Guangming district reactived urbanization culture efficiency

Guangming District Re-Actived Urbanization: Culture + EďŹƒciency WSU | Structure and Design Spring 2014

Kyle Redzinak Doris Jingxian Xie Professor: Mary Polites

TABLE OF CONTENTS 02

Aims

05

Destination Shenzhen

06

Shenzhen’s History

08

District Rationale

10

Guangming Urban Tissue

12

Mapping Phase

16

Indexing Phase

20

Meshing Phase

23

Filtering & Open Spaces

30

Critique Part I

35

Problems in Shenzhen

36

Open Space Selection Rationale

41

Addressing Traffic

44

Residencial Sizing Rationale

45

Interaction & Connectivity

48

Preserving Culture & the Qilou

52

Functions in the Urban Complex

56

Flows

60

Construction Methods

62

Renderings

64

Conclusions

68

Critique Review

69

Critique Response & Project Overview

01

AIMS

- Address the impact of rapid urbanization in the context of an ideal quality of life.

- Create the conditions which will facilitate this aim by capitalizing on the cultural fabric of the original architecture of Shenzhen called Hutongs and the carrying capacity of newer high rise developments in Urban Villages.

Villages

- Locate developable areas which embody these qualities for prototype proposal.

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03

With the global population rapidly expanding in 2014 we ďŹ nd ourelves facing a dilema resulting from the contention between orgainic, bottomup growth and rigidly planned, capital-driven urbanization. Here we examine the migration from destabilized areas to slightly better conditions in asy sylu lum m countries and their arrival cities. cities These individuals are often n se seek ekkin ing g as asyl ylum yl um from political turmoil or economic strife, yet the con ondi diti tion ion o s th hey enc ncou ount ntter upon arrival are similar or worse than those the ey so ought to o es escape pe.. pe

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DESTINATION SHENZHEN With the global population growing, migrants ock to Shenzhen because of the city’s jobs, economy, and political freedom. This gives Shenzhen the label of an arrival city which is a city expecting a huge population increase in years to come.

Shenzhen

Guangdong Province

Guangzhou

Mainland China

Japa Japan p

Leizhou Bay

India nd Philippines Philippines Vie Vietnam

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SHENZHEN IN THE PAST 1980

Just 3 decades ago primary industries centered around ďŹ shing and agriculture.

Population density was very low with the total population of Shenzen falling below 30,000 individuals.

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SHENZHEN IN THE PRESENT 2014

Rapid population growth and urban expansion came after the creation fo the Special Economic Zone. Currently the population hovers around 7,000,000 and migrants ock to factory labor positions in droves. Sing-story Hu-Tongs --older, low density villages--are now enveloped by very dense high-rise developments in these new Urban Villages.

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DISTRICT RATIONALE Guangming & Pingshan Districts

These are the two districts that were left of the 10 districts total in Shenzhen that we felt were suitable to locate our prototype. These districts supported dense industrial and manufacturing infrastructure already in place. It then came down to the Guangming District because of better movement from up North to Hong Kong to the South.

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DISTRICT RATIONALE Guangming District

Evaluating all 10 districts in Shenzhen, we focused on districts with more open space available, a solid infrastructure, and ones closer to the international airport. After focusing on these aspects, we chose the Guangming District for the following reasons: - Great transportation network - SuďŹƒcient amount of open space - Close to the airport and major ports

Mainland China

Airport

Shipping Port Hong Kong

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URBAN TISSUE OF GUANGMING This graphic provides an actual existing urban fabric of the area and how much open space there still in with the amount of green. The major areas of development can be seen on the Northwest and West areas of Guangming.

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MAPPING PHASE This phase involved our group of 6 to map things such as ora, fauna, soil types, roads, transportation, programs, and anything we deemed important in our analysis that may be critical in helping us develop a rational prototype. This phase lasted for about 4 weeks and we ended up having incredible amounts of credible and pertinent information that was greatly useful in the rest of the project.

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13

MAPPING

1 km

3 km

5 km

1 km NORTH

1 mi

Urban Villages

1 mi

14

5 km

1 km NORTH

Hu-Tongs

1 km

Soil Type

3 km

1 mi

3 km

5 km

1 mi

Flood Zone

5 km NORTH

Programs

1 km NORTH

3 km

1 mi

3 km

5 km

1 km NORTH

1 mi

Open Spaces

3 km

5 km NORTH

MAPPING

Heaviest Pollution (Metal, Chemicals, etc)

1 km

3 km

5 km

1 km NORTH

1 mi

3 km

5 km

Heavy Pollution (Hardware Manufactring, etc)

NORTH

1 mi

Moderate Pollution (Packaging Plants, etc)

Subway Line and Stops

Lowest Pollution (Tree Farms, Warehouses, etc) Bus Line and Stops

Wind Vectors

Pollution

1 km Stream Path Reservoir

1 mi

3 km

1 km 1 mi

3 km

5 km NORTH

Public Tranportation

5 km NORTH Highways

Lake Major Roads

1 km

3 km

NORTH

5 km

Minor Roads Railway

Hydrology

Roads

1 mi

NORTH

Topography Contours

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INDEXING PHASE

This phase required the continuance of our 6 person team to use existing mapping layers and couple rational ones together to find relationships that would not necessarily be found any other way. This phase involved us using software plug-ins such as grasshopper for Rhino. This phase lasted about 3 weeks and it ended with us finding 4 critical layers that would have greatly effected our construction process.

I believe we were successful in this process and all understood what indexing was after we were finished with the phase.

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INDEXING PHASE These are just some of the indexing that our group did to find relationships between layers to find new relationships between mapping layers. We analyzed many flows to see where the main traffic takes place in the Guangming district. We can also see that many buildings (most commonly industry) are within the flood zone and we drew a few conclusions from this. One, is that this is possibily because industry dumps their waste into the river, which is the reason there is a flood zone there. This relationship also tells us that this water is extremely toxic, actually the most polluted river in Shenzhen and our prototype should be located further away with our objectives in mind. Because of this water pollution in Shenzhen, and most of China, we analyzed the distance of hutongs to reservoirs and lakes which would offer the cleanest natural water in the area. These are just a few of the many layers we indexed in which I feel that we analyzed a wide variety of relationships to obtain quality filters and layers for our mesh.

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Open Spaces to Road Distance

Hutongs to Urban V Village illage Flow

Buildings Inside Flood Zone

Urban Villages

1 km

Village Owned Industry

5 km

3 km

Private Owned Industry

NORTH

1 mi

Proximity of Hutongs to Water Sources

SLope and Roads

Urban Village Connectivity

1 km 1 km k

3 km k

5 km

1 mi

3 km

5 km NORTH

1 mi

19

MESHING PHASE

The meshing process is essentially filtering our chosen layers through all the open spaces available and then placing these filtered layers on top of eachother to obtain the open spaces that conform to our filters. For example, for pollution, open space within the rings of pollution (200, 300, 400, 500 feet) were removed because they were deemed too close to the pollution source. Open spaces inside the flood zone were also removed. Open space not within a mile of subway or bus stops were rmoved as well and finally open spaces over 15% grade were removed because of construction costs and mobility complications. This phase lasted about 2 weeks and we ended up with logical building locations for our prototypes. I believe we were extremely successful in our approach in this phase.

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1 km 1 mi

3 km

5 km NORTH

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MESHING PHASE To explain our logic and process for finding suitable locations to propose our prototypes, we made a diagram in which connectivity and filtered out open spaces gave us locations that had a robust exisiting network, culture, and a healthy tissue because of all these aspects. The four filtering layers can be seen on the right (pollution, slope, subway and bus stops, and flood zone. We chose to use these filters, in which we obtained from the mapping and indexing phase, because they are major deterrent factors in our open space selection process. I think these filters worked great and I cannot think of any other crucial filters that we could have chosen.

Diagram for Producing Mesh Connectivity Hu Tong Isolated Spots in the Existing Network Urban Village

Urban Tissue Organization of the Fabric

New Clusters Robusting Existing Network

Analysis

Allowing Culture Healthy Tissue

Filter Open Space

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Public Transportation

Pollution

Flood Zone

Slope<15%

Developable Spaces

Robusted Network

MESH FILTERING Here, we take all the open space in the Guangming district and apply our four ďŹ lters. The dark green spaces are within a half mile of a major connectivity highway, and the lightest green are spaces outside a mile of this highway.

Pollution of Industry

1 km

Slode of Topography

5 km

3 km

1 km

3 km

Bus Line and Stops

Public Transportation

1 km 1 mi

Pollution

3 km

5 km

1 mi

3 km

1 mi

NORTH

1 km

5 km NORTH

1 mi

3 km

5 km

5 km

3 km

1 mi

Flooding Areas Removed

1 km NORTH

1 km

NORTH

1 mi

Flood Zone

1 km

5 km Subway Line and Stops

NORTH

1 mi

Subwayy and Bus Transportation

3 km

NORTH

Flow

5 km NORTH

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MESHING

Open Spaces Remaining After Application of All Filters These are all the open spaces left after our four ďŹ lters are applied in which we can see most of the dark green spaces are gone, either within the ďŹ&#x201A;ood zone or too close to pollution most likely.

1 km 1 mi

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3 km

5 km NORTH

MESHING

Axonometric of Filtering Layers and Final Mesh This axon shows our layers applied to our topography, with the filtered layers coming first which we obtain a final mesh and then can see a relationship with the flows of the area.

Flows

Final Mesh

Buildable Slopes

Flood Zone

Pollution

Transportation Range

Base Topography

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MESH MODEL

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MESH MODEL

Documentation showing collaboration and teamwork through the model construction process.

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Documentation showing collaboration and teamwork through the model construction process.

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CRITIQUE PART I

We recorded all comments and suggestions from critiques John Abell and Darrin Greichen in order to provide a basis for us to continue our research. Moving on into the mesh prototyping phase, we will strive to answer these questions and build upon the ideas that were addressed in order to develop a healthy tissue capable of supporting a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;hybridâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; culture between Urban Villages and Hutongs.

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CRITIQUE REVIEW We recorded all comments and suggestions from critiques John Abell and Darrin Greichen in order to provide a basis for us to continue our research. Moving on into the mesh prototyping phase, we will strive to answer these questions and build upon the ideas that were addressed in order to develop a healthy tissue capable of supporting a ‘hybrid’ culture between Urban Villages and Hutongs.

What are pre-conditions that allowed Hutongs to emerge?

-The need of rural districts with their limited transportation techniques to have a common zone for commerce, this in turn created precursors to the urban fabric What defines a healthier tissue?

-Balanced interaction of culture, built environment and land use What is it that we want from Hutongs?

-The proximity of programmatic spaces within the Hu Tong creates a rich tissue which we want to populate over a much larger cell within the urban fabric.

One of the most interesting aspects of our project is the migration from asylum countries. Unstable, instability, not values, no integration. How do we want to explore this concept?

-If we decide to pursue these factors as driving the intent of our intervention, we will need to parse out the nuances of them and find out what they really mean. For example, seeking refuge from instability, what is instability and what are the factors that drive the instability.

What is the name for this new ‘hybrid’ community embracing aspects of culture from Urban Villages and Hutongs? Prof. Abell describes this new community as ‘spicy’ and ‘edgy.’

-We feel trying to pin down a name would be premature, however the final identifier will hinge on the qualities of cultural engagement and connectivity we seek to achieve.

What does connectivity mean? Not well explained. It geographic or central or non-geographic connectivity?

-Our connectivity of our final mesh was non-geographical abstraction of proximity which we failed to translate to real world conditions. The next step is to interpret these proximity connections to the existing flow networks.

Where is this data coming from? We need to show where this data originated from and what its relevance is.

-The timeline and schedule of this project doesn’t allow us to fully exploit the data collected, however we plan to display relevant data where a resource may be termed useful.

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PROJECT ROLES Presentation

Antonio Norsworthy

Structure and organization, renders

Austin Miles

Diagrams, text

Bryan Dorsey

Diagrams, text

Jingxian Xie

Diagrams

Kyle Rednizak

Diagrams

Ting Zhang

Diagrams

Model Antonio Norsworthy

Lighting and circuitry

Austin Miles

Model base, wire prep

Bryan Dorsey

Node installation, mesh stringing

Jingxian Xie

Base cut ďŹ le, base assembly, process photos

Kyle Rednizak

Wire prep, mesh stringing

Ting Zhang

Quality control

Documentation Antonio Norsworthy

Final editing, diagrams

Austin Miles

Draft compilation, diagrams

Bryan Dorsey

Draft editing, diagrams

Jingxian Xie

Draft compilation, diagrams, ďŹ nal editing

Kyle Rednizak

Printing, binding, diagrams

Ting Zhang

Draft compilation, diagrams

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PART II

Shenzhen has grown to a population of over 8 million people in just a few short decades which has given rise to massive development and traďŹ&#x192;c problems throughout the city.

To accommodate the growing population, hutongs are being destroyed to make room for higher density urban villages.

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PROBLEMS IN SHENZHEN Focuses

- Preserve Shenzhen’s unique culture - Address traffic conjestion - Encourage connectivity and communication among urban complexes

These are the main problems we saw in Shenzhen and really wanted to adress. We wanted to preserve the fascinating culture in Shenzhen that was being destroyed by rapid development. This culture included hutongs, the Qilou structure, and connectivity among families, friends, and even strangers. We also needed to adress the traffic conjestion and we did our best by locating open space within walkable distance of bus stops and subway stops. We also included one major thouroughfare flowing through the center. Finally, we kept the connectivity that exists in the hutongs and lacks in the Urban Villages and provided both types of buildings.

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OPEN SPACES SELECTED The open space we chose is based on the efficent spaces that we found through centroids of services in walkable range, low-medium traffic flow and density, and accessability of subway and bus stops.

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RULE SET FUNCTIONAL TRIANGLE

Kids Working Class Public

Walkable Distance Paths Under 1 Mile

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Functions Education Subway Stops

Shops + Cultural Spaces

Find the Centroids

Voronoi the Centroids

FUNCTION TRIANGLE MAP

This diagram shows our thought process of how we came about choosing our open space. In most societies, there are kids, parents that work, and elders that are retired. The parents need to go to work, so we chose a space with bus stops and subway stops, kids need to go to school so we chose a place with education within a mile, and also older people can go to local shops and cultural spaces. These three things we deemed are a necessary part of life and especially crucial to our location and can be seen mapped on the right. The center of these triangles are the primary locations of these urban complexes we propose in our prototype. These locations are then given equal proximity to the next point, called a voronoi pattern. This gave us our streets for the main traďŹ&#x192;c ďŹ&#x201A;ow of cars, as well as our boundaries of our urban complexes.

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OPEN SPACES SELECTED

Above is the open space we chose to develop in bright red. This open space (as can be seen in the three images on the right) is far enough away from the major ďŹ&#x201A;ows of the district, within walkable distance of transportation, and a medium-low density as seen with the voronoi pattern. I think our open space selection was great and I am very happy with our process of choosing this space.

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In the image on the top right, the flows are shown through our street pattern and blocks. We can see the major intersections in which the corners are smoothed for more fluid movement among pedestrians. This major flow was also moved to the more centralized area in the open space where we included a wider roads for more traffic as seen on the bottom right.

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DESIGN PROCESS

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RESIDENCIAL SIZING RATIONALE Shenzhen has two major types of residencial buildings that are common among the urban tissue. The hutong, some existing for over 200 years, are small one family huts that are densily clustered together. Urban Villages are a newer type of building that arose to accommodate the rapid population growth. These Urban Villages are very dense and it isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t uncommon for 100 of these buildings to be clustered less than 10 feet apart. To preserve culture and accommodate the inďŹ&#x201A;ux of people for years to come, we developed an urban complex that has both building sizes to honor the existing fabric. The gray hutong size buildings could be for residents that are used to this style and the Urban Villages could be for migrants or for anyone looking for more space.

Hutong

Urban Village 60ft

15ft

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60ft

20ft

Combination of Both

ENCOURAGING INTERACTION AND COMMUNICATION A major focal point that we focused on for the development of our prototype was the connectivity and interaction people have in the hutong communities. Living so close together, neighbors become very friendly and like family to one another. With our prototype, this interaction is intended to take place on the street corner plazas with shop vendors, in the courtyards of each residencial complex with growing plots, and with resident-only rooftop parks on top of all the inner hutong-size buildings.

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MODEL CONSTRUCTION

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N

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UTILIZING AND PRESERVING CULTURE

Because industry and business is a huge part of Shenzhenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture, a special kind of architecture was created to allow the business industry to ďŹ&#x201A;ourish during times of rain and intense sun. The Qilou was created to protect people from the sun and rain and allow shopping to be an every day commodity.

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CULTURE IN ARCHITECURE Qilou and Business

The Qilou structure is the main focal point with our prototype. This structure encompasses almost all of Shenzhenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture that we focused on, including business. The Qilou structure is unique to the area, and only found in the Guangdong Province. It blocks out rain and sun to allow shops to exist beneath while residency is located atop the structure.

This type of design gives us our main form and allows people to exist in a relationship between shops and living. This is a very unique relationship, but it creates a very rich urban fabric that is perfect for Shenzhen.

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QILOU BUILDING FUNCTION Q Structure and Business Sign

Not only does the Qilou block out sun and rain but as mentioned before it allows shops to operate at any time of day or year, which goes back to how Shenzhen was created, through business and industry. The structure allows signage for each store to be hung and very visable and vibrant to draw customers in. This creates a pedestrian avenue that is very rich in color, movement, and functionalism.

Business Sign

Sidewalk Corridor

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BUILDING FUNCTIONS Using the design concepts from the Qilou structure, shops are located on the first floor, wit residence located on floors 2-5 in some areas. Residants are also housed on the inside of the complex from 1 to 2 floors. There is also a semi-private Qilou, used somewhat as a porch and for residants to travel from house to house as they please. The floor count comes from our focus of keep the culture in Shenzhen. This is done by creating living conditions from old and new styles of architecture in Shenzhen, that of hutongs and urban villages. We wanted to combine these architectural aspects into one design, called an urban complex. There are also private rooftop gardens/parks on the top of the hutong sized buildings and open courtyard space which also includes growing plots.

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Private Outdoor Space Courtyard/Growing Space Living Space Shops

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URBAN FABRIC IN SECTION

In this section taken through an urban complex, we can see the richness and porosity that this design creates. Shaded shopping on the outside for public and residents which includes many common snacks found in Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s street shops. There is also shaded private garden/park space on the rooftops for residents and semi-private courtyard space for residents to grow their own food and ďŹ&#x201A;owers for the public and residents to see.

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URBAN FABRIC IN ELEVATION In this elevation we can see the vibrance that these urban complexes create. Balconies provide spaces for residents to connect with the street level, shoppers buying food and clothes, and signage attracting people and creating the color scheme of the area. These places can get quite busy and dense which creates a non-stop, living, breathing urban fabric.

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FLOWS Before After

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FLOWS IN PHYSICAL MODEL The major intersection points can be seen in our physical model, with buildings included. These intersections were a major focal point for us to determine where most of our prototype was going to handle the traďŹ&#x192;c. These areas also oďŹ&#x20AC;er excellent opportunity for interaction on street corners with a vendor-pedestrian relationship.

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NEW FLOWS

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CONSTRUCTION Our construction methods would include concrete slabs with steel columns, some wrapped in a stucco like veneer to give the appearance of a Qilou structure. This type of construction is very cost eďŹ&#x192;cient and common in the area.

Concrete Slabs

Concrete and Steel Structure

Concrete and Steel Structure with Walls

Structure with Balconies

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS The concrete slabs are reinforced concrete with steel columns supporting them and a brick pattern on the walls and balconies for the old look of a hutong as seen in the image at the bottom of the page.

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RENDERINGS

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CONCLUSIONS

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Our analysis during and after the project lead us to strongly believe that our design meets our original aims of preserving Shenzhen’s unique culture, adressing traffic conjestion, and encouraging connectivity and communication among urban complexes. Shenzhen’s unique culture is preserved by the use of the Qilou structure and hutong and Urban Village sized buildings. We adressed traffic conjestion by moving the main flow to a centralized avenue in our open space and by encouraging residents to walk and take public transportation.

And finally, we provide an urban complex that incorporates the connectivity of hutongs to hutongs, Urban Villages to hutongs, and shops to hutongs and Urban Villages. Because the Guangming district is heavily developed around industry, many urban villages exist all over the district. There are only a few hutong villages left in this area and with our proposal, this type of culture and design can be preserved and also accommodate a higher population.

This proposal not only preserves the culture in Shenzhen, but also improves connectivity and flows among residents, visitors, and tourists as seen in the new flows graphic. In the absence of our proposal, the space is vacant and surrounding areas are not as active or lively as hutongs or our intention of our urban complexes. There is a good possibility that this type of urban fabric and the culture it provides exists no where and we strongly believe that this design could be a great addition to the urban fabric of Shenzhen. Shenzhen will continue to have problems with the incoming population but the design and principles that we offer could be a way to help mitigate these problems.

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PHYSICAL MODEL

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CRITIQUE REVIEW 05/05/14 Reviewers

John Abell Darrin Griechen Steve Austin

Darrin - First group to care about urban spaces and not caught up in the methodology. Well done.

- Form of the building – disconnected with the method of the Qilou - Where did the shape come from?

- Show public space and give it primary that shows a capturing of the spaces so the passages become eddies of the space.

Steve - Envision the inner parts of the pods - No private space with scheme - Develop a building form that works to make distinctions between street and the step back - Shapes do not fit into blocks - Mention subway and connection to transportation system- why make justification if you want to give importance to the car?

John - How do the hutongs work?

- Really interesting and end up with courtyard schemes- somehow about courtyard style and housing scheme. More analysis, morphology’s, use, section, why was it so successful. Scheme draws on this and the Qilou- take a closer look at how they are all working together.

- Apply a matrix of adjacencies what would the set of activities be within these?

- Way out of proportion about the mixture you want to have in terms of program.

- Modernist approach to zoning – poly nucleic centers to break everything up. Recapture and connect the fine grain of the fabric.

- Create mixing chamber of all uses with scale of block or half block- does it have all these mixtures of scale?

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RESPONSE TO CRITIQUE & PROJECT OVERVIEW In response to some of the comments made by the critiquers, we explained that most of the shape and orientation of our buildings originally came from the influence on the prevailing Southwest wind direction. We explained that this argument could not graphically be compelling enough in our proposal. We then explained that the buildings were rounded on the corners for the much encouraged placement of street vendors. We did agree that the shapes of our urban complexes did not fit very well with the block shapes that we devised. The shapes do seem weird, but again this was to have been due to the prevailing wind direction, in which we intended these complexes to scoup the wind up and let it flow to the next complex. Our design would have possibly been completely different if we would have focused on something else from the beginning.

On another note, Steve mentions how we give importance to the car. This was a mistake on our behalf, as we did not intend to give any special privileges to the car over pedestrians. We encourage people to take the highly efficient subway or bus. This exemplifies the transportation possible without the ownership of a personal car. Not everyone needs a car, especially in this part of Shenzhen and we really wanted to stress that this is a place for the pedestrian, and a place to interact with your neighbors, shop owners, and street vendors.

In regards to Abell’s comments about the hutongs and courtyards, we fully understand that we should have done more analysis and diagrams for how hutongs work and why the big courtyard. We did explain that hutongs had great connectivity because of their close proximity to eachother. The courtyard idea came from this notion that everyone could connect with eachother in a way they do in the hutongs because this is a centralized open space. We really wanted to keep this connectivity and interaction between hutong residents while still adressing the need for a higher density because of the rapid population explosion. This is the reasoning behind the two different sizes of buildings offered in our proposal. We want to offer the connectivity and livelyhood of the hutong typology while still offering the architectural space and longer-lived construction methods of the urban villages.

Project Overview Overall, we are very pleased with our process of getting all the way down to the microscale of our open space. Our reasoning was mostly solid all the way through our process. However, our whole design was compromised by the influence of wind. We lost the battle with this argument but already had our current design pretty developed and set. We lacked more design options and flexibility among these options and because of this, we did not achieve the strongest design with our research and analysis. We are very pleased with our unique focus on culture throughout the design problem because this is what this area symbolizes. Shenzhen is a special place, filled with food, industry, workers, and ancient ties to tradition. We felt the preservation of this culture was critical of the area and we offered this culture in our design. However, we did lack on rendering this vibrant, active design to explain what image we really saw. Also, going back to the design of the form of the buildings, we would have definitely explored more options for a more developed design overall. We would have also used the topography more to our advantage as well.

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PROJECT ROLES Presentation Jingxian Xie

Structure and organization, renders

Kyle Redzinak

Structure and organization, diagrams, text

Model Jingxian Xie

Black light, invisible ink flow, model assembling, base cut file, 3D printing file

Kyle Redzinak

Model assembling, material purchase

Documentation Jingxian Xie

Final editing, final arrangement, diagrams

Kyle Redzinak

Final editing, final text editing, diagrams

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