GANDHI VICHARDHARA ME PRATIBIMBIT SARVTRIK VIKAS

Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2016 = 6.17, www.srjis.com UGC Approved Sr. No.45269, JULY-AUG 2017, VOL- 4/35

xka/kh fopkj/kkjk esa izfrfcafcr lkoZf=d fodkl Ogh- ,l- baxGs, Ph. D.

jkT;” kkL= foHkkx izeq[k, Xkks- lh- xkoaMs egkfo|ky; mej[ksM, ft- ;orekG ¼egkjk’Vª½ fiu 445206 Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com

Okru fd fQØ dj tknkWa eqlhcr vkusokyh gSA Rksjh cckZfn;kW ds e”kojs gS vklekuksa esaA Uk le>ksx a as rks feV tkvksx a s ,s fganksLrksa okyksAa rqekjh nkLrkWa rd Hkh u gksrh nkLrkuksa esAa ¼bdcky us vktknh ds le; vkilh erHksn feVkdj gkSlyk cqyna djusokyh dfork fy[kh mldh dqN iafDr;kW½

izLrkouk Xkak/khokn ,d thouiz.kkyh gSA Xkak/khokn ,d fopkj/kkjk gSA ftl vk/kkjij U;k;] Lora=rk] lekurk vkSj ca/kwrk tSls ewY; lekt esa o`)haxr djus ds fy, mi;ksxh fl) gksrs gSA xka/kh;qx dk izkjaHk chloh lnh esa gqvkA ftlus lai.w kZ fo”o dks lR; vkSj vfgalk dh vk/kkjij thou ftus dk jkLrk crk;k vkSj Økafrdkjh Hkqfedk dk fuekZ.k fd;kA miks’k.k] lR;kxzg] vlgdkj] vkanksyu vkSj lfou; dk;nsHkax tSls lk/kuksa dh vk/kkjij Lok/khurk ikus dk ewyea= fn;kA bUgh lk/kuksa dh vk/kkjij jk’Vªh; vkanksyu dk tu vkanksyu esa :ikarj dj fn;kA 1919 ls 1947 rd pyk;s x;sa tu vkanksyu dh ek/;e ls lkezkT;oknh fczfV”k LkÙkk dks fgykdj j[k fn;kA o.kZHksn dk fojks/k djus ds fy, fons” k esa vkanksyu pyk;kA jk’Vªh; ,dkRerk ds fy, xka/khthus LojkT; dh ladYiuk dks egÙo fn;kA xka/khth y?kq vkSj dqVhj m|ksxksadks egÙo nsdj Hkkjrh;ksd a ksa Lokoyach cukuk pkgrs FksAa ef”kuksa dh txg ij Je dks EkgÙo nsuk pkgrs Fksa vkSj ljy thou ij fo”okl djrs FksAa L=h;ksa dh f”k{kk ds os i{k/kj FksaA os jpukRed vkn”kZoknh FksAa muds LoIukas ds Hkkjr dk izR;sd lnL; /keZfujis{k jgdj lR; vkSj vfgalk ds ekxZij py dj jk’Vªh; ,drk ,oa v[kaMrk dk egku nkf;Ùo fuHkkus okyk FkkA fo”o”kkarh LFkkfir djus ds fy, ;q) ds ctk,W euq’; ds O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd thou esa larwyu LFkkfir djds fd;k tk ldrk gS ,Slk os dgrs FksaAA xka/khth ds fopkj vkt Hkh fo”o ds lHkh ;qokvksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSA mUgksus ohj iq:’kksd a s vfgalk dk leFkZu fd;k tc dh “kDrhghu yksaxks dh vfgalk dk leFkZu ugh djrsA vkarjjk’Vªh; Lrj ds ;g egku O;Drh ds fopkj dk leFkZu frCcr /kkfeZd usrk nykbZ ykek] nf{k.k vkfQzdk ds usYlu Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Dr. V. S. Ingale (Pg. 6229-6234)

6230

eaMsyk vkSj vefjdk ds ekfVZu Y;qFkj fdax bUgksus fd;kA os xksgR;kcanh ,oae e|iku ds fojks/k esa FksAa fu%”kqYd izkFkfed f”k{kk jkT;ksa dk mÌs” k vkSj dk;Z gksuk pkfg, ,Slk xka/khth ekurs FksAa mUgksus jktuhfr dk v/;kfRedj.k fd;kA /keZ dk ykSfddhdj.k fd;kA tks vkt ds ;qx esa jk’Vªh; ,fddj.k ds {ks= esa jkeck.k fl) gksxkA xka/khth dk n”kZu /keZ dh lqn`< uhoij vofLFkr gSA /keZ] lR; rFkk vfgalk ij vk/kkfjr ,d uSfrd thou i)rh gSA vkn”kZ uSfrdrk vkSj /keZ ,d gh oLrw ds vusd uke gSA jktuhfr esa iapk;r jkt vkSj vf/kdkjksads fodsna zhdj.k dk oksa leFkZu djrs FksAa xka/khth oSpkfjd iznq’k.kksd a ksa fu;af=r djus dk ,dek= ljy vkSj lgt ekxZ gSA orZeku ;qx fd lalkj esa xka/khthus crk,W ekuoh eqY;ksd a k fNik jgL; FkkA ftlesa ekuoh; izse] mnkjrk] lfg’.kwrk vkSj ekuoh /keZ vkfn xq.k lafEeyhr gSA jktuhfr esa vkt Hkh rFkkdfFkr jktuhfrd nyksaus LokFkZiw.kZ n`f’Vdksu dks viukrs gq,W xka/khthdks >qBykus dk Hkjiwj iz;kl fd;kA ysfdu vkt Hkh cgwr cMk leqnk; xka/khthds fopkjksadks “kkarrk vkSj lqO;oLFkk LFkkihr djds fodkl djus ds fy, mi;ksxh le>rs gSA xka/khth dk dguk Fkk dh Hkkjr xkoksa dk ns” k gSA blds iqufuekZ.k dk vk/kkj xkWo gh gks ldrk gSA vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj “kgjhdj.k ls Hkkjr fodluf”ky ns” k fd iafDr;kW es [kMk gks ldrk gSA ij xkWoksa fd mUurh ds fcuk Hkkjr fd mUurh fd ckr egt ikuh esa dkxt fd uko pykus tSlk gSA blfy, egkjk’Vª es jk’Vªh; jkstxkj geh ;kstuk] jkstxkj X;kjaVh ;kstuk] gj ,d xkWo ds gj gkFk dks jkstxkj nsuk vkSj y?kq rFkk dqfVj m|ksx a pykus izksRlkfgr djuk t:jh gSA xka/khth fd xzkeh.k fodkl fd ifjdYiuk fo|eku Hkkjr dk Hkfo’; FkhA djksM a ks gkFkksa us mRiknu djus ls Hkwd feVrh] fo’kerk ?kVrh] leL;ksals >xMus ds fy, iq:’kkFkZ txrk] ubZ psruk u;k la?kBu] u;h ,drk fn[kkbZ nsrhA vkilh fookn lekIr djus gsrq egkRek xka/kh raVkeqDr vfHk;ku tSlk dk;ZØe ljdkj }kjk pyk;k tk jgk gSA egkRek xka/khus jk’Vªh; vkanksyu es fn, fopkjksadk ;ksxnku lk{kkr fopksjksadh iz;ksx”kkyk gSA vLrs;] czEgp;Z] vifjxzg vkSj bZ” ojfu’Bk ;g mudh fopkjksd a h pkSdV FkhA mudh fopkjksea as /kkfeZd lfg’.kwrk fd ik”oZHkweh FkhA vkRela;e ekuoh thou dk ewY; gSA ekuoh orZu dks fu;af=r j[kuk /keZ dk eqylq= gSA Hkkjrh; jk’Vªokn LokLFkizn] /kkfeZd vkSj ekuorkoknh gSA xka/khth dk jk’Vªokn mnkÙk FkkA mudh jk’Vªh;rk lafd.kZ ugh FkhA muds jk’Vªokn esa nqljs jk’Vª ds izfr vknjHkko FkkA os voljoknh ugh FksA mUgksaus vusd fo’k;ksia j lkekU;ksads fy, vius fopkj izLrqr fd,A mudh ns” kHkDrh ^^olq/kSo Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Dr. V. S. Ingale (Pg. 6229-6234)

6231

dqVqEcde^^ ds xzke lalkj es lekghr gksrh gSA os lnSo fo|kFkhZ thou thrs FksA vaxzstksa fd xqykexhjhls NqVdkjk ikdj Lok/khurk izkIrh ds fy, lR;kxzg dks lcls cMs gfFk;kj ds :Ik esa iz;ksx fd;k A vius thou es izkIr Kku vkSj vuqHkqrh ds ek/;els ns” k esa jk’Vªh; ,dkRerk LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;kA os ,d jpukRed vkn”kZoknh FksA mUgksus lR; vkSj vfgalk dk lQy izz;kl vius thou es fd;k A mUgksus vius rRofparu ls lkekU; euq"; esa vkRelEeku fd vkRexkSjo fd Hkkouk fuekZ.k djus dk iz;kl fd;kA xka/khthds vuqlkj lR;kxzgh d’V lgu djus ds fy, rFkk cfynku djus ds fy, lnSo rS;kj jgrk gSA Xkak/khth us lR; vkSj vfgalk ds gfFk;kj ls Hkkjr ekrk dh xqykeh csMh;k dkV MkyhA vkanksyu izfr Hkkouk;sa & Xkak/khth jktuhfrd la?kVu] iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk ds vk/kkj ij djuk pkgrs FksA mUkdh –’Vhls ^^vfgalk dk foKku^^ gh “kqnz yksdRka= dh vkSj ys tkrk gSA mudk dguk Fkk dh yksdra= vkSj fgalk lkFk & LkkFk Ukgh Pky LkdrsA vuSfrd ljdkjh dkuwu dks fou;iqOkZd Hkax djuk izR;sd lR;kXkzgh dk drZO; gSA xka/khth ds vkanksyu dk egÙoiw.kZ gfFk;kj lfou; dk;nsHkax mUgksus Fkksfjdks uked egku O;Drh ls fy;kA VfLdu fd vksjls Unto this last & Crown of Wild Olive Je izfr’Bk ;g ladYiuk dk fLodkj fd;kA mnk- nf{k.k vkfQzdk] paikju] ckjMksyh] [ksMk vkfn ns” kO;kih lR;kXkzgh vkanksyu] Hkkjr NksMks vkanksyu ;g eqyr% lfou; voKk vkanksyu FksA yksdra= dh LFkkiuk ds fy, jktfd; lRrk dk fodsfa nzdj.k vko”;d ekurs FkssA “kklu pykusokys tu izfrfu/kh fuokZfpr gksuk t#jh letrs FksA ysfdu dksbZHkh fuokZfpr izfruh/kh leksyksiyqi ugh] R;kxh vkSj drZO; ijk;.k gksus dh vis{kk j[krs FksA VkWyLVk; lsa vjkT;okn] vfgalk vkSj vlgdkj dk fLodkj fd;kA ;fn ge ladVdkyhu nkSjs ls xqtj jgs gSA rFkk viuh ns” k dh jktdh; O;oLFkkdks fodkldh nkSj ij ykuk gS rks xka/khthds fopkj vf/kd izklafxd gSA blfy, vkt laiq.kZ fo”o es xak/kh ds fopkjks dks viuk;k tk jgk gSA la;qDRk jk’Vªla?k Hkh egkRek xka/kh dk tUefnu 2 vkDVwacj dks vkarjjk’Vªh; vfgalk fnol ?kksf’kr dj muds fla)karksds izfr leqps fo”o ds vfHkO;Dr dj pqdk gS A nvkfQzdk eS usYlu eaMsyk }kjk pys jaxHksn fojks/kh vkanksyu dh lQyrk dk jkt xka/khth ds fla)karks dh thr crk;k gSA vesfjdk jk’Vkª/;{k cjkd vksckek us dqN le; igys dgk Fkk fd egkRek xka/khth thou Hkj muds fy, izsj.kk L=ksr cus jgs gSA ekfVZu Y;qFkj fdax us rks egkRek xka/kh dks ^^bZlk elhg^^ ls tksMk FkkA frCcr /kkfeZd usrk nykbZ ykek us xka/khth dks viuk vkn”kZ ekuk gSA eWpsLVj xkMhZ;u dgrs Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Dr. V. S. Ingale (Pg. 6229-6234)

6232

Fks fd] xka/khth A Saint Among Politicians & Politician Among Saints gSA cfyZu es Nk=ksa fd ekax ij ,d fo|ky; dk uke cnydj xka/khth ds uke ij j[kk x;k gSA vkikrdky ds nkSjku ikfdLRkku us tc fV- Ogh- pSuyksaij jksd yxh rc th;ks fVe ds gehn ehu us vkikrdky dks okil ykus ds fy, xka/khxhjh dk lgkjk ysdj lMdksaij Qwy ysdj bldk fojks/k djus yxsaA xka/khth ds fy, lpZ djrs gS rks 1-94 djksM fj>YV feyrs gSA muds fopkjksl a s iwjh nqfu;k viuh viuh leL;kvksadk lek/kku [kkst jgh gSA bZekunkjh ls vxj ;g dgk tk, rks xka/khth vHkh thank gSA ;gh otg gS fd vkt xka/khoknh ewY;ksadh izklafxdrk thou esa u viukus ds dkj.k O;kogkfjdrk ds /kjkry ij csvlj gksrh tk jgh gSA /kkfeZd fopkj & f[kz” pu /keZds New Teastment xzaFk dk izHkko xka/khth ds fopkjksa ij FkkA vkt orZeku dkfyu jktuhfr esa /keZ fd uke ij lafd.kZ laLFkk viuh rkuk”kkgh o`)haxr djus dk iz;kl dj jgh gSA bl c<rh /kekZa/krk dks jks[kus ds fy, xka/kh ds fopkj vkt Hkh ledkfyu ifjos” k esa vkR;kf/kd vko”;drkuq:i gSA ysfdu ;g Hkwy x, dh Hkkjr fofo/k tkrh] /keZ] oa” k vkSj iaFkksadk ns” k gSA fofo/krk esa ,drk gekjk czhn gSA blfy, /keZ dk ik[akM QSykus dk iz;kl djus okyksa fd nkL;rk ls eqDrh ugh ikrs rc rd gekjh eqDrh dk ekxZ iz” kLr ugh gks ldrkA ;fn cgqr%”k ns” k fons” k esa xka/khth ds fopkjksa fd O;kogkfjdrk le>dj mudks eq[;/kkjk esa ykus fd egÙke iz;kl dj jgh gSA fo”o esa viuk izHkko LFkkfir fd, vusd usrk muds fopkjksd a ksa vkn”kZ] izsj.kkL=ksr] le> jgs gSA lpeq[k lq[k] “kkarh vkSj fo”o”kkarh dk liuk ns[kuk vuqfpr ugh gksxkA ifj.kkr% Hkkjr bl fudV Hkfo’; esa laiw.kZ fo”o esa “kkarh dk lans” k laizsf’kr dj ,d egk”kDrh ds :Ik esa mHkj ldrk gSA ukscy s iqjLdkj nsusokyh ukosZ fd ukscsy lferh us dgk fd Hkxoku xkSre cq) vkSj bZlk elhg ds ckn fo”o”kkarh ds fy, lcls cMk ;ksxnku nsusokys egkRek xka/kh dks ukscy s “kkarh iqjLdkj ugh fn;k x;kA ftlds ckjs esa ukscy s lferh dks bl rjg i”pkrki gSA efgykvksa fd rRdkfyu fLFkrh vkSj vkanksyu izfr ;ksxnku & Ikzkphu le; esa iq:’kksa ds lkFk efgykvksa dks de ntkZ fn;k tkus yxkA Hkkjr us Hkh iq:’k iz/kku laLd`rh dks viukrs gq,W L=h&iq:’k HksnkHksn gksus yxkA lekt esa efgykvksd a ks cpiu ls gh ;g fl[kk;k tkrk gS fd og nklh gSA iq:’k fd lsok djuk mldk /keZ gSA ysfdu xka/khth ds fopkkj blls fHkUu FksaA oks ukjh dks Hkksx oLrw ;k xqMh;kW ekuus dks bUdkj djrs gSA xka/khth ds lkeus ukjh ijaijkxr Hkkjrh; ifjos” k esa “kDrh”kkyh nsohrqY; FkhA f”k{kk dks oks ukjh l”kDrhdj.k dk lcls lQy gfFk;kj ekurs FksAa Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Dr. V. S. Ingale (Pg. 6229-6234)

6233

mudh lksp ls lR;] vfgalk] R;kx ifjJe lguf”kyu vkSj d:.kk vkfn xq.kksa ds dkj.k ukjh] iq:’k ls Hkh vf/kd efgeke;h fl) gksrh gSA xka/khth ds fopkjks ls izsj.kk ysdj MkW m’kk esgrk] eksjk.kfyuh nslkbZ] lqprs k d`iykuh] bafnjk xka/kh] vWuh cs>aV] lkfo=hckbZ Qqys vkSj iWMe fHkdkbZ dkek bUgkus vius dk;Z” kDrh dk ifjp; fn;kA xka/khth us fy[kk fd] ukjh dks vcyk dguk v/keZ vkSj egkiki gSA efgyk dk vFkZ gksrk gS] egku vkSj rkdrokyhA egkRek xka/kh us L=h f“k{kk dks L=h eqDrh dk izcy lk/ku ekukA lfn;ksa ls pyh vk;h dqizFkk] nsonklh izFkk lekt es dyad gSA 1931 es dkWxszl fd djkph vf/kos” ku ds nkSjku efgykvksa dks iq:’kksa ds cjkcj laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj nsus fd ckr dgh rks fdlus fojks/k ugh fd;kA blls ;g ckr Li’V gksrh gS fd] xka/khth us efgyk mRFkku ds izfr xfgjk;h ls dk;Z fd;kA xqykeh fd tathjksa dks rksMus ds fy, vaxzstks ls cxkor djus okyh ohjkax.kkvksausa bfrgkl jpk gSA le; le; ij gq,W fonzksgksa esa Hkkjrh; ukjh;ksa us vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA lj g;qt jkst us L=h;ksa ds ckjs esa dgk fd ;fn fganwLrku fd ,d fQlnh ukjh;kW vktknh fd fnok.kh gks xbZ rks ge lc dks ;g ns” k NksMdj] gkFk >kMdj Hkkxuk iMsxkA L=h;ksa dks jk’Vªh; dk;Z ds fy, la?kfVr djus gsrw egkRek xka/kh us dh LFkkiuk fdbZA ftlls Lons” kh vkanksyu dks c<kok nsuk vklku gks x;kA jk’Vªh; dk;ksZ dh ftEesnkjh efgyk dks lkSius gsrw mUgs ?kjds vdsysiu ls pkj fnokjksa ls ckgj fudky ds efgykvksa dks ekspsZ&tqyqlksa es “kkfey djuk] muesa ns” kHkDrh fd Hkkouk tkx`r djukk ] mudk eukscy c<kuk mUgs vkRefuHkZj cukuk vkSj dkuqu rksMus ,oa tsy esa tkus ds fy, xka/khth us rS;kj fd;kA vkt dh L=h lkS o’kZ ifgys ds eqdkcys ckSf)d rFkk vkfFkZd n`’V ls T;knk l”kDr gSA xka/kh us efgyk;ksa dks cfUnuh ls fonzkgs huh cuk;kA efgyk vkSj iq:’kksa ds HksnHkko u’V djds efgyk ds iq:’kksa dh vktknh eglql djuh pkfg,WA xka/khthus v/;;u vkSj f”k{kk ls efgyk l”kDrhdj.k dh vk/kwfud ifjHkk’kk izLrqr dhA fganh LojkT; ds v/;k; 18 esa Xkak/khth us f”k{kk ds vFkZ dks csgrjhu rjhdsls letk;kW gSA os dgrs gS fd] v{kj] Kku ,d lk/ku ek= gS] y{; ughA uSfrd eqY;ksa ds vHkko ls ns” k dk ykHk de vkSj gkuh T;knh gqbZ gSAml Kku dk vius ifjokj] lekt] jk’Vª ds m)kj vkSj fodkl ds fy, dSlk iz;ksx djuk gS ;gh lgh f”k{kk gSA rRdkfyu le; esa xka/khthus thu cqjkbZ;kW dks f”k{kk ds {ks= es ns[kk oks u’V djus gsrw vius ekSfyd fopkj vfHkO;Dr fd,WA xka/kh us 1908 es VkyLVk; dh f”k{kk uhfr dks viukdj vusd iz;ksx fd;s]a fl)kar cuk;saA vaxzsth f”k{kk us jk’Vª fd vkRek dks gh u’V fd;k gSA blls ;qok Ikh<h esa ghurk fd Hkkouk c< jgh gSA Li/kkZRd ;qx esa vaxzsth Hkk’kk egÙoiw.kZ gSA fdUrq bldk vfrjsd djds Copyright © 2017, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Dr. V. S. Ingale (Pg. 6229-6234)

6234

vk/kqfudrk fd uke ij cqtqxZ O;Drh] “kkL=] mRlo vkSj ifjokj fd /kTth;kW mMkus yxsA ekW&cki] xq:tuksa ds izfr vknjHkko lekIr gksus yxkAlaiw.kZ lekt ij ik”pkR; laLd`rh gkoh gksus yxhA “kjkc ihuk] /kqeziku djuk] de diMs iguus tSls vknr dks QW” ku dk :Ik fn;kA o`) ekrk&firk dksa o`)kJe Hkstus yxsA vk/kqfud ¼vaxzsth½ f”k{kk ls lekt es naHk] jkx] twYe vkfn izo`Rrh;kW c<us yxhA xka/khth ikB;iqLrdks }kjk fn, tkusokys f”k{kk ds rqyuk esa ekSf[kd vkSj oLrqfu’B f”k{kkij vf/kd cy nsrs FksA Xkak/kh fopkjksa dh O;kogkfjdrk & jkT; vke turk ds HkykbZ dk lk/ku gSA ysfdu ,deso lk/ku ughA vkt laiw.kZ fo”o ijek.kw gfFk;kj dh Hk;kudrk ls yisVk gqvk gSA tkxfrd vkradokn] fgalkpkj] xqUgsxkjhdj.k vkSj Hkz’Vkpkj] cMs iSekus ij c<k gSA foKku dh mWapkbZ c<hA oSf”odj.k dh ;qx esa tkxfrdhdj.k] [kktxhdj.k vkSj mnkjeroknhdj.k gks x;kA ysfdu eqY;ksadk nqj&nqj rd lac/a k ughA dqVqac i)rh dk ewy <kWpk vfLFkj gks x;kA ^^dkSVqafcd laLdkj^^ uke dk ewY; uke”ks’k gks x;kA bl n`f’Vls Xkak/kh fopkjksa dh vko”;drk gSA xka/khokn ls feys gq,W lalk/kugh lekt vkSj jkT;ksa dk ewyvk/kkj gSA ogh vke vkneh ds LoHkko dk LFkk;khHkko gSA blhrjg izLrqr “kks/k fuca/k es fn;s x;s egkRek xka/kh ds ekSfyd vkSj fparu”khj egÙoiw.kZ n`f’Vdksu mtkxj djuk bl “kks/k fuca/k dk eq[; gsrq gSA ftlesa laiw.kZ fo”o dk lkoZf=d fodkl izfrfcafcr gksrk gSA lanHkZ lwph & dkSj lqjthr] tkSyh laikfndk] xka/kh ,d v/;;u] dalsIV ifCyds”ku ubZ fnYyh] 2007y{e.kfla?k] vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd fopkj] dkWyst cqd Msiks t;iwj] 1970&71egkRek xka/kh] fganh uothou] 10 vizsy 1930iqjksfgr ch- vkj-] izkfrfuf/kd jktdh; fopkjd ,oa fopkj/kkjk,] e/;izns”k fganh xzaFk vdkneh Hkksiky“khyk ¼laik-½] fouksck&^^L=h “kDrh tkxj.k] in~e/kke izdk”ku ioukjflag eukstdqekj] dqekj vk”kqrks’k] egkRek xka/kh ,d voyksdu] ds- ds- ifCyds”ku ubZ fnYyhdqiykuh lqpus k] ukfj;ksa ds usrk vkSj f”k{kd] lkfgR; izdk”ku okjk.klh] 1969tSu ;”kiky] vfgalk dk veks?k vL=] lLrk izdk”ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2007rMdydj uafnuh] efgykaps lcyhdj.k vkf.k “ksrdjh efgyk vk?kkMhps ;ksxnku] vYQk ifCyds”ku ukansM 2008tSu ekud] xka/kh ds fopkjksa dh 21 osa lnh esa izklafxdrk vfn ifCyds”ku] t;iwj] 2010vkpk;Z jkeewrhZ] f”k{kk&laLd`rh vkSj lekt] Je Hkkjrh fCkgkj] 1990ys- I;kjsyky ¼vuq-½] fczteksgu gsMk&lR;kxzgkP;k macjB;koj] 2005MkW- v:.k dqekj JhokLro] Hkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt-

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