Grasse, A Scented Heritage

GRASSE, A SCENTED HERITAGE Evaluating the preservation challenges of a historic industrial city in southern France.

Dominique SEGURA

Savannah College of Art and Design MA Historic Preservation

Final Project Winter 2018

2

. ABSTRACT This M.A final project explores the preservation issue in the context of a small historic industrial city. The research focuses on the city of Grasse, located in the Maritim-Alps mountain range on the French Riviera. In the late 18th century the perfume industry considerably helped in the development of the city.

This particular industrial sector dominated the landscape and the urban fabric of the city. By the 19th century the city was known internationally as the world’s capital of perfumes.

The industry developed with the demand, the technologies and as new extractions processes were emerging. The architecture responded to the needs of the industry thus larger factory plants were created. There were over 30 perfumery buildings within the city during the 19th century and over 20 sites in activity in the city’s peripheral between 1860 and 1950. But at the end of the 20th century the globalization of the industry and economic factors led to many plants closing. New uses were found for certain buildings which could accommodate housing.

Some factory plants were used for a different industrial sector, others became city buildings but many were demolished or left to decay.

However the rich history of the perfumeries in the city is still present today and his an important part of Grasse cultural identity.

In a first part this project will illustrate the key role the industrial architecture had on shaping and leading the urbanization of the city. It also looks at the socioeconomic and cultural aspects of the city today which takes its roots in the perfume industry. The research highlights the evolution of the architecture to accommodate for the changes occurring in the society, the development of technologies and in response to the needs of the community. Many examples of the wide inventory of industrial buildings in Grasse are cited with short historical descriptions.

In a second part, the research concentrates on the preservation of this physical industrial heritage. Examples of preservation rehabilitation will be cited within buildings owned by the city. An inventory of the city’s physical heritage and general condition assessment will help determine the different level of preservation, function, usage, ownership and physical evolution of the historic resources. Several decaying buildings are more closely studied to show the extent of the preservation issue.

Finally a review of the regional and local political stand on preservation will give some insight on future possibilities for these industrial buildings. Studies of the historical character of the perfume industry have been published

nonetheless an architectural study of the heritage of the city under the scope of preservation is missing. The goal of this project is to put forward the condition of the industrial heritage of Grasse and the need for the preservation of these buildings.

3

. TABLE OF CONTENT Abstract 3 List of Figures 5 1. Introduction 7 2. Research methodology 8 3. Evolution of Grasse’s landscape and built environment

a. The foundations of the perfumery trade in Grasse

b. The historic center and the lower city

c. The large factories and the urban expansion

10

5 Today’s condition of the industrial heritage 29 a. General survey findings

b. Demolitions

c. Reconverted buildings : case studies

d. Structures in decay : case studies 6 Preservation in Grasse 38

a. City of Arts and History label

b. The national and regional tools

c. The preservation political agenda: efforts and limits 7 Conclusion 43 Endnotes 44 Appendix : field survey forms 46 Bibliography 74 4

.LIST OF FIGURES Cover image. Photograph taken by Dominique Segura fig 1. Nicolas Larmessin. Image National Library of France (BnF) fig 2. Tuberose engraving. 1896. Image National Museum of Natural History (MNHN) fig 3. Picking of Tuberose flowers for the Bruno Court Perfumery in Grasse. Postcard reproduction. International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 4. Map of the agricultural land based on a map from. Created by D.Segura fig 5. Tons of plant matter treated in Grasse from 1845 to 1948. Graph created by D.Segura based on fig 6. Map of religious buildings sold in Grasse during the Revolution. Created by D.Segura fig 7. Map showing area of historic industrial heritage in the low town. Created by D.Segura fig 8.View Pilar Brothers engraving. Image International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 9. Jasmin picking with view of the low town. Photograph printed on postcard. International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 10. Morel Lautier family. Photograph author unknown. City of Arts and Culture, Grasse fig 11. The perfumed fountains of Grasse, historic postcard. Image International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 12. Map of Grasse and sites active before 1860. Created by D.Segura fig 13. Women workers using the cold enfleurage technique. Photograph. City of Arts and Culture, Grasse fig 14. Interior view Lautier Sons distillation room. Black and white photograph. International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 15. Lautier Son factory view. Image International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 16. Bertrand Borthers main administrative building. Black and white photograph 1924. International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 17. Partial view of Cavallier Brothers interiors. Color photograph 1980. International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 18. Cavallier Brothers site before demolition. Color photograph 2000. Communal archives, Grasse fig 19. Aerial view of Charabot factory, garden and villa. Color photograph 1970. General Inventory, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur fig 20. Roses distillation at Trombarel Brothers. Photograph published in a professional periodical 1920. International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 21. Map of the major factory sites built in the peripheral of Grasse. Created by D.Segura fig 22.View of Robertet facade. Photograph taken by D.Segura fig 23.View of Toussan building. Photograph taken by D.Segura fig 24. Water damages on Rance Lautier building. Photograph taken by D.Segura fig 25. Water damages on Toussan building. Photograph taken by D.Segura fig 26. Interior view of the rehabilitated church in the Bruno Court factory. Black and white photograph. International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse 5

.

fig 28. Aerial view of Lautier Son factory. Black and white photograph. International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 29. Satellite view of Lautier Son and Bertrand Brothers site after demolition. Satellite image 2009. Google Earth fig 30. General view of Chiris factory site. Black and white photograph 1920. International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 31.View of Roure Bertrand factory site. Engraving reproduction. International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 32. Interior of Roure Bertrand building n°24 after rehabilitation. Photographs 2010. Salone+Solignac, Le Cannet. Solisea-architecture.com fig 33. Exterior view Roure Bertrand main buildings after rehabilitation. Photograph taken by Alain Sabatier 2011. Communal archives, Grasse fig 34. Southern facade of Chiris Mosque Hall. Photograph taken by D.Segura fig 35. Exterior view Chiris Mosque Hall. Color photograph taken by Marc Heller 2007. Communal Archives, Grasse fig 36. Site map of Sornin factory. Created by D.Segura with Photoshop fig 37. Parfum extraction by solvents equipment for Sornin. Ink on paper drawing by Jean François Boue 1926. Departmental Archives, Nice fig 38. Interior view of roof structure in Sornin factory. Photograph taken by Michel Graniou 2007. International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 39.View of the brick chimney and elevated passageway on west side of Sornin factory. Photograph taken by D.Segura fig 40.View of the windows on the southern facade of Sornin. Photograph taken by D.Segura fig 41. Site map of Jean Niel factory. Created by D.Segura with Photoshop fig 42. First floor plan of Jean Niel factory building. Plan created by Nathalie Pegand 2011. General Inventory, Provence Alpes Cote Azur fig 43. Interior view of director’s office. Photograph taken by Michel Graniou 2011. International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 44. Interior view with convent vault structure. Photograph taken by Michel Graniou 2011. International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 45. Southwest corner of the Sornin factory. Photograph taken by D.Segura fig 46. Site map of Hugues Elder. Created by D.Segura with Photoshop fig 47. Historic view of Hugues Elder building. Photograph reproduction by Claude Muzzin. International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 48. Main facade of Hugues Elder from Mirabeau street. Photograph taken by D.Segura fig 49. Roof facade details of Hugues Elder with alambics ornaments. Photograph taken by D.Segura fig 50. Interior view of Hugues Elder with brick vault ceilings. Photograph by Gabriel Benalloul 2008. International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse fig 51. Grasse Protected District master plan. Created by DRAC PACA and City of Grasse fig 52. The media library project in Grasse by Beaudoin Architects. Beaudoin-Architectes.fr

6

.. INTRODUCTION The region of Provence in the southeastern part of France is a land that has been used for the cultivation of mediteranean flowers and aromats for centuries. Grasse is a historic medieval town which has developped around the perfume industry and agriculture during the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. Today Grasse is a city of roughly 50000 habitants, a medium size city for France and where still today 10% of the population works in the perfumery industry. 1 All stages of the perfumery process took place in Grasse. From the floral and plant agriculture to the months of storage, the extraction of scent, the careful making of combinations to create a fragrance to the design of bottles, from the production to selling and marketing to the world. But mostly the city took the monopole in the production of raw materials for perfumery. The many perfumery factories which shaped the landscape of Grasse specialized in the extraction of floral and plant matter to create absolutes and other aromatic products which were then exported or used for creating fragrances. The life of the population was driven by the flowering and blossoming of the many flower and plants cultivated around

the city. For example tt took 8000 flowers in august to 14000 flowers in october to pick 1 kilo of jasmin. An experienced worker could pick 3 kilos in 6 hours but the entire crop of Grasse could go up to 700000 kilos. Thus women, men and childrens all participated in the harvest. The jasmin flower is very delicate and needs to be treated immediately after harvest. It takes 1 ton of jasmin flowers to make 1 kilo of absolute and in a good year Grasse produced up to a 1000 kilos of jasmin absolute.2 The preservation of the industrial heritage of Grasse has only recently been a part of the debate and was for the longest time neglected.

Perhaps because it was a reminder of the past economical success or because abandonned for many years the sites had become an eyesore to the local residents. But the former President of the Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur region, Michel Vauzelle wrote about the interest in preserving these buildings and explains “it is sometimes difficult to admit that we must preserve the testimonies of the life of previous generations, of their hard working conditions but also of the fights they lead. The factories have nontheless been a pilar of our modern society, a place

of innovation and technological progress, and in the end a place of social progress.�3 For Grasse a work of rediscovering the cultural identity of the city and the key role the industry has played is crucial to ensure the preservation of this heritage.

7

. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This project is based on a research of the historic ressources of the city of Grasse.

An inventory of the historic sites related to the industry of perfumery was established with support of archival administrative documents, maps, historic photographs, plans and other iconographic sources. Access to the Communal Archives, Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur Regional Archives, International Museum of Perfumery and private collections was done in person or digitally. Oral resource and guidance was provided by local historian Gabriel Benalloul from the City of Arts and History services in Grasse. A general condition assessment of each sites was done through site visits taking places over the course of several weeks.

More time was spent on the sites chosen as case studies. An adapted version of the Rapid Building and Site Condition Assesment form was created to survey 18 sites within a defined geographical area. This form was developed by the NPS National Center for Preservation Technology and Training. The 18 sites selected for surveying represent different factory types in Grasse with locations in the historic center and greater city area. The sites are also representative of the evolution of the factory architecture in the city. The on site surveys were documented with the forms and accompanying photographs for each site.

8

Basic information was gathered for 42 sites.

This information was translated into percentage to illustrate the level of preservation in Grasse. Finally a critical review of the local preservation policies and preservation projects in place was done through the review of the elected city representatives opinions as well as the opposition. This was accessed through official city publications, public meeting attendance and with the review of reports of Grasse’s ongoing urbanism projects such as the Protected Historic District Urbanism Plan and the Local Urbanism Plan.

.

9

. EVOLUTION OF GRASSE’S BUILT ENVIRONMENT The foundations of perfumery in Grasse During the Medieval period Grasse had developed in the tanning trade, selling leather goods all over France and exporting to the near Italian border. The development of the perfumery knowledge in Grasse came along with the development of scented leather gloves in the 17th century. These scented gloves were preferred by the nobles because the scents masked the strong smell of the leather. The demand for these luxurious items was such that leather manufacturers became perfume makers as well. A local tanner Jean Galimard created the corporation of Glovemakers- Perfumers in 1656. Jean Galimard was the first artisan to put aromatic odors on his gloves and a legend says that he had offered a pair to Catherine Medici in the late 16th century. It is said that she had been so enchanted by them she made them a fashionable item. His grandson created the Galimard Perfumery in 1747, he provided the french royal court of Louis XV with products likes olive oil, pomades and perfume and developed the first perfume formulas.4 In 1724 there were 21 artisans in the corporation of Glovemakers- Perfumers and went up to 70 registered artisans in 1745.5 But by the second half of the 18th century Grasse was faced with the increasing competition from the nearby city of Nice and the high taxes on leather goods which was up to 20 percent of the value of

the skin.6 Unlike other cities of France where the tanning activity also declined the artisans of Grasse were able to convert their activity.

Many of the tanners had diversified their activities and some owned mills for the making of oils and others had hectares of floral and plant fields. Thus during the 18th century the city progressively turned its trade solely towards perfumery.

The climate of the city was also another advantage for the development of the perfume industry especially for the production Fig.1 Itinerant perfume seller, 18th century engraving by Nicolas Larmessin.

10

Factors which helped Grasse in becoming a national center for the perfume industry were its natural resources and geographic location. The city developed on top of a source of water named La Foux. The high rate water source runs under most of Grasse flowing in the neighborhoods of different altitudes thanks to gravity. The water was made available to the people through fountains, basins and wash-houses. It provided potable water and water for the tanning activities, perfumeries, mills and irrigation of the flower fields.7 In a 1910 edition of the local newspaper Grasse’s Review, Edouard Imbert the director of the newspaper wrote: “ Grasse owes its status as an industrial city not only to the spirit of initiatives and the intelligent activity of its habitants but also to the rare advantages that offered its situation and mostly to the existence of its magnificent source La Foux.”8 By the end of the 19th century the demand for water and the expansion of the city required the building of a new canalization system bringing water in from the nearby source Le Fallon, and which was only used by the industry, agriculture and horticulture sectors.

of raw material. Grasse is situated about 8 miles away from the Mediterranean Sea at an altitude of 350 meters on the Maritim-Alps mountainside. With an average annual temperature of 55°F (13°C) and an average rainfall of 33 inches (845ml)9 the climat of Grasse is hot and temperate and propice to the development of the aromatic plants and flowers. Hence several flowers were introduced in the county of Grasse which were adapted for its climate such as the tuberose that needs humidity and heat. The majors plants used in perfumery during the 17th century were the jasmine,

Fig.2 17th century botanic illustration of a tuberose.

rose and tuberose. The tuberose originally from Mexico was introduced in Europe in the 16th century and started to be cultivated in Grasse in 1670. It is one of the strongest odorant white flower. In the months of flowering the city is filled with the scents of the flowers in the evening and night. The jasmin flower and orange trees were introduced in France from India and cultivated in Grasse from 1650. Approximately 15 hectares were planted with jasmine on the outskirts of Grasse at the end of the 17th century. By the 18th century Grasse had an abundance of flowers such as

Fig.3 Picking of Tuberose flowers for the Bruno Court Perfumery in Grasse.

lavender, myrtle, rose centiflolia, orange blossom and wild mimosa. The scents captured from these flowers were rare and highly appreciated by the upper class of France. This unique knowledge of horticulture and extraction helped Grasse establish itself as the capital of perfume. Each seasons had its flowers, mimosa in february, violettes in march, daffodils in april, orange tree blossoms and roses in may, the tuberose from june to septembre and the jasmin from august to october. 10

In 1845 the production of jasmin was of 15 tons, it was 200 tons in 1900 and went up to 1800 tons in 1939. The production of roses went from 200 tons the 3 000 tons in 1912.11 The city was surrounded by acres of plants, wild and planted flowers set on terraces called restanques made with retaining stone walls shaping the hill slopes.

There were also as much as 60 mills present in the area used to produce the great quantities of oil and wax necessary for the perfumery enfleurage techniques. Fields of olive trees were abundant until the 20th century when the use of newer techniques required less or no oils.

The necessity for these different vegetations created a large agricultural landscape from

Grasse to the coast. Close villages and bourgs also specialized in horticulture like Vence, Mougins and Pegomas, Opio, Bar-Sur-Loup while some industrial owners invested in acres of land to produce their own flowers as well.

A women from Grasse recounts memories of her childhood : “ I was born in 1914, I began picking jasmin when I was 7 years old. The season went from july to mid-october.We started at 4 in the morning until the early afternoon, with baskets attached to our waist by a string and straw hats. We picked 3 to 4 kilos per day.

We didn’t stop to eat.”12

Jasmin

Orange blossom

Rose

3000 2250 1500 750 0 Fig.4 Use of the agricultural land around Grasse in the 18th and 19th century.

12

1845 1871

1900 1912 1923 1930

1938 1948

Fig.5 Tons of plant matter treated in Grasse from 1845 to 1948.

The Historic Center and the Lower City During the French Revolution period, from 1789 to 1799, many medieval religious building were sold in Grasse. All these buildings were within the 14th century city walls, some religious orders were able to keep their chapels but divided the rest of their properties into different lots for sale. Thus in the early 19th century several entrepreneurs set their business in these existing medieval buildings in the historic city center and transformed them into distillation shops for the extraction of scents.13 Amongst the first one to set its business in the historic town area was Joseph Mero. He was one of the most important land owner for floriculture, he had over hundred thousand bulbs of Tuberose on his properties. In 1836 Mero acquires what was once a part of the convent of the Oratory Fathers (2), he sets up a distillation laboratory and will stay there until the 1850’s when he moves his company to a new factory built further outside of Grasse. 14The convent of the Visitation Sisters (5) was bought in 1800 by M. Berard who reused most of the site as a factory until the 1820’s when he sold the factory to Jean Niel. The building comprised of offices, storage areas, laboratories, production rooms, storefront, gardens, water tank space and distillation rooms. An addition and a street ramp was built in 1875. The Niel Perfumery company was founded in 1779, it is one of

the oldest perfumery in Grasse and occupied this building until the early 2000’s. 15The convent of the Franciscans (1) became the factory of the Bruno Court company factory in 1886 .

The company was founded in 1812 by Bruno Court and his son Jean Court. After the death of Bruno Court, the two brothers Merles became owner of the company and installed it in the convent. They rehabilitated the church and used the large space it provided for the different specific tasks of the perfumery process.16 1

2

3 4

5 6

The religious hospital Saint Jacques (4) was divided and Joseph Hugues bought a first property and installed his factory in 1799. Hugues had three alambics with 200 kilos capacity, something which was rare at this period, allowing him to distillate 600 kilos of orange flowers in one time. 17 The front facade of the building was designed in 1881 and is a unique example of a refined and decorate facade in comparaison with the more utilitarian factory buildings in Grasse. A former property of the convent of the Dominicans (3) located accross the street was acquired by the Hugues Aine company in 1840’s. A demand made by Hugues shows that a tunnel was constructed under the street to connect both buildings. 18 The Warrick Brothers who came from England and were first perfumers in Nice, acquired a religious school building called the Little Seminary(6) in 1833 and added a flat roof structure to it for there extraction room and chimney. They obtained the silver medal at the 1900 universal exposition.19

1 Convent of the Fransciscans 2 Convent of the Oratory Fathers 3 Convent of the Dominicans 4 Hospital Saint Jacques 5 Convent of the Visitation Sisters 6 Religious seminary school XIV century city walls

Fig.6 Religious buildings sold in Grasse during the Revolution.

13

The area called “ville basse” (“low town”: named this way to differientate it from the historic center within the walls, set at a higher altitude) became an industrial corridor and counted about 15 sites related to the perfume industry from 1850 to 1910. The sites were next to each other or within a block away.

The proximity to the water source and oil mill favored the area’s concentrated development. Some structures were existant before perfume companies were established but with time adjacent properties were bought and sites enlarged. As seen on the historic photographs (fig 5) several high cheminees stood in the landscape, giving a hint to the function of these buildings.

Fig.7 Area of historic industrial heritage in the “lower town”.

14

Amongst the factories of the lower town area was the Pilar Brothers perfumery company established in the 1820’s. In the 1880’s a large factory was built on a site with no existing structures a the bottom of the Roque bridge.

A second structure with a chimney and distillation area was added at the bottom of the site in 1901. In the start of its activity Pilar delivered the essence of bitter orange blossoms called Neroli in pig bladders. 20The engraving made for the company shows the buildings and Grasse. (fig 8) The site of the perfumery Bernard Escoffier was constructed in 1820’s especially for this function. In the 20th century the main building was embellished to show the

success of the company. A mansard roof covered with clay tiles set in a fishscale style was added as well as plaster work with the initials BE on top of the main front entrance. It was the first factory to distillate large batches of irises. 21At the top of Boulevard Gambetta was the factory of JB Selin perfumery, first built in 1812 by the perfumer M. Jourdan. The site was bought by Jean-Baptiste Selin in 1905 who’s parents had worked for Hugues. Previously the building was used by another company, the Tombarel Brothers who later moved to a larger factory site. Selin produced essentials oils, absolutes, soaps, pharmaceutical products and creams. 22

Fig.8 Engraving of the Pilar Brothers factory.

Some other perfumeries were in smaller structures. For example there were three adjacent factory buildings in Avenue Chiris.

The Robertet perfumery was founded in the 1820’s. Before they moved their factory further outside of town, their headquarters were in a building in the lower town from 1880 to 1895.

The building had been used for perfumery activities since the 17th century. The building had a particular housing aspect because of its four stories with fenestrations and gable roof. 23

Piver was a parisian company who’s owner Lucien Piver moved to Grasse in 1774. Piver had several properties in Grasse and before building a large factory their extraction shop was in a small building in Avenue Chiris. The vaulted structure was built in 1901 and despite protest from neighbors, it was used for hydrocarbon solvent extraction. Piver was one of the first to create absolutes and won the gold medal for its products at the universal exposition of 1878.24

Fig.9 View from a jasmin field in the lower town with visible chimneys in the background.

The building of the Hugues Fils perfumery was between the tw others. Acquired around the 1850’s the site was organized around a central garden. There were two long stone vaulted cellars and a main distillation room with stone walls and a gable roof structure with a central lantern. The shop had 4 steam machines, a 40000 liters reservoir and a chimney set in the middle of the garden.25 Still along Avenue Chiris was the Rance-Lautier factory founded in 1795. In 1863 the factory included large cellars, laboratories, storage attics, terraces and gardens. In the second half of the 19th century the family created their living quarters on the upper levels with richly decorated interiors and added a sunroom opening to the garden terrace. The following photograph shows the Art Nouveau style glassworks.

The company had the gold medal at the 1900 universal exposition.26

Fig.10 The Morel-Lautier at the terrace of the factory building.

15

Other important perfumeries are situated around the historic center. A significant site was the Pellisier-Aragon property also known as the “Perfumed Fountains”. Created in 1850’s

by Alziary, the site became a precursor by becoming a touristic perfumery in the 1920’s.

Here clients had the possibility to come buy products directly from the company and fill perfum bottles with the scented fountains on the site. (fig 11) The success of this site influenced more factories to follow this marketing strategy. Several factories in Grasse created shops and started to offer tours. 27 On the north end of the historic town was the site of the Honore Payan perfumery first founded in 1854. After staying in the family for 50 years the company is bought by the mayor of Grasse Etienne Caremil in 1907. In the 1920’s he focused the factory activity on tourism, taking advantages of the site location on a major road axis, near luxurious hotels and from where many tourists would enter into the city. Large advertising panels were set on the roof of the main structure visible from the main avenues. 28 On the southern part of the historic center is Fragonard. Named after Jean-Honore Fragonard a reknown French Rococco painter who’s villa was from Grasse. The site was a perfumery since 1782 but became Fragonard Perfumery

16

in 1926. The company developped its touristic aspect, offering tours, direct sales of perfumes and derived products. The building was next to public gardens and the large public plaza named the Court. The main building was also a nobles house for a time. 29

Fig.11 View from Jasmin field in the lower town.

With visible chemineys

The sites around and in the historic center and lower town were either established in preexisting buildings such as religious buildings

and in the lower stories of residential structures. Or they were constructed on vacant or partially vacant sites such as the site along the Riou Blanquet creek in the lower town. All the previous sites mentioned were active before 1860. These types of factories worked mostly as small scale artisanal fabrication shops and distillation shops with a handful of employees.

Some larger companies with more production like Bruno Court employed already a large number of workers especially seasonally when tons of flowers needed to be sorted through and distillated. The industrial owners were old families from Grasse and developed a mutual business aid between them, if one needed a quantity of flowers products he could buy it directly from another, many companies shared mills and all were dependent on the city water’s system. Thus companies like Hugues Elder helped channel the water sources towards the industrial sites and charged companies for its access.30 Architecturally these buildings were only distinguished from other buildings of the urban area by a few features but mostly by the tall chinmney overhanging above the buildings.

The embellishment of the facades came in the 19th century and showed success of a company, initials and names appeared on entryways,

iron gates and facades. From the exterior they might have appeared like another building but interiors were adaptated for their function. The creation of half stories and tall spaces for machinery, the introduction of steel for renforcing structures, of large built in sinks, mechanical equipments, ventilation and cooling systems started to appear. However with the expansion of agricultural production, the growth of the industry and the high demand, most of these older structures became inadequate for new quantities and processes of productions and manufacturing. Thus a gradual shift of factory implementation towards the lowlands will occur during the 20th century.

Fig.12 Buildings and factories related to the perfumery industry in Grasse in use before 1860.

17

Perfumery Techniques and Factories Expansion The development of techniques during the 19th and 20th century influenced the changes in the architecture of industrial sites. Traditional techniques used by the first perfumeries consisted of fragrance extraction called enfleurage. The flowers or plants are set in heated tanks with oil which captures the scents of the flowers. The oil is then filtered to remove all plants. In a second phase the resulting oil is soaked in with ethanol separating the scents from the oil to the ethonal. Finally the ethanol is evaporated leaving the most concentrated essence possible, a product considered and sold as a raw material called the absolute.31 A second technique called cold enfleurage used a similar process but the petals were set directly on indolorant wax set on a wood frame, this technique long and delicat was used

Fig.13 Women workers are tasked with the cold enfleurage.

18

until 1939 for flowers such as the jasmin which were more delicat and optimized the extraction of the scents. 32 Throughout the 19th century the development of techniques was mostly for the purpose of increasing the quantities of production. The capacity of floral essences a perfumery could make were more important and the sales was the main objectif of the industrials.

In the second half of the 19th century the technique of distillation developped with the use of steam power. Similar to the process of making alcohol through distillation, the vegetal matter is placed in an alambic with water, heated to change it to a vapor charged with the odor particules. The vapor is channeled through a copper pipe and cooled with cold water transforming it to a perfumed liquid.

In a third phase the water and essential oils from the liquid seperate, the oil is recuperated and the water can be reused for distillationor used as a perfumed water. In 1860 Hugues Elder introduced the use of vapor to heat the bottom of the alambic instead of fire which was harder to control the quality. With the use of steam power brick chimneys appeared in the landscape of Grasse, there were more than 60 chimneys. 33 In the 20th century the use of extraction by volatil solvents developed at an industrial level.

This last major method used by the perfumers involves chemistry expertise thus also the need for qualified employees. Like the two previous techniques the odorant particules of the vegetal matter are absorbed. With this process the plants are disposed on metal screens

Fig.14 Lautier Son interior of distillating room

and set into tanks were they macerate in solvent.The liquid obtained is then decanted to eliminate any water, the remaining matter is called a concrete. It is a wax like matter containing resins, essential oils and plant material.

The concrete and solvent can then be distillated to obtain absolute. Commun solvents used for this technique are benzene, petrolum, and acetone which are inflammable and toxic.

The use of solvents brought a new dynamic to the industrial process. Extraction was a far more economical technique than enfleurage but more importantly this technique expanded the industry of Grasse to an international level.

Perfumers will start to travel to all continents to find new plantes, flowers and other aromats, and install annex factories directly in foreign land.34

Fig.15 Lautier Son factory

In Grasse the considered danger of the new techniques required factories to be implemented at a certain distance from residential areas.

In addition the need for spacious sites pushed the companies to build their factories outside of the city in lower lands. Thus from 1860 to 1940 the periphery of Grasse is transformed by several periods of factory constructions.

In the low town were two large sites implemented in the 1860’s, which correspond more to a factory design per se : large functional buildings within a gated enclosed area.

Lautier Sons was founded in 1795 and related to Rance Lautier. The company set their factory on a farm site, they demolished the existing farm building and installed spacious rectangular buildings and a structure for extraction on

one corner of the property. The buildings were made of concrete and incorporated prefabricated latice stone work. A design feature which is noticeable in other factories. 35 The second site was occupied by Bertrand Brothers founded in 1858 . The two sites were only seperated by a narrow street.

The entrance of the factory was monumental for an industrial site, had decorative columns and a terrace with planters. Two important fire incidents occured in the factory in 1880 and 1887 which were controlled by the fire department and the help of the neighboring factories.36

Fig.16 Bertrand Brothers factory

19

In the 1860’s and 1870’s also emerged sites along Avenue Pierre Semard which became a new hub of industrial activity. The area was still barely used and the implementation of these new structures offered opportunity for urban development and the spread of the city. A train station was built and put in service in 1871 and facilitated the transportation of material and products. 37 Roure-Bertrand was founded in 1845, the perfumery first made rose water and orange blossom water. The factory was built in in the 1870’s and at first only had one building. In the following decades all the major structures were added like the administrative building in a neoclassical style. A particular hall structure was dedicated to hydrocarbons and a tall wooden hall with breathable space between the wood was built specifically for the receptions of flowers. The company started making absolue in 1900 and won a price at the universal exposition. 38

20

Fig.17 Cavallier Brothers enfleurage equipment.

Adjacent to Roure-Bertrand was the imposing Chiris factory. This company is one the oldest in Grasse as it was founded by Antoine Chiris in 1768 who first made scented ointments, soaps and essential oils. The construction in 1860’s of the factory was also in a neoclassical style, a style present in most industrial sites in France at this period. Chiris was a major actor in the industry, Leon Chiris breveted a new technique in 1894 for the use of volatil solvents and expanded the company’s ventures to the colonial countries such as Algeria, Madagascar and South Vietnam to find new flavors and create products on site. . The influence of colonialism will reflect on the architecture of the factory’s great hydrocarburant disitillation hall known as the mosque.39 A more modest factory was built on the same avenue. The Cavallier Brothers was founded in 1784. Like most perfumers the company moved from the center area towards the peripheral.

The factory was made of several structures which were set on a sloping site, built perpendiculary to the slope and adjacent to one another. The buildings were one or two stories high and had flat roofs. Cavallier Brothers built a second factory in the 1920’s on a site further in the lowlands. This modern factory was built with concrete masonry unit and detailed with decorative concrete blocks also providing ventilation. The company specialized in making the orange blossom absolute called neroli and became a provider for the german perfume company Mulhens which used it for making the Cologne.40 Between 1880 and 1890 other factories appeared like Schmoller Bompard founded in 1879 by Herman Schmoller and J.P Bompard. The perfumery was first installed in an already existing soap making shop which belonged to Bompard. The site was along the Riou Blanquet creek and adjacent to a medieval mill. New structures were added between the 1880’s and 1920’s.41

Fig.18 Interior view Cavallier Brothers annexe factory.

The height of the perfume industry in Grasse was at the beginning of the 20th century. Its monopole in the production of natural products for perfumery was also strengthened by the development of synthetic products which several companies exploited too. The train was also a means to bring in more visitors to Grasse. A funicular was installed in 1909 and brought people from the train to the city center. The Bank of France opened a special branch in Grasse which will be important for the economical aspect of the city and the perfumeries.

Other business will flourish from the tourism such as shops, hotels, travel and excursion organizations and other commerces.42 Between 1890’s and 1910’s more factories were built. The Hugues Elder company who owned several buildings in the historic center invested in a new property previously a farm land set higher on the hills above the historic center. In 1917 Hugues Elder is taken over by one of the

associates and family relative, the chimist Eugene Charabot and the company becomes Charabot. Known as the Charabot factory or La Sabrane the site functioned as an organized neighborhood. A private entranceway lead through the site and the many different buildings. Next to the factory the industrial owner’s villa called La Sabranette was designed and long italian renaissance style gardens created a connection between the two sites. 43 Tombarel Brothers was also present along the Avenue Pierre Semard. The company was founded in 1837 and was first situated in different locations of the historic center until it was moved to the site near the train station in 1896. It was progressively enlarged during the following century. The structures were organized on terraces due to the steep slope of the site and constructed with concrete masonry units and metal roofing. The company had plantations lands in four nearby villages and cultivated jasmin, tuberose, rose and lavender.

Fig.19 Arial view Charabot, the gardens and the villa to the east

They achieved the gold medal at the 1900 international exposition.44 Sornin was built in 1906 only about 100 meters away from the train station. The perfumery factory was used by several companies. Unlike the other factories nearby the architectural style of the building was more utilitarian and modest and did not have a neoclassical vocabulary.

The older structure was made of stone with a brick chimney next to it, the latest buildings were made of concrete and the site had a large metal warehouse.45 Payan Bertrand was located east of the city also along the Riou Blanquet creek and was surrounded by olives trees. The factory was made of ten structures built at different time periods. A notable architectural feature is the extraction shop topped with two barrel vaults.

The company was created by the association of Antoine Payan and Etienne Betrand who bought over the Honore Payan company.46

Fig.20 Distillation room of Trombarel Brothers

21

West of the city a small industrial sector developed at Avenue Sainte Lorette. The first factory built in this area was the Mero Boyveau perfumery in 1861 who bought a farm land with an existing building. This incited other perfumeries to follow. The company was created by the association of J.Mero who first owned a perfumery in the historic center and a pharmacist chimist A.Boyveau. The site was composed of many structures built over the century. The perfumery also constructed a second factory in the peripheral exclusively for solvent extraction.47 The Sainte Lorette Avenue developed with other factories. One was the Molinard perfumery founded in 1849, the first building on the factory site at Sainte Lorette was built in 1890. The architecture of the front building was designed for the commercial purpose of the company. It was designed with a large u shaped driveway with gardens and glass entry structure and a had a strong provencal character. The company was apart of Mero Boyveau until 1980.48 Sozio was founded in 1911 by Joseph Sozio and his son Antoine Sozio. The company produced raw material for perfumery but also sold finished products in a commercial part of the factory. 49

Camili Albert Laloue was founded by 3 industrials in 1920. It succeded the Berenger Young company. The company focused on the treatment of aromatic plants. The site was narrow and surrounded by other built properties which forced the buildings and the chimney to be set just next to the street. The company continued to use the old techniques to achieve products of high quality, especially with the jasmin on cold enfleurage until 1963. 50

In between the World Wars several sites were constructed by well established companies like the Cavallier Brothers, Robertet and Lautier Sons annexes. But also a newly established perfumery company Moutet built its modern factory site in the 1920’s. Finally some sites were constructed post 1945 but also further away from the original historic epicentre of activity.

Avenue Pierre Semard Saint Lorette Riou Blanquet Creek

Fig.21 Major factory sites built in the peripheral of Grasse

22

. TODAY’S CONDITION OF THE INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE General Survey Findings Several factors played in the progressive decline of Grasse’s monopole in perfumery production. The rise of the local cost of the labor, the time consuming older processes and the development of synthetic perfumes are just a few reasons. The industry of Grasse will make the choice to mostly stay within its specialty of natural products production and prioritizing quality over quantity. Unfortunately this will also lead to a decline of buyers because of the price of the high quality products and the competitive prices from other countries. The agriculture will simultaneously decline for the same reasons. It became more cost effective to import from other countries like Bulgaria who became the leading producers of roses with 12500 tons in 1930 and only 2000 tons in Grasse.51 Despite the lower quality of raw material products from less experienced foreign industries and despite the longtime regular clients, starting from 1930 the local production of perfume plants declines. The situation worsens with the second World War, jasmin production goes from 1 800 tons in 1930 to 500 tons in the 1960’s and the same situation holds for the orange blossoms also famously used in Grasse. The decline of production of these plants which have made the renown of Grasse’s perfume industry will affect the perfumeries more than they anticipated. The progress made

in synthetic and chimistry will also factor in the decline of the industry in Grasse. Synthetic or artificial products can be fabricated much faster and at different volumes which can adapt with the market demand. But although Grasse was in a strong position in the early development of synthetic products it fell behind in the second half of the 20th century and neglected to keep up with the progress. Local perfumeries were reluctant to chimical innovations and international competition took the lead.52 The fcompanies of the 18th and 19th period were almost all bought by international companies, dissolved and factories closed. In the second part of the 20th century a large housing program was developed by the city in answer to the demographic needs. This need for housing was in part due to the wave of immigrants from the countries which had previously been colonies such as Algeria, Marocco and Tunisia.

But also previously from decades of immigration workers coming from Spain and Italy.

The population of Grasse was multiplied by 2 due to this continous flow of immigration.53 In parallel many of the factories became vacant during this period hence many were either rehabilitated for residential units or demolished to be replace by new constructions. The general condition survey of 42 factories in Grasse’s center and peripheral shows that 50% of the factories site became residential, either by reuse of the existing structure or replaced by residential building after demolition. The architectural character of the 19th century factories buildings blend with the residential urban fabric of the town historic center however sometimes a flat roof or rectangular shape recalls that it had a previous function. The buildings were several stories high, had many windows and simple floor plans in long rectangular structures, this eased the change towards residential. In fact some of these buildings had preexisted the perfumeries and functioned as

Fig.22 Robertet facade, now residential building

Fig.23 Toussan factory, now residential building

23

residences on the upper levels while the artisanal trade occupied the lower levels.

In the last decades, of the 42 sites studied about 30% of the factories were partially or completely demolished. These sites were brown fields for many years and considered an eyesore. Their large site areas offered new urbanism project possibilities but rehabilitation was not at the center of projects. Most of the historic sites have been converted to different uses. Only 16% of the sites still have perfumery related activites. 3 historic sites are currently used as industrial sites while the others have focused their activities on retail and tourism.

The general survey also shows that out of the 42 sites studied only 2 buildings have been rehabilitated for a public use both in the historic center and of small capacity: a library in the Berenger Young building and a cultural center in the Mero building.

The condition survey of 18 buildings (see appendix) shows that the historic sites have different levels of preservation issue. The majority of the surveyed buildings have 1 to 10% estimated building damage. 3 have been subject to complete restoration or rehabilitation work recently and have no apparent damage : the Mero building which house the City of Arts and History services, the creative perfumery lab of LVMH MoĂŤt Hennessy Louis Vuitton at the

24

Pelissier Aragon site and the Euziere building which is residential. Other sites like Piver and Raynaud have a 10 to 30% estimated building damage. Finally from the buildings surveyed 3 have 30 to 60% estimated building damages: Sornin factory on Avenue Semard, Hugues Elder and Jean Niel in the historic center.

The most commun problems observed throughout the buildings are due to water infiltration. Roof restoration were done on many of the now residential buildings. The facades have been replastered but already signs of damages due to water are visible such as stains, black crust, biological growth and plaster peeling and cracking. These buildings which Fig.24 Water damages on Rance Lautier building are for the most part built with stone and lime mortar have signs of moisture rising from the foundations and high levels of humidity. This is due in part to the network of water upon which Grasse was built. Most severe issues observed are structural failure of cornices, damages to decorative elements, broken or missing windows and decaying louvers. There are also examples of failure of structural materials in interiors and exteriors like interior vaulted ceilings, stone walls, staircases and balconies.

Finally certain buildings have been subject to alterations like closed off openings. These alterations affect the historic architectural integrity Fig.25 Water damages on Toussan building of the building.

List of Main Factories in Grasse and Periphery PERFUMERY

LOCATION

YEARS ACTIVE

CONDITION

SITE USE

Berenger Young

Historic Center Area

1869-1910

Rehabilitated

Public Library

Bernard Escoffier

Low Town

1820-1930

Rehabilitated

Residential

Bertrand Brothers

Low Town

1865-1980

Demolished

Residential

Berenger Son

Historic Center Area

1850-1890

Restored

Residential

Bruno Court

Historic Center Area

1870-1960

Demolished

Hotel/Commercial/garage

Court Ossala

Low Town

1857-1920

Rehabilitated

Residential

E.Robert

Low Town

1800-1870

Rehabilitated

Residential

Euziere

Low Town

1880-1940

Rehabilitated

Residential

Fragonard

Historic Center Area

1840-present

Restored

Perfumery retail

Honore Payan

East

1900-1960

Rehabilitated

Residential

Hugues Elder

Historic Center Area

1800-1920

Disused

Vacant

Hugues Son

Low Town

1830-1920

Rehabilitated

Residential/religious/workshop

Isnard Maubert

North East

1829-1925

Rehabilitated

Residential/commercial

J. Mero

Historic Center Area

1836-1890

Rehabilitated

Cultural Center

Jean Niel

Historic Center Area

1820-2000

Disused

Vacant

J. Selin

Low Town

1820-1950

Demolished

School

Lautier Son

Low Town

1860-1980

Demolished

Residential

Muraour Brothers

Low Town

1850-1950

Demolished

Residential

Pelissier Aragon

North East

1910-1970

Restored

Perfumery creative lab

Pilar Brothers

Low Town

1880-1940

Demolished

Residential/garage/nursery

Piver

Low Town

1901-1960

Rehabilitated

Residential/art workshop

Rance Lautier

Low Town

1854-1880

Rehabilitated

Residential

Raynaud

Historic Center Area

1870-1910

Rehabilitated

Residential/ partially vacant

Toussan

Low Town

1857-1886

Rehabilitated

Residential

Warrick Brothers

Historic Center Area

1877-1901

Rehabilitated

Residential/city works facility

25

PERFUMERY

26

LOCATION

YEARS ACTIVE

CONDITION

SITE USE

Camilli, Albert Laloue

Avenue Lorette

1908-1960

Rehabilitated

Offices

Cavallier Brothers

Avenue Semard

1880-1966

Demolished

Residential

Charabot

North of historic area

1901-2005

Partially disused

Company head office

Chiris

Avenue Semard

1860-1980

Mostly Demolished

Justice Hall

Cooparfum

South of train station

1910-1960

Mostly Demolished

Sport club/vacant site

Floral Union

South of train station

1920-1970

Rehabilitated

Plant nursery

H.Moutet

South of train station

1920-1960

Demolished

School

Lautier Son

South of train station

1920-1990

Demolished

Residential

Mero Boyveau

Avenue Lorette

1860-1970

Demolished

Residential

Molinard Young

Avenue Lorette

1890-1930

Restored

Perfumery retail/head office

Payan Bertrand

Blanquet Creek

1906-present

Rehabilitated

Industrial

Robertet

South of train station

1897-present

Rehabilitated

Industrial

Roure Bertrand

Avenue Semard

1860-1980

Rehabilitated

Administrative/commerce

Schmoller Bompard

Blanquet Creek

1870-1980

Rehabilitated

Chemical company lab

Sornin

Avenue Semard

1907-1980

Disused

Vacant

Sozio

Avenue Lorette

1891-1996

Partially Demolished

Residential

Tombarel Brothers

Avenue Semard

1898-1980

Disused/ rehabilitated

school/ vacant

Demolitions Demolished buildings represent about 20% of the factories studied. The demolition for construction of housing left no vestige of the previous use of the site or a partial demolition.

Major changes in the urban built environment of Grasse occured in the last 50 years. The city was subject to several large rehabilitation plan which set aside the historic aspect and prioritized the construction of modern infrastructures especially in the lower town area. The city needed schools, parking structures, commercial space and other facilities. The vacant factory sites were used to that affect. The J.Selin factory was one of the first to be demolished.

The site was sold to the city in the 1936 and became a school. Finally in the 1950’s all the buildings were demolished to build a modern school.54

The Bruno Court Perfumery was an interesting and unique example of the reuse of a religious place for an industrial function. The Merles brothers converted the building in 1889, taking advantage of the spacious volumes of church’s stone structure, large windows, clerestories and high celing. The wooden roof structure was renforced with the addition of iron trusses. This interior condition is visible on several staged photographs made for advertising the perfumery. (fig 26) The company continued to work in this location until 1950’s.

Bruno Court ceased all activity and the many buildings which were on the site were demolished to become a parking garage, supermarket and hotel in the 1970’s.55 The only architectural features still visible today are the gothic arched front gate with

Fig.26 Interior view of the rehabilitated church in the Bruno Court factory

flamboyant ornamentation and one arched window of the church which were displaced and incorporated into the facade of another medieval church, the church of the Oratory situated in the historic center.

Pilar Brothers underwent a site rehabilitation in the 1980’s. The company was bought by Chiris in 1938 but a few years later the factory was no longer used. The two large buildings and the chimney were demolished to be replaced by a multistory parking garage, a nursery and social housing. The demolition of the main building which was set at the bottom of the bridge allowed to enlarge the bridge and side walk and create the top level of the garage at the same height as the bridge.56 The factory Bertrand Brothers was demolished except for its main administrative building which acted as the entrance to the site. The historic integrity of this building was however damaged before due to the changes of the architectural features which were singular like the infill of open spaces between the columns, the addition of a floor level instead of the original terrace. All the other buildings on the rest of the site were demolished and residential buildings were erected.57 The Lautier Sons perfumery situated immediately next to it was bought in 1980’s by Florasynth a food flavours manufacturing company.

Fig.27 Vestige of the church from Bruno Court

27

The factory was no longer used and stayed vacant until the 2000’s. All the buildings were demolished to be replaced by the same housing complex. Lautier Sons annex factory site built in the 1920’s was also demolished. The two identical concrete buildings were located near the train station. They were also replaced by a residential program.58

The Chiris factory was a very large complex on the Avenue Pierre Semard. The first main building was previously a convent. It was embellished in 1860’s with a neoclassical facade and mansard roofs. Extensions were built over different time periods as the company was growing. The Chiris family had a strong influence in Grasse, they were philanthropists and supported social changes. They offered two large houses to become retirement and hospice homes. Touched by the loss of young children the family also built a clinic for sick childrens, a shelter for young mothers, a women’s school and a nursery for their employees.

Employees, men and women were distinguished for their merit. The company also encouraged sports and physical activities for their employees, they organized tournaments and built the first swimming pool of Grasse in 1943

for its employees and their families as well as a gymnasium and cafeteria. Leon-Antoine Chiris sold Chiris to the american company Universal Oil Products in 1967. Its was then sold again numerous times and finally absorbed by Sanofi in 1982. By then Sanofi owned several other perfumeries in Grasse and decided to regroup the production in two factories, the Chiris site was closed. The site was sold to the city of Grasse in 1980’s. In 1993 the Ministry of Justice bought the site which was unused for 10 years, the main buildings, chimney and other smaller structures were demolished. In 2000 a new justice court building was ignaugurated. The southern part of the factory site was replaced with a social housing residential building.59

Fig.28 Aerial view of Lautier Son and Bertrand Brothers

Fig.29 Satellite view of the site after demolition

28

Fig.30 General view of Chiris factory site before demolition

. RECONVERTED BUILDINGS : CASE STUDY Roure Bertrand The Roure Bertrand perfumery was founded

by Claude Roure in the 1820’s. In the 1870’s the factory was established on a previously religious site with one existing building. The distillery structure and the heating room were built by the end of the 19th century and placed in the center of the site. Attached to the left was the shipping hall and absolutes building.

To the right the hydrocarburant extraction hall was built in 1900 and the administrative building extension to the south was finished in 1914 before the war. The main buildings of the factory site were served by interior streets and large courts. Small utilitarian structures were added throughout the 20th century. 60The factory remained active until 1998 when Roure Bertrand was dissoluted by the swiss company Hoffman Laroche. The same year a real estate promoter proposed a demolition project to the city to build 50 villas. The municipality used a public intervention to stop this project and refuse the permit. In an effort to preserve the industrial heritage the public organization Grasse Development bought the site for 3,7 millions euros. In 2000 this area of the city became a designated development zone by the municipality (ZAC). 61The 366000 square feet development zone included 130000

square feet of rehabilitated space. The program developed by the city consist of a new residential program, a hotel, a clinic, a large multi level parking garage, a finance and business research laboratory, a branch of the university of Sophia Antipolis, commercial and government office spaces. This urban redevelopment project was conceptualized and planned to initiate the renewal of an entire neighborhood of Grasse.

The project’s objective was to promote the development of this underused area of the city and become a new hub of activity. In the 1990’s a new justice court and administrative building was built adjacent to the Roure factory.

In addition the train station which had closed in 1938 was reopened in 2005 with a direct regional express line to Nice. These projects were the first steps made by the municipality of Grasse to renew this area along Avenue Semard and the ZAC development zone was considered a continuity of this effort. 62

The director of Grasse Development office Frederic Gabert explains « we opted for a strongly mixed public and private project to greater promote the urban redevelopment »63 The total cost of the project was of 10.2 million euros, spanned over ten years and was officially finished in December 2010. The project was financed by the region, national subventions, Grasse Development and the different private investors. Salone+Solignac architectes was hired by the city as project manager. The firm also worked closely with the regional Architect of the French Monuments who must approve all work on the historic buildings. Preliminary research off the site’s historic significance was conducted by architect Pierre Fevrier to determine what parts of the built structures will be preserved. The 4 main buildings of the factory were listed on the french national register of historic sites in 2004.64

Fig.31 General view of Roure Bertrand factory site

29

The project asked for the restoration of the buildings and the interior rehabilitation to accomodate for a new program. The front court space was paved, new light fixtures installed and a large ramp for disabled access integrated in the design. The brick chimney, the solvent extraction hall and the wooden flower storage hall have been left intact but are not currently used. In the first phase of the project, in 2002 all structures built after 1920’s were demolished, in addition all the rail tracks, cables and pipes were removed. Starting from 2004 the demolished buildings were replaced by new housing construction for 173 apartment units including 34 for public housing opportunities.

Then in 2004-2005 the facade of the old perfumery administrative building also known as n°42 on the eastern side of the front plaza was restored. The building was rehabilitated for the total cost of 2 million euros and became the offices of the local governmental organization.65

In another phase starting in 2007 the absolute and shipping building known as n°24 on the northern side the plaza was in turn restored and rehabilitated for a total cost of more than 5 millions euro. The structure was divided into 4000m2 of business startup space and 2000m2 for other offices, a pharmacy and a small restaurant. The commercial spaces are set on the ground floor level and communicate directly with the front plaza. In their project description Solone+Solignac explain that light is used in the design to emphasize the verticals and heights of the existing structure. The offices were installed around the perimeter of the interior floors to take advantage of the restored window bays. The central glass roof atrium brings light to the circulation spaces.

The many partition walls added to create all the offices and secondary spaces are all conceived as objects placed on the existing floors but removable. They are distinguished from the

Fig.32 Interior of Roure Bertrand building n°24 after rehabilitation

30

historic structures and do not directly attached to the ceiling or walls.Therefore the large volumes of the interior spaces are still apreciable.66 Articles in the local newspaper Nice Matin suggest that the local habitants and users of this new development believe this project has brought a new dynamism to the area but in majority agree that local commerces are still needed to make it a real neighborhood.

The rehabilitation left two of the 4 buildings still unused but the exterior shells have been restored. This phasing of urban renewal protects the buildings from decay even if vacant.

The upcoming projects for these buildings are gearing towards a public and cultural function, it might become an extension of the International Museum of Perfumery located in the historic center. This site is the only large historic factory in Grasse listed and recognized as a historic monument. The preservation of this building was successfully integrated to a urban renewal problematic.

Fig.33 Exterior view Roure Bertrand main buildings after rehabilitation

Chiris: The Mosque Hall The Chiris perfumery was founded in 1768

by Antoine Chiris. In the 1860’s Leon Chiris moved the perfumery to a new factory at Avenue Semard near the Train Station and outside of the historic center. In 1814 Leon Chiris acquires a patent for a new technique used in solvent extraction. The developments in the extraction method played a large part in the success of Chiris. The company explored many countries and built annex factories in several countries. In 1899 the Chiris factory of Grasse was enlarged with a hall for solvent extraction known as the Mosque. This building was the replica of a factory Chiris previously built in Boufarik in Algeria. 67The Chiris perfumery company was dissolved in 1984 and all the buildings were sold to the city. The extraction hall became a storage space for the City Works services. In 1989 the Mosque Hall was listed as a historic monument.68 The extraction structure is the only other industrial site of Grasse considered a historic monument.

The hall is over 48000 square feet, it is made of a metal structural frame and a ciment envelop.

The concrete panels are pierced by openings decorated with concrete latticework. The decorative patterns are inspired by the motifs found in moorish architecture. These openings were neccessary for the ventilation of the extraction hall where toxic and inflammable

products were manipulated. The height of the building also responded to the need for ventilation giving this building a monumental design. It is standing alone surrounded by a tall masonry wall, it was separated from the other buildings of the factory also for security reason.

The gabble roof is supported by metal trusses and covered with clay tiles. The roof has 3 large skylights with openings and detailed with metal cresting above. Ciment ornaments on the roof are visible at the top of each metal column location and accentuate the architectural rhythm of each structural bay.

It was the first hall were this specific extraction method was being used at an industrial level. It was also the only extraction hall building of this size until 1940. When the factory was demolished only this space and adjacent structures were preserved. In 2013 the building was retrofitted to comply with the building codes for new use. The space is now being used for many events, sportive, cultural, exhibitions, cathering, religious or other private. Despite the rehabilitation of the building for new use the exterior and other components of the structures on the western side of the site are in great need of repairs. The part of the building with a stair tower evocking the minaret of a mosque has window, wall and roof damages. The entire building has signs of moisture damages, mineral

deposits, black crust and soiled surfaces. There are areas of damages like wholes, missing material, cracking and spalling. The roof need some maintenance and repairs, for example there is biogical growth and the flashing is corroding.

Fig.34 Southern facade of Chiris Mosque Hall

Fig.35 Exterior view of Mosque Hall eastern side

31

. DECAYING BUILDINGS : CASE STUDY Sornin History : The Sornin factory was built in 1911. Starting from the 1860’s the factory was used by several perfumeries at the same time, like Tombarel Brothers, Mero Boyveau or Maubert at different time periods. In 1984 the site was sold to the city of Grasse. The site has been used by the municality for parking the City Works service vehicles. It was also used as a night shelter for homeless. However no restoration or maintenance was planned and this building has been siting vacant for years and awaiting a potential demolition. In 2005 the western wing which which was used for shipping was demolished. 69 Significance: It is the last large factory vacant situated on the Avenue Semard leading to the train station.

It represents the expansion of industrial sites delocalising from the historic center to the periphery of Grasse at a prosperous moment of the perfume industry in the late 19th century.

The brick chimney, the reservoir and the main building have kept their integrity, they are intact and still standing despite damage. The building usage is related to several important perfume societies which had an impact in the local history. Amongst the historic sources found at the Departmental Archives in Nice, there

32

Structure and architectural features : The entrance to the site is directly from the Avenue Semard. The site is gated on the southern side towards the train tracks, walled off on the street side and closed off by two metal gates. The driveway leads to an alley borded by a stone retaining wall and platanes trees in front of the main entrance. The main factory building is designed in a H plan with three levels. The boiler room and the chimney are on the eastern wing and the shipping and charging platform on the western wing. The structure is made of rubble stone walls with lime mortar and coated with cement. The front facade is only decorated by the window details and the

exterior wall finition was originally covered with a yellow paint. On the front facade the ground floor windows are arched, the first floor windows are rectangular and there are smaller rectangular windows on the top floor.

The right corner window of the first floor is an exception, its is made of three casement windows and features a classic balcony balustrade. The other windows of the first floor have double casement windows and each divided in 4 panels. The windows have operable wooden louvered shutters mounted on the wall with hinges hardware. The window openings are closed off by sculpted metal guardrails on the first floor and covered by large metal screens on the ground floor. The gable roof of the building is supported by rafters and battens.

The roof is covered by terracotta tiles attached to the battens. In the distillation room the roof is strenghten by a king post wood system. The cornice is not decorated and has zinc gutters

Fig.36 Site map of Sornin factory

Fig.37 Solvent extraction equipment in the Sornin factory

are floor plan drawings, detail sections and technical drawings which show the assembly of perfumery machinery in the factory in the early 20th century during the development of the extraction techniques.

running along leading to corner downspouts.

The eastern wing has an elevated metal structure with guardrail and screens supported on poles and topped by a metal roof. This exterior covered structure runs along the facade and was used as an exterior passageway.

Conditions and damages: The demolition work in 2005 was roughly done and remains of the demolished walls are still visible on the southern side. The door and window openings are severely damaged.

Windows on the ground floor and first floor have missing or broken glass panels. Areas of the wooden frames are damaged by excessive moisture and rot. Most of the light blue paint of all the frames and louvers is flaking and peeling off. The stone balustrade is missing some balusters and has been closed off by brick units.

The metal works of the windows guardrails and protection screens are rusted, the light blue paint has also peeled off from the metal.

The building has graffitis, stains and the exterior wall surface is generally soiled. There are traces of quick repairs. The exterior yellow paint has dissapeared in most of the building, portion of walls are still painted under the roofline and around the window sills. The brick chimney could potentially suffer structural failure. Despite metal reenforcements placed

on the chimney it is leaning on the top. There is decay of the mortar, cracked brick units and missing brick units. The base and the top of the chimney needs repointing and repair. The interior of the building shows different level of disrepair. Some of the workshop rooms have kept some historic mechanical equipment or furnitures such as shelving.

Possibilities: The site is in the train station area which is currently undergoing a redevelopment phase. The site was used as a shelter for a few years but the lack of maintenance forced it to close.The location and area of this site offers opportunities for larger programs such as public services, sports activities, events or cultural activities.

Fig.38 Interior view of roof structure

Fig.39 Chimney and elevated passageway

Fig.40 Windows and shutters on south facade

33

JEAN NIEL History : The perfumery was first founded in 1779 by Jean Niel and established in a religious building which was previously the convent of the Visitation. The building was sold during the french revolution to a perfumer called Berard who exploited the building until the 1820’s when Jean Niel acquired the buidling. The family owned perfumery was active at this location for nine generations. Over time the family developed their activity by manufacturing flower ointments and supplying the biggest names of Parisian perfume brands in 1845.70 In the second half of the 19th century the Niel perfumery exports oils, ointments and creates a few successful compositions thus in 1875 an addition to the religious building and a new entrance with a large driveway were built.

The factory was used until the construction of a new 3,800 m2 factory on the outskirts of Grasse in the beginning of the 2000s. The addition and lower levels have since stayed vacant.

The top floors were used has residences.71 Significance : The perfumery is located on the edge of the medieval city walls. It was the longest historic production site within the walls, the company started and stayed here for almost two centuries. This building is an architectural example

of the conversion of a religious building for industrial use.The structure added in 1875 was built to extend the factory in respond to the development of the perfumery work from artisanal to industrial scale. It is a unique example of the start of utilitarian industrial architecture in Grasse with modest ornements.

Structures and architectural features : The overall floor plan is a L shape made of a western and eastern wing. The site is edged by an alley running the whole length of the western facade. The building opens to a common courtyard space on the east. The site is in a densely built area. The religious structure was made of rubble stone blocks and lime mortar and covered with lime plaster. The front addition at the extremity of the eastern wing was made of stone masonry and cement. The driveway ascends on a relatively steep slope with large stone retaining walls.

walls and covered with lime plaster. The second

Fig.41 Site map Jean Niel factory

34

The part built in the 19th century is a square structure with two levels above ground, two half buried levels and with an entrance directly at the bottom of the driveway. This entrance is closed by a large iron gate with the initials JN. This entrance was used for charging and deliveries. The gable roof is made of a wood structure covered with tiles. In contrast the roof of the addition was designed flat to support a pool. This pool was originaly used as a cooling reservoir. The oldest structure and the addition have some similarities in the ornements which better connects them visually. The addition is detailed with brick framings around the window and door openings like the other one. There is also the common use of cornerstones and of a cornice detailed by terracotta tiles eaves.

Fig.42 First floor plan of Jean Niel factory building

The interior ceilings of the labs and shops are designed with brick vaults and finished with plaster. These vaults were meant for fire protection. The windows of the 19th century addition are protected by metal rods on the lower levels of the factory. Three windows of the upper floor are larger and composed of 24 fixed small panels. The office space was designed with a bay window pertruding off the front facade. The interior walls of the office are finished with wood panels and a white plaster ceiling. The lower floors are tiled with brick herringbone patterns. Several spaces from the religious structure have low arched ceilings.

water stains due to infiltration. The brick floors are in moderately good condition but need repointing, unit replacements and treatment for moisture.

Possibilities: The building’s 19th century addition which is the most representative of the industrial architecture in the historic center is according to the current urbanism plans in place being considered for demolition by the city. However the city is open to project proposals with programs which will make best use of this building and preserve it.

Condition and damages: The exterior surface of the building is damaged by moisture especially from poor water evacuation from the flat roof. The walls surface is relatively covered with soil, certain areas of dark stains and cement cracking and paint peeling is visible on the west side. The cornerstone ornements have cracks and missing pieces.

The metal rods in front of the lower windows are rusted and the paint has come off almost entirely. One of the main front window has been sealed of with concrete. Other windows have missing or broken glass panels. The interior of the building has signs of wear and tear as Fig.43 Interior view of director’s office well as moisture damage. There are mildew and

Fig.44 Interior view with convent vault structure

Fig.45 Southwest corner of the factory

35

HUGUES ELDER History : In 1799 after the french revolution Joseph Hugues bought the building which was originally a part of the religious hospital Saint Jacques in the historic medieval center of Grasse. In 1817 it officially became the head office and factory of the Hugues Elder perfumery company. The building was first used for making perfume essences with the enfleurage technique. The perfumery developed the distillation process and in 1860 created an improved distillation method which led the company to success.To show this economic success an embellished facade with the name of the perfumery was added in the 1870’s.The industry outgrew the capacity of this factory site and the company moved to a new site and built a large industrial complex in 1910. This building was still used for enfleurage until the 1920’s before being sold to the city. 72 Significance : This building is situated in the historic center, the integrity of the building has not been compromised. The facade is a representative architectural example of the time of industrial development in the city. In addition it is directly related to the Hugues family who has been influential in the local history and development of a network of water pipes and usable tunnels

under the city. Their residential property “la Sabrenette” next to the modern factory is also listed as a historic monument.

Structures and architectural features : The original building was made of stone and lime mortar. The facade plays with the perspective from different points of view. As shown on the aerial view (fig46) the building is exactly at the corner of a sloping L shaped street. The details of the facade are intended to draw in the attention of passer byes from all angles. Two meters of a false facade were added on the right side to make the building more visible from the south east bottom of the street. The brick chimney was tall and placed behind the false facade on the southern right corner of the building. The building is four stories high and has a basement with access to the tunnel leading to the building accross the street. A small open water canal is situated along the

Fig.46 Site map of Hugues Elder

36

back stone wall of the factory testifying of the water system built by Hugues crossing the city to reach the factory. The lower parts of the building were used for the perfumery while the upper level were residences. The facade is divided at each level by stone courses. The wall surface of the entrance level is detailed with cement mimicking large stone units and seems heavier in contrast with the upper levels which are detailed with composite pilasters, tall arched windows and a central decorative arched transom filled with a terracotta grille.

This tile lattice grille detail is repeated throughout the facade and used for ventilation in the lower levels. Areas of exposed bricks were used as a decorative element to fill false window openings. Other decorative features are present on the facade such as half columns with corinthian inspired capitals, carved leaves at the level of the transom,

Fig.47 Historic view of Hugues Elder building

dentils and carved ornaments with symbols refering to the perfumery industry such as the alambics on the pediment. The interior of the lower levels of the building is divided in small rooms. These rooms are finished with brick vaulted ceilings and covered with plaster cement. The flooring is original and made of stone slabs. There is a circular stone staircase which leads to the upper floor.

structural material like the brick vaults, there are signs of damage from mechanical impacts, missing elements and need of replastering. The circular staircase is more severely damaged with broken steps and collapse of structural material. The building has a an important issue with moisture in the lower levels accentuated by the water canal which needs to be addressed first.

Condition and damages: Damages on the facade are visible. The cement is covered with dirt and mostly stained on the lower levels. The decorated iron guardrail of the balcony is rotted and the connections of the metal to the coping stones are corroded.

This corrosion exerted pressure on the stone and caused its fracture. The roof slates are deteriorated, there is biological growth and soiling. The stone course running under the first level arched windows is covered with black crust. Dark spots of black crust are also present under the balcony . The windows are missing glass panels, the wood trims show some signs of damage due to moisture. However the facade decorative details are in good condition: the letters, alambics, the pediment, columns, capitals and the sculptural circular dormer are all intact. The interiors are moderately to severely damaged, there is exposed

Future possibilities: The Hugues Elder building has a valuable location and surface area. This building is in the heart

heart of the historic center and is the perfumery site closest to the touristic circuits. A renovation of the pedestrian street passing in front of it is currently underway with utility improvment work, installation of new pavements and lighting. Restoration of this building facade is the most foreseeable project on a perfumery building for the upcoming years. The use of the building however has not been determined.

Fig.49 Roof decorative detail with alambics

Fig.48 Main facade of Hugues Elder building

Fig.50 Interior lower level with brick vault ceilings

37

.PRESERVATION IN GRASSE City of Art and History Label The label “City of Arts and History” was created in 1985 by the Ministry of Culture of the french government to develop the heritage politics at a local scale. The objective is to increase the value and awereness given to local heritage. The approach considers all aspect that contribute to creating an indentity for a city, meaning all of its built heritage, nature, industrial, martitim and the social history through local habitants testimonies. The cities engaged in this program must : - present the all the different aspect of their heritage - bring awareness to the local habitants about their environment and local heritage - welcome tourism and public - initiate the young public to architecture and urbanism - assure the communication and promotion of the heritage to the attention of all audience types - put in place a program led by qualified staff - develop training for the city workers, tourism guides, associations, cultural and social event planners and staff.

To obtain the label the city must sign a convention with the ministry of culture and communication. The city agrees to create a city job position and recruit an expert in architecture

38

and heritage who will make sure this convention is applied and work with historians and guides. For the first 5 years the Ministry of Culture will provide a financial support for the creation and start of the program. The ministry also provides technical help to the city for the program and support the different actions. This national network of cities and communities benefit of promotional and communication tools from the government through posters, booklets and other printed documents. As of today 190 cities have this label accross France, Grasse obtained the label in 2005.

Since starting the program the city has established a cultural center called “the House of Heritage”. Situated in the heart of the historic center this space regroups the offices of the city employees working for the historic and cultural programs as well as permanent and temporary exhibitions of history projects about Grasse. The initiatives developed by Laurence Argueyrolles and her team include: -the creation of guided tours and training of guides and employees of the cultural and touristic sites - conceptions and realization of discovery and learning events with local schools - exhibitions, publications - addition of historic sites to the General Inventory of Cultural Heritage.

The team organizes over 300 guided visits per year and receive 20 to 30 classes each month for educational days on the heritage. A part of this team are historians studied and researched historic sites of Grasse and its surroundings over the last decade. This extensive research work permitted to add sites to the General Inventory of Cultural Heritage.73 The Inventory was founded in 1964 by the Minister of Culture, Andre Malraux and is described in the article 95.1 of the law n°2004-809. Its purpose is to record, study and make known elements of the heritage which have a cultural, historic or scientific interest. However sites which are apart of the Inventory are not consequently protected. Their efforts have been recognized by the Ministry of Culture. The team had a strong implication in making known sites of the local heritage. Sites added to the Inventory were considered in the redevelopment plans of the city for the historic center and the larger agglomeration of Grasse. Argueyrolles explains that their work is important to avoid making mistakes and destroying precious elements. For example their work lead to the preservation of an oil mill which could have dissapeared for a utility and road work plan. It became a strong asset for the selling and the rehabilitation the Perfumed Fountain site by the multinational LVMH.74

The National and Regional Tools At a national scale the preservation of historic sites has been dynamically advocated by the Ministry of Culture in the 20th century and incentives were created to advance this cause and support preservation projects. During is public office as Minister of Culture Andre Malraux initiated a renewal of cultural affairs and historic preservation. Along with the creation of the General Inventory he established the Malraux law in 1962. This law allows a historic property owner to benefit from a tax deduction after completion of restoration work on a classified or listed building. To benefit from this tax incentives there are several steps to follow and criterias to meet. This law was made to counter the growing post war urban projects in the cities and create areas titled “preserved districts” to ensure that significant buildings are preserved. The Malraux law is applied by a tax deduction claculated on the total amount of restoration work. Today the deduction can go up to 30000 euros per year.

For a site to be protected by acquiring the title of historic monument it must represent a historic or artistic interest. There are two types of protection : - a site can be totally or partially classified by the government as a historic monuments because its preservation represents a “public interest”

- or a site can be listed as a historic monuments by the government representative of a region. This pertains to entire buildings or partial areas of buildings which represent “a sufficient interest to justify its preservation”75 The procedure for the protection of a site can be initiated by the ministry of culture, the regional government offices, the owner of a building or a third party who has an interest in its preservation like local organizations.

The demand is made to the Regional direction of cultural affairs. The Regional Heritage Commission composed of goverment employees, scientists, local elected representatives, leaders of organizations and the regional prefect will give a favorable opinion or reject the preliminary demand. In the later case further in depth research and work will follow. The consentment of the owner of the site is not required.

If the prefect decides the site could be classified than the case is submitted to the National Commission of Historic Monuments and the Minister of culture. If the decision is favorable it requires the approval of the owner. However if an owner dissaproves but a building is in danger of dissapearing, alteration or demolition the Prime Minister can classify the site as a historic monument for protection.

The title of protection requires that all resto-

ration work must be preceded by the approval of the appropriate government services. The goverment will help the owner public or private to define and establish the necessary restoration work and/or research study needed.

The government approval on any restoration work is obligatory for any financial aid.

A classified building can not have any work done without the autorisation from the administrative authority in charge of historical monuments. The owner is considered the project manager and must choose an architect and construction company qualified under the Heritage Code. All work are executed under the control of the scientific and technical services of the historic monuments and the regional appointed Architect of Historic Monuments.

A listed building requires that the owner gives a 4 months notice of any work which will be undertaken on the building. The work will be controlled by the government scientific and technical services in charge of the historic monuments. It is recommended that the owner chooses a qualified architect and companies.

A building will have a protective perimeter of a 500m radius around the site as soon as it is listed or classified. This perimeter is meant to preserves the buildings surrounding from adjacent new constructions or alteration work

39

The use of mecenat is another tool which has been practiced in the preservation of buildings and greatly promoted in the region. It offers the possibility for private businesses or specialized organizations to support historic building preservation projects and in return the business will benefit from a tax deduction. Also depending on the organization like Fondation Patrimoine the owner might be required to open the building to the public for 50 days out of the year for 10 years to receive a 30% of cost funding. 79 P.S.M.V DE GRASSE

Plan réglementaire du P.S.M.V opposable au tiers

Service Territorial de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine des Alpes-Martimes

Ville de Grasse Place du Petit-Puy - 06130 Grasse

41 avenue Thiers - 06000 Nice

PSMV MODIFICATIONS

15 mars 2010 18 juin 2011

MISE A JOUR SUITE À L'ENQUETE PUBLIQUE

11 mai 2012

Liste en annexe

MODIFICATION N°1

CHARGES D'ETUDE: Mireille PELLEN - Architecte du Patrimoine 9 Cours Jean Ballard - 13001 Marseille Tél: 04 91 54 88 52 Fax: 04 91 54 90 79 L. GASSA - Architecte Urbaniste F. VALETTE - Historienne B. BELOTTI - Archéologue F. BLANC - Archéologue E. BRESDIN - Paysagiste P. ALBISSON - Avocat

19 février 2014

306 307 17

6 4

ECHELLE 1/500

1

2

2

D'aprés le plan photogrammétrique de Grasse, mai 2001

LEGENDE

J

2

5

Façade ou fragment, toiture, jardin, protégé(e) par la législation sur les Monuments Historiques, soumis à la prescription de la loi du 31 décembre 1913.

270 269 268

40

50

40

1

6

1

13

9

5

12

20 18

5

14 16

10

11

1

1

1 3

23

17

15

13

2

3 4 5

10

4

1

188

4

10

P

5

3 6

6

6

2

1

9

7

D

P

3

2

2

3

440 7

7

287

19

44

454

21

455

235

C

7

261 J

286

8

42

283

96

93

8

262

D 10

8

28

33

29

49

12

9

27

19

1

15

13

1

11

23

C

260

285

46

48 10 5

290

289

10

P

10

7

2

4 2 2

7

E

26

1

384017

304

9 10 5

50 5 9

7

291 7 5 9

2 3 3

303 302

12

311

10

1

17 18

1

E

2 15

8

305

292

297

301 295

300

361 388 389

9

5

259

336 433 3

1B

270 269 267 7

8

306

P

189

2

8

307

12

2

3

4

2

8 6

4

2

1

4

2

2

25

23

19

2

14

5

2

2

24

3

7

3

25

217

23 15

13

7

6

6

5

11

4

1

1

32

10 8

6 4

1

36 34 32

29

27 30

26 28

22 24

1

09 11

17

5

1

268

315

9

100m

434

432

2

3

5

8

2

7

10 12

9

1

7

26 28

30 28

27

26

25

123

22

21

1 19

18 20

15

16

13

14

11

1

1 9

7

5 1

23 25

21

20 17 18

15 16

1

13

11

14

4

1A

4

2

30

5

7

22

20 18 16

14 12 10

19

6

8 6

4 2

30

2 5 9

4

Fig.51 The Protected Historic District urbanism plan

20

2

14

10

6

367 368

312

0

4B

309

366 369

5

346

258

4

431

280 2813 282

1

314

j

187

Mairie

8

6

284

310

5

3

34 2 36

4

32

3

30

1 2

3

28

279

11

9

316

6

6

1

351 278 C

4

9

7

5

P

271

5

8

272

5

185 186

7 12

3

5 9

2

4

7

184

2

2

5

190

2

Mairie 1A

9

2

9

265

8

352

3

273

3

327

22 13 24

345 3

55

251

5

26

3B

333

5

334

20

5

318

275 276

5

274

3993

1

254 3

2

E

2

2539

252

5

5

445

3

19

26

398 183

3

3 4

1

2

255

446

380 424

5 9

52

14

21

3 3

12

3

10

319

39

317

337

330

E

322

8

320

6A

9

182

2

8

338

J

10

1

6

192

2

7

329

j

249 9

321

175

193

2 2

1

9

177

381 382 335

194

2

201 9

1

7

17 7

2

7

3

4

6

390 391

2

447 7

394

441

65 9

224 223

BH

250

7

248

2

228 11

2

8

10

4 2 4 2 4 4

12

199

198

4 3

211

7

439 6 171

14

5

C

2

5

181

25

27

9

5 180

10

8

428 169 170 426 429

3

7

7

1

3

2

3

225

15

229 5 99

121130

386

3

178

J

J

28

3

179 2

2

174 176

172

6

3

2 2

230

2

9

87

3B 62

173

2

5

9

2

9

195

197

2

13

2 7

E 247 3

10

2

2

22

132

131

7

196

E

2

E

11

E

4

4

4 2

3

88

9

2 80

81

9

84

85

86

79 78 82

83 2

4

378

16

10

2

14

5 9

2

14

3 8

9

2

18

77

5

9

4

1

10

E

7

5 9 7

12

2

1

226

13 3

250

3

325

11

165

133

129

1

5

227

2

11

7 157 159 1582 4

7

128

120

2

119

E3

32

2

6

246

7

E 1 1

4

2

10

3 5B

1B 8

2

E

7 2

7 3

7

438

E

9

67

7

3

4 5 9 4 2

1

2

68

E

2

5 3 9 3

5

E323 324

9

9

7

7

1

9

7

2

2

5

245

243 244

5

116 117

7

9

3

E

123

9

134

5

91 92 3

7

5

10

2

E

5

10 2

153 163 162 161 160

7

2

90 89

152

2

155

69

287 2863

11

4

76

9

66

99

3

10

9 7

70

E

94 9

3

73

7

2

3

288

95

304

9

13

16

E

65

9 63 2

3 1

93

154

2

1

101 E 100

9

4A

4

1

5

2

2

122

118

3

2 4

232

7 5 9

10

126 8 125 127E

2

E

16 5 7

135

2

124

115E

2

4

14

7

64

E

3

75 4

72 71

63

21 9

9

8

7

62 7 61

2

5

2

E 156

14

8

20

326

136

2 3 12 2

2

13

11

918 5 2

5

2

144

7

3

6

7

1

6

151

145

141 142 143

2

2

2

3

3

1

9

22

9

9

2

3

2 2

444 2 9

7

E

2

3

2 6

5

238

1

1

148

103

6

442

112

105

13

150

146

2

9

2

9

E E S

5

2

234

235 4

242

2

3

111

147 2

3

8

E

108 9

109

2

102

2

7

7

26

56

57

47

112

113

2

24

137

109

1146

4

1

111E

2

9

5

3

2

9

106

107

E 3

104 103

9

11

332

16

9

2

110

41 5

2

124 300 3

8

9 5 45 38 36 21 49 43 34 32 9 3

3

39

59

301

7

328

E

3191

7

8

1

125

9

E

50 53 54

55 E

123

329

3 2 9 37 2 4 3 2 2 35 2 30 4

2

29

5

3

126

3

299

7

140

138

49 2

3

B

5

9

311

9 24

7

4

2

331

E

2

2

10

2

139

2

2

350 349

2 3

7

7 5

241

9

29

317

114

22

108

5

4

1

5 9

5

2

24

2

18

6

9

14

3

9

5

2 4

128

330

10

48

51 52

11

1

2

2

4

20

11 2

5

67

370 371 2 63 9A

7

2

10 9 5

5 59

3

344

62

5

9 5

2

2 1 9

443 7

7 E 240

2

9

68

7

343 2

11

7

12

8

21

2

9

2

2

239

1

3

12

2

7

61 9 2

22

19

9 5

23

18 P

9 5

3

7

2

9 5

24

60

5 9

5

26

17

69

374375 376

4

2 4

85

5 2 2 5 9

2

71

7

70

3

2

5

9 5

27

25

16

E

58

7

59

6

E

15

5

2

437

8

7

2

3

28E

C

1

9

57

9

3 7

30

E56 7

7

84

7

83

3 2

2

3

j

9

9

3 2

2

5

74

1

4

1

6

1

1

29

353

3

6 3

74

453

55 452

5

5 10

10

3

46 47

2

7

9

2 9

9

5 5

76 75

5

42

5

9

3

354

32 7

31

5

2 3E 9

5

1

81 82

77 79

J

3

2

8 2

41

3 2

7

12 13

E

50 51 52

21

4

9

4

7 9

2

58

327

117 116

3

5

186 9 9

5

9

3

9

7

53

107 106

E

99

320 321 2

2

9

E

9

2

2

310

E

E 7

2

5

9 4 2 9

2

54

7 3

129

E131

118

10

1

7

35 33 5

5 5 9

5 9

134

E

132

9

E

11

9

H1

133

2

77

302

2

2 2

2

3

7

7

2

7

312

13 5

39

135

2 138

4

2 8

190 189

41

9

9

7

38

9

11

7

8

5

8

M1 191 7

4

105 C 86

7

11

2

9 5 5

7

37

E

6

3

39

7

E

38

7

2

Végétation

8

Arbre isolé

5

Piscine, bassin, fontaine

Cheminée

80

5

87

32

78

7

10

Verrière Lucarne ou ouverture

6

E

E

104

J

88

2 2

9 5

10 6 9

BE

2

7

102 103

J

89 8

47

49

2 5

3

E

2

5 95 7

8B

Terrasse et balcon Pente toit

9 5

2

10 2

45

2

5

10

4

12 197 195 196 8 3 194 4 2 E 7 193 192 E

7

2

340

2 9 7

7 11

4 3 2

Immeuble

5

90

91

92 46 48

9

16

41

339

5

100 383 101

1

5

5

12

LEGENDE complémentaire

445

3

3

2

2

9

2

4

203

315

E

6

7

2

43

E

9

42

J

J

7

2 2

10

5

9 5 9

97

3

C

9

9

253

2

9

Passage à créer.

94

99

6

5

4

10

Passage existant à conserver.

93

6

252

7 8

Patrimoine d'eau à conserver et mettre en valeur

3

9

3

6

Compostion végétale (mail, alignement, arbre isolé) à créer.

Passage

9

1

98

3

96

2

9

5

251

5

2

3

2

3

2 15 5 9

17

37

11 10

7

136

1752

198 180 1826

18

14 3 2 7

2 3

11

8

4

3

95

4

5

206

5

202

201

12

10

1 2

8 2

250 9

Jardins à créer Composition végétale (mail, alignement, arbre isolé) à conserver et à renouveler.

8

249

3

3

Jardins à conserver.

4

2

2

E

12

137

12 3

12

Espaces à créer soumis à prescriptions particulières.

208

2

174

176 178177 179 314 6 181 183

200

2

2 4

207

199

8

2

212 211

6

316

7

2

22bis

4

214

E

5

8

213

7

278

S

2

3

248

7

3

9 2

9 2

9

9 8

168

163

216 215

E

214

167

166

er 22t

9 8

8

2212

219 E ?

26 5 9 24 2 15 22 9 20 5 E 13 2 9 4 3 18 9 2 11 9 162 4

4 2

3

3

7

145 9 147 146 139 144 1404 9 143 2 5 3 142 9 4 2 9 1410 141 169 2 7 214A 2 9 313 2 170 173 2 3

9

2

3

3

6

1

2

5

333

30 28 172

160 164 5 165 318

16

14

14

Espaces existants soumis à prescriptions particulières.

E

9

245

246 7 247

3

218

8

8 32 3

159

3

2

9

36 35

10

2

20

254

244

7 7

16

Vues et perspectives à préserver.

R : perspectives et cadrages sur relief P: Vues panoramiques

7

9

9

195

1

E

12

157156 8 326

7

2

19 17

22 20

255

18

Perspectives architecturales et urbaines à préserver.

8

243

4

2

23 2 421

E

32 33 34

3 4 14 2

9

2

24

7

8

9

242

2

224

223

158

2

220

13

151

12

916 5

155

7

222

9

2 4

E

15

2

9

13

15 14

E

18

6

23 1

Alignement nouveau imposé

2

4

9

5

21

10

9

2

9

327 2 252 4

30 31 18

2

152

3

154 2

2

22

256

Superposition des dispositions 7 et 8.

8

279

3 2 6

153

5 4

2

21

Règle de hauteur figurant au règlement.

Limite maximale d'emprise de construction imposée

2 7

241

24

257 2

2 3

3

2

227

E

4

2

7

Px ou Rx

4

225

2

2

280

2

258

3

226

3

2

25 26 27 28 29

24

9

2

229

228 276 9

2

41

2

95

10

230

5

9 45 3

231

7

9 5

2

1

3

Emprise de construction imposée.

Ux

2

237 238 239

6

Dépose des éléments parasites.

Espaces

H1

3

39

29

1

3

3

37

7

E

7

33 35

2

232

233

9 9

2

86

2

3

2

E

2

8

7

2

259

9

8

Présentation de l'égout de toiture.

3

3

9

Garde corps en bord de toiture interdit. marge de recul d'1 mètre exigée.

1

3

8 31

3

20 31

16

S

235 234

3

5

E

10

1

260

9

7 Règle architecturale figurant au règlement.

7

16

26 4 35 33 18 37 35B 33B 31B

8

2

6B

236

261

Ecrêtement.

9

2

28 6

Ecole

4

23

22

4B

7

Immeuble ou partie d'immeuble dont la démolition ou la modification pourra être imposée à l'occasion d'opérations d'aménagement publiques ou privées.

Surélévation possible.

4

18

4 2 10

E S

282 283

3

1

281

262

Immeuble ou partie d'immeuble pouvant être conservé, amélioré ou remplacé.

2

Pontet/ Avant solier Menuiserie/ Ferronnerie

19

5

17

1

Baie

8 9

9

4

Entablement

6

289 5

265

335 263

15

5

7 284

266 1

336

Elément décor intérieur

15

Elément distributif / escalier

14

7

12

Arc Linteau

13

3 4

267

264

10

Elément toiture

11

Façade à décor

8

10 11

9

Elément façade Appareillage

2

5

271

Immeuble ou partie d'immeuble à conserver, dont la démolition, l'enlèvement, l'altération et la modification sont interdits.

Immeuble ou partie d'immeuble d'intérêt urbain à conserver, dont la démolition totale, l'enlèvement sont interdits, où la modification à des fins d'amélioration est autorisée.

Eléments de Patrimoine à conserver et mettre en valeur

8

Constructions existantes

5

j

6

285

272

Immeuble ou partie d'immeuble protégé par la législation sur les Monuments Historiques, soumis à la prescription de la loi du 31 décembre 1913. t

4 275

273

4

Sections cadastrales.

6

274

Périmètre du Secteur Sauvegardé.

Monuments historiques (MH-ISMH)

26

Preservation in the region of Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur has been experiencing a boom.

This is due in part to the fact that the region has put the accent on cultural tourism. Preserving the historic heritage and encouraging the cultural affairs in the region have gone together with promoting tourism. The region

counts 1 millions habitants but in 2016 alone the region was visited by 11 millions tourist who stayed an average of 6 nights. In 2015 900,000 people visited the Fragonard perfumery and 300,000 to Molinard Perfumery making them the first and fifth cultural attractions of the Maritim-Alps department. However tourists will mostly stay in the city of Nice and do a day trip excursion to Grasse. 77The region of Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur counts 2318 historic monuments with 441 in the Maritim-Alps department. The department has 7 cities with the City of Arts and History label and four Protected Historic District. Created in 1962 along with the Malraux Law, these Protected Historic Districts are urban zones which are determined of cultural and historic interest. These districts are protected by government laws and any work on a private building, public building or public space within the defined zone must be approved by the Architect of the French Buildings. The goals is to preserve and restore the architectural identity of the district while also assuring that new constructions are coherent with their surroundings. Grasse historic center became a Protected Historic District in 2010 and an urbanism plan with specific regulations has been developped and applies to all the defined zone. 78

28

and preserve the visibility of the building. Any work around the site which could affect the historic building will be looked over by the appointed regional Architect of French Buildings.

The restoration work done on building which are listed or classified are eligible for government funding. The part which is left at the charge of the owner is 100% tax deductible.

This amount applies if the historic site is opened to the public. The percentage will be less for occasional public access and 50% if no public access is planned. In addition for buildings which are open to the public the law also considers an exoneration from donation, inheritence or succession tax fees. The government tax benefits can be accumulated with regional subventions which varies from each region but can be up to a 40% financial aid for the cost of restoration work. Regional funding are not necessarely only for listed or classified buildings but can be for buildings of historic interest recognized by the region.76

359

341 362

360 299

293

363

Preservation Political Agenda : the Efforts and Limits Since 1996 the city has worked on redevelopment strategies and elaborated the Local Urbanism Plan (PLU). The city dialogued with the local population to consider the needs and established the final zoning and regulations in the last year which will guide development for the next 10 to 15 years. The PLU is a major tool for the preservation, economic, housing, labor, transportation, environmental and development politics of the city. The big lines of the PLU puts the cultural heritage of Grasse has one of the priorities and precisely in the historic center.80 Like many medium size and smaller cities in France Grasse has been affected by urban decay in the city center. Residents, businesses and retails have progressively abandonned the historic center for the outskirts of Grasse. In the last decade the different elected representatives have been working on key development projects that they believe will act as catalysts and bring back activity to the historic center. For this reason a new public media library and cultural center is under construction in the heart of the Protected Historic District. This project qualified as “pharaonic” by the political opposition was designed by Beaudoin Architects and is schedule to open in 2019. The mayor Jerome Vaud and his council members defend that this project will generate futher redevelopment in the historic center.

The keywords of the mayor’s 2018 wishes are “heritage, new stakes”. The heritage of Grasse is not only in the built environment but also in the perfumery and the agriculture of perfume and aromatic plants. Thus another aspect of the PLU is the rezoning and conservation of agricultural land around the city which has decline by 33% since 2000. This goes along with Grasse’s current candidature for the recognization of the city’s perfume history and expertise as Intengible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO. 81

Fig.52 The media library project in Grasse currently under construction. Design by Beaudoin Architects

The combination of the Protected Historic District Urbanism Plan and the PLU is an important aspect of the city’s political view on heritage and its support for preservation actions. For example the municipality has given subventions for the restorations of facades and residential building entryways but also for storefronts in the historic district to encourage small local businesses to invest in the center.

The ambition of the PLU is to find a balance between preserving the heritage and new project developments. Another area of interest in the PLU is the area between the historic center and the recently rehabilitated historic industrial buildings Roure Bertrand and Chiris.

The objective of the project is to create an attractive and coherent connection between the two urban areas and promoting the visit and use of this part of the city’s infrastructures.

The main axes of preservation described in the PLU apply to a greater area than the Protected District : - to reveal the heritage : bring to light the historic perfume industrial neighborhoods surrounding the medieval city.

- to preserve the heritage : through zoning and restoration guidelines - to discover the heritage : create and enhance existing access, paths, views towards historic site for the local habitants and visitors.82

41

Despite preservation of the heritage in Grasse being a focus for the city’s elected officials there are limits to accomplishing preservation actions. First of all the priority has been to preserve medieval buildings, religious structures and historic villas. In the Maritim-Alps only 6 industrial buildings are listed as historic monuments 2 of which are perfumeries in Grasse.

This number is significantly low in comparison to the 50 and some sites which have shaped the local history, have been studied by historians and extensively discussed in books and other publications. The Protected Historic District assure the preservation of the oldest examples of perfumery artisanal shops but the majority of the 19th industrial historic buildings are not considered in this plan. The latest revised urbanism plan shows that the Jean Niel factory which is a the limit but within the Protected Historic District zone is considered for demolition. Efforts by local historian to justify the historical interest of this building to the city officials, Architect of French Buildings and potential investors have fallen short. Fortunately the Hugues Aine building is an example of historic industrial building which will be preserved for its visual interest at the street level. However after over 30 years of vacancies there is still no project to use the space for cultural purposes for example and its preservation only touches

42

the exterior facade. The city faces debts and elected officials have made the decision to use the city’s estate stock as a tool to reduce the city’s expenses. This means that buildings and land owned by the city are being sold because of their maintenance cost and because they are not currently included in any project which could benefit to the public. The PLU also expresses a strong emphasis on attracting new businesses with real estate opportunities in areas such as the train station neighborhood.

Although the mayor and councils members assure potential buyers and proposed projects are carefully studied the opposition argues that the financial aspect prevails. Historic factory sites like Sornin near the train station could be affected by this current politic. 83 The City Arts and History Label is also limited in its real actions and impact. The focus of the tours and learning experience is concentrated on the medieval city, religious buildings and the most tourist known buildings of Grasse.

Also having this label does not require the city to put more effort into preservation but rather brings a research support and advice for futur development projects. However the latest work of the historians to bring to light the extent of industrial heritage in Grasse has affected the municipal discussions and has been positively criticized by local habitants.

. CONCLUSION

The perfumery industry has impacted every aspects of the development of Grasse and its population for the past centuries. It influenced the built environment, the demographic, the economic success, the international trade, the agriculture, the social life, the cultural affairs, the noble and workers classes and overall society, tourism, fashion, luxury, technology, innovations and the list goes on. But the factories which were once one of the most important element of Grasse’s cultural identity fell into desuetude. This project report expressed the current condition of the industrial heritage of Grasse. An heritage which has for the longest time been neglected from the city, the local habitants and urbanism projects. The survey shows that the reuse of historic industrial buildings within the historic center came naturally and as early as the 20th century because the nature of their architecture was easily accommodating to residential usage. But the larger factories which were developped just outside of the city and further in the peripheral were subject to less rehabilitation interest.

Unfortunately great examples of 19th and 20th century industrial sites which had shaped the city and the life of a large majority of the population were lost to new developments. These losses have triggered a conscious collective decision to reevaluate the cultural interest of the

industrial buildings in Grasse. This translates into actions like the establishment of the City of Arts and History label, the addition of sites to the General Inventory and the inclusion of sites into the latest urbanism plans. However the preservation efforts compete with economic, residential, commercial and new infrastructures developments. The cultural and historical interest of these buildings is for the time being a recognition that is primarely on paper reports and books and hopefully within the next decade will be further present into practice and tangible projects.

43

.ENDNOTES 1 “Grasse : World Capital of Perfumes” Unique Fragrance. 2016 http://www.uniquefragrance.fr/grasse 2 Eliane Perrin, The golden age of perfumery in Grasse (Grasse: Edisud, 2005), 30.

3 Gabriel Benalloul, Grasse : the perfume factory ( Lyon: Lieux dits, 2015), 5.

4 “Galimard History”, Galimard, 2011, http://www.galimard.com/index.php/fr/galimard.html.

5 Catherine Dumas, The professions of art, excellence, luxury and the traditions : the futur in our hands (Paris : Ministry of Culture, 2009), 211.

6 J-A. Duberc, The tanners of Grasse in the XVIII century (Aix-en-provence, 1968), 130.

7 Nadine de Trans, Grasse, City of History Passion Provence, 2015 http://www.passionprovence.org/archives/2015/08/02/32433941.html 8 Edouard Imbert, Grasse Review (1910) 9 Romain Monge, “The Influence of climate on the olfactory landscape of Grasse”, Pays de Grasse, 2015 http://savoirfaireparfum.paysdegrasse.fr 10 Gabriel Benalloul, The farming of perfume plants in the Maritim-Alps between 1904 and 1927 , Regional Researches n.204, 2014 11 Lerouge, Grasse world center of the production of raw materials for perfumery, 17.

12 Paul Rasse, The aromatic city, for the work of odorant materials in Grasse (Nice: Serre, 1987), 67.

13 J. Farnarier, Contribution to the knowledge of the city of Grasse : Perfumery (Grasse :L.Carestia, 1981), 35.

14 Gabriel Benalloul, “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001594”, DRACA Ministry of Culture (Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008) 15 J. Farnarier, Contribution to the knowledge of the city of Grasse : Perfumery (Grasse :L.Carestia, 1981), 100.

16 Eliane Perrin, The golden age of perfumery in Grasse (Grasse: Edisud, 2005)

17 J. Farnarier, Contribution to the knowledge of the city of Grasse : Perfumery (Grasse :L.Carestia, 1981), 70.

18 Gabriel Benalloul, “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001576”, DRACA Ministry of Culture (Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2006) 19 J. Farnarier, Contribution to the knowledge of the city of Grasse : Perfumery (Grasse :L.Carestia, 1981), 124.

20 Ibid, 57.

21 Eliane Perrin, The golden age of perfumery in Grasse (Grasse: Edisud, 2005) 22 J. Farnarier, Contribution to the knowledge of the city of Grasse : Perfumery (Grasse :L.Carestia, 1981), 83.

23 Gabriel Benalloul, “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001628”, DRACA Ministry of Culture (Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008) 24 J. Farnarier, Contribution to the knowledge of the city of Grasse : Perfumery (Grasse :L.Carestia, 1981), 142.

25 Ibid, 167.

26 Ibid, 38.

27 Eliane Perrin, The golden age of perfumery in Grasse (Grasse: Edisud, 2005) 28 Gabriel Benalloul, “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001603”, DRACA Ministry of Culture (Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008) 29 Eliane Perrin, The golden age of perfumery in Grasse (Grasse: Edisud, 2005) 30 Gabriel Benalloul, Grasse : the perfume factory ( Lyon: Lieux dits, 2015) 31 Paul Rasse, The aromatic city, for the work of odorant materials in Grasse (Nice: Serre, 1987), 22 32 Ibid, 24.

33 Gabriel Benalloul, Techniques of perfumery in Grasse, a historic presentation Regional Researches n.196, 2006 34 Paul Rasse, The aromatic city, for the work of odorant materials in Grasse (Nice: Serre, 1987), 26 35 Gabriel Benalloul, “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001634”, DRACA Ministry of Culture (Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008) 36 J. Farnarier, Contribution to the knowledge of the city of Grasse : Perfumery (Grasse :L.Carestia, 1981), 125.

37 Eliane Perrin, The golden age of perfumery in Grasse (Grasse: Edisud, 2005) 38 J. Farnarier, Contribution to the knowledge of the city of Grasse : Perfumery (Grasse :L.Carestia, 1981), 147.

39 Gabriel Benalloul, Grasse : the perfume factory ( Lyon: Lieux dits, 2015) 40 J. Farnarier, Contribution to the knowledge of the city of Grasse : Perfumery (Grasse :L.Carestia, 1981), 106.

41 Gabriel Benalloul, “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001625”, DRACA Ministry of Culture (Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008)

44

42 Eliane Perrin, The perfumery in Grasse or the examplary history of Chiris (Grasse : Edisud, 1987) 43 Eliane Perrin, The golden age of perfumery in Grasse (Grasse: Edisud, 2005) 44 J. Farnarier, Contribution to the knowledge of the city of Grasse : Perfumery (Grasse :L.Carestia, 1981), 74.

45 Gabriel Benalloul, “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001586”, DRACA Ministry of Culture (Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008) 46 Gabriel Benalloul, “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001627”, DRACA Ministry of Culture (Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008) 47 J. Farnarier, Contribution to the knowledge of the city of Grasse : Perfumery (Grasse :L.Carestia, 1981), 59.

48 Eliane Perrin, The golden age of perfumery in Grasse (Grasse: Edisud, 2005) 49 J. Farnarier, Contribution to the knowledge of the city of Grasse : Perfumery (Grasse :L.Carestia, 1981), 122.

50 Ibid, 134.

51 Paul Rasse, The aromatic city, for the work of odorant materials in Grasse (Nice: Serre, 1987) 52 Ibid.

53 Yvan Gastaut, The old city of Grasse and immigration in the second half of the XX century, Regional Researches n.207, 2014 54 Gabriel Benalloul, “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001604”, DRACA Ministry of Culture (Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008) 55 Eliane Perrin, The golden age of perfumery in Grasse (Grasse: Edisud, 2005) 56 Gabriel Benalloul, “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001600”, DRACA Ministry of Culture (Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008) 57 Eliane Perrin, The golden age of perfumery in Grasse (Grasse: Edisud, 2005) 58 Gabriel Benalloul, “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001605”, DRACA Ministry of Culture (Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008) 59 Eliane Perrin, The perfumery in Grasse or the examplary history of Chiris (Grasse : Edisud, 1987) 60 Gabriel Benalloul, “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001641”, DRACA Ministry of Culture (Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2009) 61 “Grasse Roure Factory : a neighborhood comes out of the earth in the Greater center”, Nice-Matin March 2009, http://archives.nicematin.com/ 62 Remy Mario “Grasse ZAC Roure is taking off ”, Le Moniteur October 2004, https://www.lemoniteur.fr/articles/grasse-la-zac-roure-201355 63 Remy Mario “ A perfum factory rehabilitated”, Le Moniteur June 2003, https://www.lemoniteur.fr/articles/229263 64 Ibid.

65 “The Roure sector pursues its transformation”, Nice-Matin August 2010, http://archives.nicematin.com/ 66 Project description Building 24, Solone+Solignac 2010, www.sea-architecture.com 67 Eliane Perrin, The perfumery in Grasse or the examplary history of Chiris (Grasse : Edisud, 1987) 68 Gabriel Benalloul, “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001638”, DRACA Ministry of Culture (Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2009) 69 “Chiris Hall” Heritage Card no.3, Grasse City of Arts and Culture, 2008.

70 “The House’s History”Jean Niel 2016, https://www.jeanniel.com 71 Gabriel Benalloul, “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001645”, DRACA Ministry of Culture (Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2009) 72 Eliane Perrin, The perfumery in Grasse or the examplary history of Chiris (Grasse : Edisud, 1987) 73 “Grasse Actu : taking ownership of the city” Kiosque no.193 may 2015, 14-15.

74 “A Label, a Network” City of Arts and History, Ministry of Culture 1998, http://www.vpah.culture.fr/label/label.htm 75 Marianne Bertrand “The help to reduce your restoration budget”, Le Figaro September 2011, http://leparticulier.lefigaro.fr/jcms/p1_1351260/ 77 “Tourism Key Figures 2016 Edition” Regional Comittee Tourism Cote d’Azur 2016, http://www.cotedazur-touriscope.com/ 78 The Protected Historic District Urbanism Plan, City of Grasse 2014, www.ville-grasse.fr/urbanisme 79 Marianne Bertrand “The help to reduce your restoration budget”, Le Figaro September 2011, http://leparticulier.lefigaro.fr/jcms/p1_1351260/ 80 Grasse PLU booklet, Kiosque no.217 November 2017, City of Grasse 81 “Jerome Viaud adresses his wishes to Grasse”, Kiosque no.219 January 2018, City of Grasse 82 Grasse PLU booklet, Kiosque no.217 November 2017, City of Grasse 83 Ibid.

45

. APPENDIX Survey forms of the 18 historic sites in Grasse highlighted in the following map. Surveys forms are based on the Rapid Building and Site Condition Assesment form developed by the NPS National Center for Preservation Technology and Training.

All photographs taken by D.Segura unless specified.

Honore Payan Pelissier Aragon

Toussan Isnard Maubert

Bernard Escoffier

Raynaud Euzière Mero Rance Lautier Berenger Young Piver Hugues Elder Hugues Son Jean Niel Robertet Fragonard Sornin Warrick Brothers

Map of the surveyed historic factory sites in Grasse. Created by D.Segura.

46

47

48

Interior view Berenger Young now library. (c) International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse

Roof of Berenger Young now library. (c) International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse

Bernard Escoffier roof exterior view.

Bernard Escoffier entrance exterior view.

49

50

51

52

Exterior view Euziere.

Exterior view Euziere.

Fragonard exterior view.

Fragonard exterior view.

53

54

Exterior view of Honore Payan from street.

Exterior view of Honore Payan from the back alley.

Exterior view front facade Hugues Elder.

Entrance of Hugues Elder from pedestrian street.

55

56

57

58

Exterior view upper levels of Isnard Maubert.

Exterior view of Isnard Maubert with a remaining stone wall visible .

General view of Hugues Son from Chiris street.

Roof ventilation and daylighting detail of Hugues Son.

59

60

Southern facade of Jean Niel.

Basement level front gate access with Jean Niel initials.

View of the interior court in front of Mero with the public fountain.

Photograph 1929 (c) International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse

Exterior view Mero front facade and interior court . (c) International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse

61

62

63

64

Exterior view from the gardens of Pelissier Aragon . (c) Christian Dior Parfums - Tina Hilier

Interior view of restored sunroom in Pelissier Aragon a remaining stone. (c) Christian Dior Parfums - Tina Hilier

General view of Piver from Chiris Avenue. (c) International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse

View of Piver’s small interior court. (c) International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse

65

66

General view southern facade of Rance Lautier from Chiris Avenue.

Arched decorated double door entrance of Rance Lautier.

General view of Raynaud.

South facade of Raynaud. (c) International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse

67

68

69

70

Exterior view front facade of Robertet from Chiris Avenue.

Interior view of the art shop space in Robertet ground floor level. (c) International Museum of Perfumery, Grasse

Reservoir and brick chimney on eastern side of Sornin site.

South facade of Sornin.

71

72

View of Toussan and terrace gardens.

View of Robertet’s rear facade from pedestrian alleyway.

Exterior view of upper levels of Warrick Brothers.

Lower entrance of Sornin.

73

.BIBLIOGRAPHY “A Label, a Network”. City of Arts and History, Ministry of Culture, 1998. http://www.vpah.culture.fr/label/label.htm “Chiris Hall” Heritage Card no.3, Grasse City of Arts and Culture, 2008.

Benalloul, Gabriel. Grasse : the perfume factory. Lyon: Lieux dits, 2015.

Benalloul, Gabriel. “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001576”. DRACA Ministry of Culture. Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2006.

Benalloul, Gabriel. “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001586”. DRACA Ministry of Culture. Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008.

Benalloul, Gabriel. “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001594”. DRACA Ministry of Culture. Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008.

Benalloul, Gabriel. “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001600”. DRACA Ministry of Culture. Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008.

Benalloul, Gabriel. “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001603”. DRACA Ministry of Culture. Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008.

Benalloul, Gabriel. “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001604”,.DRACA Ministry of Culture. Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008.

Benalloul, Gabriel. “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001605”. DRACA Ministry of Culture. Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008.

Benalloul, Gabriel. “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001625”. DRACA Ministry of Culture. Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008.

Benalloul, Gabriel. “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001627”. DRACA Ministry of Culture. Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008.

Benalloul, Gabriel. “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001628”. DRACA Ministry of Culture. Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008.

Benalloul, Gabriel. “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001634”. DRACA Ministry of Culture. Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2008.

Benalloul, Gabriel. “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001638”. DRACA Ministry of Culture. Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2009.

Benalloul, Gabriel. “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001641”. DRACA Ministry of Culture. Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2009.

Benalloul, Gabriel. “General Inventory of Cultural Heritage IA06001645”. DRACA Ministry of Culture. Provence Alpes Cote d’Azur, 2009.

Benalloul, Gabriel. Techniques of perfumery in Grasse, a historic presentation Regional Researches n.196, 2006.

Benalloul, Gabriel. The farming of perfume plants in the Maritim-Alps between 1904 and 1927. Regional Researches n.204, 2014.

Bertrand, Marianne. “The help to reduce your restoration budget”. Le Figaro, September 2011. http://leparticulier.lefigaro.fr/jcms/p1_1351260/ Duberc, J.A. The tanners of Grasse in the XVIII century. Aix-en-provence, 1968.

Dumas, Catherine. The professions of art, excellence, luxury and the traditions : the futur in our hands. Paris : Ministry of Culture, 2009.

Farnarier, J. Contribution to the knowledge of the city of Grasse : Perfumery. Grasse :L.Carestia, 1981.

74

“Galimard History”, Galimard, 2011, http://www.galimard.com/index.php/fr/galimard.html.

Gastaut, Yvan. The old city of Grasse and immigration in the second half of the XX century, Regional Researches n.207, 2014.

“Grasse Actu : taking ownership of the city”. Grasse : Kiosque no.193, May 2015.

“Grasse PLU booklet”. Grasse : Kiosque no.217, November 2017.

“Grasse Roure Factory : a neighborhood comes out of the earth in the Greater center”, Nice-Matin March 2009, http://archives.nicematin.com/ “Grasse : World Capital of Perfumes”. Unique Fragrance. 2016 http://www.uniquefragrance.fr/grasse Imbert, Edouard. Grasse Review 1910. Grasse Library Saint Hilaire accessed on January 25th 2018. http://www.bibliotheques.ville-grasse.fr/ “Jerome Viaud adresses his wishes to Grasse”, Kiosque no.219 January 2018, City of Grasse Lerouge. Grasse world center of the production of raw materials for perfumery. Grasse Library Saint Hilaire accessed on January 25th 2018. http://www.bibliotheques.ville-grasse.fr/ Mario, Remy. “ A perfum factory rehabilitated”. Le Moniteur June 2003. https://www.lemoniteur.fr/articles/229263 Mario, Remy. “Grasse ZAC Roure is taking off ”. Le Moniteur October 2004. https://www.lemoniteur.fr/articles/grasse-la-zac-roure-201355 Monge, Romain. “The Influence of climate on the olfactory landscape of Grasse”. Pays de Grasse, 2015. http://savoirfaireparfum.paysdegrasse.fr Perrin, Eliane. The golden age of perfumery in Grasse. Grasse: Edisud, 2005.

Perrin, Eliane. The perfumery in Grasse or the examplary history of Chiris. Grasse : Edisud, 1987.

“Project description Building 24”. Solone+Solignac, 2010. www.sea-architecture.com Rasse, Paul. The aromatic city, for the work of odorant materials in Grasse. Nice: Serre, 1987.

“The House’s History”. Jean Niel 2016. https://www.jeanniel.com “The Protected Historic District Urbanism Plan”. City of Grasse, 2014. www.ville-grasse.fr/urbanisme “The Roure sector pursues its transformation”. Nice-Matin, August 2011. http://archives.nicematin.com/ “Tourism Key Figures 2016 Edition” Marseille: Regional Comittee Tourism Cote d’Azur, 2016. http://www.cotedazur-touriscope.com/ Trans, Nadine de. Grasse, City of History. Passion Provence, 2015. http://www.passionprovence.org/archives/2015/08/02/32433941.html

75