As a result, daytime collisions are likely the most prevalent of all building collision hazards.

Fig.32 Glass Reflectivity: Mirror Effect

Fig.33 Glass Transparency: Fly Through

8. http://mn.audubon.org/sites/default/files/05-05-10_bird-safe-building-guidelines.pdf

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NIGHT-TIME COLLISIONS Night-time collisions occur because the illumination of buildings creates a beacon effect for night-migrating birds. When weather conditions are favorable, these birds tend to fly high (over 500 feet) and depend heavily on visual references to maintain their orientation. However, during inclement weather, they often descend to lower altitudes, possibly in search of clear sky, celestial clues or magnetic references and are liable to be attracted to illuminated buildings or other tall lighted structures.

Fig.34 Beacon Effect

Fig.35 Illuminated Atria

The 2 x 4 Rule Research on songbirds, the most numerous victims of collisions, has shown that horizontal lines must be two or fewer inches apart to deter the majority of birds. Vertical spaces must be four or fewer inches apart. This difference presumably has to do with the shape of a flying bird. (Narrower spacing is required to deter collisions by hummingbirds).

Trained to fly in a tunnel, the birds were then challenged to pass through ever narrowing gaps.

They were able to assess the width of the gaps relative to their body size and adjust their flight behavior accordingly. It seems likely that this is a general avian trait, useful for navigating complex environments at flight speed.[9]

Fig.36 The 2X4 Rule

9. https://abcbirds.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Bird-friendly-Building-Guide_20151.pdf

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PLANNING STRATEGIES TO AVOID BIRD-BUILDING COLLISIONS A well-integrated sustainable design enhances open space and protects and restores habitat while enhancing the overall architectural and operational quality of a built facility. Efforts to integrate nature and attract wildlife should be balanced with specific considerations of a site’s impact on birds. Birds attracted to on-site habitat are vulnerable to collisions with glass. These guidelines encourage bird-safe design strategies early in the collaborative design process through consideration of site, existing habitat, and bird-safe landscaping.

SITE ANALYSIS Analyze the site to determine potential attractions for bird populations.

•Document the location of nearby vegetated streetscapes and urban parks.

•Identify all sources of food and shelter for migratory and resident bird populations, including plants, water and other natural features.

•Identify human-made features that attract birds, including water sources, nesting and perching sites, and shelter from adverse weather.

Fig.37 Site Analysis

EXISTING HABITAT Site building(s) to reduce conflicts with existing and planned landscape features that may attract birds.

•Where buildings cannot be located away from bird sensitive areas, take special care in treating windows.

•Where strategic reductions to building footprint have been made in order to enhance vegetated open space and habitat, assess site conflicts and include bird safe treatments.

•Use soil berms, furniture, landscaping, or architectural features to prevent reflection in glazed building facades.

Fig.38 Existing Habitat

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LANDSCAPE PLACEMENT Birds are vulnerable to collisions nearly anywhere glass occurs. Habitat in proximity to glass exacerbates this threat unless reflections are avoided or eliminated or visual cues are incorporated in glazing.

•When planning new landscapes, be aware of reflections and see-through effects created by habitat in relation to building features. Place plantings to minimize these effects.

•Alternatively, situate trees and shrubs immediately adjacent to the exterior glass walls, at a distance of less than three feet from the glass. Close proximity will minimize habitat reflections. This planting strategy also provides beneficial summertime shading and reduces cooling loads.

•If any bird-attracting features (food, water, shelter) are in reflective range of the building(s), use fritting, shading devices or other techniques to make glass visible.

Fig.39 Landscape Placement

Fig.40 Interior Landscaping

INTERIOR LANDSCAPING Birds will mistakenly seek shelter in landscaping located behind glass.

•Mask views of interior plantings from outside the building.

•Use screening, window films or treatments to make glass visible.

ROOFTOP LANDSCAPING With the increased use of green roof technology, impacts on birds must be considered.

•Consider going for green roof installation or eliminating access to birds if reflection in adjacent buildings will occur.

Fig.41 Landscape Placement

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LIGHTING DESIGN TO AVOID BIRD-BUILDING COLLISIONS Reducing exterior building and site lighting has been proven effective at reducing night-time migratory bird collisions and mortality. At the same time, such measures reduce building energy costs and decrease air and light pollution. These guidelines encourage efficient design of lighting systems as well as operational strategies to reduce light trespass from buildings, particularly during migration seasons.

EXTERIOR LIGHT TRESPASS Light pollution is largely a result of inefficient exterior lighting.

• Eliminate light directed upwards by attaching cutoff shields to streetlights and external lights.

• Highlight building features without up-lighting.

• Reduce the amount of light that spills outside areas where it is needed for safety and security.

• Maximize the useful light directed to targeted areas.

• Eliminate the use of spotlights and searchlights during bird migration.

Fig.42 Exterior Light Trespass

PREFERRED

Fig.43 Interior Light Trespass

DISCOURAGED

DISCOURAGED

PREFERRED

INTERIOR LIGHT TRESPASS Light trespass from within buildings can be reduced through design and operational changes.

• Design lights to shut off using automatic controls, including photo-sensors, infrared and motion detectors. These devices generally pay for themselves in energy savings within one year.

• Reduce the need for extensive overhead lighting.

• Encourage the use of localized task lighting and shades.

• Reduce perimeter lighting and/or draw shades wherever possible.

Fig.44 Interior Light Preferences

Fig.45 Exterior Light Preferences

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SPATIAL STANDARDS - RESEARCH FACILITIES Within the World Building Design Guide (WBDG) the research facilities are divided into two major groups: Animal Research Facilities and Research Laboratories. Research Laboratories are further categorized by type (e.g., wet labs and dry labs), and by sectors (e.g., academic, corporate, and government labs).[10] ANIMAL RESEARCH FACILITIES, also known as vivariums, are specially designed building types that accommodate exquisitely controlled environments for the care and maintenance of experimental animals.

RESEARCH LABORATORIES are complex, technically sophisticated, and mechanically intensive structures that are expensive to build and to maintain. Therefore, the design, construction, and renovation of such facilities are a major challenge for all involved.

Type: Wet; Dry Sector: Academic; Government; Private Sector

ANIMAL RESEARCH FACILITIES The animal research facility, also known as the vivarium, is a specially designed building type, which accommodates exquisitely controlled environments for the care and maintenance of experimental animals. Animal research facilities are related to but distinct from research laboratories. The facilities are complex, and expensive to build and to operate, but they are vital to the support of a proper, safe, and humane research effort.

The rehabilitation area is essentially a single oversized shed or set of sheds designed to re-acclimate recovering animals back into the natural environment, but away from the most extreme elements of the direct summer sun, gusting fronts, and icy rains.

10. https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/research-facilities

Fig.46 Animal Research Facilities

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ANIMAL RESEARCH ZONES There are five functional zones of a hypothetical laboratory building for research with infectious disease agents.

Obviously, there can be numerous physical arrangements of these zones, but the typical arrangement shown will illustrate their relationship to each other and provide a basis for a discussion of the design requirements for microbiological safety.

Fig.47 Animal Research Zones

FIVE ZONES CLEAN ZONE LABORATORY RESEARCH ZONE ANIMAL RESEARCH ZONE LABORATORY SUPPORT ZONE ENGINEERING SUPPORT ZONE Fig.48 Laboratory Research Zone

Fig.49 Clean Zone, Clean and Contaminated Change Rooms

Fig.50 Small-animal Research Zone

Fig.51 Large-animal Research Zone

Fig.52 Laboratory Support Zone

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RESEARCH LABORATORY Research Laboratories are workplaces for the conduct of scientific research. In the 21st century clients are pushing design teams to create research laboratories that are responsive to current and future needs, that encourage interaction among scientists from various disciplines, that help recruit and retain qualified scientists, and that facilitates partnerships and development.[11] LAB PLANNING MODULE The laboratory module is the key unit in any lab facility. When designed correctly, a lab module will fully coordinate all the architectural and engineering systems. A well-designed modular plan will provide the following benefits: •Flexibility—The lab module, as Jonas Salk explained, should “encourage change” within the building. Research is changing all the time, and buildings must allow for reasonable change.

Many private research companies make physical changes to an average of 25% of their labs each year. Most academic institutions annually change the layout of 5 to 10% of their labs.

•Expansion—The use of lab planning modules allows the building to adapt easily to needed expansions or contractions without sacrificing its functional aspects.

FLEXIBLE LAB INTERIORS •Equipment zones—These should be created in the initial design to accommodate equipment, fixed, or movable casework at a later date.

•Generic labs.

•Mobile casework—This can be comprised of mobile tables and mobile base cabinets. It allows researchers to configure and fit out the lab based on their needs as opposed to adjusting to predetermined fixed casework.

•Flexible partitions—These can be taken down and put back up in another location, allowing lab spaces to be configured in a variety of sizes.

•Overhead service carriers—These are hung from the ceiling. They can have utilities like piping, electric, data, light fixtures, and snorkel exhausts. They afford maximum flexibility as services are lifted off the floor, allowing free floor space to be configured as needed.

Fig.53 Flexible Lab interiors

Fig.54 Flexible Lab interiors

11. https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/research-facilities/research-laboratory

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TYPES OF LABORATORY MODULES TWO-DIRECTIONAL LAB MODULE Another level of flexibility can be achieved by designing a lab module that works in both directions. This allows the casework to be organized in either direction. This concept is more flexible than the basic lab module concept but may require more space. The use of a two-directional grid is beneficial to accommodate different lengths of run for casework. The casework may have to be moved to create a different type or size of workstation.

Fig.55 Lab Module

Fig.56 Lab Module

THREE-DIRECTIONAL LAB MODULE The three-dimensional lab module planning concept combines the basic lab module or a two-directional lab module with any lab corridor arrangement for each floor of a building. This means that a three-dimensional lab module can have a single-corridor arrangement on one floor, a two-corridor layout on another, and so on.

To create a three-dimensional lab module: A basic or two-directional lab module must be defined.

All vertical risers must be fully coordinated.

(Vertical risers include fire stairs, elevators, restrooms, and shafts for utilities.)

The mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems must be coordinated in the ceiling to work with the multiple corridor arrangements.

Fig.57 Three-Directional Lab Module

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OPEN LABS VS. CLOSED LABS An increasing number of research institutions are creating “open” labs to support team-based work. The open lab concept is significantly different from that of the “closed” lab of the past, which was based on accommodating the individual principle investigator. In open labs, researchers share not only the space itself but also equipment, bench space, and support staff. The open lab format facilitates communication between scientists and makes the lab more easily adaptable for future needs. A wide variety of labs—from wet biology and chemistry labs, to engineering labs, to dry computer science facilities—are now being designed as open labs.

Fig.58 One-hundred percent open lab

Fig.59 Fifty percent open-fifty percent closed lab

Fig.60 Open/Closed lab

Fig.61 Closed lab

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ACADEMIC LABORATORY Academic laboratory buildings are living laboratories that advertise, enable, excite and inform everyone within range. They include both research and teaching labs.[12] Today’s teaching laboratory acts as a flexible framework, holding dynamic student work groups, research zones, and support equipment in unlimited arrangements.

Fig.62 Flexible Teaching Labs

Depending on the discipline and number of students, shared bench space can range from 15 to 30 linear feet per teaching laboratory; is usually configured as perimeter wall bench or center island bench; and is used for bench-top instruments, exhibiting displays, or distributing glass materials. Ten to 20 linear feet of wall space per lab should be left available for storage cabinets, as well as for built-in and movable equipment such as refrigerators and incubators. A typical student workstation is 3 to 4 feet wide with a file cabinet and data and electrical hookups for computers. Fume hoods shared by two students should be at least 6 ft. wide. The distance between student workbenches and fume hoods should be minimized to lessen the possibility of chemical spills.

For undergraduate courses, write-up areas are usually provided inside the lab. (Write-up areas for graduate students are generally located outside the lab, in offices.) A teaching lab must accommodate more people (i.e., students) and stools than does a typical research lab. Prep rooms, which allow faculty to set up supplies before classes, may be located between two teaching labs. The number of students typically enrolled in a course usually determines the size of the teaching lab used for that course. A typical lab module of 10 ft. 6 in. x 30 ft. (320 net square feet [nsf]) may support four to six students.

12. https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/research-facilities/academic-laboratory

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Some disciplines will require fixed casework, benches, and utilities, but many teaching labs have mobile casework (equipped with locks) installed in a way that allows for different teaching environments and for multiple classes to be taught in the same space. Some teaching labs even use casework that a student can easily change in height to accommodate sit-down (30 in.) or stand-up (36 in.) work.

Fig.63 Teaching Labs - Casework Options

INTEGRATING TEACHING AND RESEARCH LABORATORY As the need for flexibility has grown and as science instruction, even at the undergraduate level, focuses more and more on hands-on experience, the traditional distinction between teaching and research labs becomes less important. An increasing number of institutions are integrating these areas to enhance undergraduate curricula and to facilitate communication between faculty and students at all levels. The greatest variances between teaching and research labs are space allocation and equipment needs. To compensate for those differences, some new facilities are designed with greater flexibility to allow lab space to be more adaptable and productive.

Fig.64 Integrated Teaching and Research Laboratory BIOSYNERGY | Page 33

BUILDING SYSTEMS DISTRIBUTION CONCEPT INTERSTITIAL SPACE An interstitial space is a separate floor located above each lab floor. All services and utilities are located here where they drop down to service the lab below. This system has a high initial cost but it allows the building to accommodate change very easily without interrupting the labs.

Fig.65 Interstitial Space

SERVICE CORRIDOR Lab spaces adjoin a centrally located corridor where all utility services are located.

Maintenance personnel are afforded constant access to main ducts, shutoff valves, and electric panel boxes without having to enter the lab.

This service corridor can be doubled up as an equipment/ utility corridor where common lab equipment like autoclaves, freezer rooms, etc. can be located.

Fig.66 Service Corridor

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS Once the basic lab module is determined, the structural grid should be evaluated. In most cases, the structural grid equals 2 basic lab modules. If the typical module is 10 ft. 6 in. x 30 ft., the structural grid would be 21 ft. x 30 ft. A good rule of thumb is to add the two dimensions of the structural grid; if the sum equals a number in the low 50’s, then the structural grid would be efficient and cost-effective.

Fig.67 Structural Systems BIOSYNERGY | Page 34

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS The location of main vertical supply/exhaust shafts as well as horizontal ductwork is very crucial in designing a flexible lab. Key issues to consider include: efficiency and flexibility, modular design, initial costs, long-term operational costs, building height and massing, and design image.

Fig.68 Shafts in the middle of the building

Fig.69 Shafts at the end of the building

Fig.70 Exhaust at the end and supply in the middle

SECURE / SAFE Design the lab to meet requirements to withstand man-made and natural hazards to optimize occupant safety and prevent loss of resources.

Provide a security system with one or more of the following attributes: • Some means of access control, often arranged in layers within the building.

• A computerized security management system (SMS).

• Special door hardware locksets or devices that function in unison with the SMS. • A means of visually monitoring sensitive or secure areas.

• Install a biological safety cabinet (BSC) to allow work with harmful disease agents or infected tissues without risk of infection.

FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY All Laboratory spaces should contain a hand-held chemical emergency fire extinguisher in an emergency equipment cabinet. There is generally one fire alarm pull station by each egress point and an audible and visible (strobe) alarm in each occupy-able space (not including closets, storage rooms, or coat racks). Also include toxic gas monitors in each lab module and a gas storage area with audio and visual (strobe) alarms both inside and outside the lab. Eyewash and deluge shower should be located at each module quad.

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SPACE STANDARDS-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

STUDENT HOSTELS PRINCIPLE TYPES • Staircase, where a limited number of units at each level are served by a single staircase • Linear corridor, where the number of study bedrooms served depend only on fire escape arrangements • Corridor wrapped around a service core • Flat or maisonette • House

Fig.71 Staircase

Fig.72 Linear Corridor

Fig.74 Flat or maisonette

Fig.73 Corridor wrapped around a service core

Fig.75 House

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STAFF QUARTERS AND GUEST HOUSES

Fig.76 Semi-Detached Housing

Fig.77 Linked Housing

Fig.78 Houses with courtyards

Fig.79 Terraced Houses

Fig.80 Town Houses

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PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES Passive design strategies are features innate to the form and design of a building that channelize available natural resources to ensure thermal comfort. These climate specific approaches based on sun, wind, light and micro-climatic considerations can be employed to design energy-efficient buildings.[13]

FORM AND ORIENTATION It constitutes of two of the most important passive design strategies for reducing energy consumption and improving thermal comfort for occupants of a building. It affects the amount of sun falling on surfaces, daylighting and direction of winds. Towards net zero energy goals, form and orientation have significant impact on building’s energy efficiency, by harnessing sun and prevailing winds to our advantage.

Fig.81 Form and Orientation

Fig.82 Wind Movement Pattern

13. https://nzeb.in/knowledge-centre/passive-design/

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SHADING DEVICE Structural controls like ‘external shading devices’ are essential environmental controls that either obviate or greatly reduce the need for mechanical heating and cooling to maintain thermal comfort inside buildings, by controlling heat gain through openings.

Fig.83 Horizontal Shadow Angle (HAS) and Vertical Shadow Angle (VSA) are used for designing vertical and horizontal shading devices respectively

Fig.84 External Shading Device configured according to orientation on the wall

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COOL ROOFS Just as light-coloured clothing can help keep a person cool on a sunny day, cool roofs use solarreflective surfaces to maintain lower roof temperatures. Highly reflective and light coloured roofs have now become an inclusive part of energy efficiency measure in a building.

Fig.85 Performance of cool roofs can be accessed in terms of thermal emittance, solar reflectance or Solar Reflectance Index (SRI)

Fig.86 Cool Roofs are able to maintain a temperature differential of 6-8 deg celcius between ambient and indoor air temperature

FENESTRATIONS Fenestrations influence daylight harvesting potential by reducing lighting loads without compromising on visual and thermal comfort of building occupants. Location, sizing and glazing of windows can be used judiciously to reduce cooling load, and resultantly, in smaller building cooling systems.

Solar radiation intensity is minimum on north facing openings or walls, followed by south facing facades. East and west facing openings (or walls) receive large amount of solar radiation throughout the year.

Fig.87 Heat transmission in a single glazing clear glass

INSULATION Thermal insulation in walls and roofs reduces heat transfer between the inside and outside and helps maintain comfortable indoor temperature. It provides healthier environment, adds sound control, and most importantly lowers the electricity bills.

Insulation helps keep indoor space cooler in summer months and warm during winters.

Fig.88 Insulation should always be placed on the warmer side of the envelope in warm climates, Insulation should be installed on the outside and in cold climates, on the Inside.

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DAYLIGHT Integrating daylighting with artificial lighting can considerably reduce energy consumption, but at the same time may lead to higher air conditioning loads due to heat gain.

Fig.89 External light shelves allow diffused light penetration and shade

Fig.90 External/Internal light shelves allow deeper diffused light penetration and shade

Fig.91 External/Internal light shelves allow deeper diffused light penetration and shade

Fig.92 Top lighting is an effective daylighting solution for wide buildings where side lighting not be used for adequate lighting of the deeper areas of the floor plate. To reduce glare, skylights must be designed with reflective surfaces that redirects direct sunlight into the space. Design of direction specific skylights must take in consideration angle and path of sun during winter and summer North facing skylights are most suitable for work spaces

Location, form and dimensions of shading devices • South-facing windows are the easiest to shade. Horizontal shading devices are most effective as they can block summer sun and admit winter sun.

• East- and west-facing windows are best shaded with vertical devices, but these are usually harder to incorporate into a building, and limit views from the window.

• The provision of glare protection devices will reduce the amount of daylight harvested. A balance between glare protection and daylight harvesting needs to be done carefully to ensure that the design of the daylight harvesting system will perform as intended.

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NATURAL VENTILATION • For good natural ventilation, building openings should be in opposite pressure zone ( since natural ventilation rely on pressure to move fresh air through buildings).

• The building can be oriented 0° to 30° with respect to the prevailing wind direction (wind rose diagram) most preferably orientating longer facades of the building towards predominant wind direction.

• Maximum air movement is achieved by keeping the sill height at 85% of the critical height.

• Greatest flow per unit area of the opening is achieved by keeping the inlet and the outlet of nearly same sizes at nearly same levels.

• Windows should be staggered rather than aligned.

• If the space has only one facade exposed to the exterior, it is preferred to provide at least 2 windows on the facade.

• Total area of openings should be a minimum of 30% of floor area.

• Window-Wall-Ratio (WWR) should not be more than 60%.

• Along with orientation to breeze, design of windows to collect direct breezes is important.

Use casement windows to catch and deflect wind from varying angles.

Fig.93 Opening controls like louvers, sashes, canopies and screens can be used to control tie direction and velocity of air stream flowing into a space.

Comparatively permanent controls like canopies can alter the pressure build up at the face of fenestrations and must be designed keeping this factor in mind.

Fig.94 Horizontal placement of openings and internal partitions can alter the direction and spread of air stream, Ideally openings must be placed in opposite walls, and diagonally but not directly opposite to each other. When placed in walls perpendicular to each other the inlets and outlets should be at the farthest corners of the walls

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THERMAL MASS Thermal mass helps to store heat within the building structure and moderate fluctuations in the indoor temperature. This heat storing capacity of building material helps in achieving thermal comfort for occupants by providing time delay.

Fig.95 Thermal Mass: Daytime

Fig.96 Thermal Mass: Nocturnal Cooling

EVAPORATIVE COOLING Over the years, traditional wisdom has supported the idea of a water body such as pond, lake or a fountain to provide cooling effect to the surrounding environment. This effect lowers the indoor air temperature – a widely known concept of evaporative cooling.

Fig.97 Passive downdraught towers catch hot ambient air through wind scoops at the top. This air is cooled either through mechanical systems like nozzle sprays or through passive systems like water filled vessels. The heavy cool air sinks to the bottom zone of habitable spaces. Efficiency depends on the temperature differential between the warm outside air and cool air inside the tower

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VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF ASSAM The Vernacular style of Assam mainly consists of three important significances 1. Hip (or Gable) Roof

2. Use of Bamboo as major building materials

3. Higher plinth level.

Fig.98 Vernacular Architecture of Assam

Fig.99 Major components of the vernacular Architecture of Assam

BAMBOO AS A BUILDING MATERIAL Utilization of Bamboo for construction is achieved by a structural frame technique which is related to same approach applied in usual timber frame design and construction.[14] In case of bamboo, floor, walls and roof are interconnected and often rely on the other for overall stability. Bamboo has played a vital role in the growth of enterprises and the rural transformation.

BAMBOO FOR FOUNDATIONS The distance between two pedestal footings should not be more than 20m for bamboo based superstructure.

Minimum diameter of bamboo posts at thinner end shall not be less than 70mm.

Unsupported height of the post shall not be more than 30m. If the height of the post is longer, an original tie of bamboo shall be provided.

Tar or Creosote treatment at the bottom of the post is required that needs to be embedded in the plinth.

Fig.100 Bamboo Column Section

14. https://theconstructor.org/building/bamboo-as-a-building-material-uses-advantages/14838/

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BAMBOO FOR PLINTH A 300 m deep and 100mm diameter hole shall be made in the plinth beam and the foundation pile/pier to embed the bamboo post. The post shall be erected in this hole and clean sand shall be filed and compacted around the post in the hole. A shear key of split bamboo shall be fixed through the plinth beam and the bamboo post.

Fig.101 Bamboo for plinth

BAMBOO SUPERSTRUCTURE Bamboo is prone to fungal and borer attack due to presence of starch. This starch needs to be removed through chemical treatment to ensure longevity of bamboo structures.

DIAGONAL BRACING

KNEE BRACING

Diogonal bracing between the posts in each wall at the corners from plinth level end to end shall be provided.

Alternatively, knee bracing may be provided at coch post to connect post and the attic level beam

Fig.102 Diagonal Bracing for Earthquake and Windresistance

Fig.103 Use of Knee Braces for Lateral load resistance

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BAMBOO FOR WALLS Bamboo is extensively used for construction of walls and partitions.

Posts and beams are the main elements normally constructed with bamboo to provide structural framework for walls.

They are positioned in a way to be able to withstand forces of nature. An infill is used between framing elements to add strength and stability to the walls.

Fig.104 Bamboo for Walls

BAMBOO FOR ROOFING Bamboo is one of the best roofing materials and provides ample sturdiness to the structure. It is a proven shield against forces of nature and is considerably light weighted which makes it easy to install.

The bamboo roofs encompass purlins, rafters and trusses.

The J bolts shall be galvanized and have minimum 6 mm diameter. J bolts shall add up to at least half the diameter of bamboo purlin.

The spacing between two consecutive I bolt shall not be more than 45 cm.

Fig.105 Bamboo for Roofing

In case of burnt clay tile roofs, cross bracing shall be provided with wire or bamboo in roof understructure.

The last row of burnt clad tiles shall be held by sandwiching them between split bamboo strips. So as to ensure the tiles are not blown away due to high winds or slice off.

Fig.106 Tying with columns and beams

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TYPES OF HOUSING IN ASSAM There are basically three types of houses in Assam - Wattle and Daub House, Ikra House, Chang House.[15] WATTLE AND DAUB HOUSE: These houses are essentially made from organic renewable resources such as bamboo, mud, grass, straw, cane leaves, cane etc. The plinth and the foundation consists of consolidated earth with timber or bamboo posts, the walls consist of bamboo mats, split bamboo framing, grass, earth, cane leaves etc., and the roof is thatched, made of wheat or maize straws, with split bamboo framing. In this housing system bamboo is used as the main structural member. The wall is made of bamboo strips and it is plastered with mud or mud mixed with dung.

IKRA HOUSE: Ikra house commonly referred to as the “Assam type house” is common throughout Northeast India.

Typically these houses are built with lightweight locally available materials like bamboos, wooden planks, thatch, etc.

Such houses have a proper system of bamboo/wooden beam-column and fulfill the earthquake safety requirements of rectangularity and simplicity. Ikra houses are single-story structures consisting of brick or stone masonry walls up to about 1 m above the plinth.

Fig.107 Wattle and Daub House

Fig.108 Ikra House

CHANG HOUSE: The raised stilt house is common in the Himalayan region. It is used for constructing houses in the hilly regions.

In the Upper Assam region where the Mishing tribal community of Assam used to live, the Chang concept houses are found as their traditional way of living.

Most of the Chang houses are built in and around rivers, forest, and vegetation regions.

Fig.109 Chang House

15. https://builtarchi.com/architecture-in-assam/

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ECO-SENSITIVE ZONE Th e p r o s p e c t o f the forma ti on of the Eco- Sensitive Zone( s) cam e in thr ou gh the Env i r o n m e n t P rote cti on A ct (19 86) , and The Centr al Gover nm ent of Indi a w as m a d e s o l e l y resp o n si bl e for a n y of the actions to be taken r egar ding the matter.

Th e En v i r o n men t P rote cti on A ct m ainly aim s to pr otect the envir onm ent and c o n s e r v e t h e bi od i versi ty i n th e r egions. And to achieve this goal, i t w as e s s e n t i a l f o r the go ve rnmen t to declar e a few r estr iction zones. In these ar eas , a n y a u t o m a t e d proce d u res w i l l n ot be enter tained; especially if it poses a thr eat t o t h e e x i s t i ng b i od i verse rad a r in the ar ea. [ 1 6 ]

WHY WERE ECO-SENSITIVE ZONE(S) CREATED? Th e Ec o - S e nsi ti ve Z on e s w ere cr eated due to the following r easons: T H E G R O W I N G I N D U S T R I A L I Z AT I O N : Wit h t h e w o r l d w i d e tre n d i ng o f globalization, the num ber of industr ies has s een m a s s i v e g r o w th i n re ce n t yea rs . These zones ar e m eant to pr eser ve s om e p a r t i c u l a r a r ea s i n th e i r n a tu ral essence. They act as a shock- absor ber for the p ro t e c t e d a r eas.

S P E C I F Y I N G A C T I V I T Y L I M I TAT I O N S : Th e z o n e s a ckn o w l e d g e th e pri or ity or der of what can and cannot be done i n s o m e o f t h e p rote cte d a rea s. These involve the thr ee distinct categori es of activities.

•F i r s t c o m e s the “P ro h i bi ted Activities” which includes pr evention o f any a n d e v e r y c o mme rci a l a cti vi ty; especially any industr ial wor k that can c aus e p o l l u t i o n o f a n y fo rm.

•T h e Se c o n d o n e sta te s th e se t of “ Regulated Activities” which allows us i ng of n a t u r a l r e s o u rces such as w a te r and woods to a cer tain extent. This one al s o a llo w s r u n n i ng b u si ne sse s a s i n r esor ts and r esidential establishm ents.

•T h e t h i r d an d fi na l o n e i s the “ Per m itted Activities” , and these perm i tted a c t i v i t i e s a r e e xte n si ve ag ri cu l tur e, pr acticing r ainwater har vesting and us i ng n o n - c o n v e n t ion a l sou rces o f e n er gy.

C O N S E R V I N G A N D P R O T E C T I N G E N V I R O N M E N T: Th e Ec o - S e n si ti ve zon e no t on l y pledges to im pr ove the envir onm ental condi ti ons b u t a l s o e n c ou rag e s o th e r p roj ects like conser vation of wildlife and pr es er v i ng t h e b i o l o g i c a l di versi ty of th e a r ea in their natur al habitat. These zone s al s o t e n d t o r e p l e n i sh th e fo rests a nd sor ts out the m an- anim al conflict. T hough a ll t h e s e z on e s n e e d a sou n d m anagem ent system at the cor e to fu nc ti on c o r r e c t l y, t h e oth e r e n vi ro n men tal acts of this nation do help them with the m a t t e r e ff e c ti ve l y.

16. https://pscnotes.in/eco-sensitive-zone-in-india/#:~:text=The%20prospect%20of%20the%20formation,be%20 taken%20regarding%20the%20matter.

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FUNCTIONING OF AN ECO-SENSITIVE ZONE EXTENT AND BOUNDARIES OF ECO-SENSITIVE ZONE Th e e x t e n t of E co-sen si ti ve Z on e var ies fr om Zer o kilom eter to 7.5 kilometer s a ro u n d t h e Deh i ng P a tka i S a n ctuar y. The ar ea of the Eco- sensitive Zone i s 2 1 5 . 8 2 s q u a r e ki l o mete rs.

ZONAL MASTER PLAN FOR THE ECO-SENSITIVE ZONE Th e St a t e Go ve rnmen t sh a l l , for the pur poses of effective m anagem ent of t h e Ec o - s e n s i ti ve Z o n e , p rep a re a Zonal M aster Plan within a per iod of tw o y e a r s f r o m the d a te o f p u b l i ca tion of this notification in the Official Ga z ette, in c o n s u l t a t i on w i th l oca l pe o p l e and adher ing to the stipulations given i n thi s n o t i f i c a t i o n f or ap p rova l of C ompetent Author ity in the State Gover nm ent.

LAND USE Fo r e s t s , h o rti cu l ture area s, agr icultur al ar eas, par ks and open s pac es e a r m a r k e d f or recrea ti on a l p u rposes in the Eco- sensitive Zone shall not be u s e d o r c o n verted i n to area s for m ajor com m er cial or r esidential or indus tr i al activities.

Fig.110 Eco-Sensitive Zone of Dihing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary

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BYELAWS FOR INSTITUTIONAL COMPLEX Th e A s s a m Bye -l a w s a re di vi d e d into two categor ies - Guwahati M etr opol i tan Area a n d A s s a m N o ti fi e d U rb a n Ar eas ( Other than Guwahati) .

Th e s e l e c t e d forest l a n d fal l s ou tside the boundar y of the ESZ of Dehing Patk ai Ran g e a n d sh a l l fo l l o w the In stitutional Bye- laws for Ur ban Ar eas other than G u w a h a t i . [1 7 ] Means of access

Flo o r Ar e a R a ti o G ro u n d C o v erag e Acc e s s R o a d

17. http://www.cachar.nic.in/dept/DDMA/Assam_Notified_Urban_Areas%20_Other_than_Guwahati_%20Building_ Rules_2014.pdf

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Wa te r S upply as per Occupancy

P ark ing Specifications

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BIODIVERSITY OF DEHING PATKAI, ASSAM

Fig.111 Assam State Symbols

BIRDS OF ASSAM More than 20 species and sub-species of birds were recorded so far from Assam. Altogether 46 important bird areas are identified in Assam. Its varied habitats are important for many rare and threatened avian species including 17 endemic and 77 globally threatened species.

Fig.112 Birds of Assam BIOSYNERGY | Page 52

LESSER KNOWN GLOBALLY THREATENED MAMMALS OF ASSAM

Fig.113 Lesser Known Globally Threatened Mammals of Assam BIOSYNERGY | Page 53

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CHAPTER 3

PROTOTYPE AND CASE STUDY

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CALUMET ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER ECOLOGICAL DESIGN

TYPE: Hypothetical ARCHITECT: Urbanlab LOCATION: Chicago, IL AREA: 28,000 Sq.Ft. LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE | SUSTAINABLE APPROACH

INTRODUCTION The Calumet Environmental Center is a perfect project to study the ecological relationship of a building with its surrounding context. UrbanLab’s proposal for Calumet’s Environmental Center demonstrates the followingINTEGRATION OF NATURE SUSTAINABLE DESIGN EDUCATION.

MASTERPLAN The master plan includesGARDENS OUTDOOR CLASSROOMS CHILDREN’S PLAY SPACES SEVERAL NATIVE LANDSCAPE TYPES, INNOVATIVE STORMWATER MANAGEMENT APPROACHES INCLUDING BIOSWALES AND RAINWATER RECIRCULATION INTERPRETIVE SIGNAGE

Fig.114 Master plan

18. https://www.urbanlab.com/calumet-environmental-center

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PLANS The environmental center building provides welcoming indoor and outdoor spaces in which tour groups, volunteers, and school children gather to learn about nature in Chicago. As an educational center, the building offers spaces for formal presentations and active learning in classrooms and laboratories.

Fig.115 Terrace Plan

Fig.116 Ground Floor Plan

Fig.118 Operable exterior louvers allow occupants full environmental control over their learning spaces, and provide direct entry to the landscape.

Fig.117 Water + Wetlands Filtration Loops

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SECTIONS

Fig.119 Longitudinal Sections

LEGEND 1: WOOD GUARDRAIL 2: VEGETATION 3: TOPSOIL 6” MIN 4: DRAINAGE 4” 5: RIGID INSULATION 6” 6: CONCRETE SLAB 7: WOOD SCREEN PANEL 8. OPERABLE WOOD SCREEN 9: GALVANIZED STEEL FRAMES 10: WOOD WINDOW SYSTEM W/ SLIDING INSULATED SAFETY GLASS PANELS 11: AIR-FLOOR MECHANICAL SYSTEM: 12: CONCRETE SLAB 13: RIGID INSULATION 6” 14: REUSE PLYWOOD CONCRETE FORM-WORK AS SUB-FLOOR

Fig.120 Transverse Sections BIOSYNERGY | Page 60

VIEWS

Fig.121 Media Orientation Slope

Fig.122 Exhibition Space

Fig.123 Cleaned Water Marsh

Fig.124 Self-Guided Trails

Fig.125 Exhibition Space - Exterior

Fig.126 Ice Skating in Winters

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INFERENCES Welcoming indoor and outdoor spaces.

Spaces for formal presentations.

Less formal learning in exhibition spaces and the café.

Interpretive displays and literature.

Self-guided tours and signage along the trail system.

Innovative storm-water management approaches.

Bioswales and rainwater recirculation.

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SYNANTHROPIC SUBURBIA COEXISTENCE WITH FLORA AND FAUNA

TYPE: Hypothetical – M.Arch Thesis ARCHITECT: Sarah Gunawan LOCATION: Canada AREA: 28,000 Sq.Ft. WILDLIFE FRIENDLY GREENSPACES | INNOVATIVE DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

INTRODUCTION Synanthropic Suburbia”, Sarah Gunawan’s M.Arch thesis at the University of Waterloo, proposes a set of design interventions that provide habitat for small animals native to the region. Barn owls, bluebirds, and raccoons are among the species Gunawan addresses in her project through attachments to the single-family house that produce novel relationships that are productive for the human resident as well as their animal neighbors.

Fig.128 Interface Opportunities

Fig.127 Narrative of suburban development and cohabitation

Fig.130 Temperature Control Components

19. https://issuu.com/sarahgunawan/docs/synanthropicsuburbia_sarahgunawan

Fig.129 Interface Vulnerabilities

Fig.131 Water Mitigation Components

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COMPOST CHIMNEY PROSTHETICS The popularity of the gas fireplace has rendered the conventional domestic chimney obsolete.

The form of the chimney is re-appropriated through the design process into a permanent compost system. Food waste is inserted into the base where it undergoes a three stage process.

The digestion and circulation stage is executed by the raccoon who rotates an external gear with its dexterous paws. The upper volume of the chimney provides a protected habitat which is inaccessible to the raccoons below. Heat generated from the decomposition process is ventilated upwards into the cavity extend the shoulder seasons for the bird.

Fig.132 Compost Chimney Prosthetics

Fig.133 Compost Chimney Section

Fig.134 Structural Axonometric

Fig.135 Enclosure Axonometric

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EXTENDED EAVE PROSTHETICS The Extended Eave merges water mitigation systems with exhaust vents to create extended season habitat for both bluebirds and tree swallows. Each bird defends a territorial range but if nests are properly paired, they are capable of cohabiting successfully.

The system also improves the functionality and appearance of typical eaves troughs by using vegetation and extended planting beds to increase rainwater capacity and reduce risk of debris build up. For humans, the Extended Eave enhances the aesthetic and ecological value of the house while encouraging desirable avian species who serve as natural pest control.

Fig.136 Extended Eave Prosthetics

Fig.138 Extended Eave Section / Winter

Fig.137 Extended Eave Details

Fig.139 Extended Eave Section / Summer

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HABITAT DORMER PROSTHETICS The typical form of the dormer is re-imagined to provide additional real estate for the barn owl, brown bat, and human.

Formally it extends the language of the multi-peaked roofs which are widely marketed to suburban home buyers as desirable features.

Roof exhaust vents are embedded into the system. It ensures that they are protected from animal infiltration while also providing heat to the nest box which is situated under the roof of the dormer.

Fig.140 Habitat Dormer Prosthetics

Fig.142 Scale Prototypes

Fig.141 Habitat Dormer View

Fig.143 Bat Wall Cladding Fig.144 Habitat Dormer Section BIOSYNERGY | Page 67

INFERENCES Designing of Compost Chimney in three parts.

Merging water mitigation systems with exhaust vents.

Designing of Roof exhaust vents.

Extended vegetation as transverse animal corridors.

Waste Management through Wildlife Corridors.

Retaining rainwater in Birdbath Eave, further used in irrigation.

Structural branching detail providing nesting opportunities.

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HABITAT FOR URBAN WILDLIFE COEXISTENCE WITH FLORA AND FAUNA

TYPE: Re-purpose existing water towers ARCHITECT: Ifat Finkelman & Ofer Bilik Architects LOCATION: Israel BIRD-FRIENDLY DESIGN | RE-PURPOSE | INTERACTIVE DESIGN

THE WATER TANK AND THE TOWER THE WATER TANK In order to create a real dialogue between residents and the natural system, a high quality interface including hidden viewing platforms, research activities, publicity, nature & art galleries and other educational functions, has to be established. The Water Tank is an integrative structure.

It’s double skin and winter rain pool creates natural living systems inhabited by a variety of species surrounding the structure’s inner space which is designated for communal activities.

Fig.145 Water Tank - Ground Plan

Fig.146 Water Tank - Roof Plan

THE WATER TOWER - VIEWING PLATFORMS The preservation of the water tower demands a minimal intervention that respects the original architecture of the tower without compromising the new program and activities within it. A system of staircases and viewing gallerias occupy the internal space and allow for bird (and wildlife) watching without disturbing the various species. The galleries are specifically arranged to match the geographical and biological variety. They complete a full panorama - 360 degrees of urban wildlife.

Fig.147 The Water Tower - Section 20. https://www.archdaily.com/113280/habitat-for-urban-wildlife-ofer-bilik-architects

Fig.148 Viewing Platforms BIOSYNERGY | Page 70

BIODIVERSITY Living buildings function as natural systems and keep a balanced equilibrium between the structure and its natural surroundings. According to its geographical location and the resources it uses the living structure needs to supply hidden areas, nesting spaces and food resources in order to strengthen the natural biological, ecological and visual systems.

By locating and defining a variety of existing or potential animal and plant species in the area, We are able to create a series of openings and internal voids - each specifically sized and positioned to allow for a rich and varied range of animals - from fruit bats and song birds to small mammals, reptiles and amphibians.

Fig.149 Biodiversity

Fig.150 Viewpoints

Fig.151 Tank Typical Detail BIOSYNERGY | Page 71

INFERENCES Height, unique structure and strategic locations - an impetus for encouraging wildlife.

Hidden viewing platforms create an integrative design.

Providing nesting spaces and food resources to encourage ecological vibrancy.

Specifically sized and positioned openings and voids.

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KINGSBROOK WILDLIFE FRIENDLY HOUSING COEXISTENCE WITH FLORA AND FAUNA

TYPE: Housing ARCHITECT: Barratt Developments LOCATION: Kingsbrook, UK YEAR: Unbuilt NEIGHBORHOODS FOR NATURE | WILDLIFE-FRIENDLY GREENSPACES

INTRODUCTION The RSPB is leading a progressive approach to wildlife-friendly housing in conjunction with Barratt Developments and Aylesbury Vale District Council. This award-winning partnership, which involves working with the national Barratt team and AVDC ecologists, aims to show that new homes need not be at the expense of the natural world.

Fig.152 Home Building for Nature

OBJECTIVES • 60 per cent wildlife-friendly greenspace, excluding gardens. This sets a new standard, where the new housing will be surrounded by large areas of ponds, parks, meadows, orchards and nature reserve.

• Wildlife corridors. Kingsbrook is being designed so that wildlife can move all around and through the greenspace and the residential areas. Whether it be hedges, strips of wildflower grassland or gaps under fences and walls, wildlife won’t have the barriers they normally face.

• Sustainable Urban Drainage- Rather than shunting rainwater straight underground into pipes, in many places it will be directed along rills and swanes on the surface - great wildlife habitat - slowing the flow and using nature to clean the water.

• Planting for wildlife, including a higher proportion than is usual of native shrubs, many hedges, areas of wildflower grassland for pollinators and butterflies, plus fruit trees in gardens.

• All manner of wildlife homes, from bird-boxes built into the walls of houses to places where amphibians can hibernate.

21. https://www.rspb.org.uk/our-work/conservation/projects/kingsbrook-housing/ 22. https://www.rspb.org.uk/globalassets/downloads/documents/conservation-projects/nature-home-kingsbrook.pdf

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INTERACTION BOOSTER SOLUTIONS

Fig.153 Interaction Booster Solutions

ON SITE INTERVENTIONS

Fig.154 On-Site Interventions - House Martin Cups

Fig.155 On-Site Interventions - Hedgehog Haven

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INFERENCES Maximize Wildlife Friendly green-spaces.

Designing barrier free Wildlife Corridor through hedges, grassland, shrubs etc.

Sustainable Urban Drainage.

Planting for wildlife.

Use of Innovative Solutions like bird boxes, swift bricks.

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BIODIVERSITY TRAINING INSTITUTE SPATIAL STANDARDS

TYPE: Educational, Master-planning, Mixed-use ARCHITECT: Architecture Brio, Fuse Studio LOCATION: Pangthang, Sikkim YEAR: Ongoing AREA: 5,000 Sq.M. ECOLOGICAL PLANNING | ZONING AND MASSING | SPATIAL STUDY

INTRODUCTION The Biodiversity Training Institute is located near Sikkim’s capital Gangtok, placed on a slope.

It faces world’s third highest mountain, the Kanchenjunga. To increase the benefits of the view of Kanchenjunga, the institute is placed on a flat plateau at a higher elevation mid way between the mountain slope. Spaces like training halls, workshop space, conference auditorium, library, research labs and residential facilities will face this wonderful view. These are placed in the two arms of the U-shaped building. In the body of the building the residential rooms face southwards, the warmest side of the building.

SITE AND LANDSCAPE A road starting from the public road at the north east of the site will wind up the slope. As an experiential route the road climbs along three residences for the staff and emerge at the south side of the Institute.

Once reached on the platform behind the Institute a view through the entrance hall takes one by surprise: a framed view of the Kanchenjunga.

Fig.156 Site Plan

The building is partly embedded in the surface of the earth.

A benefit of this is that the thermal mass of the earth can keep the indoor temperature naturally tempered. On one side of the building the level of the land is at the same level as the roof of the building.

This allows the landscape as a continues surface to continue over the roof of the building.

Fig.157 Site and Landscape View

23. http://architecturebrio.com/projects-item/biodiversity-training-institute/ 24. https://o-drie.nl/sikkim-biodiversity-training-institute-india/

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MASSING AND INTER-RELATIONSHIP

Fig.158 Massing and Inter-relationship

Fig.159 Circulation

Fig.160 Program Distribution

Fig.161 Rainwater Harvesting

Fig.162 Climate Control

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PLANS AND ELEVATIONS

Fig.163 Plan 1

Fig.164 Plan 2

Fig.165 Plan 3

Fig.166 Section 1

Fig.167 Section 2

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ECOLOGICAL LAYER The humid climate of Sikkim is ideal for the growth of mosses. Instead of trying to keep stone walls clean, the external walls will be covered by epiphytic species such as mosses, lichens and ferns, creating an additional layer of biodiversity over time.

The species are so called pioneer species.

They colonize previously uncolonized land, usually leading to ecological succession. They are the first organisms to start the chain of events leading to a livable biosphere or ecosystem. Since uncolonized land may have thin, poor quality soils with few nutrients, pioneer species are often hearty plants with adaptations such as long roots, root nodes containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and leaves that employ transpiration.

Pioneer species will die creating plant litter, and break down as ‘leaf mold‘ after some time, making new soil for secondary succession.

Fig.168 Brick Wall – Thermally insulated wall construction which forms a canvas for mosses and ferns to grow

Fig.169 Forest succession overtime in six stages BIOSYNERGY | Page 81

INFERENCES Compact building with small footprint.

Use of solar energy, local vegetation and wind.

Thermal mass of the walls used to moderate temperature.

Harmonic relation with nature.

The building is partly embedded in the surface of the earth. A benefit of this is that the thermal mass of the earth can keep the indoor temperature naturally tempered.

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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF FOREST MANAGEMENT SPATIAL STANDARDS

TYPE: Institutional ARCHITECT: Anant Raje LOCATION: Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh YEAR: 1988 AREA: 17,500 Sq.M. SPATIAL STUDY | AREA STATEMENT

INTRODUCTION The Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM) at Bhopal has been built on a 65-hectare hilly site. The design of the institute was inspired by the perception of continuity which mitigates isolationist tendencies and the belief that institutions are self-contained entities whose growth is nurtured by a process of self-renewal through the various stages of their development.

SITE PLAN WITH GROUND FLOOR DETAIL • The hill site is crowned by the academic complex and is marked by the presence of a compact, cohesive group of buildings which constitute the working zone.

• The core area is composed of the auditorium, library and the academic court.

• The plan of the academic area focuses on the faculty and research offices that form the crucial inner core located equidistant from the administrative offices on one side and the teaching areas on the other side.

• The Auditorium, with a capacity of 750, is planned for multipurpose activities - speech, music or film. The seating is partly on a flat area with removable chairs and partly on permanent tiers. Spaces are provided for green rooms, a switch gear room and chair storage.

WATER STRIP AND BASIN

Fig.170 Site Plan with Ground Floor Details

25. https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-193017 26. https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-178749

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SPATIAL STUDY AND PROGRAMME The living zone consists of student dormitories, kitchen, dining areas and other spaces for group meetings. Student dormitories are located at the southern Lip of the academic complex. Each unit consists of one house for ten students who share bathroom facilities. Each house has a living room, at the terrace level, which captures the view of the distant lakes on the horizon, and forms the social centre.

Fig.171 Spatial Study and Program

Fig.172 Dining Area

Fig.173 Dormitories

Fig.174 Openings are recessed into shadow pockets which become the dominant feature controlling and directing scale and proportion throughout the building.

Academic building: Indoor spaces : 1) Administration

2) Faculty offices

3) Large classrooms

4) Small classrooms

5) Seminar rooms

6) Library

7) Auditorium Outdoor spaces :

1) Academic court

2) Administration court

3) Gardens

4) Promenade

5) Parking Residential buildings Indoor spaces : 1) Dormitories

2) Dormitories for senior participants Outdoor spaces :

1) Entrance courts

2) Connecting walkways.

Dining: Indoor spaces :

1) Mess halls

2) Kitchen Outdoor spaces :

1) Kitchen yard

2) Dining sit-out terraces.

Recreation: Indoor spaces : 1) Clubhouse Outdoor spaces :

1) Badminton courts

2) Volleyball courts

3) Basketball courts

27. https://worldarchitecture.org/article-links/ehmmf/anant_rajedesigned_iifm_bhopal_needs_urgent_ restoration_ingenious_approach_for_future_growth.html

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INFERENCES Research offices form the crucial inner core connecting the administration area and the teaching areas.

In place of a continuous narrow corridor, individual set back lobbies serves as stop-off meeting places, opening towards courts.

The library, due to its height, serve as a strong focal point and as a symbolic anchor of the academic court.

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RAIN FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE SPATIAL STANDARDS

TYPE: Institutional ARCHITECT: Unknown LOCATION: Jorhat, Assam YEAR: 1988 AREA: 15,000 Sq.M. SPATIAL STUDY | AREA STATEMENT

INTRODUCTION Rain Forest Research Institute (RFRI), Jorhat, Assam, is one of the constituent institutes of Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Dehradun.

The Institute came into being to cater the forestry related research & extension needs of the North Eastern Region of the country. The Institute encompasses of all the disciplines of forestry research.

SITE AND CIRCULATION ADMINISTRATION BLOCK LIBRARY MUSEUM LABORATORIES AUDITORIUM RESIDENTIAL WORKSHOP INDOOR RECREATION CLUB

Open spaces in the form of nursery and botanical gardens have been incorporated which add to the landscaping as well as serve the purpose of education.

Fig.175 Site and Circulation

SITE ZONING

L A B O R AT O R I E S

The zoning of the site is done with respect to the organizational structure of the RFRI, Jorhat.

This helps in creating a comprehensive design responding to the movement pattern of the users.

HOSTEL

COMMUNITY HALL

S TA F F Q U A R T E R

GUEST HOUSE

MUSEUM

LIBRARY

A D M I N I S T R AT I O N

AUDITORIUM

WORKSHOP AREA FOR LOCALS

I N F O R M AT I O N CENTRE

ENTRANCE

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ADMINISTRATION BLOCK The Administration block has a reception area at the entrance which gets segregated into two parts Wing A (VIP lounge, Director’s cabin, Accounts section, offices).

Wing B (Sitting space, Conference room, Rhino hall and computer IT cell).

RECEPTION AREA The Reception opens up into the courtyard and connects to the mezzanine level. Two divisions of research are located on this floor.

Fig.176 Reception Area

Fig.177 Reception Area

Fig.178 Reception Area

WING A - ADMINISTRATIVE AREAS

WING B - INTERACTION AREAS

Fig.179 VIP lounge (15’x12’)

Fig.180 Director’s room (18’x15’)

Fig.183 Waiting area

Fig.181 Office (12’x8’)

Fig.182 Accounts Section (15’x15’)

Fig.185 Conference room (18’x15’)

Fig.184 Computer IT Cell (20’x20’)

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LIBRARY Entrance Lobby has space for reading Newspapers and magazines.

The Library houses 7000 books and has an area of 900 sq.ft. (45’X22’) Reading area has been segregated and a separate room is dedicated.

Fig.186 Entrance Lobby

Fig.187 Library

Fig.188 Reading Zone

WORKSHOP AREA Training area for locals have been created out of structural steel shed.

A closed space is next to the semi-open space in order to store the various handmade objects.

Fig.189 Open Workshop Area

Fig.190 Semi-Open Shed

Fig.191 Storage Shed

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LABORATORIES The laboratories are designed according to the requirements of the six divisions of research: 1. Forest Ecology and Climate Change 2. Forest Protection Division 3. Siviculture and Forest Management 4. Genetics and Tree Division 5. Chemistry and Bio-Prospecting 6. Extension Division

GIS laboratory Plant Pathology, Mycology, Entomology Soil microbiology and Soil science lab Tissue culture lab, Molecular biology lab Biochemistry lab

Th r e e m a j o r co mpo n e n ts o f l ab s include:

Fig.192 Equipment Slab

Fig.193 Storage Unit

Fig.194 Working Desk

LABORATORY LAYOUTS LABORATORY - 1 UNIT

GROUP OF LABORATORIES

Each lab is connected to two rooms: office for HOD, and room for technical staff.

Two labs should have shared space for sanitation before entering.

STAFF

LABORATORY

HOD

LAB

SHARED SPACE

LAB Fig.195 Co-Working Research Space

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INFERENCES Laboratories not designed according to basic sanitation facilities.

Maintenance issues- Windows and Exhaust filled with dust, hence inadequate ventilation.

Site planning to be done in the similar manner with animal and botanical gardens forming transition spaces between different built structures.

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FOREST AND WILDLIFE TRAINING CENTER MUSEUM AND EXHIBITION AREAS

TYPE: Museum and Exhibition Spaces ARCHITECT: Nittha Wuttibenjapolchai LOCATION: Thailand YEAR: 2018 INTERACTIVE DESIGN | DESIGNING WITH NATURE

INTRODUCTION ‘Learning by Doing’ is the best solution for learning effectively and affects people’s experience and their mind. Architecture is the one important tool to be intermediary between people and environment. Moreover, it also creates suitable atmosphere for better learning. Learning center is the place which helps to encourage people’s awareness and their mindset since it focuses on performing activities and for learning and sharing experience and knowledge to other people.

Fig.196 Floor Plan

COMPONENTS Entrance zone (Indoor Lobby and Information desk) Exhibition zone (Separated into 6 main rooms - Introduction room : Origin of Forest - Room 1 : Into the Forest - Room 2 : Wildlife in the deep forest - Room 3 : Benefit of the forest - Room 4 : What happen with wildlife.

- Room 5 : Now situation Learning zone - This zone is divided into an indoor and outdoor space. The indoor space will be class rooms, Mini-Theater, and a library. The outdoor is the workshop spaces where visitors can do activities together.

28. https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/hpvch/forest_and_wildlife_learning_center-project-pages. html

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PLAN AND SECTIONS

Fig.197 Exhibition Zone

Fig.198 Section A

Fig.199 Section B

Fig.200 Section C

EXHIBITION SPACES - VIEW

Fig.201 View 1

Fig.202 View 2

Fig.203 View 3

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INFERENCES Architectural elements such as lighting, scale or proportion and building materials.

Design emphasizes on the outdoor activities and workshop spaces.

Learning experience through exhibit spaces.

Each exhibition hall differ in the type of flora and fauna and hence its architectural character.

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BAMBOO HOSTELS RESIDENTIAL SPACES | BAMBOO CONSTRUCTION

TYPE: Residential ARCHITECT: Anna Heringer LOCATION: China YEAR: Unknown RESIDENTIAL | ECO-FRIENDLY | BAMBOO STRUCTURE

INTRODUCTION The Bamboo Hostels is one of the distinctive schemes showcased at the bamboo biennial by German architect Anna Heringer.

The Bamboo Hostels comprises of two hostels and one guest-house.

A total of three structures – different in their form, but same in their material expression– explored bamboo used in contemporary ways. Unlike traditional houses that hide mud behind fake facades, this project celebrated the beauty of bamboo in its exposed and natural form.

Fig.204 Bamboo Hostels

SITE PLANNING The three hostels - the dragon, the nightingale and the peacock - aim to show a quite radical example of building simple yet poetic and humane in a way that it pushes the skills of local craftsmen onto a new level and leaves the biggest part of the profit with the community.

Fig.205 Site Planning

29. https://www.archdaily.com/950733/bamboo-hostels-china-studio-anna-heringer 30. https://www.designboom.com/architecture/anna-heringer-bamboo-biennale-china-baoxi-hostelbuildings-04-21-2017/

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PLANS AND SECTIONS

GU EST H OU SE

The structure of the hostels is formed using a core made of stones and rammed earth. The core hosts all facility units and the stairs. Attached to it are the sleeping units. The latter are designed like Chinese lampshades that glow at night. Around them is an expressive structure made from woven bamboo.

YOUTH HOSTEL W OM EN

Fig.206 Guest House

YO U TH H OS TE L M EN

Fig.207 Youth Hostel Women

Fig.208 Youth Hostel Men

31. https://www.anna-heringer.com/projects/bamboo-hostels-china/

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SLEEPING CAPSULES AND ELEVATIONS The energy system is based on direct and ‘archaic’ sources like fire and sun, wind, shade, plants and the concept of minimizing conditioned spaces. Rather than making a huge effort in both money and resources for controlling the climate of the entire volume of the hostels, only the core – which houses the utility rooms – and the cocoons are thermally controlled. They are protected from the rain and have heating or cooling options on a very low-tech level. Fire is used as a heat source through an effective oven that also heats warm water for the showers, supported by solar collectors, while creating a communicative atmosphere in the common rooms.

Fig.209 Sleeping Capsules Section

Fig.210 Sleeping Capsules

Fig.211 Elevation of Stairs Youth Hostel Female

Fig.212 The textile skins of the cocoons painted with motifs referring to the three buildings’ symbolic names: dragon, peacock or nightingale. (Elevation view of the core’s wall)

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INFERENCES Celebrating the beauty of bamboo in its exposed and natural form.

Use of Bamboo structure in residential component.

Involving local craftsmanship.

Innovative structures like capsules serve functional requirement as well as create interest.

Passive techniques for thermal control.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS - COEXISTENCE

WILDLIFE FRIENDLY HOUSING

Hundreds of water towers were built in different periods and styles across Israel, many of which now stand dry, noticeably disintegrating. The abandoned tower has a lot of open space around it.

Site is a large chunk of flat farmland which is being converted into housing for urban expansion. Green farmlands with meadows, wet ground and shrubs with berries act as a great site for animals.

70% Open - 30% Built.

Maximum open spaces have been transformed into animal movement corridors with plantation of shrubs, hedges on the edge.

80% Open - 20% Built.

These open areas surrounded by buildings on all sides result in great places for the wildlife to co-habitat and survive in.

60% Open - 40% Built.

The housing is surrounded by large areas of ponds, parks, meadows, orchards and nature reserve.

Invention of “ecological prosthetics” as habitats for birds, bats, and raccoons in suburban neighborhoods Compost Chimney, Extended Eaves, Habitat Dormer Prosthetics.

Series of openings and internal voids - each specifically sized and positioned to allow for a rich and varied range of animals - from fruit bats and song birds to small mammals, reptiles and amphibians.

Wildlife Corridors to promote animal movement.

All manner of wildlife homes, from bird-boxes built into the walls of houses to places where amphibians can hibernate.

Dry Construction techniques for Residences.

Innovative wooden prototype solutions for bat wall cladding.

Abandoned urban Concrete water tower – with prominent height, unique structure and strategic location, to act as an impetus for encouraging an urban wildlife.

Special nest brick to maximize habitable space for birds.

External walls include clever provision for roosting bats.

Holes in fences allow hogs to move safely from garden to garden.

Merging water mitigation systems with exhaust vents.

Retaining rainwater in Birdbath Eave, further used in irrigation.

Structural branching detail providing nesting opportunities.

Integrative structure - It’s double skin and winter rain pool creates natural living systems inhabited by a variety of species.

Allows 360 degree panoramic view.

Sustainable Urban Drainage Rather than shunting rainwater straight underground into pipes, it is directed along rills and swarms slowing the flow and using nature to clean the water.

S ERVICES

BUILT-OPEN RATIO

PROJECT BRIEF

A set of small interventions for animals normally neglected in any design or planning process – raccoons, chimney swifts, tree swallows, blue birds, barn owls, and brown bats, all native species to the region of Canada.

COE XISTENCE S TRATEGIES

HABITAT FOR URBAN WILDLIFE

MATERIA L AND STRUCTURE

SYNANTHROPIC SUBURBIA

BIOSYNERGY | Page 102

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS - SPATIAL STANDARDS

AREA STATEMENT

PL ANING AND CIRCULATION

BUILT-OPEN RATIO

PROJECT BRIEF

BIODIVERSITY TRAINING INSTITUTE

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF FOREST MANAGEMENT

RAIN FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

LOCATION: Pangthang, Sikkim YEAR: Ongoing AREA: 5,000 Sq.m

LOCATION: Bhopal, M.P. YEAR: 1988 AREA: 17,500 Sq.m

LOCATION: Jorhat, Assam YEAR: 1988 AREA: 15,000 Sq.m

90% Open - 10% Built.

The site is located near Sikkim’s capital Gangtok in Pangthang, placed on a slope. It faces world’s third highest mountain, the Kanchenjunga.

60% Open - 40% Built.

The hill site is crowned by the academic complex and is marked by the presence of a compact, cohesive group of buildings which constitute the working zone.

70% Open - 30% Built.

Open spaces in the form of nursery and botanical gardens have been incorporated which add to the landscaping as well as serve the purpose of education.

Plan Form in C-Shape.

Spaces for research and residential facilities are placed in the two arms of the U-shaped building. In the body of the building the residential rooms face southwards.

Plan form is rectangular.

The core area is composed of the auditorium, library and the academic court. The research offices are located equidistant from the administrative offices and the teaching areas.

Plan form is rectangular segregated into different blocks.

The reception connects to the administrative spaces.

The administration block is equidistant from the laboratories and residential areas.

Institutional Area- 600sq.m Residential Area - 2000sq.m Auditorium - 200 sq.m Library - Added in Institutional Workshop - 1000 sq.m Dining - 30 sq.m Recreation - 800 sq.m

Institutional Area - 5000sq.m Residential Area - 5000sq.m Auditorium - 1500 sq.m Library - 2000 sq.m Workshop - 500 sq.m Dining - 1000 sq.m Recreation - 1500 sq.m

Institutional Area - 5000sq.m Residential Area - 6000sq.m Auditorium - 750 sq.m Library - 700 sq.m Workshop - 750 sq.m Dining - added in residential Recreation - 500 sq.m Museum - 1000 sq.m

BIOSYNERGY | Page 103

BIOSYNERGY | Page 104

CHAPTER 4 SITE ANALYSIS

LOCATION: DIGBOI, ASSAM LONGITUDE: 27°25’38.17” N LATITUDE: 95°40’45.74” E ELEVATION: 150m-158m AREA: 10 Acres CLIMATE: Warm & Humid TEMPERATURE: 9°C - 32°C ANNUAL RAINFALL: 120 inches

MACRO SITE ANALYSIS 4 NODES

PRECINCTS

3 LANDMARKS

2

CIRCULATION

1

5

BIOSYNERGY | Page 106

6

SITESITELOCATION AND ACCESS LOCATION AND ACCESS

ASSAM

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN): India is a megadiverse country withDIGBOI only 2.4% of the world’s land area, accounts for 7-8% of all recorded species.

Assam falls in the transitional zone of Indian, Indo-Malayan and Indo-Chinese bio-geographical regions. The climate is sub-tropical with heavy rainfall and humidity which supports various habitats. It is a biological hotspot with many rare and endemic plant and animal species.

DIBRUGARH AIRPORT DISTANCE - 79.1KM TIME - 1HOUR 43MIN

TINSUKIA RAILWAY JUNCTION DISTANCE - 41.3KM TIME - 1HOUR 4MIN

DIGBOI DISTAN TIME - 1

ND ACCESS Fig.213 Assam on the map of India

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN): India is a megadiverse country with only 2.4% of the world’s land area, accounts for 7-8% of all recorded species, including species of plants and species of animals. It also has a rich cultural heritage going back thousands of years. Much of Indian biodiversity is intricately related to the socio-cultural practices of the land.

DIGBOI

ASSAM

Conservation country with unts for 7-8% of plants and ural heritage h of Indian ocio-cultural

GBOI

of Indian, geographical heavy rainfall bitats such as thickets and tate’s area is ot with many es.

Assam falls in the transitional zone of Indian, Indo-Malayan and Indo Chinese bio-geographical regions. The climate is sub-tropical with heavy rainfall and humidity which supports various habitats such as rain-forests, riverine grasslands , bamboo thickets and wetland ecosystems. About 37.2% of state’s area is under green cover. It is a biological hotspot with many rare and endemic plant and animal species.

Fig.214 The Dehing Patkai on the map of Assam

The Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary has three parts and they are Dirok rainforest, upper Dihing River, and Jeypore.

By air: Nearest airport is Dibrugarh, 65 km from It has daily flights from Guwahati and few maj of India.

The Dehing Patkai forms the largest stretch of tropical low-land rainforests in India. The forest is often referred as “The Amazon of the east” owing to its large area and thick forests. Situated on the south bank of the mighty Brahmaputra, the Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary has been a source of endless enchanted natural beauties, of Assam and covers an area of 111.19 km2. This sanctuary is also a part of Dehing-Patkai Elephant Reserve.

By rail: Nearest Railway station is Tinsukia, 40 k Digboi.Well connected to Guwahati, Del Kolkata. From Delhi there is Rajdhan Brahmaputra Mail.

The Dehing Patkai forms the largest stretch of tropical low-land rain-forests in India.

The forest is By road: NH 38 connects Digboi to Guwah Assam State Transport Corporation runs severa often referred as “The Amazon of the east” owing on the route. to its large area and thick forests. Situated on the south bank of the SITE mighty Brahmaputra river, the Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary has been a source of endless enchanted natural beauties.

DIBRUGARH AIRPORT DISTANCE - 79.1KM TIME - 1HOUR 43MIN

TINSUKIA RAILWAY JUNCTION DISTANCE - 41.3KM TIME - 1HOUR 4MIN

DIGBOI BUS STAND DISTANCE - 9KM TIME - 16MIN

The Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary has three parts and they are Dirok rainforest, upper Dihing River, and Jeypore.

By air: Nearest airport is Dibrugarh, 65 km from Digboi.

It has daily flights from Guwahati and few major cities of India.

The Dehing Patkai forms the largest stretch of tropical low-land rainforests in India. The forest is often referred as “The Amazon of the east” owing to its large area and thick forests. Situated on the south bank of the mighty Brahmaputra, the Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary has been a source of endless enchanted natural beauties, of Assam and covers an area of 111.19 km2. This sanctuary is also a part of Dehing-Patkai Elephant Reserve.

By rail: Nearest Railway station is Tinsukia, 40 km from Digboi.Well connected to Guwahati, Delhi and Kolkata. From Delhi there is Rajdhani and Brahmaputra Mail.

DIBRUGARH AIRPORT DISTANCE - 79.1KM TIME - 1HOUR 43MIN

TINSUKIA RAILWAY JUNCTION DISTANCE - 41.3KM TIME - 1HOUR 4MIN

SITE DIGBOI BUS STAND DISTANCE - 9KM TIME - 16MIN

BY AIR: Nearest airport is Dibrugarh, 65 km from Digboi. It has daily flights from Guwahati and few major cities of India.

By road: NH 38 connects Digboi to Guwahati. The Assam State Transport Corporation runs several buses BYroute.RAIL: Nearest Railway station is Tinsukia, 40 on the km from Digboi. Well connected to Guwahati, Delhi and Kolkata. From Delhi there is Rajdhani and Brahmaputra Mail.

BY ROAD: NH 38 connects Digboi to Guwahati. The Assam State Transport Corporation runs several buses on NH38.

Fig.215 Site Accessibility

hree parts River, and

By air: Nearest airport is Dibrugarh, 65 km from Digboi.

It has daily flights from Guwahati and few major cities of India.

of tropical is often to its large th bank of ai Wildlife enchanted

By rail: Nearest Railway station is Tinsukia, 40 km from Digboi.Well connected to Guwahati, Delhi and Kolkata. From Delhi there is Rajdhani and Brahmaputra Mail.

By road: NH 38 connects Digboi to Guwahati. The

BIOSYNERGY | Page 107

HISTORICAL TIMELINE | DIGBOI - OIL CITY OF ASSA HISTORICAL TIMELINE 1888

In the midst of forest and lush tea gardens is the town’s world famous 18-hole golf course that was built in 1888. It retains the British era grandeur. A number of reputed golf tournaments are held here. This golf course is a natural one, with very few artificial inputs.

1867

Italian Engineers, commissioned by the Assam Railways and Trading Company, to build a railway line from Dibrugarh to Margherita (Headquarters of Assam Railways and Trading Company) accidentally discovered oil at Digboi around 10 miles from Margherita.

The Heri into ex 1916-191 construc 20th ce splendid while tak colonial p

1889-1901

The first commercial discovery of crude oil in the country was, made in 1889 at Digboi marking the establishment of the first well at Digboi. Thereafter, systematic drilling began in 1891, and in 1901, Asia's first oil refinery was set. In the meantime the AOC (Assam Oil Company) was formed in 1899 to look after the running of the oil business in this area.

32. https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131222/spectrum/main6.htm 33. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/takeaway/where-it-oil-began/article9329149.ece

BIOSYNERGY | Page 108

OF ASSAM

1916-1917

The Heritage Bungalows of Digboi came into existence during the period of 1916-1917. The first set of bungalows was constructed by the Britishers. These early 20th century bungalows allows us a splendid view of nature and of the hillocks while taking us back to bygone days of the colonial period of the British Raj in India.

crude oil at Digboi first well c drilling s first oil the AOC d in 1899 business

2002

To commemorate a century of the refinery’s existence, the Digboi Centenary Museum took shape. Vintage machines, dioramas, tableaux, photographs, documents, etc. are preserved and exhibited in the museum.

Knowledge about the history of the production of oil in Assam can be obtained at the museum.

1939-1945

During the Second World War the state of Assam was an operational area of the Burma Campaign. Digboi was on the lines of communication, and a military hospital was established. Digboi War Cemetery was started for burials from the hospital and at the end of the war contained 70 burials.

Fig.216 Historical Timeline

34. https://www.nezine.com/info/Ni9XQ0cwaG9uNS8wMW5raS9aMDBnZz09/heritage-bungalows-of-digboiwhere-the-past-comes-alive-in-the-present.html 35. https://heyloons.com/2019/04/06/digboi-the-oil-town-in-the-rainforest/

BIOSYNERGY | Page 109

SITE PRECINCTS SITE PRECINCTS

BORBIL GAON NO.1

BAPAPUNG NO.2 BORBIL GAON NO.3

MAKUM KILLA FOREST VILLAGE

BORBIL GAON NO.2

NETAJI NAGAR

PURNIMA NAGAR

DIGBOI

AOC BLOCK 2 NDPT

GOLAI GAON NO.1 Fig.217 Site Precincts BIOSYNERGY | Page 110

SITE

DHEKIAJAN FOREST VILLAGE NO.1

PANBARI FOREST VILLAGE BHIM PATHAR

DHEKIAJAN FOREST VILLAGE NO.2

EDUCATIONAL RELIGIOUS BANKS OIL RELATED BUILDINGS PARKS AND GARDENS

GOLAI GAON NO.2

BIOSYNERGY | Page 111

SITE CIRCULATION SITE CIRCULATION

315

315

JASODA ROAD 315

DULIAJAN-DIGBOI ROAD

IOCL ROAD

215

315

Fig.218 Site Circulation BIOSYNERGY | Page 112

SITE

215

DIGBOI-PENGERI ROAD

215

PRIMARY ROADS (HIGHWAYS) SECONDARY ROADS (CONNECTING TOWNS) TERTIARY ROADS (WITHIN TOWN)

BIOSYNERGY | Page 113

LANDMARKS LANDMARKS DIGBOI ARBORETUM

DIVISIONAL FOREST OFFICE, DIGBOI

DIGBOI REFINERY

DIGBOI OIL MUSEUM

DIGBOI CLUB

DIGBO

Fig.219 Landmarks BIOSYNERGY | Page 114

SITE

KHERJAN CHURCH

WAR CEMETRY

DIGBOI VIEW POINT

OI GOLF COURSE

BIOSYNERGY | Page 115

NODES NODES DIGBOI ARBORETUM

315

315

DIGBOI CENTRAL MARKET

315

INDIA CLUB DIGBOI

DIGBOI PARK

215

DIGBOI CENTNARY PARK

315

DIGBOI CENTNARY PARK

DIGBO

Fig.220 Nodes BIOSYNERGY | Page 116

SITE

215

ELEPHANT CORRIDOR

215

DIGBOI VIEW POINT

OI GOLF COURSE

BIOSYNERGY | Page 117

MICRO SITE ANALYSIS

ECOLOGY

MAP

PHOTOGRAPHS

COMPARTIVE

CONTEXT

SITE

CLIMATE

TOPOGRAPHY

6 5 4 3 2 1

BIOSYNERGY | Page 118

COMPARATIVE MAP

COMPARITIVE MAP

200 9 The site is seen covered with forest land in the centre and only a part of the land is seen to be vacant. The surrounding on the North is majorly agricultural land and few built structures can be seen dispersed along the National Highway.

Fig.221 Site View: Year 2009

2009

The site is seen covered with forest land in the centre and only a part of the land is seen to be vacant. The surrounding on the North is majorly agricultural land and few built structures can be seen dispersed along the National Highway.

COMPARITIVE MAP

202 1 The site has been cleared off the forest density in the periphery for the development of a botanical garden and to enhance awareness drive. The built up masses are also increasing gradually, making this spot an important location for future.

2009 The site is seen covered with forest land in the centre and only a part of the land is seen to be vacant. The surrounding on the North is majorly agricultural land and few built structures can be seen dispersed along the National Highway.

Fig.222 Site View: Year 2021

2021

The site has been cleared off the forest density in the periphery for the development of a botanical garden and to enhance awaremness drive. The built up masses are also increasing gradually, making this spot an important location for future.

BIOSYNERGY | Page 119

SITE PHOTOGRAPHS SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

SOUTHSOUTH- Entrance to the site.

Fig.223 Entrance to the site

Fig.225 NORTHView the highway from the site site.

NORTH - View of theofhighway from

WE site

SOUTHSOUTH- Existing pathways Fig.224 Pathways on siteon site.

WEST Undulating landform.

Fig.226 - WESTUndulating landforms

EA

BIOSYNERGY | Page 120

e.

VIEWS

WEST builtbuilt structures - bridges Fig.227 - Temporary WEST- Temporary structures-bridges onon site site.

EAST -EASTPosition andand size ofofthe trees on site.

Fig.228 Position size trees on site

Fig.229 BuildingNallah Nallah onon site site for carrying EAST -EASTExisting for water drainage drainage.

Trees with habitat.

Fig.230 Treesexisting with existing habitat

BIOSYNERGY | Page 121

TOPOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

LOWE ST POIN T OF SITE - D R AIN AGE TO B E PL ANN ED TOWAR D S TH IS D IR EC TION

158M

Fig.231 Section AA’

151M

H IGH E S T P O I N T O F S I T E - P E R I P H E R A L T R E AT M E N T TO RE S T R I C T D A N G E R O U S A N I M A LS

162M 153 M

Fig.232 Section BB’

155M 153 M

Fig.233 Section CC’ SU PPR ESSION S ON SITE M OATS AN D D ITC H ES TO BE C O N S T R U C T E D

157M

16 0 M

Fig.234 Section DD’

BIOSYNERGY | Page 122

CLIMATIC ANALYSIS CLIMATE

The climate of the region is mostly tropical wet, with rainfall more than 4,000 mm.

9 out of 12 months it rains. It is mostly hot and humid during summers with heavy rainfall almost everyday, while it is cool during the winters.

SUMMER WINDS

The wind is most often from northeast and east for 8.2 months, from February 18 to October 24, with a peak percentage of 43% on September 25.

NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT NORTH

RESIDENCES AGRICULTURAL LANDS

FOREST LAND DIHING PATKAI RANGE

B SLOPE TOWARDS ROAD (DRAINAGE STRATEGY) C’

A

RESIDENCES

152 150 153

WEST

SHIV MANDIR

151

D’

SITE 10 ACRES

157

DIGBOI MAHILA MAHAVIDYALA

158

EAST

161

159 160

155

C

B’

154 156

D

158

A’

159

SUMMER WINDS

FOREST LAND DIHING PATKAI RANGE

SOUTH

WINTER WINDS

The wind is most often from the south for 3.8 months, from October 24 to February 18, with a peak percentage of 45% on January 1.

Fig.235 Climatic Analysis

BIOSYNERGY | Page 123

SURR

CLIMATIC CHARTS CLIMATIC ANALYSIS

TEMPERATURE The hot season lasts for 5.1 months, from May 4 to October 7, with an average daily high temperatureTEMPERATURE above 86°F. The hottest day of the year is August 4, with an average high of 90°F and low of 77°F. The hot season lasts for 5.1 months, from May 4 to October 7, with an average daily high temperature above 86°F. The hottest day of the year is August 4, with an average high of 90°F and low for of 77°F. The cool season lasts 2.0 months, from December 11 to February 13, with an average daily

high temperature below 75°F. The coldest day of the year is January 6, with an average low of The cool season lasts for 2.0 months, from December 11 to February 13, with an average 49°F and high of 72°F. daily high temperature below 75°F. The coldest day of the year is January 6, with an average low of 49°F and high of 72°F.

Fig.236 Temperature 36. https://weatherspark.com/y/112393/Average-Weather-in-Digboi-India-Year-Round#:~:text=In%20 Digboi%2C%20the%20wet%20season,or%20above%2096%C2%B0F.

BIOSYNERGY | Page 124

h f

e n

CHARTS | TEMPERATURE AND WIND

WIND The average hourly wind speed in Digboi does not vary significantly over the course of the year, remaining within WIND 0.4 miles per hour to 2.5 miles per hour throughout.

The average hourly wind speed in Digboi does not vary significantly over the course of

the year, remaining within 0.4for miles per hour of 2.5 miles per hour throughout.

The wind is most often from the east 8.2 months, from February 18 to October 24, with a peak percentage of 43% on September 25. The wind is most often from the south for 3.8 months, from TheFebruary wind is most the east for 8.2 months, fromon February 18 to October 24 to 18,often withfrom a peak percentage of 45% January 1. October 24, with a peak percentage of 43% on September 25. The wind is most often from the south for 3.8 months, from October 24 to February 18, with a peak percentage of 45% on January 1.

Fig.237 Wind Direction BIOSYNERGY | Page 125

CLIMATIC CHARTS CLIMATIC ANALYSIS CLIMATIC ANALYSIS

PRECIPITATION A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. The chance of wet days in Digboi varies very significantly.

PRECIPITATION The wetter season lasts 6.3with months, March 29 toorOctober 5, with precipitation. a greater than A wet day is one at least from 0.04 inches of liquid liquid-equivalent The 42% chance of a given daychance beingofawet wet day.

The drier lasts 5.7 months, days in Digboi varies season very significantly throughout thefrom year. October 5 to March 29.

PRECIPITATION The wetter season lasts 6.3 months, from March 29 to October 5, with a greater than 42% A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. The chance of a given day being a wet day. The drier season lasts 5.7 months, from October 5 chance of wet days in Digboi varies very significantly throughout the year. to March 29.

The wetter season lasts 6.3 months, from March 29 to October 5, with a greater than 42% chance of a given day being a wet day. The drier season lasts 5.7 months, from October 5 to March 29.

CL In se CL Th In en se 4.2 Th en 4.2

Fig.238 Precipitation

HUMIDITY HUMIDITY Digboi experiences extreme seasonal variation in the perceived humidity. The muggier Digboi experiences variation in the from perceived muggier period ofextreme the year lasts for 7.4 months, April 1 tohumidity.

NovemberThe 12, during whichperiod time of the year HUMIDITY lasts for 7.4 months, from 1 to November 12, theat comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or the comfort level April is muggy, oppressive, or miserable least 25% of the time.

Digboi experiences extreme seasonal variation in the perceived humidity. The muggier miserable at least 25% of the time. period of the year lasts for 7.4 months, from April 1 to November 12, during which time the comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or miserable at least 25% of the time.

Fig.239 Humidity Comfort Levels BIOSYNERGY | Page 126

RA Th m RA las Th m las

The

42% The er 5

42% er 5

gier ime

gier ime

CHARTS | PRECIPITATION, CLOUD, HUMIDITY, RAINFALL CLOUDS In Digboi, the average percentage of the sky covered by clouds experiences extreme seasonal PRECIPITATION, CLOUD, HUMIDITY, RAINFALL variation over the CHARTS course of |the year.

CLOUDS The clearer part of thethe year in Digboi begins around October 6 and lasts for extreme 7.8 months, ending In Digboi, average percentage of the sky covered by clouds experiences around May 31.

Thevariation cloudier part theofyear begins around May 31 and lasts for 4.2 months, seasonal over the of course the year.

CLOUDS ending aroundThe October 6. of the year in Digboi begins around October 6 and lasts for 7.8 months, clearer part In Digboi, the average percentage of the sky covered by clouds experiences extreme ending around May 31. The cloudier part of the year begins around May 31 and lasts for seasonal variation over the course of the year.

4.2 months, ending around October 6.

The clearer part of the year in Digboi begins around October 6 and lasts for 7.8 months, ending around May 31. The cloudier part of the year begins around May 31 and lasts for 4.2 months, ending around October 6.

Fig.240 Cloud Cover Categories

RAINFALL RAINFALL The rainy period of the year lasts for 10 months, from January 8 to November 17. The The rainy period months, from 8 to November most of rainthe falls year duringlasts the 31for days10 centered around July January 7. The rainless period of the year17. The most RAINFALL rain falls during days centered around July 7. The laststhe for 31 1.7 months, from November 17 to January 8. rainless period of the year lasts for 1.7 The rainy period of the year lasts for 10 months, from January 8 to November 17. The months, from most November 17 to January 8. rain falls during the 31 days centered around July 7. The rainless period of the year lasts for 1.7 months, from November 17 to January 8.

Fig.241 Rainfall BIOSYNERGY | Page 127

ARCHITECTURAL CLIMATIC ANALYSISINFERENCES CLIMATIC PARAMETERS

OBSERVATIONS

TEMPERATURE

VARIATION 9.4°C - 32°C

Buil WIND

3.0 mph 2.1 mph

Large op

SUMMER - EAST, WINTER - SOUTH

Use o 80%

PRECIPITATION

WET SEASON THROUGHOUT THE YEAR

HUMIDITY MUGGY, OPPERESIVE, MISERABLE - 25% OF THE TIME

As the s CLOUDS CLEAR - OCT TO MAY,

RAINFALL

CLOUDY - MAY TO SEPT

rain:

JANUARY - NOVEMBER,

AVG. 4000MM

BIOSYNERGY | Page 128

ARCHITECTURAL INFERENCES

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Decreasing surface area of building to resist heat gain.

Using light coloured material which reflect heat.

Minimizing glazing in west and south directions.

Building to be placed in windward direction to take advantage of the cool breeze.

Buildings on stilts promote ventilation and cooling at ground level.

Large open spaces to be provided in between the buildings for unrestricted air movement.

Use of air conditioning is necessary but can be reduced to 2-3 hours in summers with proper planning and design strategies.

Long and narrow building form allows cross ventilation.

Water bodies to be avoided as the further increase the humidity.

High ceilings and tall operable windows.

As the sun radiation decreases during a cloudy day, having light coloured exterior helps in reflecting light and avoid seeming dull.

Well ventilated attics with pitched roof work well to shed rain.

Openings should be shaded by overhangs.

Carefull water proofing and drainage to be considered.

BIOSYNERGY | Page 129

ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS - FLORA

Dehing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary is spread over 120 sq km, and is one of India’s last lowland evergree Dehing PatkaiThe Wildlife Sanctuary is spread over in 120 km, and isand onethe of India’s last lowland evergree thick forests. pristine rain forest of this kind is sq very unique uniqueness lies in the four l thick forests. The pristine rain forest of this kind in is very unique and the uniqueness lies in the four l PRIMARY EMERGENT LAYER OF TREES PRIMARY LAYER OF TREES This is theEMERGENT top tier, looming over the rest and consists of This is the top tier, looming over the trees rest and consists of isolated, tall, evergreen or deciduous which grow to evergreen deciduous treesEach which aisolated, height tall, of around 150 or feet (46 meters). of grow these to is agrowing height tall of around 150 feet (46 meters).

Each of these is and handsome with spreading branches and growing tallfoliage. and handsome with spreading abundant The primary emergentbranches layer is and not abundant foliage.

The primary emergent layer is not densely packed. densely packed.

THE SECONDARY LAYER THE LAYER of The SECONDARY middle tier consists The middle tiera height consistsofofab growing up ta growing upcanopy ta a height ofso ab secondary layer is secondary canopy layer is so hardly any gaps in between hardly anyand gapsthe in between humidity warmth humidity and the warmth forest itself. forest itself.

Hollong (Dipterocarpus Hollong macrocarpus) (Dipterocarpus macrocarpus)

Sam (Artocarpus Sam choplasha) (Artocarpus choplasha)

Mekai (Shorea assamica) Mekai (Shorea assamica)

Calophyllum Calophyllum

Bhelu (Tetramelia Bhelu nudiflora) (Tetramelia nudiflora)

Hollok (Teminalia Hollok myriocarpa) (Teminalia myriocarpa)

Sopa (Michelia Sopa champaca) (Michelia champaca)

Nahor (Mesua ferrea) Nahor (Mesua ferrea)

Mek (Phoebe a Mek (Phoebe a

Dhuna (Canarium Dhuna resiniferum) (Canarium resiniferum)

Jutuli (Altingia excels) Jutuli (Altingia excels)

Amari (Amoora wallichii) Amari (Amoora wallichii)

Castanopsis indica Castanopsis indica

Vatica lan Vatica lan

Barpat (Ailanthus grandi) Barpat (Ailanthus grandi)

Outenga (elephant apple) Outenga (elephant apple)

37. http://www.goingwild.in/bird-watching-and-information-on-dehing-patkai-wildlife-sanctuary

Ficus elastica Ficus elastica

BIOSYNERGY | Page 130

Schi Schi

FLORA | TYPES OF TREES FLORA | TYPES OF TREES

en rainforests. The forest is often referred as "The Amazon of the east" due to its largest area and the en rainforests.

The of forest is often referred as "The Amazon of the east" due to its largest area and the layers of the forest Dehing Patkai. layers of the forest of Dehing Patkai.

several medium sized trees several medium sized trees bout 80 feet (25 meters).

The bout 80packed, feet (25that meters). tightly thereThe are tightly packed, that there are the trees and that is why the the trees trapped and that within is why the remains remains trapped within the

ima ima

TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY LAYERS TERTIARY ANDtier QUATERNARY The ground consists ofLAYERS small plants, shrubs and The ground tier and consists small plants, climbers, orchids fernsof that cover every shrubs inch of and the climbers, orchids andlayers ferns that cover of the land.

These two last receive theevery least inch amount of land.

These two last layers receive the least amount of sunlight and consist of mostly younger canopy layer trees sunlight andherbs, consist of mostly younger like shrubs, bush thickets, etc. canopy layer trees like shrubs, herbs, bush thickets, etc.

Gonsoroi (Cinnamomum Gonsoroi Cecidodapene) (Cinnamomum Cecidodapene)

Tokopat Tokopat

Alpine spp Alpine spp

Glochidion spp Glochidion spp

kahi attenuate) kahi attenuate)

Machilus and Khokan (Duabanga Machilus and sonneratioides) Khokan (Duabanga sonneratioides)

Wild banana Wild banana

Tree fern Tree fern

Pepper Pepper

nceaefolia nceaefolia

Dysoxylum binectiferum Dysoxylum binectiferum

Mallotus phillippinensis Mallotus phillippinensis

Garcinia lanceaefolia Garcinia lanceaefolia

Michelia muni Michelia muni

Baccaureu supida Baccaureu supida

Bischofia javanica Bischofia javanica Fig.242 Ecological Analysis - Flora BIOSYNERGY | Page 131

ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS - FAUNA

Dehing patkai provides abundant resources and shelter for a variety of wildlife occupying different lay sanctuary is very rich in terms of biodiversity. Talking about fauna, there are reports of 47 species of m 350 species of butterflies etc. It is an ideal habitat for nonhuman primates. The Dehing-Patkai Wildlife

Dehing-Patkai Sanctuary is known to be the wild-cat heaven. It is the only forest in the world having seven different species of wild cat.

INTERVENTIONS- Moats and Ditches, Natural Water Bodies, etc.

38. https://sustain.round.glass/habitat/dehing-patkai-wildlife-sanctuary/

Dehing-Patka is also heaven to primates. Out of fifteen species of non-human primates found in India, Seven inhabit in this rainforest.

INTERVENTIONS- Proper planning of trees around the built mass.

BIOSYNERGY | Page 132

FAUNA | IUCN STATUS

yers of the forest in a very complex yet delicate ecosystem. Being a completely virgin rainforest, this mammal, 50 species of snakes, 13 species of lizards, few rare and threatened turtle species, more than Sanctuary is also identified as Elephant reserve by Indian Government.

There are reports of 47 species of mammal in the Dihing Patkai Rainforest. Above is a list of the commonly found mammals.

There are reports of 71 species of reptiles and amphibians in the rainforest.

INTERVENTIONS- Bridges and Underpasses, Boulders, etc.

INTERVENTIONS- Inclined walls, Fencing, etc.

Fig.243 Ecological Analysis - Fauna BIOSYNERGY | Page 133

ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS - AVIFAUNA

Dehing Patkai Rain forest in Upper Assam is a bird-watchers delight, known to harbor about 293 bird more than 400 species reported so far. Studies say that a majority of about 63.7% of these bird spec species are winter visitors and some 2.5% are summer visitors to the forest, while about 10.7% are alti

There are 13 globally threatened species here viz. the Slender-billed Vulture, White-winged Duck Tawny-breasted Wren Babbler, White-cheeked Hill Partridge, Great Hornbill, Brown Hornbill, Oriental D Other bird species found in the region are Kalij Pheasant, Grey Peacock Pheasant, Besra, Black Baza, Os Hornbill, Black-browed Leaf Wabler, Green Imperial Pigeon, Purple wood, Pale capped Pigeon.

39. https://bubobirding.com/dehing-patkai-wildlife-sanctuary/ 40. https://thewildscapes.in/caricatures

BIOSYNERGY | Page 134

AVIFAUNA | IUCN STATUS

d species, belonging to 174 genera and 51 families. Dehing Patkai is an abode of avian diversity with cies are residents, that means they stay in the forest throughout the year. Rest of about 23.1% bird itudinal migrants, coming mainly from the higher reaches of Western Central and Eastern Himalayas.

k, Greater Adjutant, Greater Spotted Eagle, Lesser Adjutant, Beautiful Nuthatch, Marsh Babbler, Darter and Painted Stork. sprey Great, Hornbill Wreathed Hornbill and Common Hill Myna, White-backed Vulture, Rufus necked Fig.244 Ecological Analysis - AviFauna BIOSYNERGY | Page 135

MAN-MADE ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE Known for its natural green charm, the never-ending monsoons and the warmth of the residents, Assamese architecture is naturally climate-oriented. The materials, the techniques, the designs and the landscape – every part of the architecture of Assamese houses reflect an age-old tradition based on climate as well as vernacular traditions.

Fig.245 Bamboo Architecture

EXTERIOR The Assamese structure is a sloped roof structure with large windows. The number and size of windows is huge, so that more daylight and better ventilation is allowed inside. Assam is not inflicted by the scorch of the sun, so large windows of sill height about 60 cm are no big deal, provided it is not situated on the East and West facades, if you reside in the Northern plains so to say.

FLOOR LEVELS To prevent rain and flood water from seeping into the interiors, several traditional Assamese houses are built on stilts. The plinth level of the house is usually kept high. Such a technique is quite appropriate for the city life if you wish to avoid roadside dust from entering your house, or if your house is situated on a lowland by the river. Air and light circulation is highly improved and the setting of the foundation is hereby eased.

IKRA PANELS OF CONSTRUCTION Ikra is a popular method of construction in Assamese homes wherein reeds are used in conjunction with materials like mud or adobe for the construction of walls. It is not a practice of today; Ikra form of construction has been in practice for the past two hundred years or so.

Modern homes incorporate Ikra panels in parts of the houses, in conjunction with techniques suited to the modernity of the house. The texture can be played with too, and this would leave an imprint of high attention value.

41. https://happho.com/learn-traditional-assamese-houses/

BIOSYNERGY | Page 136

MATERIAL The chief requisite when it comes to constructing a vernacular Assamese house is keeping the form as lightweight as possible. The reason is that Assam is frequently inflicted by seismic occurrences and landslides.

The aim is to minimize destruction and mishap by providing lightweight renewable materials for the structure. Bamboo, a locally abundant material, is a very strong material of construction, rendering structures highly durable and termite free. The roofs are sloped and timber is a common material used in combination with metal sheets.

HANDICRAFTS AND FURNISHING Handicrafts weaved out of caner and bamboo is a very popular decor item for the Assamese homes and they beautifully integrate with the bamboo and timber house.

Jaapi, a traditional form of handicraft made by tightly weaving bamboo, cane and leaves, has been used in Assam for ages now. Jaapi was originally used by farmers in the region to serve as umbrellas during farming practices. Today, Jaapis are a major and one of the most attractive form of decor in the traditional house.

The traditional Assamese hand-looms are incomparable when it comes to aesthetic beauty and unbeatable texture. The locals can be said to magically inherit the talent for weaving these handlooms.

Fig.246 Assamese Handicraft and Furnishing

BIOSYNERGY | Page 137

PHYSICAL PHYSICAL

Highway connecting the site and urban area.

Highway connecting the site and urban area.

Ample amount of area for development.

Ample amount of area for development.

Proximity to important services like banks, government hospitals and educational buildings.

Proximity to important services like banks, government hospitals and educational buildings.

NON-PHYSICAL NON-PHYSICAL

Minimum traffic because of the location of the site.

Minimum traffic because of the location of the site.

Quiet and peaceful environment.

Quiet and peaceful environment.

Pollution is negligible as the site is surrounded by forest on three sides.

Pollution is negligible as the site is surrounded by forest on three sides.

EXPERIENCE EXPERIENCE

Tall Trees on the site foster interesting spaces.

Tall Trees on the site foster interesting spaces.

Vibrant surrounding with lots of migratory birds and unique animals.

Vibrant surrounding with lots of migratory birds and unique animals.

View of nature on all three sides.

View of nature on all three sides.

NON-PHYSICAL NON-PHYSICAL

No proper entry from main entrance to the site for pedestrians.

No proper entry from main entrance to the site for pedestrians.

Facilities on the site is not upto the mark. No proper drainage channels and lack of maintenance.

Facilities on the site is not upto the mark. No proper drainage channels and lack of maintenance.

Warm and Humid Climate.

Warm and Humid Climate.

Lack of signage to the site.

Lack of signage to the site.

Contoured site has to be dealt with a lot of precision, as the site would allow movement site of animas too.dealt with a lot of precision, as the site would allow Contoured has to be movement of animas too.

EXPERIENCE EXPERIENCE

WEAKNESS WEAKNESS

PHYSICAL PHYSICAL

STRENGTH STRENGTH

SWOT ANALYSIS SWOTANALYSIS ANALYSIS SWOT

Overall less activity zone for easy promotion of research tourism.

Overall less activity zone for easy promotion of research tourism.

Establishing controlled interaction between human and wildlife.

Establishing controlled interaction between human and wildlife.

BIOSYNERGY | Page 138

PHYSICAL PHYSICAL NON-PHYSICAL NON-PHYSICAL PHYSICAL PHYSICAL

EXPERIENCE EXPERIENCE

OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUNITY

f f

A new landmark in the area promoting coexistence and sustainable living.

A new landmark in the area promoting coexistence and sustainable living.

Designing animal-friendly spaces and lighting would set a new outlook for the people residing in nearby areas.

Designing animal-friendly spaces and lighting would set a new outlook for the people residing in nearby areas.

The area can act as a new attraction point for the people of nearby places and tourists, awareness.

The areaenchancing can act as a ecological new attraction point for the people of nearby places and tourists, enchancing ecological awareness.

Platform for the locals and the tourists to gain awareness about the rich biodiversity Platform for of theAssam. locals and the tourists to gain awareness about the rich biodiversity of Assam.

The natural setting provides calming and natural sounds creating a tranquil The natural setting provides calming and atmosphere that can be implemented intonatural design.sounds creating a tranquil atmosphere that can be implemented into design.

Assam falls under the seismic zone V making the site prone to earthquake of Assam fallstounder the seismic zone V making the site prone to earthquake of moderate very high intensity. moderate to very high intensity.

Due to the proximity of the site to the Dihing Patkai Rainforest, chances of flooding Due to the proximity of the site to the Dihing Patkai Rainforest, chances of flooding increases.

NON-PHYSICAL NON-PHYSICAL EXPERIENCE EXPERIENCE

THREAT THREAT

increases.

Wildlife Displacement could cause loss of lives.

Wildlife Displacement could cause loss of lives.

The harmful chemicals from nearby coal mining sites could leak into the site and cause death of animals from and birds.

The harmful chemicals nearby coal mining sites could leak into the site and cause death of animals and birds.

Tackling irresponsible tourism could be challenging.

Tackling irresponsible tourism could be challenging.

BIOSYNERGY | Page 139

BIOSYNERGY | Page 140

CHAPTER 5

PROGRAMME FORMULATION

DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENTNORMS NORMS TheAssam AssamBye-laws Byelaws are The aredivided dividedinto intotwo two categories categories- -Guwahati GuwahatiMetropolitian MetropolitanArea Areaand andAssam Assam NotifiedUrban Urban Areas (Other than Guwahati).

As per National Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP) Notified Areas (Other than Guwahati).

As per National Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP) 20022002-2016, "All identified around Protected Areas and wildlifecorridors corridorsare are to be 2016, “All identified areasareas around Protected Areas and wildlife be declared declaredasas ecologicallyfragile fragileunder underthe theEnvironment Environment (Protection) (Protection) Act, Act, 1986.

1986. The ecologically Theselected selectedforest forestland landfalls falls outsidethe theboundary boundaryof ofthe the ESZ ESZ ofofDehing Range andand shallshall follow the Institutional Byelaws outside DehingPatkai Patkai Range follow the Institutional Byefor Urban Areas otherother than Guwahati. laws for Urban Areas than Guwahati.

MEANS OF ACCESS TO BUILDING SL.NO. TYPE OF BUILDING MINIMUM ROAD WIDTH (IN M) 1.

Residential 3.60 2.

Apartment Upto 11.5m in height 6.60 Above 11.5m in height 8.00 3.

Multi-storeyed Commercial/Residential Above 11.5m in height 9.00 4.

Commercial (mixed use) upto 11.5m in 6.60 height 5.

Institutional 9.00 6.

Hospital/Nursing Home 9.00 7.

Hall for social gathering/Assembly Hall 9.00 8.

Industrial/Warehouse etc. and similar 9.00 use

TYPE OF BUILDING

DRAINS (IN M) 2X0.90 2X0.90 2X0.90 2X0.90 2X1.00 2X1.00 2X1.00 2X1.00 2X1.00

FLOOR AREA RATIO AND GROUND COVERAGE MAXIMUM MAXIMUM MINIMUM WIDTH OF FAR COVERAGE (%) ACCESS ROAD (IN M)

Apartment (i) upto 11.5m in height (ii)above 11.5m in height

b) Institutional c) Wholesale Commercial d) Other public & Semi public e) Nursing Home f) Industrial g) place of worship ( applicable for new proposals) h) Cinema Hall/multiplex & Auditorium and indoor stadium

175 200

40 40

6.6 8

175 150 175 150 150 125

40 45 40 40 40 40

9 9 9 9 9 9

125

40

9

BIOSYNERGY | Page 142

m P) as ls ws

TOTAL SITE AREA (10 ACRES)

40,000 SQ.M.

GROUND COVERAGE (40%)

16,000 SQ.M.

NO. OF FLOORS ALLOWED

2

TOTAL BUILT AREA ALLOWED

S.NO.

TYPE OF USE

32,000 SQ.M.

PARKING SPECIFICATIONS ONE PARKING SPACE SHALL BE PROVIDED For every dwelling unit 60 sq. m

1.

Residential building

2.

Theatres, Cinemas, Auditorium

3.

Retail business

4.

Office Building

5.

Hospital

6.

7.

Hotel Restaurant

100 sq m of the floor area or fraction thereof 5 beds (private),10 beds (public) 3 guest rooms 10 seats of accommodations

8.

Industrial building

20 employees in the industry

9.

Whole sale and Warehouses

10.

Educational

11.

Marriage Hall/ Community

60 sq m floor area and fraction thereof for car and scooter 50 sq m area or fraction thereof of the administrative office area and public service area 50 sq m plot area

Occupancy

Accommodations of 15 seats or more 50 sq m or fraction thereof

SCOOTER Every dwelling unit below 60 sq. mt. but above 40 sq. mt.

Accommodations upto 10 seats 20 sq m of sales area 20 sq m of floor area of the office Accommodations for 5 beds 6 seats of accommodations 15 employees in the industry

WATER SUPPLY AS PER OCCUPANCY Basis

Residential Building

5 Persons/ Tenement

Other Building

No. of persons based on occupant load and area of floor given in Schedule I

BIOSYNERGY | Page 143

PROGRAMME COMPONENTS D I V I S I O N S INSTITUTIONAL

RESIDENTIAL

EXPERIENTIAL

RECREATIONAL

INSTITUTIONAL COMPONENT

RESEARCH

TEACHING

FLORA

FAUNA

Siviculture & Forest Management Genetics & Tree Improvement Forest Ecology & Climate Forest Protection Chemistry & Bio-Prospecting

Clean Zone Laboratory Research Zone Animal Research Zone Laboratory Support Zone Engineering Support Zone

RESIDENTIAL COMPONENT

RESEARCHER

1BHK

STAFF

STUDENTS

GUESTS

2BHK

BIOSYNERGY | Page 144

AREA STATEMENT ADMINISTRATIVE EMPLOYEES = 20 RESEARCHERS = (25+10) = 30 FACULTY = 18 STUDENTS = 100 MAXIMUM VISITORS ON SITE = 100 USERS

ALL

BLOCK

ENTRANCE

SPACES

SECURITY CABIN INFORMATION DESK

UNIT

1 1

TOTAL

FOREST OFFICIAL STAFF VISITORS

ADMINISTRATIVE

RECEPTION WAITING AREA DIRECTOR'S OFFICE OFFICAL'S CABINS FOREST OFFICER'S WORKSPACE ACCOUNTS OFFICE MEETING ROOM CONFERENCE ROOM TOILETS CIRCULATION AND SERVICES

ENTRANCE FOYER SPACES RECEPTION TOTAL

RESEARCH INSTITUTION FLORA RESEARCHER

RESEARCHER'S WORKSPACE LAB WITH SITTING SPACE INDEPENDENT LAB COWORKING LAB SEMINAR ROOMS STORAGE TOILETS CIRCULATION AND SERVICES

1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 40%

RESEARCH INSTITUTION FAUNA

TOTAL

0.15%

10 50 30 40 100 50 30 100 50 180

4.7%

640 1 1

60 20 80

2 2 2 2 1 1 4 40%

70 200 100 200 50 50 100 340

TOTAL INFORMATION DESK CHANGING ROOM ANIMAL RESEARCH ZONE LABORATORY SUPPORT ZONE SEMINAR ROOMS STORAGE TOILETS CIRCULATION AND SERVICES

10 10 20

TOTAL

COMMON

AREA (SQ.M.)

1110 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 40%

14.4%

15 15 90 80 200 50 100 220 770

BIOSYNERGY | Page 145

USERS

FACULTY STUDENTS

BLOCK

TEACHING INSTITUTE

SPACES

UNIT

AREA (SQ.M.)

ENTRANCE FOYER RECEPTION FACULTY OFFICES SEMINAR ROOMS CONFERENCE ROOM UG TEACHING LABORATORIES PG TEACHING LABORATORIES EXPERIMENT HALL STORAGE TOILETS CIRCULATION AND SERVICES

1 1 18 2 2 3 3 1 1 4 40%

80 20 360 100 200 500 500 150 50 200 870

TOTAL

AUDITORIUM

ENTRANCE FOYER SEATING (200 SEATS) STAGE GREEN ROOM VIP LOUNGE OFFICE EQUIPMENT STORAGE REAR PROJECTION ROOM TOILETS CIRCULATION AND SERVICES

3030 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 40%

TOTAL

RESEARCHERS FACULTY STUDENTS VISITORS

ENTRY VESTIBULE LIBRARIAN'S ROOM BOOK COLLECTION READING AREA CHECK OUT DESK PRINT ROOM LIBRARY AND COMPUTER CENTR COMPUTER LABORATORY STORAGE TOILETS CIRCULATION AND SERVICES

MUSEUM

TOTAL

R 100 350 100 70 40 20 20 15 60 310

8.0%

1,085 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 40%

TOTAL ENTRANCE FOYER SEMINAR ROOM WORKSPACE SMALL EXHIBIT MEDIUM EXHIBIT LARGE EXHIBIT MECHANICAL ROOM STORAGE TOILETS CIRCULATION AND SERVICES

22.3%

80 25 10 200 10 15 100 50 50 200

5.4%

740 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 40%

80 35 25 150 300 450 10 50 50 460

11.8%

1610

BIOSYNERGY | Page 146

USERS USERS

BLOCK BLOCK

RESEARCHER'S RESEARCHER'S RESIDENCES RESIDENCES

2.3% 2.3%

FEMALE HOSTEL FEMALE HOSTEL

RESEARCHERS RESEARCHERS FACULTY FACULTY STUDENTS STUDENTS GUESTS GUESTS

1.8% 1.8%

1BHK 1BHK 2BHK 2BHK

UNIT UNIT

10 10 10 10

TOTAL TOTAL ENTRANCE FOYER ENTRANCE FOYER SINGLE BED ROOM SINGLE BED ROOM DOUBLE SHARING BED ROOM DOUBLE SHARING BED ROOM 3 SEATER DORM 3 SEATER DORM 5 SEATER DORM 5 SEATER DORM TOILETS TOILETS CIRCULATION AND SERVICES CIRCULATION AND SERVICES

MALE HOSTEL MALE HOSTEL

ENTRANCE FOYER ENTRANCE FOYER SINGLE BED ROOM SINGLE BED ROOM DOUBLE SHARING BED ROOM DOUBLE SHARING BED ROOM 3 SEATER DORM 3 SEATER DORM 5 SEATER DORM 5 SEATER DORM TOILETS TOILETS CIRCULATION AND SERVICES CIRCULATION AND SERVICES

AREA AREA (SQ.M.) (SQ.M.)

750 750 1200 1200 1950 1950

1 1 3 3 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 40% 40%

TOTAL TOTAL

.0% .0%

.4% .4%

SPACES SPACES

30 30 30 30 90 90 40 40 60 60 50 50 120 120 420 420

1 1 5 5 8 8 1 1 2 2 2 2 40% 40%

TOTAL TOTAL

30 30 50 50 120 120 20 20 60 60 50 50 130 130 460 460

KITCHEN KITCHEN MESS / DINING COMMON SPACES MESS / DINING COMMON SPACES TOTAL TOTAL GUEST HOUSE GUEST HOUSE

LOCALS LOCALS TOURISTS TOURISTS

RESEARCH RESEARCH TOURISM AND TOURISM AND RECREATION RECREATION

ANIMALS ANIMALS BIRDS BIRDS HUMANS HUMANS

LANDSCAPE LANDSCAPE

ALL ALL

PARKING PARKING

COTTAGES COTTAGES

25 25 35 35 60 60 10 10

INTERPRETATION CENTRE INTERPRETATION CENTRE CAFETARIA CAFETARIA WATCH TOWERS WATCH TOWERS OAT OAT NATURAL TRAILS NATURAL TRAILS

TOTAL TOTAL GRAND TOTAL GRAND TOTAL

600 600 100 100 100 100 NA NA NA NA NA NA

ANIMAL PARK ANIMAL PARK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOTANICAL GARDEN MOATS AND DITCHES MOATS AND DITCHES INSTITUTIONAL (1ECS PER 250 SQ.M) INSTITUTIONAL (1ECS PER 250 SQ.M) RESIDENTIAL (1ECS PER UNIT) RESIDENTIAL (1ECS PER UNIT) VISITORS (1ECS PER 250SQ.M ) VISITORS (1ECS PER 250SQ.M )

25.7% 25.7%

1.4% 1.4%

NA NA NA NA NA NA 20 20 30 30 30 30

250 250 375 375 375 375

7.3% 7.3%

1000 1000 13,575 13,575

BIOSYNERGY | Page 147

BIOSYNERGY | Page 148

CHAPTER 6 CONCEPT

SITE SYNTHESIS AND INFERENCES

WINTER WINDS - TO BE SCREENED USING TRESS

FOREST LAND DIHING PATKAI RANGE

ZONE CENTRAL TO THE RESIDENTIAL AS WELL AS ADMINISTRATIVE, BEST SUITED FOR INSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONS

FOREST LAND DIHING PATKAI RANGE 160

HIGHEST POINT OF 161SITE THE

159

158

SUMMER WINDS - BUILDINGS TO BE ALIGNED IN THE SAME DIRECTION FOR PROPER CROSS VENTILATION

DRAINAGE WATER TO BE USED FOR MOATS AND DITCHES

157

CENTRAL CONNEC THE ENTIRE SUITABLE ADMIN ZON QUIETEST AND MOST PRIVATE ZONE OF THE SITE SUITABLE FOR RESIDENTIAL BLOCKS

153

152

DIGBOI MAHILA MAHAVIDYALA Fig.247 Site Synthesis and Inferences

EXIT BIOSYNERGY | Page 150

159

FOREST LAND DIHING PATKAI RANGE

158

156

EXPERIENTIAL ZONE WITH DIRECT VIEWS OF THE DEHING PATKAI RANGE ON THE SITE. SPOTTING OF VARIOUS MIIGRATORY BIRDS POSSIBLE. 154 SUITABLE FOR NATURE TRAILS AND VIEWING DECKS

APPROACH ROAD

155

151

AREA TING E SITE. FOR NE

SHIV MANDIR

150

ENTRY

RESIDENCES BIOSYNERGY | Page 151

SITE ZONING - BUILT UP SPACES

STEEPING DOWN COTTAGES

FOREST LAND DIHING PATKAI RANGE

EX U D PA SP M SU A

HIGHEST POINT OF THE SITE

FOREST LAND DIHING PATKAI RANGE

RESEARCH AND TEACHING BLOCK

160 159

GUEST COTTAGES 161

RESEARCHER’S 158 RESIDENCES

CENTRAL ZONE CONNECTING THE ENTIRE SITE

157

ADMINISTR

RESEARCHER’S RESIDENCES QUIETEST AND MOST PRIVATE ZONE OF THE SITE SUITABLE FOR RESIDENTIAL BLOCKS

153

HOSTELS

152

DIGBOI MAHILA MAHAVIDYALA Fig.248 Site Zoning - Built-Up Spaces

EXIT BIOSYNERGY | Page 152

159

XPERIENTIAL 158 ZONE WITH UNDULATING SLOPE AND DIRECT VIEWS OF THE DEHING ATKAI RANGE ON THE SITE. POTTING OF VARIOUS MIIGRATORY BIRDS POSSIBLE. UITABLE FOR NATURE TRAILS AND VIEWING DECKS

FALSE BAMBOO FACADE FOR LABS TO MAINTAIN THE FLUIDITY

156 154

MUSEUM 155

ZONE WITH THE LEAST AMOUNT OF SLOPE ON SITE HAVING DIRECT VEHICULAR ACCESS - SUITABLE FOR PARKING

APPROACH ROAD

CENTRAL AREA CONNECTING THE MUSEUM AND AUDITORIUM

AUDITORIUM

151

RATION

SHIV MANDIR

CI

RC

150

ENTRY

RESIDENCES

EXHIBITION GALLERIES BIOSYNERGY | Page 153

UL

IO AT

N

SITE ZONING - OPEN SPACES MOATS AND DITCHES TO PREVENT DANGEROUS ANIMALS FROM ENTERING INTO THE SITE

PATCHES IN THE FORM OF ANIMAL PARKS AND BOTANICAL GARDENS

VIEWING DECKS WILDLIFE CORRIDOR FOREST LAND DIHING PATKAI RANGE

HIGHEST POINT OF THE SITE

REPTILES AMPHIBIANS BUTTERFLY GARDEN BUSHES AND LOW SHRUBS INCLINES WALLS / STILTS

PATCHES

SMALL SIZED MAMMALS - MALAYAN GIANT SQUIRREL, DEER NOCTURNAL BIRDS ( SPECIES OF OWLS) TREES- HINGORI, NAHOR, HOLLONG, SAM, DHUNA DENSE VEGETATION TO FOSTER MIGRATORY BIRDS

CORRIDORS

157

CORR

PATCHES 153

152

WILDLIFE CORRIDOR Fig.249 Site Zoning - Open Spaces

PA

159

161

158

HIGH LAND ADJOING THE SITE

CORRIDORS

160

EXIT BIOSYNERGY | Page 154

HIGH LAND ADJOING THE SITE

159

158

NATURE TRAIL FOREST LAND DIHING PATKAI RANGE

156

WILDLIFE CORRIDOR 154

PRIMATES - GOLDEN LANGUR, CAPPED LANGUR SMALL SIZED ANIMALS - SLOW LORIS, MACAQUE MONKEY TREES- SHIKHA, NAHOR, ARJUN, DIMORU, OUTENGA SPILLAGE SPACES UNDER TREES

155

ATCHES

EXISTING TREES ON SITE 151

RIDORS

N

TIO A L

U

RC CI

150

ENTRY

RESIDENCES

MOATS AT DRAINAGE POINTS BIOSYNERGY | Page 155

FUNCTIONAL INTER-RELATIONSHIP FUNCTIONAL INTER-RELATIONSHIP

SEMINAR ROOMS

SEMINAR ROOMS

STORAGE

RECEPTION AND WAITING

RECEPTION AND WAITING LABS

HOD

STORAGE

LABS

HOD

FLORA

FAUNA

STOR

RESEARCH

AV HALLS FACULTY OFFICES

PRINT ROOM

READING AREA

EXHIBITS BOOK COLLECTION

E-LIBRARY RECEPTION AND WAITING

STAFF PARKING

LIBRARIAN’S OFFICE

RECE AND W

TEA

CHECK OUT DESK

CONFE MAINTENANCE AND STORAGE

COMPUTER LABS

LIBRARY AND COMPUTER CENTRE

RECEPT AND WA

ACCOUNT’S OFFICE

ADMINIST

VISITOR’S PARKING

SEATING STAGE VIP ROOM

GREEN ROOM

RECEPTION AND WAITING

AUDITORIUM

STORAGE

CONTROL ROOM

SECUR INFOR

Fig.250 Functional Inter-Relationships BIOSYNERGY | Page 156

BUBBLE DIAGRAM RESEARCHER’S RESIDENCE STUDENT’S HOSTEL PRIVAT

SEMI-

RAGE

EPTION WAITING

GUEST COTTAGES

E SPAC

PUBL

EXPERIMENT HALLS

STAFF HOTEL

E

IC SPA CE

TEACIHNG LABS

ACHING

CAFETARIA

STUDENT’S PARKING

EXHIBITION GALLERIES

ERENCE FOREST OFFICES

TION AITING

EXHIBITS CLOAK ROOM

DIRECTOR’S OFFICE

TICKET COUNTER

MUSEUM

PU

BL

IC

SP AC E

TRATION

MECHANICAL ROOM

VISITOR’S PARKING

STORAGE GIFT SHOP

TRAINING AND WORKSHOP

INTERPRETATION CENTRE

RITY GUARD AND RMATION DESK

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MASSING AND FORM DEVELOPMENT

H I GH E S T POINT ON S I TE

RE S I DE NT I A L Z O NE S

I NS T I T UT I O N AL Z O NE S

E

E

W

N

N

SL OPE

Fig.251 Retention of major tree species on the site and designing in accordance to their placement.

GU E S T H OU S E S

W

RESEARCH BL OCK

E

S TAF F QU A RTE R S

Fig.252 Major vehicular circulation on site, dividing the residential and the institutional zones.

S T I LT HO US E S

S

S

A CCE S S I B L E RO O F S

P I T CHE D RO O F

TEACHING BL OCK

E

MUSEUM BL OCK

H OS TE LS

W

ADMIN BL OCK

W

AUDITORIUM

N

N

Fig.253 Placement of blocks according to the slope and aligning the major axis to the wind direction.

S

Fig.254 Providing accessible roofs and extruding the built up structure accordingly.

EXPERIENTIAL ZONE

S

E

NAT U R E T R AIL S

E

W

W

E N TR A N C E P LA ZA N

Fig.255 Green patches divided into entrance plaza, central patch and experiential zone, differing in its nature.

N

Fig.256 Entire site; nature trails to be built on stilts, which link to the terraces at various places.

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Terrace gardens designed to maintain the ecological balance

Natural Trails ending as viewing decks and spill out spaces

CONCEPTUAL SECTIONS

CONCEPTUAL SECTIONS

Terrace gardens designed to maintain the ecological balance

Natural Trails ending as viewing decks and spill out spaces Watch Towers

Use of bamboo in experiential buildings

Watch Towers BB’

ROOFS OF Use of bamboo in I N S T I T U T I O N B LO C K experiential buildings BINDING THE DESIGN blocks help in ARoofs S Aof SInstitution I N G LE ENTITY binding the design as one entity

BIOSWAL E FOR provided WIL D L IFE TOBioswale FOSTER for wildlife to foster

CC’ Roofs of Institution blocks help in binding the design as one entity

Bioswale provided for wildlife to foster

151M

Fig.257 Section AA’

Residential blocks stepping down gradually, providing clear vision and also generate terraces

MOATS AND DITCHES

NATURAL TRAILS

Roofs of institutional blocks allow north light to enter

158M

CC’

R OOFS OF L ABOR ATOR IES AL L OWIN G N ORTH L IGH T TO EN TER

R E S I D E N T I A L B LO C K S STE P P I N GDD’ D O W N G R A D U A LLY Residential blocks stepping down gradually, A S providing G R E Eclear N vision T E Rand R Aalso C generate E S terraces

Roofs of institutional blocks allow north light to enter

CONCEPTUAL SECTIONS

162M

DD’ Natural Trails ending as viewing decks and spill out spaces

Terrace gardens designed to maintain the ecological balance

153 M

Fig.258 Section BB’

AA’

WAT C H TOWE RS

Watch Towers

U SE OF BAM BOO IN EXPER IEN TIAL BU ILT bamboo in STRUse U CofTU Rbuildings ES experiential

MOATS AND DITCHES

NATURAL TRAILS

BB’

153M

155M

Fig.259 Section CC’ Roofs of Institution blocks help in binding the design as one entity

Bioswale provided

CONCEPTUAL SECTIONS for wildlife to foster TER R AC E GAR D EN S D ESIG N E D Terrace gardens TO M AIN TAIN THdesigned E ECtoOL OG I C A L BAL AN maintain C E the ecological balance

N AT U R E T R A I LS A S V I E W I N G CC’ as viewing D E C KNatural S A NTrails D Sending P I LL O U T S PA C E S decks and spill out spaces

Residential blocks stepping down gradually, providing clear vision and also generate terraces

Roofs of institutional blocks allow north light to enter

16 0 M

157M

AA’ Watch Towers DD’

Fig.260 Section DD’

Use of bamboo in experiential buildings

BB’

Bioswale provided for wildlife to foster

Roofs of Institution blocks help in binding the design as one entity

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ELEMENTS ELEMENTS OFOF DESIGN DESIGN ELEMENTS OF DESIGN Drainage Drainage flow flow

LANDSCAPE

LANDSCAPE

DESIGNING DESIGNING ON STILTS ON STILTS

Reduced Reduced UrbanUrban Heat Island Heat Island Effect Effect

GREEN GREEN ROOFS/ ROOFS/ TERRACES TERRACES

VENTILATION VENTILATION

Act asAc w indicato in

Reduced Reduced Surface Surface RunoffRunoff

RAINRAIN GARDENS GARDENS

Enchancing bird bird Enchancing safetysafety

Promote Pr connect co between be

COEXISTENCE

Nesting Nesting opportunities opportunities

COEXISTENCE

Protecti Pr against ag

CLIMATE

CLIMATE

Cross Cross Ventilation Ventilation

BIRDBIRD BRICKBRICK

BAT WALL CLADDING BAT WALL CLADDING

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Protection against rain

Composite of concrete and bamboo

OVERHANGS

Act as wildlife indicators

BUTTERFLY GARDEN

Promote connectivity between species

UNDERPASSES

MATERIAL

Fig.261 Climate

Natural drainage courses

BIO-SWALES

Fig.262 Landscape

Effective wildlife crossings

OVERPASS

Fig.263 Co-Existence

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DRAWINGS FINAL SUBMISSION

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SITE PLAN TOTAL BUILT UP AREA ACHIEVED = 14,000 SQ.M. TOTAL GROUND COVERAGE ACHIEVED = 20%

FOREST AREA

RESEARCH BLOCK

GUEST HOUSES

N

RESEARCHER'S RESIDENCES

FOREST AREA HOSTELS

GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

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0 5 10

20

N

EXPERIENTIAL ZONE

40

N

BIOSYNER

A CENTRE FOR EDUCATION AND

FOREST AREA TEACHING BLOCK

SITE PLAN SCALE - 1:500

H

MUSEUM BLOCK

CONSOLIDATED

APPROACH ROAD

AUDITORIUM

ADMINISTRATION BLOCK

RESIDENCES BIOSYNERGY | Page 165

SITE PLAN SCALE - 1:500

SITE PLAN - ACTIVITY MAPPING ACTIVITY MAPPING

RESEARCHER'S STAFF AND STUDENT ADMINISTRATION VISITORS

PPROACH ROAD

FOREST AREA

RESEARCH BLOCK

GUEST HOUSES

RESEARCHER'S RESIDENCES

FOREST AREA HOSTELS

GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

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0 5 10

20

N

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40

BIOSYNER

A CENTRE FOR EDUCATION AND

FOREST AREA TEACHING BLOCK

SITE PLAN SCALE - 1:500

H

MUSEUM BLOCK

ACTIVITY MAPP

RESEARC STAFF AN ADMINIST VISITORS

APPROACH ROAD

AUDITORIUM

ADMINISTRATION BLOCK

RESIDENCES BIOSYNERGY | Page 167

SITE SECTIONS

GUEST HOUSES

RESEARCH B

SECTION AA' (SLOPE 1:20)

STUDENT'S HOSTELS

GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

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RESEAR

0

5

10

20

40

SITE SECTIONS SCALE - 1:100

BLOCK

TEACHING BLOCK

MUSEUM BLOCK

+22.50 +21.00 +18.65 +15.50 +12.50 +9.00 +7.00 +5.00 +0.00

RCHER'S RESIDENCES

GUEST HOUSE

+22.00 +20.50 +17.50 +15.50 +13.00 +9.00 +7.00 +4.50 +2.00

SECTION BB' (SLOPE 1:17.5) KEY PLAN

BIOSYNERGY - A CENTRE FOR BIODIVERSITY EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

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SITE SECTIONS

ADMINISTRATIVE BLOCK

NATURE TRAILS

CENTRAL PATCH

TEACHING BLOCK

MUSEU

SECTION DD' (SLOPE 1:25)

GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

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0

5

10

20

40

SITE SECTIONS SCALE - 1:100

RESEARCHER BLOCK

+19.50

+13.00 +10.90

+4.50 +1.00

SECTION CC' (SLOPE 1:18.8)

UM BLOCK

AUDITORIUM BLOCK +19.50 +15.50 +13.00

+8.00 +6.00 +3.25

KEY PLAN

BIOSYNERGY - A CENTRE FOR BIODIVERSITY EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

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RESEARCH BLOCK

PLANS 0

5

10

20

40

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

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SECTIONS 0

5

10

20

40

ACCESIBLE ROOF

STORAGE

TOILET

SECTION AA’

TERRACE SEMINAR HALL

RECEPTION

SECTION BB’ BIOSYNERGY | Page 175

ELEVATION

PLANTERS AND SHRUBS FORM PARAPET

ACCESIBLE GREEN ROOF

FRONT ELEVATION

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0

5

10

20

40

GREEN ROOF - NOT ACCESSIBLE BY HUMANS

BIOSYNERGY | Page 177

TEACHING BLOCK

PLANS 0

5

10

20

40

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

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SECTIONS 0

5

10

20

40

TERRACE

CORRIDOR

RECEPTION

SECTION AA’

FACULTY CABIN

PG LABORATORY

CORRIDOR

UG LABORATORY

CORRIDOR

SPILL OUT SPACE

RAMP

SECTION BB’

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ELEVATION

PLANTERS AND SHRUBS FORM PARAPET

ACCESIBLE GREEN ROOF

FRONT ELEVATION

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0

NORTH LIGHT ENTERING INTO THE LABORATORIES THROUGH CLERESTORY WINDOWS

5

10

20

40

ROOF TILTED TOWARDS SOUTH FOR SOLAR PANEL INSTALLATION

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MUSEUM BLOCK

PLANS 0

5

10

20

40

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

VIEW OF THE NATURE TRAIL

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SECTIONS 0

5

10

20

40

ACCESSIBLE ROOF

TOILET

SECTION AA’

DOUBLE HEIGHT EXHIBIT SPACES

SECTION BB’

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ELEVATION

PLANTERS AND SHRUBS FORM PARAPET ACCESIBLE GREEN ROOF

FRONT ELEVATION

BIOSYNERGY | Page 184

0

5

10

20

40

HEIGHT OF BLOCKS GRADUALLY INCREASING ACCORDING TO THE THREE LAYER OF EXHIBITS

BIOSYNERGY | Page 185

AUDITORIUM AND ADMIN BLOCK 0

PLANS 5

10

20

40

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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SECTIONS 0

5

10

20

40

AUDITORIUM SEATING STAGE

ENTRANCE FOYER

SECTION AA’

LIBRARY DISPLAYS RECEPTION

SECTION BB’

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ELEVATION

CURVED ROOF MAINTAINING THE FLUIDITY OF THE BUILDINGS

GREEN ROOF TO FOSTOR MIGRATORY BIRDS AND MONKEYS

FRONT ELEVATION

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0

5

10

20

40

GREEN ROOF – NOT ACCESSIBLE BY HUMANS TERRACE

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GUEST HOUSES

TYPICAL PLAN 0

1

2.5

5

10

TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN

A’

E1

E1’

A

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SECTION 0

1

2.5

5

10

BALCONY

E1’

TOILET

BEDROOM

BALCONY

TOILET

BEDROOM

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ELEVATION

GREEN ROOF – NOT ACCESSIBLE BY HUMANS

ENTRANCE ZONE

BALCONY

ENTRANCE ZONE

BALCONY

FRONT ELEVATION

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0

1

2.5

5

10

ENTRANCE ZONE

BALCONY

ENTRANCE ZONE

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RESEARCHER’S RESIDENCES 0

1

2.5

5

10

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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PLANS 0

GREEN BUFFER

TIOILET

1

2.5

5

10

LIVING ROOM 1BHK

LIVING ROOM

BEDROOM

TIOILET

DINING 2BHK

SECTION AA’

SECTION AA’

SIDE ELEVATION

GREEN ROOF – NOT ACCESSIBLE BY HUMANS

GREEN BUFFER 1BHK

2BHK

LAWN

SECTION BB’

SIDE ELEVATION

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STUDENT’S HOSTEL 0

5

10

20

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FEMALE WING

COMMON TERR

FRONT ELEVATION BIOSYNERGY | Page 198

PLAN AND ELEVATION 0

5

10

20

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

FALE WING

RACE

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3D VIEW 1

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3D VIEW 2

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3D VIEW 3

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3D VIEW 4

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3D VIEW 5

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3D VIEW 6

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3D VIEW 7

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3D VIEW 8

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BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES

BIOSYNERGY | Page 217

BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF WEBSITES 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/summary-on-the-biodiversity-in-india1521716572-1#:~:text=Flora%20and%20Fauna%20of%20India,plants%20and%20 species%20of%20animals. http://asbb.gov.in/booklets/Glimpses-of-biodiversity.pdf http://msrblog.com/assign/science/geography/ecological-design-a-new-way-of-seeingand-thinking-about-design.html https://www.umass.edu/landeco/about/landeco.pdf https://www.springer.com/journal/10980/ https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Animal_Geographies/-AWag5IvaHkC?hl=en&g bpv=1&dq=hard+case+pitting+animals+against+humans,+solve+the+problem,+look+f or+alternatives,+or+choose+a+geographic+compromise+that+defends+the+well-being +of+animals&pg=PA293&printsec=frontcover https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150359v1#:~:text=We%20propose%20 ’Animal%2DAided%20Design,integral%20part%20of%20the%20design. http://mn.audubon.org/sites/default/files/05-05-10_bird-safe-building-guidelines.pdf https://abcbirds.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Bird-friendly-Building-Guide_2015.pdf https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/research-facilities https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/research-facilities/research-laboratory https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/research-facilities/academic-laboratory https://nzeb.in/knowledge-centre/passive-design/ h t t p s : / / t h e c o n s t r u c t o r. o r g / b u i l d i n g / b a m b o o - a s - a - b u i l d i n g - m a t e r i a l - u s e s advantages/14838/ https://builtarchi.com/architecture-in-assam/ https://pscnotes.in/eco-sensitive-zone-in-india/#:~:text=The%20prospect%20of%20 the%20formation,be%20taken%20regarding%20the%20matter. http://www.cachar.nic.in/dept/DDMA/Assam_Notified_Urban_Areas%20_Other_than_ Guwahati_%20Building_Rules_2014.pdf https://www.urbanlab.com/calumet-environmental-center https://issuu.com/sarahgunawan/docs/synanthropicsuburbia_sarahgunawan https://www.archdaily.com/113280/habitat-for-urban-wildlife-ofer-bilik-architects https://www.rspb.org.uk/our-work/conservation/projects/kingsbrook-housing/ https://www.rspb.org.uk/globalassets/downloads/documents/conservation-projects/ nature-home-kingsbrook.pdf http://architecturebrio.com/projects-item/biodiversity-training-institute/ https://o-drie.nl/sikkim-biodiversity-training-institute-india/ https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-193017 https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-178749 https://worldarchitecture.org/article-links/ehmmf/anant_rajedesigned_iifm_bhopal_ needs_urgent_restoration_ingenious_approach_for_future_growth.html https://www.archdaily.com/950733/bamboo-hostels-china-studio-anna-heringer https://www.designboom.com/architecture/anna-heringer-bamboo-biennale-chinabaoxi-hostel-buildings-04-21-2017/ https://www.anna-heringer.com/projects/bamboo-hostels-china/ https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131222/spectrum/main6.htm https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/takeaway/where-it-oil-began/ article9329149.ece https://www.nezine.com/info/Ni9XQ0cwaG9uNS8wMW5raS9aMDBnZz09/heritagebungalows-of-digboi-where-the-past-comes-alive-in-the-present.html https://heyloons.com/2019/04/06/digboi-the-oil-town-in-the-rainforest/

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35. https://weatherspark.com/y/112393/Average-Weather-in-Digboi-India-YearRound#:~:text=In%20Digboi%2C%20the%20wet%20season,or%20above%20 96%C2%B0F. 36. http://www.goingwild.in/bird-watching-and-information-on-dehing-patkai-wildlifesanctuary 37. https://sustain.round.glass/habitat/dehing-patkai-wildlife-sanctuary/ 38. https://bubobirding.com/dehing-patkai-wildlife-sanctuary/ 39. https://thewildscapes.in/caricatures 40. https://happho.com/learn-traditional-assamese-houses/

LIST OF RESEARCH PAPERS 1.

2.

3.

Eco-Tourism and Its Socio Economic Effects - A Study on Jeypore Rainforest by Rajat Bhattacharjee and Aruna Deb Roy (http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0214/ ijsrp-p2639.pdf) Laboratory Design for Microbiological Safety by G. Briggs Phillips and Robert S. Runkle (https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/am.15.2.378-389.1967) Study of Traditional Houses in Assam by Navanita Das, Shulanki Pal, Spondan Sapon Bora, Onenjungla Walling (https://www.krishisanskriti.org/vol_image/03Jul201502074714.pdf)

LIST OF BOOKS 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Introducing Wildlife in Urban Ecosystems by Amartya Deb Glimpses of Biodiversity by Assam State Biodiversity Board Design for Biodiversity - A Technical Guide for New and Existing Buildings by Kelly Gunnell (Author) Carol Williams (Author) Brian Murphy (Author) Animals and society - An introduction to human-animal studies by DeMello, Margo Barrier Design for Zoos by Dr. Brij Kishor Gupta Research Laboratories by Daniel D. Watch

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

DRISTI KEJRIWAL dristikejriwal.cca@gmail.com