{}üüÍÛm-zôh-Ám-¢¼-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-zl-Vhüü
Glossary of Standardised Terms
{}üüÍÛm-zôh-Ám-¢¼-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-zl-Vhüü
Glossary of Standardised Terms
Serial 18
Tibetan Terminology Project, Department of Education/CTA 2024
{}üüÍÛm-zôh-Ám-¢¼-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-zl-Vhüü
hïz-yïP-zTô-zMh-qü
(PïÅ-±ÛG-¤Z¤-£GÅü)
uÛ-Ez-¯ô¤-OÛG-qü
¯ô¤-OÛG-¾Å-¼ôGÅü
Íô-Mm-zÇem-º²Ûmü
zÇem-º²Ûm-¼z-MÅü PG-hzP-zÇemº²Ûmü ±ï-¼ÛP-hôm-Iâzü
;¤-qÞ‡¼-uÛ-Oô¤-¾¤-Çeôm-qü qj¨-º²ô¤Å-BÛhü
¤Zïm-VÅ-ÇÀôz-Çeôm-qü
Lm-„Àô-z¸P-Ǩôm-¾¤ü hGï-ºhÝm-hôm-»ôhü
Glossary of Standardised Terms (with Tibetan definitions)
Chief editor: Urgyen Tenzin,
Assistant editors: Tenzin Rapgyal, Ngawang Tenzin, Tsering Dhondup
Database consultant: Pema Zomkyi
Software consultants: ven. Lobsang Monlam, Gedun Dhonyoe
ÁïÅ-¼ÛG-¾Å-DÞPÅü
zl-Vh-hïz-yïP-zTô-zMh-qü
q¼-GŸÛ-hP-qôü 2024
hïz-IPÅü 500
q¼-Cæm-hP-±ôP-ºIï¤Åü
ÁïÅ-¼ÛG-q¼-DP.ü
Copy right DoE/CTA
TTP Serial 18
First edition 2024
500 copies
Printing & distribution
Sherig Parkhang Trust
email : shepardelhi@gmail.com
hïz-yïP-ºhÛ¼-ºDôh-qºÛ-f-ljh-n¤Å-ÁïÅ-¼ÛG-zl-Vh-±m-qºÛ-iÔ-GmÅ-
www.tibterminology.net mÅ-º±ô¾-zÁï¼-‚ïh-fÞzü
Supported by: Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA) through Community for International Cooperation in Education and Development (CICED), Denmark.
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hPôÅ-D¤Åü
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Abbreviations
acc. Accountancy ¯ÛÅ-qºÛ-¾Å-¼ÛGÅü
adm. Administration º²Ûm-BôP-ü
aeron. Aeronautical Gm¤-Iâ-z¸ô-z;ôh-ˆÛ-¼ÛG-GmÅü
agric. Agriculture Åô-m¤-ŸÛP-¾Åü
alg. Algebra ±z-¯ÛÅü
anat. Anatomy ‚P-DôG-¾ÞÅ-fÛG
anthrop. Anthropology ¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-hrh-ŸÛz-¼ÛG-qü
archaeol. Archaeology Gmº-hÝÅ-ˆÛ-Áݾ-µÅ-hrh-¼ÛG
archit. Architecture DP-z¸ô-hP-ͼ-¾Å-ˆÛ-z;ôh-qü
arv Archives »ÛG-¤²ôhü
astrol. Astrology Ç+¼-¯ÛÅü
astron. Astronomy Gm¤-¼ÛG
arith. Arithmetic ÍP-¯ÛÅü
aviat. Aviation Gm¤-IâºÛ-¼ÛG-¯¾ü
bacteriol. Bacteriology y-ÆÛm-hrh-¼ÛG
biochem. Biochemistry Bï-hPôÅ-µÅ-¢ô¼ü
biol. Biology Bï-hPôÅ-¼ÛG-qü
bind. Book Binding hqï-hïz-ºGô-º±ï¤Åü
bot. Botany ¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛG-qü
ca. cultural anthropology ¼ÛG-GŸÝP-hP-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-hrh-ŸÛzü
chem. Chemistry µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü
cine. Cinematography JÀôG-z½‰m-¾Å-¼ÛG
com Commerce ±ôP-¼ÛG
comn. Communication zl-ºyÛmü
compt. sc. Computer Science ;¤-qÞ-‡¼-±m-¼ÛG
dent. Dentistry ÅôºÛ-zTôÅ-fzÅü
eco. Ecology Çoôh-zTßh-¼ÛG-qü
econ. Economics hq¾-º‚ô¼ü
edu. Education ÁïÅ-»ômü
electr. Electrical JÀôG
embryol. Embryology £æ¤-ÆÛP-hrh-¼ÛG
engn. Engineering z¸ô-¼ÛG-ºV¼-ºGôhü etymol. Etymology f-ljh-¼ÛG-qü
entomol. Entomology ºzÞ-ÆÛm-hrh-¼ÛG
environ. Environment Dô¼-»ÞG
fa. Fine arts wÞ¾-‚ãP-Nå-¯¾ü
gene. Genetics ¼ÛGÅ-Mãm-hrh-ŸÛz-¼ÛG-qü
geog. Geography Å-MãÅ-¼ÛG-qü
geol. Geology Å-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü
geom. Geometry fÛG-z;ôh-¯ÛÅ-¼ÛG
gym. Gymnastics ¯¾-¢ôP-¼ÛG-GmÅü
his. Historical ¾ô-MãÅü ‚ÝP-¼zÅü hort. Horticulture Bïh-±¾-¾Å-¼ÛGÅü
ins Insurance ºGm-zTô¾ü
jrn. Journalism Gż-ºGôh-¾Å-¼ÛGÅü
law. Law FÛ¤Å-¾ÞGÅü
lib. Library hqï-¤²ôhü
ling. Linguistics Ç+h-¼ÛGÅ-¼ÛG-GmÅü
lit. Literature ¯ô¤-¼ÛG-Nå-¯¾ü
math. Mathematics ¯ÛÅ-ˆÛ-¼ÛG-GmÅü
mech. Mechanic(al) ºyâ¾-¼ÛG-z¸ô-¾Åü
med. Medicine Ǩm-hP-Ǩm-zTôÅü
metall. Metallurgy ¿UGÅ-¼ÛG-hrh-ŸÛz-¼ÛG-GmÅü
meteor. Meteorology Gm¤-GÁÛÅ-zdG-hrhü
mil. Military h¤G-hqÞP-hP-ºƒï¾-zºÛ-zl-Vhü
mine. Mineralogy Gbï¼-hPôÅ-¼ÛG-qü
mus. Music ¼ô¾-¤ôü
myth. Mythology ¿Ë-OæP-ü naut. Nautical Iâ-G¸ÛPÅ-hP-Vß-ºIâ¾-¾Å-¼ÛGÅü
nav. Naval ¤±ô-h¤G neurosci. Neuroscience hzP-¯ºÛ-±m-¼ÛG
numis. Numismatics ‡¤-;ºÛ-z;ôh-¼ÛGÅü
opt. Optical ºôh-hP-ÇoP-Áï¾ü
ornith. Ornithology ºhz-VGÅ-hrh-¼ÛG
paint. Painting ¿Ë-ƒÛÅ-hP-¼Û-¤ôü palaeon. Paleontology Ghôh-¤ºÛ-ÆôG-VGÅ-hP-Bï-hPôÅ-¼ÛG-qü parl. Parliamentary IôÅ-±ôGÅü
path. Pathology mh-hP-mh-ˆÛ-GZïm-qô-zÇeïm-fzÅü
phil. Philosophy ¿e-z-hP-Iâz-¤fºÛ-zl-Vhü
phon. Phonetics O-GhPÅ-¼ÛG-qü
photo. Photography z½‰m-q¼-¼ÛG-qü
phys. Physics hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü
physiol. Physiology G¸ÞGÅ-D¤Å-hrh-¼ÛG
poet. Poetics ljm-PG
pol. Politics ÆÛh-hômü
prn. Printing q¼-Cæmü
psy-anal. Psychoanalysis Åï¤Å-D¤Å-hrh-¼ÛG
psycho. Psychology zŤ-„ÀôºÛ-±m-¼ÛG
pub. Publications q¼-Cæm-¾Å-¼ÛGÅü
rhet. Rhetorics Mm-HÛ-zÇem-zTôÅü
rel. Religion VôÅ-¾ÞGÅü
rockt. Rocketry ¤ï-ÁÝGÅ-wÞ¼-¤hºÛ-¼ÛG-¯¾ü
sculpt. Sculpture @ôÅ-h=ô¾-¼ÛG-qü
seism Seismology Å-»ô¤-hrh-¼ÛG
soc. Sociology uÛ-±ôGÅ-¼ÛG-qü
sport. Sports ¯ïh-¼ÛGÅü
stat. Statistics Çkô¤Å-zÁhü
surg. Surgery GÁG-zTôÅü
tech. Technical ºyݾ-¾Å-hP-z¸ô-¾Å-¾G-¯¾ü
technol. Technology z¸ô-¯¾-¼ÛG-qü
telecom. Telecommunications MP-ºyÛm-¾Å-¼ÛGÅü
theatr. Theatrical ¹ôÅ-G¼ü
theol. Theology ¿ËºÛ-n¤-GŸG
trans. Transportation ºIÛ¤-ºIâ¾ü
trig. Trigonometry ¸Þ¼-GÅÞ¤-¯ÛÅ-¼ÛG
typo. Typography ¿UGÅ-q¼-OÛG-z;ôhü
vet. Veterinary xãGÅ-mh-GÅô-¼ÛG
Weapn. Weaponry Gô-¤±ômü
zool. Zoology
ÆôG-VGÅ-±m-¼ÛG
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ad revenue
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administrative charge
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administra-
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advance guard advance
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afternoon
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altocumulus
altostratus amino
anencephaly
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animal
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assistant to voter atomic philosophy
adm,pol
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warfare
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barricade
base
sport
baseball
sport
baseman
bat
batter
battery saver
mode
battle profi-
ciency test
behaviour
modification
behind-the-
scenes
beta sheet
big reveal
bilateral relations
bilateral relations
bilateral symmetry
སྦྱོར་བྱུང་ན་མ་གཏོགས་སོ་སོ་རང་ངོས་
ནས་གནོད་འཚེ་གང་ཡང་མེད་པ་རེད།
bio break
biobank
biochemical
pathways
biogeochem-
ical cycle
biological
sex
biomass conversion
biometric
authentica-
tion
biopsychology
bipolar world black gold
blank vote
blockchain
bluetooth
pairing
board
meeting
boating lake
body image
body system
buzzword
channel member
channel
membership
technol
channel
trailer
chargeback
technol
chayote
chiaroscurist
technol com bot xx
geog
coeval
coffee break
coffee grinder collaboration
playlist
compt.sc
compt.sc
ཡེ་ཤུའི་གསུང་རབ་ཏུ་བསྟན་པ་ལྟར་འཇིག་ རྟེན་བཀོད་པ་པོས་ཅི་ཡང་མེད་པ་ནས་
དངོས་པོ་ཐམས་ཅད་བཀོད་པ་དང་། དེ་ལ་
བརྟེན་ནས་འཕེལ་འགྱུར་གྱི་རྣམ་གཞག་ནི་ ནོར་བ་ཡིན་པར་སྒྲུབ་པའི་འདོད་ཚུལ་ཞིག
creator
Customer
crowdsourced
customer fees
customer
interest
com,econ
customer
support representative
com,econ
cyber
resilience
com,econ
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
tech
tech
deep space
deep state
deepfake detection tools
defence
defense
dengue fever
རུང་གཅིག་གིས་རྐྱེན་བྱས་ཤིང་དུག་སྦྲང་ གིས་བརྒྱུད་སྤེལ་བྱས་པའི་འགོ་ཉེན་ཅན་ གྱི་ཚ་ནད་དྲག་པོ་ཞིག་ལ་ཟེར་ཞིང་། ནད་
dengue virus
dependent
variable
deserter
desk audit
determina-
tion
detritivore
developmen-
tal psychol-
ogy
diagnostic test
diatribe
dichroic
diet
dietary
digital ledger
digital literacy
Digital
lic Infrastruc-
ture (DPI)
digital
Digital Rights
Management
(DRM)
digital
ID
digital wellbeing
dilatometer diplomatic
dipstick
direct flight
direct instruction
discussion
forum displayport divine
DNA replication
Do Not
Disturb
document
control
documentation
drill instructor
drip pricing driving under the influence drowsy due bill due date
due process
dynamic equilibrium
eardrum
adm adm anat
Earned Value
Management (EVM)
com,econ
echo chamber
soc,ca
economic interest
economically
weaker
section
e-content
ectothermy
educational
technology
བོ་ཞིག་གི་ཚོར་སྣང་དང་ཡ་ལན།
end
endocrine
endosperm
endotherm
endothermy
energy
poverty
energy
engagement
metrics
engine
engineering
psychology
enochlopho-
bia
entomopha-
gist entomophagy
psycho
environmen-
tal psychol-
ogy
epigenetics
soc,ca
equal
opportunity
eSIM (Embedded SIM)
blueprints
dating
group chat
facebook live
facebook live
shopping
memories
watch
facilitator
fact-checking
factory cost
factory preset
factory price
factory
production
factory reset
factory-gate
price
fallow land
false memory
fan badge
fan funding
fan war
flag march
flag-waving
flamethrower
flavor
flexibility fluorescent lamp
འདོན་པའི་ཁྲིམས་འགལ་གྱི་བྱ་སྤྱོད། ཉེ་འགྲམ་གྱི་དངོས་པོ་གཞན་ཞིག་གི་འདར་
fuel injector
full-stack
developer
gametocyte
gamification
gas discharge
tube
gaseous fuel
gate control
theory
gauge cluster
gazetteer
gene cloning
gene transfer
general
genetic
genetic
predisposi-
tion
genital
herpes
geofencing
geosphere
གཙོ་རིམ་སྐར་མ་དཀྱུས་མ་ཁག་དང་བསྡུར་ ན་བོངས་ཚད་དང་བཀྲག་མདངས་གཉིས་ཀ་
gill
glaucoma
glycoprotein
grace and favour
grace mark
gradualism
grana
granulocyte
Graphic
Processing
Unit
grassroots
movement
gravitate
potential energy
gray column
great cardiac vein
grid and guides groove guerrilla warfare
guesstimate
guest post
gunship
gyroscope
hacktivism
halcyon day
handbook
head
headwind
health expert
health spa
health
warning
healthy
relationship
heart
pacemaker
hepatatis A
hepatitis B
hepatitis C
hepatitis E
hepatocellular carcinoma
heptathlon
heteroge-
neous group
heterozygous
hindbrain
hindquarter
home plate/ home base
homininae
homo erectus
homo habilis
homoge-
neous group
hot take
hot topic
housing
benefit
Hypertext
Transfer Pro-
tocol (HTTP)
humanistic
psychology
humanitarian
aid
hung
parliament
husband
material
hybrid
hybrid
learning
hybrid
warfare
hybrid work
hydroskeleton
hype
hyperinflation
Interna-
tional Mobile
Subscriber
Identity independent variable
indie film individual psychology
individual-
ized education plan
individualized educa-
tion program induction
motor
inductor industrial park industrial product
industrial production
inelastic
Infantry
Fighting
Vehicle (IFV)
infield
influencer
influencer
journalism
influencer
marketing
influencer
pods
influencer
reporting
journ
Infosec
དུ་ཡོད་པའི་སྐྱེ་བོ་ཞིག་གིས་སམ། ནང་
Intelligent Automation (IA)
inter-communication
interim award
interim order
interim relief
interim reply
interim report
Internet of Behavior (IoB)
internet traffic jam
interneuron
interoception
interoperability
intersex
intersex
intertidal zone
intransigence
intrinsic motivation
invalid vote
IP address
issue log
IT administrator
jammer
jujitsu
jump starter
jungle gym
jungle
karate
karate
keystone
kick the habit
kingmaker
kirkpatrick
model
knowledge
transfer
Key Perfor-
mance Indicator (KPI)
land girl
lander
landing gear
language
genocide
large language model
123
large language model
lateral
lateral entry
layover
leader of opposition
leadership pipeline
league table
lean management
leapfrog
learning objectives
པའི་སྒོ་ནས་རྩ་མེད་བཟོ་པའི་བྱ་གཞག
ས་ཁུལ་བྲེ་བྲག་པ་ཞིག་དང་ས་བབ་ཀྱི་ཁྱབ་ ཚད་ངེས་ཅན་ཞིག་ཏུ་མཐོང་རྒྱུ་ཡོད་པའི་
གཉིས་པ་ཐོབ་མཁན་དང་རྒྱལ་ཁ་ཐོབ་
མཁན་གྱི་འོས་མི་བར་ལ་ཡོད་པའི་ཕམ་ཁའི་
marketplace
mass
deportation
mathematical
psychology
media
ecosystem
media
planner
moth
mound
mudslide
Multi-Chan-
nel Network (MCN)
multilateral
relation multipolar
world
muscle memory
muscle memory
national convention
Natural Language Processing
(NLP): navigation
lights
navigation
system negative
stimulus
network reset
neurospora
neurosurgeon
neutral stimulus
nimbostratus
no man’s
land
no-bid contract
no-bid contract
opencast
mining ophidiophobia opinion piece
opposition
party
optical drive
optical mark
reader
optical mark
recognition
oral rehydration solution (orS)
oral rehydration solution (ORS)
བརྒལ་བའི་རྔུལ་ནག་ཐོན་པ་སོགས་ཀྱིས་
རྐྱེན་བྱས་ཏེ་ཆུ་ཁམས་ཟད་པའི་ནད་རྟགས་
བཅོས་ཐབས་སུ་སྤྲད་པའི་སྨན་ཕྱེའི་ཐུམ་
oral rehydration therapy
organ of Corti organic waste
ostracism
other backward class (OBC) outfield
over the air oxide
paddock girl
149
paddock girl
ཙམ་ཞིག་ཞི་ཐབས་བྱེད་པའི་སྨན་བཅོས།
performance
review
perseverance
personal
personaliza-
tion engine
personnel
psychology
persons with disabilities
pharmafood
photocatalysis mech psycho psycho biol
photoflash
positive stimulus
practice
coach
project
kickoff
project lead
project life-
cycle
Project
Portfolio
Management (PPM)
project
swarming
strategy
adm adm,pol adm adm adm
ཡང་ ན་རྩོད་པ་སློང་བར་བྱེད་པ།
psychologi-
cal test
psychometrics
public interest
public inter-
est litigation
public school psycho
Personal
Unblocking
གསང་ཚིག་ནོར་བ་ཐེངས་མང་བཅུག་པ་ལ་
quantitative psychology
quaternary structure
question hour psycho chem adm,pol
rebranding
recapitulation
receipt
recitation
recluse
recognition
recognizance
recommend-
ed dietary allowances
recompense
reconnaissance
reconnais-
sance aircraft
reconnoiter
record
recorder xx adm,pol adm adm
recording
recordist recourse
rector
recuperator
sandboxing
scaffold
Scholastic
selective memory
self contentment
self observation
self-effacing
self-efficacy
selfexamination
selfexhibition
selfinstruction
selfintroduction self-produced
shadow
cabinet
shoelace
sintering skatepark
Solid State Drive (SSD)
starting line
stellate cell
stratocumulus
stratus
teaching practice
teak
team
teddy bear
telegnosis
telencephalon
terminal
video description
video editor
video recording
videographer
visa-free
transit
voice
voice
voice
voice
voluntary retirement scheme
vote with one’s feet
voter turnout
Virtual Private Network
walking papers
walkout bout
walkout bout
Kids
PRINCIPLES FOR EVOLUTION OF TERMINOLOGY APPROVED BY THE COMMISSION FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY
MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
(Department of Education)
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
1. ‘International terms’ should be adopted in their current English forms, as far as possible, and transliterated in Hindi and other Indian Languages according to their genius. The following should be taken as examples of international terms:
a) Names of elements and compounds, e.g. Hydrogen, Carbondioxide etc.
b) Units of weights, measures and physical quantities e.g. dyne, calorie, ampere etc.
c) Terms based on proper names e.g. marxism (Karl Marx), braille (Braille), boycott (Capt. Boycott), guillotine (Dr. Guillotin), gerrymander (Mr. Gerry), ampere (Mr. Ampere), fahrenheit scale (Mr. Fahrenheit), etc.
d) Binomial nomenclature in such sciences as Botany, Zoology, Geology, etc.
e) Constants, e.g.; π, g, etc.
f) Words like Radio, Petrol, Radar, Electron, Proton, Neutron, etc., which have gained practically world-wide usage
g) Numerals, symbols, signs and formulae used in mathematics and other sciences e.g., sin, cos, tan, log etc. (Letters used in mathematical operations should be in Roman or Greek alphabets)
2. The symbols will remain in international form written in Roman script, but abbreviations may be written in Nagari and standardised form, specially for common weights and measures, e.g. the symbol ‘cm’ for centimeter will be used as such in Hindi, but the abbreviation in Nagari may be ls-eh- This will apply to books for children and other popular works only, but in standard works of science and technology, the international symbols only, like cm., should be used.
3. Letters of Indian scripts may be used in geometrical figures e.g., d, [k, x or v, c, l but only letters of Roman and Greek alphabets should be used in trignometrical relations e.g., sin A, cos B etc.
4. Conceptual terms should generally be translated.
5. In the selection of Hindi equivalents simplicity, precision of meaning and easy intelligibility should be born in mind. Obscurantism and purism may be avoided.
6. The aim should be to achieve maximum possible identity in all Indian languages by selecting terms: a) common to as many of the regional languages as possible, and b) based on Sanskrit roots.
7. Indigenous terms, which have come into vogue in our languages for certain technical words of common use, as rkj for telegraph/telegram, egk}hi for continent, Mkd for post etc., should be retained.
8. Such loan words from English, Portuguese, French etc., as have gained wide currency in Indian languages should be retained e.g., ticket, signal, pension, police, bureau, restaurant, deluxe etc.
9. Transliteration of International terms into Devanagari Script: The transliteration of English terms should not be made so complex as to necessitate the introduction of new signs and symbols in the present Devanagari characters. The Devanagari rendering of English terms should aim at maximum approximation to the standard English pronunciation with such modifications as prevalent amongst the educated circle in India.
10. Gender: The International terms adopted in Hindi should be used in the masculine gender, unless there are compelling reasons to the contrary.
11. Hybrid formation: Hybrid forms in technical terminologies e.g., xjafVr for ‘guaranteed’ Dykfldh for ‘classical’, dksM+dkj for ‘codifier’, etc., are normal and natural linguistic phenomena and such forms may be adopted in practice keeping in view the requirements for technical terminology, viz., simplicity, utility and precision.
12. Sandhi and Samasa in technical terms: Complex forms of Sandhi may be avoided and in cases of compound words, hyphen may be placed in between the two terms, because this would enable the users to have an easier and quicker grasp of the word structure of new terms. As regards,vkfno`f} in Sanskrit-based words, it would be desirable to use vkfno`f} in prevalent Sanskrit tatsama words e.g., O;kogfjd, yk{kf.kd etc. but may be avoided in newly coined words.
13. Halanta: Newly adopted terms should be correctly rendered with the use of ‘hal’ wherever necessary.
14. Use of Pancham Varna: The use of vuqLokj may be preferred in place of iape o.kZ, but in words like ‘lens’, ‘patent’ etc., the transliteration should be ysUl] isVsUV and not ysal]isVsaV or isVs.V. 232
Appendix I ¸Þ¼-¢¼-hP-qôü 233
M-G¼-hzÞÅ-GŸÝP-GÛ-±m-¼ÛG-hP-ºyâ¾-¾Å-ˆÛ-zl-Vh-uÛ-Ez-DP-GÛ-
±m-¼ÛG-hP-ºyâ¾-¾Å-f-ljh-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-ˆÛ-¯-º²Ûm-DG
(zôh-zNå¼-¼GÅ-zÇkÝÅü)
1ü M¾-uÛºÛ-¤ÛP-±ÛG-GP-ºôÅ-q-n¤Å-»ôPÅ-Ez-ÍÛm-±ÛG-¼P-Åô¼-ºWôG-Mã-hP-ÈÛm-hÛº¤-»Pmü M-G¼-HÛ-Ç+h-»ÛG-GŸm-Åô-ÅôºÛ-¼P-GÁÛÅ-¿e¼-HÛ-O-Nå¼-GÁ¤-Gž-¿e¼-‚-Mãü
; D¤Å-µÅ-hP-ºhÝÅ-µÅ-ˆÛ-¤ÛP.ü hqï¼-mü hydrogen, carbon dioxide ¿e-zÞ-hP.ü
D ±h-ºW¾-zºÛ-¤ÛP-±ÛG dyne, calorie, ampere (km, kg) ÅôGÅü
G GP-¸G-hP-»Þ¾-¾ÞP-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-hPôÅ-¤ÛP-hP-ºƒï¾-zºÛ-¤ÛP-±ÛG marxism (Karl Marx), braille (Braille), boycott (Capt. Boycott), guillotine (Dr. Gullotine), gerry-mander (Mr. Gerry), ampere (Mr. Ampere), fahrenheit scale (Mr. Fahrenheit), etc.
P ¤ÛP-¸Þ¼-GZÛÅ-zÇkïzÅ-qºÛ-f-ljhü botany, zoology, geology.
T ºHã¼-¤ïh-¤±ôm-dGÅ- π, g, ¿e-zÞü
V º²¤-JÀÛP-uÛ-»ôPÅ-¾-Ez-Vï-zºÛ-±ÛG radio, petrol, radar, electron, proton, neutron.
W ¯ÛÅ-hP-±m-¼ÛG-DG-GÛ-IPÅ-hP.ü ¤±ôm-dGÅü dGÅü Vô-G-ÅôGÅ-hqï¼-mü sin, cos, tan, log ÅôGÅ-hP-(hï-¤±ßPÅ-¯ÛÅ-¼ÛG-bà-zïh-uôh-qºÛ-»Û-Gï-n¤Å- Roman, Greek GP-¼ÞP-»Ûm-hGôÅ)
2ü ±h-ºW¾-zºÛ-M¾-uÛºÛ-¤±ôm-dGÅü cm ¿e-zÞ-h‚Ûm-»ÛG-bà-ºƒÛ-hGôÅ-ˆP.ü zÇkÝÅ-»ÛGn¤Å-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-ˆÛÅ-m-G-¼Û-»Û-Gï¼- l.eh. ¿e-zÞ-ºƒÛ-VôG ºôm-ˆP-ºhÛ-hG-‚ÛÅ-q-hP-
234 ¸Þ¼-¢¼-hP-qôü Appendix I
¤P-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-z;ô¾-uôh-Vïh-®¤-¾Å-±m-¼ÛG-hP-ºyâ¾-¼ÛG-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-±h-¿km-ºƒÛ-¯ô¤-mPM¾-uÛºÛ-¤±ôm-dGÅ-bïü cm
Dô-m-ºƒÛ-hGôÅü
3ü fÛG-¯ÛÅ-ˆÛ-z;ôh-q¼-M-G¼-HÛ-»ÛG-¼ÛGÅ-mÅ- d, [k, x º¤- v, c, l ¿e-zÞ-ºƒÛ-VôG-TÛP.ü ¸Þ¼-GÅÞ¤-¯ÛÅ-¼ÛG-bà-hqï¼-mü sin A, cos B ¿e-zÞ-¼ô-¤m-»Û-Gï-Dô-m-ºƒÛ-uôh-‚ïh-hGôÅü
4ü ºV¼-ÇoP-GÛ-f-ljh-n¤Å-uÛ¼-zbP-hôm-Nå¼-‚ïh-hGôÅü
5ü ÈÛm-hÛ-Ç+h-hôh-Gh¤-Åï¾-Ç+zÅ-ÇezÅ-zhï-zü hôm-¤Û-ºFâ¾-zü Gô-dôGÅ-ÇÀ-z-zTÅ-¾-hô-ÇoPhGôÅ-¾ü ½‰ÛP-Ÿïm-¤FïGÅ-z¸ÞP-GÛ-ºhÝ-ÁïÅ-ÇtôP-hGôÅü
6ü M-G¼-HÛ-Ç+h-¼ÛGÅ-DG-GÛ-f-ljh-GTÛG-¤fÞm-»ôP-z¼-h¤ÛGÅ-bïü
; M-G¼-HÛ-Ç+h-¼ÛGÅ-GP-¤P-mP-xôGÅ-¤fÞm-hÝ-zïh-uôh-‚ïh-q-hP.ü
D ¾ïGÅ-¢¼-HÛ-‚ÛPÅ-¾-GŸÛ-zTô¾-GP-fÞz-‚ïh-hGôÅü
7ü uÛ¼-zbP-z;ô¾-Ez-Vï-zºÛ-¼P-Ç+h-ˆÛ-zl-Vh-hqï¼-mü telegraph/telegram ¾- rkj hP- continent ¾- egk}hi] post ¾- Mkd] ¿e-zÞ-n¤Å-¼P-Åô¼-ºWôG-Mãü
8ü ÍÛm-WÛ-hP.ü qô¼-Tß-GÛ wÛ-¼ïm-TÛ-ÅôGÅ-Ç+h-»ÛG-GŸm-mÅ-G»¼-zº¤-O-¼P-Åô¼-zŸG-qºÛ±ÛG-z;ô¾-Ez-Vï-z-hqï¼-mü ticket, signal, pension, police, bureau, restaurant, deluxe ¿e-zÞ-n¤Å-¼P-Åô¼-ºWôG-Mãü
9ü M¾-uÛºÛ-zl-Vh-¼P-Åô¼-zŸG-q-n¤Å-hïz-m-G-¼Û-»Û-Gï¼-O-zNå¼-‚ïh-Ç+zÅü ±h-¿km-HÛO-GP-Zï-hP-M-G¼-HÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-Tm-HÛ-¤Û-w¾-¤ô-Vï¼-IGÅ-Vï-z-hP-zÇeàm-bï-ÇezÅ-GP-zhï‚ïh-q-¾Åü O-dGÅ-Gż-z-¤P-qô-Çoôm-¤Û-hGôÅ-q-‚-Mãü
10ü hGôÅ-G¾-h¤ÛGÅ-zž-Tm-¤-GbôGÅ-M¾-uÛºÛ-zl-Vh-¼P-Åô¼-zŸG-q-n¤Å-wô-±ÛG-Dôm¼-ºƒÛ-Mãü
Appendix I ¸Þ¼-¢¼-hP-qôü 235
11ü xïh-xïh-ºƒï¾-HÛ-f-ljh-hqï¼-mü xjafVr = guaranteed, Dykfldh = classical, dksM+dkj
= codifier ÅôGÅ-Ç+h-ˆÛ-¼P-ºIôÅ-hP-¤fÞm-q-»Ûm-qÅü ÇezÅ-zhï-z-hP.ü zïh-uôhVï-zü »ÛG-±ôGÅ-VßP-z-zTÅ-¾-¯-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-zl-Vh-ˆÛ-hGôÅ-¤Dô-¿e¼-ºWôG-Mãü
12ü zl-Vh-Gż-z¸ôºÛ-Ç+zÅ-hGôÅ-¤ïh-¤Gô-½‰ôG-Vï-zºÛ-±ÛG-zÇkÝh-hP-zÇkÝÅ-±ÛG-ÅôGÅ-¤Û-hGôÅq¼ü
¤Z¤-hÝ-Çkïz-MãºÛ-±ÛG-GÛ-V-ÁÅ-ÇS-xÛºÛ-hz¼-£ï¾-dGÅ-(-)z;ôh-m-ÁïÅ-dôGÅ-ÇÀ-z¼wm-PïÅü
13ü ¼P-Åô¼-zŸG-qºÛ-±ÛG-Gż-q-n¤Å-¾-O-z®m-qºÛ-xÛ¼-ÆôG-¤ïh-ˆÛ-dGÅ-GP-¾-TÛ-ºôÅ- MG-hGôÅü
14ü XïÅ-ÅÞ-P-¼ô-zïh-uôh-‚-Mã-Gh¤-D-z¸P-»P- lens hP- patent ÅôGÅ-ºƒÛ-Ç+zÅ-ysal] isVsaV] isVs.V ¤Ûm-q¼- ysUl] isVsUV¿e-zÞ-ºƒÛ-hGôÅüü
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR CREATING TECHNICAL TERMS
1. A term should have only one technical meaning, preferably precision of meaning.
2. A concept should have only one term to refer to it.
3. Related concepts should have related/similar terms
4. Similar concepts should have similar terms
5. A term should preferably have similar forms in related (major) languages especially Indian languages
6. A term should be flexible to develop further terms out of it
7. Terms have greater derivational potentialities should be preferred
8. Terms should be simple and enphonious easy to understand and use.
9. A term should be transparent (self explanatory) to the extent possible
10. There should be consistency in terms of a given branch of knowledge
11. A term should be short ( precise) and incorporate the salient features of meaning; long compounds should be avoided
12. Colloquial and regional language sources may be explored and given due weight for coining terms
13. Classical sources may be exploited for coining terms
14. Existing words of the language must be tested
15. Before being finally accepted, a term should be tested with the issues
16. International terms may be borrowed with necessary modifications to suit the phonalogical and morphological structure of the language.
Appendix III ¸Þ¼-¢¼-GÅÞ¤-qü 237
D¤Å-µÅ-hÝÅ-ºDô¼-¼ïºÞ-¤ÛG
Periodic Table of Elements
zôh-zlü
»P-½ÀâP.ü
Èï-¾Û-»¤ü
¾Û-fÛ-»¤ü
zï-¼Û-¾Û-»¤ü
±-¾-mG-qôü
mG-µÅü ;¼-zômü
¸ï-½ÀâP-ü
ÆôG-º²Ûm-½ÀâP.ü º±ô-½ÀâP.ü
wÞ-¾ô-¼Ûmü
mï-½ÀâP.ü
zÞ¾-µÅü
h;¼-G»ºü
È-»P.ü
ÅÛ-¾Û-;ômü
ºôh-ˆÛ-¤-¤ü
¤Þ-¸Ûü
±Ð-½ÀâP.ü
ͼ-Gômü GZÝG-½ÀâP.ü
hÝG-Åï¾-h;¼-qôü
h;¼-Á¤ü TôP-ŸÛü
ÅÛ-;m-^Û-»¤ü
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium
‡ñ-‡ïï-mÛ-»¤ü
¶ï-mÛ-^Û-»¤ü
;ô-¿UGÅü
¤ïP-¿UGÅü
¿UGÅü
;ô-z×¾ü
GÁº-±ïü GÁº-h;¼ü
¸PÅü
bÛ-±ü
JËï-¾Û-»¤ü
W¼-¤ï-mÛ-»¤ü
z-„Àü
Åï-¾ï-mÛ-»¤ü
zÞ¼ô-¤Ûmü
Ç~Å-½ÀâP-ü
¼Þ-zÛ-^Û-»¤ü
Çœôm-Á¤ü
»Û-‡-¼Û-»¤ü
²Û¼-;ô-mÛ-»¤ü
mïºô-zÛ-»¤ü
¤ô-¾Û-z-^Û-m¤ü
‡ïG-aï-ÁÛ-»¤ü
¼Þ-fï-mÛ-»¤ü
¼ô-^Û-»¤ü
q-¾ï-^Û-»¤ü
hPÞ¾ü
¤fÛP-¿UGÅü 238 ¸Þ¼-¢¼-GÅÞ¤-qü Appendix III
bÛ-±Ð-BïÅü Dï-^-¤Û-»¤ü
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
Cesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Cerium
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Promethium
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Appendix III ¸Þ¼-¢¼-GÅÞ¤-qü 239
(¿UGÅ-)=Ûmü
¤ÛG-Ǩmü
‡ï-¾Þ-¼Û-»¤ü
¿~-±Ðü
²ïm-½ÀâP.ü
Åï-ÅÛ-»¤ü
zï-¼Û-»¤ü
¾ïm-fï-m¤ü
Åï-¼Û-»¤ü
q-¼×-ÅÛºô-^Û-¤Û-»¤ü
mÛºô-^Û-¤Û-»¤ü
qô¼-¤ï-fÛ-»¤ü
Å-¤-¼Û-»¤ü
»Þ-¼ô-qÛ-»¤ü
Gh-hô-¾Û-mÛ-»¤ü
bؼ-zÛ-»¤ü
^ï-qô¼-ÅÛ-»¤ü
Èô¾-¤Û-»¤ü
Íï¼-zÛ-»¤ü
fÞ-¾Û-»¤ü
»Û-‡¼-zÛ-»¤ü
¾Þ-‡ï-ÁÛ-»¤ü
Èz-mÛ-»¤ü
bm-b-¾¤ü
‡P-ÅÛ-‡mü
¼ï-mÛ-»¤ü
Íô-ÅÛ-¤Û-»¤ü
ÍÛ-¼Û-^Û-»¤ü
240 ¸Þ¼-¢¼-GÅÞ¤-qü Appendix III
Astatine
Radon
Francium
Radium
Actinium
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
GÅï¼-h;¼-qôü
GÅï¼ü
hPÞ¾-Vßü
fï¾-¾Û-A»¤ü
Ÿ-Zïü
zÛ-ÅÛ-¤-fü
qô-¾ô-mÛ-»¤ü
ÍÅï-‡ï-‡Ûmü
Pz-½ÀâP.ü
w-¼×m-ÅÛ-»¤ü
¼ï-^Û-»¤ü
ÍïG-‡Û-mÛ-»¤ü
fô-¼Û-»¤ü
qÞ-¼ô-‡ïG-‡Û-mÛ-»¤ü
»Þ-¼ï-mÛ-»¤ü
¤±ô-¿ËºÛ-mô¼-zÞü
qÞ-¾Þ-‡ô-mÛ-»¤ü
Í-¤ï-¼Û-ÅÛ-»¤ü
Eã-¼Û-»¤ü
z¼-;ï-¾Û-»¤ü
;ï-¾Û-wô¼-mÛ-»¤ü
Íïm-Å-ï‡ñm-mÛ-»¤ü
w¼-¤Û-»¤ü
¤ïm-^ï-¾ï-¶Û-»¤ü
mô-zï-¾Û-»¤ü
¾×-¼ïm-ÅÛ-»¤ü
¼Þ-f¼-wô¼-^Û-»¤ü
^z-mÛ-»¤ü
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
Meitnerium
Darmstadtium
Roentgenium
Ununbium
Ununtrium
Ununquadium
Ununpentium
Ununhexium
Appendix III ¸Þ¼-¢¼-GÅÞ¤-qü 241
Å×Û-zô¼-WÛ-»¤ü
zô-¼Û-»¤ü
È-ÅÛ-»¤ü
¤×Ûh-mï-¼Û-»¤ü
h©-Åï-bïh-ÁÛ-»¤ü
¼ôm-Gï-mÛ-»¤ü
D¤Å-µÅ- 112 qü
D¤Å-µÅ- 113 qü
D¤Å-µÅ- 114 qü
D¤Å-µÅ- 115 qü
D¤Å-µÅ- 116 qü
242 ¸Þ¼-¢¼-zŸÛ-qü Appendix IV
¾ô-¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅü
1 ºWôP-h‚ÛzÅü 2 ¤hÝP-h‚ÛzÅü 3 ljÛP-h‚ÛzÅü 4 ÇKôP-h‚ÛzÅü 5 ÇKôP-G¸ÞGÅ-¿kôG-¤ü
6 ¤D¾-G¸ÞGÅü 7 Eï¤-zÞºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-Tmü 8 ¾Û-»¼-h‚ÛzÅü 9 ¤hº-¯ïºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-Tmü
10 wÞz-h‚ÛzÅü 11 ÅôG-h‚ÛzÅü 12 ¤hÝP-¯ïºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-Tmü 13 ¯ï-ljàP.ü 14 ¯ï-lݤü
15 Ç~¼-h‚ÛzÅü 16 ¯ï-¤ô-ljàP-¼ÛP.ü 17 ¾ô-¤-¤Gô-ZG 18 ¤WâG-ºi-V-¿kmü 19 ¯ï-nômü
20 G®ßG-nôm-y-¤ôü 21 ¯ï-ZG 22 ljÛP-G¸ÞGÅ-¿kôG-¤ü 23 ¹â¤-h‚ÛzÅ-Tmü 24 ¿Uï-h‚ÛzÅü
25 ¤hÝP-G¸ÞGÅ-¿kôG-¤ü 26 ºWôP-m¼ü 27 Oô-h‚ÛzÅü 28 Dz-h‚ÛzÅü