SWATANTRAYOPARANT JANSANKHYA VRUDDHI KA KRUSHI VIKAS PAR PRABHAV- EK BHAUGOLIK ADHYAYAN (ORAYYA JANP

Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2021 = 7.380, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED & REFEREED JOURNAL, NOV-DEC, 2021, VOL- 9/68

Lokra=;ksijkUr tula[;k o`f) dk d`f"k fodkl ij izHkko& ,d HkkSxksfyd vè;;u ¼vkSjS;k tuin ds fo’ks’k lUnHkZ ea½s eghiky flag] Ph. D.

,lksfl,V izksQslj ,oa foHkkxk/;{k Hkwxksy] xqykc flag fgUnw ¼ih0th0½ dkyst pkaniqj L;kÅ ¼fctukSj½ fiu& 246725 Paper Received On: 21 DEC 2021 Peer Reviewed On: 31 DEC 2021 Published On: 1 JAN 2022 R4Z

Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com

izLrkouk ,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj ns'k esa 12 djksM+ fdlku gSa rFkk ifjokj lfgr mudh tula[;k 60 djksM+ vkdfyr dh xbZ gSA bl izdkj ls ns'k dh yxHkx 60 izfr’kr tula[;k izR;{k o vizR;{k :i ls d`f"k o d`f"k ls lacaf/kr {ks=ksa ls gh jkstxkj izkIr dj jgh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa d`f"k gsrq flapkbZ lk/kuksa dh i;kZIr miyC/krk lqfuf'pr djuk vko';d gSA fo'o ds çeq[k fodflr ns'kksa dks NksMd + j bl le; yxHkx lHkh ns'k tula[;k o`f) dh leL;k ls tw> jgs gSaA vkt ls yxHkx rhu lkS lky igys i`Foh ij 51 djksM+ yksx FksA o"kZ 1804 ls 1927 rd tula[;k dks nks vjc rd igq¡pus esa 123 o"kZ yxs FksA ysfdu 1999 esa fo'o tula[;k dks 5 ls 6 vjc rd igq¡pus esa ek= 12 o"kZ yxsA 11 tqykbZ 1987 dks fo'o dh tula[;k 5 vjc dks ikj dj xbZ FkhA 11 tqykbZ 1987 dks fo'o esa 5 vjc osa f'k'kq dk tUe ;qxksLykfo;k esa gqvk blfy, bl fnu dks fo'o tula[;k fnol ds :i esa eukrs gSA vkSjS;k tuin mÙkj çns'k jkT; dk —f"k ç/kku {ks= gS tgk¡ dh tula[;k ds ,d cM+s Hkw&Hkkx esa thfodksaiktZu dk ek/;e —f"k gh gSA lery Hkwfe] mitkÅ d‚i feêh] Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Da^. eghiky flag

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ty ,oa ou tSls çk—frd lalk/kuksa ds lkFk&lkFk ekuoh; lalk/kuksa dh –f"V ls Hkh lEiUu ;g ,d çeq[k —f"k {ks= ds :i esa çxfr dj jgk gS] ijUrq vkt Hkh {ks=h; Lrj ij —f"k fodkl dh xfr lUrks"kçn ugha gSA {ks= esa flapkbZ dk vlarqfyr forj.k gksus ds ifj.kke Lo:i vU; —f"k ykxr rRoksa ds leqfpr fofu;ksx dh leL;k cuh jgrh gSA v/;;u {ks= mÙkj

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;equk unh tuin dh nf{k.k lhek cukrs gq, bls tkykSu tuin ls vyx djrh gSA tuin dh leqæ ry ls vkSlr Å¡pkbZ 133 ehVj gSA ç'kklfud –f"V ls tuin esa rhu rglhysa rFkk lkr fodkl[k.M gSaA tuin dk dqy {ks=Qy 2015 oxZ fd-eh- gSA1 v/;;u {ks= vkSjS;k tuin dh o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk vuqlkj dqy tula[;k 1379545 gSA2 ftlesa 740040 iq:’k ,oa 639505 efgyk,a gaSA {ks= dk tula[;k ?kuRo 685 O;fä çfr oxZ fd-eh- gS3 {ks= esa dqy lk{kjrk nj 78-95 izfr”kr gSA4 HkkSfrd Lo:i vkSjS;k tuin HkkSfrd Lo:i dh –f"V ls fo"kerkvksa okyk eSnkuh Hkkx gSA bl {ks= dk <ky mÙkj&if'pe ls nf{k.k&iwoZ dh vksj gSA ;g eSnku vij Vjf'k;jh dky ,oa mlds ckn ds ;qx esa fgeky; ioZr ls fudyus okyh ufn;ksa }kjk yk;h x;h uwru tyks<+ fefê;kssa ls cuk gSA bl eSnkuh Hkkx ds mÙkj esa fgeky; ioZr J`a[kyk vkSj nf{k.k esa çk;}hih; iBkj fLFkr gSaA bl eSnkuh Hkkx dh Hkw&xfHkZd lajpuk dk fodkl iw.kZ :i ls vkt Hkh Kkr ugha gS D;ksfa d bl eSnkuh Hkkx esa IyhLVkslhu dky ls ysdj vk/kqf ud dky rd dh ufn;ksa }kjk tek fd;k gqvk uohu tyks<+ fu{ksi ik;k tkrk gSA bl {ks= dk Hkw&xfHkZd lajpuk ds fo"k; esa dfua?ke] ,MoMZ Losl] lj flMuh cqjkZM] —".kuu~ rFkk okfM;k us foLrkj ls vius fopkj O;fä fd;s gSaA v/;;u {ks= xaxk&;equk nksvkc ds e/;rhZ Hkkx dk fgLlk gS tks iqjkru tyks<+ }kjk fufeZr gqvk FkkA lEiw.kZ tuin ,d lery Hkw&Hkkx ds rkSj ij dfri; fofHkUurkvksa ds lkFk –f"Vkxkspj gksrk gSA v/;;u {ks= dk <ky mÙkj if'pe ls nf{k.k iwoZ dh vksj gS tks ;equk unh ds <ky dk vuqlj.k djrk gSA v/;;u {ks= leqæ ry ls yxHkx 150 ehVj Å¡pkbZ ij fo|eku gS] tks tuin ds mÙkj if'pe Hkkx esa feyrh gS tcfd nf{k.k rFkk nf{k.k iwohZ Hkkx esa ;equk unh ds mÙkjh fdukjs ds ikl Å¡pkbZ 60&70 ehVj ik;h tkrh gSA vkSjS;k fodkl[k.M esa Å¡pkbZ dgha&dgha ij jsr dh Vhyksa

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ds dkj.k vfu;fer gSA ftlds dkj.k <ky o mldh fn'kk çokfgr gqbZ gSA v/;;u {ks= vkSjS;k tuin dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS& ¼1½ ck¡xj Hkwfe] ¼2½ [kknj HkwfeA viokg rU= lkekU;r% viokg rU= dk vk'k; ty dh ek= ,oa cgko dh fn'kk ls gS] ysfdu HkkSxksfyd –f"V ls ^viokg rU=* ds vUrxZr fofHkUu çdkj dh ty /kkjkvksa] o"kkZ _rq esa fupys Hkw&Hkkxksa esa ty Hkj tkus okys xïs] iks[kj] rkykc] >hysa ,oa Hkw&xfHkZd ty vkfn dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA v/;;u {ks= dh çeq[k unh ;equk gSA ;equk unh tuin dh nf{k.k lhek cukrh gSaA {ks= ds viokg rU= esa ;ksxnku nsus okyh vU; ufn;k¡ lsaxj] ik.M] vkjfUn vkfn gSaA fefê;k¡ v/;;u {ks= vkSjS;k tuin esa fofHkUu çdkj dh fefê;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA nkseV fefê;k¡ ;equk rFkk mldh lgk;d ufn;ksa ds dNkjh {ks=ksa esa feyrh gSA dNkj {ks= dh fefê;ksa dh moZjk 'kfä ufn;ksa ds çokg ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;fn ekuwlu dky esa unh us i;kZIr ek= esa d‚i ¼flYV vkfn½ lafpr dj nsrh gS rks og feêh xsgw¡] puk vkfn jch Qlyksa ds mRiUu djus ds furkUr mi;qä fl) gksrh gS fdUrq ;fn unh us i;kZIr ek= esa ckyw ;k jsr ,df=r dj fn;k rks og ml o"kZ —f"k ds fy, vuqi;qä jgrk gSA nkseV feêh tuin ds ckaxj {ks= esa ikbZ tkrh gSA ckaxj ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa nkseV feêh dk jax xgjk Hkwjk] ihyk] yky o cknkeh gksrk gSA bls feêh ds {ks= dk ty fodkl lqO;oflFkr gSA v/;;u {ks= ds dNkj ¼[kknj½ {ks= ds nf{k.k esa efV;kj nkseV feêh ikbZ tkrh gSA ftldk jax gYdk Hkwjk gksrk gSA blesa fpduh feêh ¼efV;kj½ dk va'k nkseV dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrk gSA /kku dh —f"k ds fy, ;g feêh vf/kd mi;qä gSA

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;equk unh ds ^mijgkj* {ks= esa ik;h tkus okyh feêh dks iM+ok dgrs gSaA bl feêh dk jax cknkeh gksrk gS rFkk blesa eksVs d.kksa okyh yky jsr dk feJ.k gksrk gSA bl çdkj dsoy eksVs vukt ¼Tokj] cktjk o nkysa½ dh —f"k dh tkrh gSA tula[;k Lo:i v/;;u {ks= çkphu dky ls gh l?ku tula[;k dk {ks= jgk gSA Lokra=;ksijkUr {ks= dh 1951 dh tula[;k 970704 Fkh tksfd 1961 eas c<dj 1182202 gks x;hA bl e/; tula[;k o`f) nj $21-78 izfr”kr jgh rFkk 1961&1971 ds e/; ;g o`f)nj $22-45 izfr’kr jgh gSA v/;;u {ks= esa 1971 ls 1981 esa tula[;k o`f) nj _.kkRed ¼&44-72 izfr’kr½ jgh gSA bldk çeq[k dkj.k 1971 ls iwoZ bVkok o vkSjS;k tuin dh tula[;k dk o.kZu gS rFkk 1971 ls 1981 ds n'kd o blds ckn dsoy vkSjS;k tuin dh o`f) nj dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA 1981 ls 1991 ds n'kd esa vkSjS;k tuin dh tula[;k o`f) nj $24-98 izfr’kr gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k tulqfo/kkvksa ,oa LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa esa o`f) ls e`R;qnj ?kVuk rFkk tUenj dk fujUrj c<+uk jgk gS rFkk 1991&2001 ds e/; o`f)nj $17-99 izfr’kr jgh gSA {ks= esa 2001 ls 2011 esa tula[;k o`f) nj esa deh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA bl n'kd esa tula[;k o`f) nj ?kVdj $16-29 izfr”kr jg xbZ5 ftldk eq[; dkj.k efgykvksa dk f'kf{kr gksuk çeq[k gSA tula[;k ?kuRo vkSjS;k tuin esa ;fn tula[;k ds ?kuRo dh rqyukRed O;k[;k djsa rks gekjs ns'k ,oa çns'k ls ;g ?kuRo cgqr vf/kd gSA vkSjS;k tuin ds 2011 dh tux.kuk vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj ;gk¡ dk xf.krh; ?kuRo 685 O;fä çfr oxZ fd-eh- gS tcfd gekjs ns'k Hkkjr dk 382 rFkk mÙkj çns'k dk tu?kuRo 828 O;fä çfroxZ fd-eh- gSA lk{kjrk nj vkSjS;k tuin esa çkjEHk ls gh lk{kjrk dh fLFkfr Bhd ugha jgh gSA vkSjS;k tuin esa 1981 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj 37-29 izfr”kr dqy lk{kjrk Fkh ftlesa 48-60 izfr”kr iq#"k lk{kjrk rFkk 23-50 izfr’kr L=h lk{kjrk Fkh rFkk 2001 esa vkSjS;k tuin Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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dh lk{kjrk c<+dj 70-50 izfr’kr gks x;hA ftlesa iq#"k lk{kjrk 80-14 izfr’kr rFkk L=h lk{kjrk 59-13 izfr’kr gSA tux.kuk 2011 ds vuqlkj {ks= dh dqy lk{kjrk nj 78-95 izfr’kr gSA ftleas iq:’k lk{kjrk nj 86-11 izfr’kr o L=h lk{kjrk nj 70-16 izfr’kr gSA vr% vkSjS;k tuin esa L=h lk{kjrk dh fLFkfr cgqr gh n;uh; gSA orZeku Hkwfe mi;ksx v/;;u {ks= tSlk fd fofnr gh gS ,d —f"k ç/kku {ks= gSA —f"k ç/kku vFkZO;oLFkk esa Hkwfe mi;ksx dk v/;;u egRoiw.kZ gSA vkSjS;k tuin {ks= esa dqy Hkwfe dk 69-83 izfr’kr Hkkx 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks= gSA blds vfrfjä 10-93 izfr’kr v—f"kr dk;ksaZ] 4-98 izfr’kr ij ou] 7-78 izfr”kr ijrh Hkwfe] Ålj ,oa —f"k ds v;ksX; Hkwfe gSA 'ks"k Hkwfe esa m|ku] pkjkxkg vkSj —f"k ;ksX; catj Hkwfe lfEefyr gSA v/;;u {ks= ds mi;qZä Hkwfe mi;ksx esa rglhy ,oa fodkl[k.M Lrj ij vusdkusd fofHkUurk;sa fo|eku gSaA rkfydk la[;k& 1 vkSjS;k tuin Hkwfe mi;ksx ¼2017&18½ Ø-la- {ks=

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Hkwfe mi;ksx ifjorZu v/;;u {ks= gh ugha vfirq lEiw.kZ ns'k esa Lora=rk ls iwoZ —f"k dh n'kk;sa vR;Ur fu—"V FkhaA Hkkjrh; —f"k dks ekulwu dk tqvk dgk tkrk FkkA —f"k tksrksa dk vkdkj y?kq ,oa çdh.kZ FkkA uohu —f"k ;a=sa dh u rks tkudkjh Fkh u gh T;knk vkfo"dkj gq, Fks vkSj tks dqN Fks Hkh rks mUgsa [kjhn ikuk vke —"kd ds cwrs dh ckr ugha FkhA mÙke chtksa vkSj jklk;fud moZjdksa dk mi;ksx u rks fdlku gh djrk Fkk] u gh mls ;s i;kZIr ek= esa miyC/k FksA —"kd vkSj —f"k etnwj nksuksa gh vHkko dh ftUnxh thrs FksA bl le; ns'k vkSj çns'k dh 70 izfr’kr ls vf/kd tula[;k çR;{k vkSj ijks{k :i ls —";k/kkfjr Fkh ijUrq —f"k ls mRiknu vR;f/kd de FkkA yksx vR;f/kd xjhc Fks vkSj mudh Ø; 'kfä vR;f/kd de FkhA bl ?kksj xjhch ds dkj.k u rks vf/kd iw¡th fofu;ksx gks ikrk Fkk vkSj u gh vf/kd cprA yksxksa dh Ø; 'kfä de gksus ds dkj.k cktkj ds vHkko esa m|ksxksa dh çxfr ugha gks ikbZ gSA bl lcds QyLo:i —f"k {ks=ksa esa uohu rduhdks]a jklk;fud moZjdks]a dhVuk'kdksa vkfn dk vf/kd mi;ksx ugha gks ikrk FkkA mi;qZä dkj.kksa ls gekjs ns'k esa —f"k fodkl gekjh etcwjh gh ugha vfirq vko';drk Hkh FkhA vr% ns'k esa —f"k rduhdksa ,oa —f"k çfr:iksa esa ifjorZu ,oa lq/kkj vko';d le>k x;kA Lokra=;ksijkUr fofHkUu iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa —f"k dks çkFkfedrk nsdj mi;qZä mís';ksa dh iwfrZ dh x;h] gekjs ns'k esa ;kstukdkjksa ,oa —f"k oSKkfudksa us Hkh ;g Lohdkjk gS fd ns'k esa i;kZIr ek= esa —f"k fodkl fd;s fcuk vkS|ksfxd fodkl lEHko gh ugha gSA vr% ;kstuk vk;ksx us —f"k rFkk lkeqnkf;d fodkl ,oa flapu lqfo/kkvksa ds fodkl dks ojh;rk çnku dh gSA {ks= esa uohu —f"k i)fr;ksa dks fofHkUu ek/;eksa ls çpkfjr ,oa çlkfjr fd;k x;k gS ftlls —f"k mRiknu] c<+s vkSj ns'k vkRe&fuHkZj gksA bu i)fr;ksa esa Hkyh&Hkkafr xgu —f"k] i;kZIr ,oa le;kuqlkj moZjdksa dk mi;ksx] feêh dks çk—frd ukbZVªkstu çnku djus gsrq gjh [kkn okyh Qlyksa dk p;u] vR;f/kd mRiknu gsrq chtksa dh uohure ,oa la'kksf/kr fdLeksa dk p;u] Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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le;kuqdwy i;kZIr flapkbZ rFkk Qly dks {kfr igqapkus okys dhM+& s edksM+ksa rFkk jksxksa ls lqjf{kr j[kuk lfEefyr gSaA catj ,oa —f"k v;ksX; Hkwfe dk m)kj djds mls —f"k ;ksX; cukuk] flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa dk fodkl] ck<+ çHkkfor Hkwfe ij i;kZIr ty fudklh ç.kkyh dk fodkl djuk] ,d Qlyh Hkwfe dks cgqQlyh Hkwfe cukuk] mR—"V chtks]a jlk;uksa ,oa ;a=sa dk ç;ksx djuk] dhVuk'kdksa dk ç;ksx djuk] ;krk;kr lqfo/kkvksa dk fodkl djuk vkfn bl fn'kk esa fd;s x;s çeq[k ç;kl gSaA rkfydk la[;k& 2 vkSjS;k tuin Hkwfe mi;ksx eas ifjorZu ¼gsDVs;j es½a Ø-la- {ks=

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Qly çfr:i esa ifjorZu lHkh çdkj ds —"kh; ç;klksa dk y{; Qlysa gSa vkSj ekuo thou Qlyksa ij gh fuHkZj gS v/;;u {ks= esa [ksfrgj vkSj —"kdksa dk {ks= gS tks fd fof'k"V lkekftd&vkfFkZd lajpuk dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA vU; lHkh O;olk;ksa dh vis{kk —f"k ;gk¡ ds fuokfl;ksa ds dY;k.k gsrq vf/kd ekSfyd ,oa vk/kkjHkwr gSaA —f"k HkkSfrd ,oa ekuoh; fu;a=.kksa ds chp vuZ~rfØ;k dk çfrQy gSA —"kh; y{k.k o`gn Lrj ij ekSfyd fu;a=.k }kjk fu;af=r gksrs gSa vkSj rRi'pkr~ lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj rduhdh laxBukRed :ikUrj }kjk la'kksf/kr gksrs gSaA v/;;u {ks= dh Qlyksa ds v/;;u ls ;g ckr Li"V gksrh gS fd ;gk¡ ds Qly çfr:i esa dkQh fofo/krk feyrh gS tks fd HkkSfrd vkSj ekuoh; fu;a=.kksa dh vUrfØ;k dk ifj.kke gSA vr% ;gk¡ mRiUu gksus okyh Qlyksa dk lw{e foospu vko';d gSA vkSjS;k tuin esa ;|fi Qlyksa esa fofo/krk ik;h tkrh gS ijUrq fQj Hkh ;gk¡ ij 87» ls vf/kd —f"kr Hkwfe ij dsoy [kk|kUu cks;s tkrs gSaA vkS|ksfxd ,oa O;kikfjd Qlyksa dk {ks=Qy vR;f/kd de gSA v/;;u {ks= esa fofHkUu Qlyksa ds {ks=Qy fodkl dks vxzfyf[kr lkfj.kh }kjk çnf'kZr fd;k x;k gS& rkfydk la[;k&3 vkSjS;k tuin% çeq[k Qlyksa dk {ks=Qy esa ifjorZu ¼gsDVs;j es½a Ø&la& Qly dk uke

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foosP; {ks= dk Qly Øekuqlkj v/;;u ls mi;Zä dFku dh iqf"V gksrh gS v/;;u {ks= esa Qly çfr:i esa dkQh fofo/krk feyrh gS] tks fd HkkSfrd vkSj ekuoh; fu;a=.k dh vuZ~rfØ;k dk ifj.kke gSa vkSjS;k tuin esa 'kL; çfr:i esa vR;f/kd fofo/krk n'kZuh; gSA dqy —f"kr Hkwfe dk 85 izfr”kr Hkkx [kk|kUu Qlyksa ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA ftlesa xsgw¡] pkoy vkfn çeq[k Qlysa gSaA blds vfrfjä tkS] cktjk] eDdk] nygu] frygu] vkyw] xUuk Qlysa Hkh {ks=h; vko';drkvksa rFkk O;kikfjd –f"Vdks.k ls cks;h tkrh gSA —f"k dk;Z ds fy, Hkwfe ds lkFk&lkFk ty Hkh vko';d gSA ;g ty —f"k dks nks lk/kuksa ls çkIr gksrs gSa& çk—frd vkSj —f=eA ty&flapu dk çk—frd lk/ku o"kkZ gS vkSj ty flapu dk —f=e lk/ku ^flapkbZ* gSA Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr rFkk o"kkZ dh ek= bl çdkj dh gS fd lQyrkiwoZd —f"k dk;Z pykus ds fy, flapkbZ ds —f=e lk/kuksa dks tqVkuk vko';d gSA Hkkjr esa vfr çkphudky ls flapkbZ ds d`f=e lk/kuksa dk ç;ksx gksrk vk jgk gSA 1950 ls iwoZ v/;;u {ks= esa dwi gh flapkbZ dk çeq[k lk/ku FkkA dqy flafpr {ks= dk nks frgkbZ Hkkx bUgha] dwiksa }kjk lhapk tkrk FkkA bu dwiksa esa ^<sadqyh*] ^ce*] ^iDds dwi* çeq[k FksA ^<sd a qyh* vkSj ^ce* flapkbZ ds çeq[k lk/ku FksA cM+s rFkk e/;e — "kd] ce dqvksa dk vf/kd ç;ksx djrs FksA bl çdkj ds dqvksa dk fuekZ.k tehu dks dkQh xgjkbZ rd [kksndj fd;k tkrk FkkA bu dqvksa ds vUnj ?kkl&Qwl a ] ifÙk;ksa rFkk jfLl;ksa dks Mkydj feêh ds dVko dks jksdk tkrk FkkA chp esa ikuh Hkjk jgrk FkkA bl ikuh dks peM+s ds cus cM+s crZu ^pjlk* }kjk ckgj fudkyk tkrk FkkA bl pjls dks jLlh] cSy dk ç;ksx djds lha[kus ds dke esa yk;k tkrk FkkA yxHkx vk/kk ch?kk rd çfrfnu flapkbZ dh tk ldrh FkhA xkaxu unh ds {ks= esa bl çdkj ds ^ce dqvk¡* vf/kd çpfyr FksA blh çdkj ls fufeZr ^<sd a qyh* }kjk lhekUr —"kd rFkk ckxoku flapkbZ dk dk;Z djrs FksA NksVs dPps dq,a ij ydM+h dk yëk xkM+dj nwljs yës esa jLlh ,oa yksgs dk NksVk ^Mksy& ck¡/kdj uhps ls ikuh fudkyk tkrk FkkA bl dk;Z esa Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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,d O;fä ikuh fudkyus dk dk;Z djrk Fkk ijUrq bl çdkj dh ^<sadqyh* }kjk dqN gh {ks= lhapk tk ldrk gSA v/;;u {ks= ds dqN xk¡oksa esa vkt Hkh bl çdkj dh ^<sa dqyh* ns[kh tk ldrh gS ijUrq ^<sadqyh* vkSj ^ce dqvksa* }kjk ,d ;k nks o"kZ rd gh dk;Z fy;k tk ldrk Fkk D;ksfa d o"kkZ _rq esa ;s çk;% u"V gks tkrs FksA le; ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk flapkbZ ds ijEijkxr lk/kuksa ds LFkku ij vk/kqfud lk/kuksa ds ç;ksx] —"kdksa ds —f"k fodkl ds çfr mRiUu gqbZ vfHk:fp] cSadksa rFkk lgdkjh foÙkh; laLFkkvksa }kjk flapkbZ lk/kuksa ds fodkl gsrq _.k lqfo/kk tSls ljdkjh çksRlkgu tSls vusd dkj.kksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i Lora=rk çkfIr ds i'pkr~ v/;;u {ks= esa flafpr {ks= dk i;kZIr fodkl gqvk gSA lu~ 2008&09 esa v/;;u {ks= 123961 gsDVs;j Hkkx vFkkZr 85-69 izfr”kr Hkkx flafpr FkkA lu~ 2017&18 esa flafpr {ks= c<+dj 129400 gsDVs;j vFkkZr 89-89 izfr”kr gks x;kA v/;;u {ks= ,d lery eSnkuh {ks= ftlesa flapkbZ dh i;kZIr lqfo/kk,a fo|eku gSaA {ks= dk yxHkx 90 izfr”kr Hkkx flafpr gSA flapu lqfo/kkvksa esa eq[;r% ugjs]a uydwi futh ,oa ljdkjh rFkk iafEix lSV~l lfEefyr gSaA —f"k fodkl dks c<+kus ds fy, flafpu lqfo/kkvksa esa çxfr vko';d gSA v/;;u {ks= esa 2017&18 esa dqy ugjksa dh yEckbZ 826 fd-eh-] jktdh; uydwi 307] futh uydwi 38029 ftleas 20 fo|qr pfyr o 38009 Mhty pkfyr gSaA {ks= esa xgjs uydwiksa dh la[;k 380 o e/;e uydwi 421 gSaA flapkbZ lk/kuksa ds Lo:i vkSj flapu lqfo/kkvksa ds ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk {ks= esa mRiUu dh tkus okyh Qlyksa ds flafpr {ks= es Hkh O;kid ifjorZu gq, gSaA flapkbZ lk/kuksa ls fofHkUu Qlyksa dh o"kkZ ij fuHkZjrk de gqbZ gSA ftlds dkj.k flapkbZ vko`fÙk esa Hkh o`f) gqbZ gSA v/;;u {ks= ,d l?ku tula[;k okyk {ks= gSA tuin esa tula[;k ncko dh fLFkfr dk vkadyu djus ij tula[;k o`f) dk dkj.k {ks= esa —f"k m|ksxksa dk fujUrj fodkl] ifjogu O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj] nSfud lqfo/kkvksa esa o`f)] LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa esa lq/kkj vkfn dks mÙkjnk;h ekuk tk ldrk gSA vkSjS;k tuin ,d —f"k ç/kku tuin gSA {ks= Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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esa xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh; {ks=as esa m|ksxksa rFkk vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa dk vf/kd fodkl ugha gks ik;k gSA vr% {ks= esa —f"k ij tula[;k dk ncko fujUrj c<+rk tk jgk gSA vkSjS;k tuin esa tula[;k o`f) o —f"k fodkl ls {ks= esa vusdkusd leL;k;sa iSnk gqbZ gSaA ftuesa i;kZoj.k leL;k;sa çeq[k gSaA v/;;u {ks= esa —f"k Hkwfe rFkk ty lalk/ku mi;ksx ds c<+rs mi;ksx ,oa tula[;k dk ncko fujUrj c<+k gSA ftlls u dsoy ekuo ds le{k mnjiw.kZ dh leL;k c<+h gS oju~ Hkwfe mi;ksx esa —f"k l?kurk ds dkj.k ouksa ds fouk'k] nks Qlyh {ks= esa o`f)] flapkbZ dh lqfo/kkvksa esa o`f)] ijrh Hkwfe ds fouk'k ls ty Lrj esa fxjkoV] ty çnw"k.k esa o`f)] Hkwfe dh çk—frd moZjrk esa deh ,oa moZjdksa ds fujUrj mi;ksx ls fo"kkä gksrs ty ,oa feêh ds lzksr çk—frd ty lzksrksa dk çnwf"kr gksuk vkfn çeq[k i;kZoj.kh; ,oa {ks=h; leL;k;sa gSaA ;fn le; jgrs bu leL;kvksa dk fujkdj.k ugha fd;k x;k rks v/;;u {ks= esa —f"k dk fodkl rks vo#) gksxk lUnHkZ lkaf[;dh; if=dk] tuin vkSjS;k] 2019] rkfydk&17& &&&&&&&rnSo&&&&&&&] rkfydk&2¼v½ lkaf[;dh; if=dk] tuin vkSjS;k] 2019] rkfydk&2¼v½ Hkkjrh; tux.kuk 2011A lkaf[;dh; if=dk] tuin vkSjS;k] 2019] rkfydk&7 ls ladfyrA iky] T;ksfr% vkSjS;k tuin esa flapkbZ dh lqfo/kk o —f"k fodkl dk HkkSxskfyd v/;;u] &,d vçdkf'kr 'kks/k xzUFk] ,e&ts&ih&#gsy[k.M] fo'ofo|ky;] cjsyh] 2014& lkaf[;dh; if=dk] tuin vkSjS;k] 2019] rkfydk&18A

Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies