American School & University - September/October 2024
Image: Slyworks Photography
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Bill Timmerman
A New York minute
By Mike Kennedy
11,000 students.
That’s a good-sized school system—bigger than the overwhelming majority of the 13,300 or so public school districts in the United States. To accommodate 11,000 students, you’d probably have to have at least a dozen schools, maybe even two dozen.
EDITORIAL
ADVISORY BOARD
Bruce Mather
Executive Director of Facilities Management Elmhurst College, IL
Martin Montaño
Capital Projects Administrator
Rio Rancho Public Schools
Rio Rancho, NM
James E. Rydeen FAIA, Armstrong Torseth Skold and Rydeen, Inc. Minneapolis, MN
Now imagine having to add 11,000 seats and open two dozen schools at the same time. Actually, they don’t have to imagine it in New York City—they just did it.
For the 2024-25 school year, the New York City Department of Education, the nation’s largest school district, opened 24 new schools and added 11,010 seats. The New York City School Construction Authority says the new buildings represent the greatest number of student seats added to the system in two decades.
Opening 24 schools and increasing capacity by 11,000 students is a massive undertaking by any measure, but when your student numbers surpass 1 million, an additional 11,000 seats account for only about 1 percent of total enrollment.
The sheer size of the New York City school system is something AS&U has been highlighting each fall when we publish the AS&U 100, the list of the 100 largest school districts. For as long as AS&U has been publishing the list, and for many years before that, New York City has claimed the top spot as the nation’s largest district. And no one else is close. For this year’s AS&U 100, which uses enrollment numbers from 2022-23, New York City has over 500,000
students more than the next largest system, the Los Angeles Unified District.
How big is the New York City school system?
Let me count the ways. Its budget for 2023-24 was $39.4 billion. Its capital plan for fiscal years 2025 to 2029 calls for projects totaling $19 billion. In 2023-24, New York City had 1,596 schools operated by the education department and another 274 campuses operating as charter schools. If its charter schools operated as a separate school system, its 145,997 student count would have placed it as the 17th largest in the nation.
Lists like the AS&U 100 may provide bragging rights to school systems at the top or ones growing quickly enough to climb the ranks of the list. But for students, the size of a school district shouldn’t matter if the schools in the district are small enough to create a sense of belonging, and if class sizes are small enough to give students the individual attention they need.
(Editor’s note: On page 34 of the August Educational Interiors Showcase issue, the list of projects in the Auditoriums/Music rooms category omitted the name of the architect for the Festus School District High School Band and Choral Addition. The firm is Archimages .)
Showcase your insights, leadership, projects, and more
American School & University is the publication for thought leaders shaping school and university facilities. The November 2024 Architectural Portfolio issue is the guidebook for those planning interior learning environments. Q&A pages are a unique, cost-effective way to show your expertise in this special magazine devoted to the best in educational interiors and facility planning.
Contact Heather Buzzard at hbuzzard@asumag.com or visit SchoolDesigns.com for information.
Senior Editor Mike Kennedy has written for AS&U on a wide range of educational issues since 1999.
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Mold forces New Jersey elementary to shut down
The Freehold Township (New Jersey) School Board has temporarily closed one of its elementary schools after mold was discovered in the building.
The Asbury Park Press reports that Laura Donovan Elementary School in Freehold may be closed for months as remediation takes place. Custodial staff discovered the mold over the summer.
About 460 students attending Laura Donovan are are being relocated to other elementary school campuses
in the district.
"We anticipate that these alternate arrangements may last several months," Superintendent Neal Dickstein said. asumag.com/55137286
Pennsylvania college has established a pet-friendly residence hall
Keystone College in La Plume, Pennsylvania, is allowing students to have dogs or other pets living with them in one of its residence halls.
The college has designated Tewksbury Hall as a “pet-friendly residence” beginning with the fall 2024 semester.
The new designation applies not only to pets, usually dogs, that are classified as emotional support animals, but also to other traditional, non-emotional support pets.
“During the last few years, we have seen a steady increase in students requesting a pet-friendly residence hall option, not just for emotional-support animals but for other pets, too,” said Keystone Assistant Vice President of Student Life Carlyle Hicks.
Other requirements include such items as certified spay and neuter records, pet tags, and photos of each animal. Liability insurance is also recommended, and roommates must agree to having a pet in the room.
The four-story residence hall has two floors of male residents and two floors of female residents.
asumag.com/55131311
Pennsylvania district sells land it had wanted to use for athletic fields
The Lower Merion (Pennsylvania) school board has voted to sell a controversial tract of land that it had planned to use for athletic fields.
The Philadelphia Inquirer reports that the 13-acre former Oakwell estate is being sold to Natural Lands, a nonprofit conservation organization.
In 2019, the district paid $9.9 million to acquire Oakwell through condemnation. The district intended to use at least part of the land for
ball fields for nearby Black Rock Middle School. The property owner and neighbors sought to preserve the estate and objected to the condemnation. In the face of the community opposition, the district backed away from the plan and decided to sell the property.
Completion of the sale means that none of the land will be used for athletic fields, said Amy Buckman, a district spokesperson. asumag.com/55134796
STEM high school planned for Henry County, Georgia
The Henry County (Georgia) school board has approved the construction of a STEM High School in Stockbridge.
MHF News reports that the the three-story, 172,000-square-foot building will have a media center, cafeteria and a large courtyard placed at the center of the school; two common areas will be on either side of the courtyard. Classrooms will be in the multistory sections of the facility.
At roughly half of the size of the district’s other high schools, the STEM school will have a smaller enrollment — 900 to 1,000 students. The new school will be built on the site of the former Patrick Henry High School, which was closed several years ago.
The $72.9 million project will be financed with sales tax revenue. The school is projected to open in August 2027. asumag.com/55133161
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Funding change in Idaho leaves some districts short on maintenance money
Some school districts in Idaho are struggling to cover routine maintenance costs—even as the state is making the largest investment ever in school facilities. Idaho Education News reports that House Bill 521, enacted earlier this year, will provide an additional $1.5 billion in state funding to schools over the next decade. But the legislation also altered the way school districts receive lottery funding—in a way that’s leaving districts cash-strapped in the short term. The facilities bill rerouted about $50 mil-
lion in annual lottery dividends to a property tax relief fund that must be used to pay off local bonds and levies. Many districts had been using the lottery money for routine upkeep and maintenance staff salaries. For instance, in the 700-student Ririe district, which has a total budget of $2.7 million, the change will leave it short about $100,000. That money helped pay for the maintenance supervisor’s salary and some facility upgrades. But because district voters approved a $1.5 million bond request in May, the $100,000 in lottery proceeds now must go to pay off the bond debt. School systems that don’t have outstanding debt are allowed to use the leftover facilities fund proceeds on routine upkeep and maintenance-related salaries, the state’s education department says.
$75 million allocation will enable Louisiana universities to begin addressing deferred facility maintenance
Louisiana lawmakers have allocated $75 million to make a dent in a long-term effort to address deferred facility maintenance in the state’s four college systems. Nola.com reports that state officials view thefunding as a starting point in addressing a backlog of projects that will cost an estimated $2 billion.
The state’s college systems—Louisiana State University, Southern University, University of Louisiana and Louisiana Community and Technical Colleges—have provide the legislature with a list of 270 deferred maintenance projects that have long been in need of funding.
It’s unclear which projects will be tackled first, but maintenance items include projects such as HVAC unit repairs and
replacements, roof and elevator replacements, fire alarm fixes, and sidewalk and parking lot repairs. Commissioner of Higher Education Kim Hunter Reed said college officials have been encouraged to prioritize projects that are ready to move forward quickly.
“The message has been very clear to the systems and campuses,” Reed said. “Please expedite projects that are ready so that we can show progress, so that the legislature will have confidence that we can continue to move this work forward.”
Grant program will help Pennsylvania schools address facility maintenance
Pennsylvania has unveiled a grant program that will distribute $75 million in state funds to school districts, charter schools and career and technical education centers for environmental remediation in school buildings.
WHYY.org reports that the grants cover improvements such as mold and asbestos remediation, water infrastructure upgrades in schools and installation of treatment devices to reduce children’s
exposure to lead. Over 100 districts, schools and education centers will receive grant funds.
“Our students should be able to drink from the water fountains clean water that isn’t going to make them sick,” Pennsylvania Gov. Josh Shapiro said in the Antietam district, one of school systems that will receive grant money. “They should be able to breathe clean air, free of mold and asbestos, and they should be in classrooms that are warm in the winter and cool in the summer.”
The largest grant amount will go to the Antietam district, where flooding in 2023 significantly damaged Antietam Middle-Senior High School in Reading and left the building unusable. The district will receive $7,831,350 through the Environmental Repairs Grant program for repairs and construction.
“This funding will enable schools to repair buildings and provide students and school staff with safe air to breathe, water to drink, and classrooms to learn in,” said Pennsylvania Education Secretary Khalid Mumin.
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$70 million upgrade will add classrooms, kitchen to Los Angeles elementary
Construction crews are working on a $70 million project at Ivanhoe Elementary School in Los Angeles that will result in a new two-story building with 15 permanent classrooms. The Eastsider reports that when construction is completed in 2026, the new building also will have a new kitchen and serving area and a 10-space parking lot. The additional space will eliminate the need for some of the school’s portable buildings, the district says. Ivanhoe had an enrollment
of 435 students in 2023-24. Space is at a premium, and personnel such as speech teachers and school psychologists meet with students in small spaces not designed for such uses, said Principal Lynda Rescia. The new building will look like a single-story structure from the street. Landscaping will create a buffer between the building and the street. The school’s existing permanent building, which dates to 1941, will remain as it is.
Texas State University breaks ground on STEM classroom building
Texas State University in San Marcos has broken ground on a $137 million STEM classroom building.
The university says the eight-story facility will house the mathematics and computer science departments and will provide teaching space, class labs, departmental offices and research labs for other academic disciplines.
The building also will provide much-needed classroom space. The classrooms will be equipped with modern technology to support interactive learning, and they will have flexible layouts to accommodate various teaching styles and group sizes.
The new classroom space will be supplemented by labs designed for teaching and advanced research as well as additional facilities that will support a range of STEM disciplines for math and computer science.
New facility at Virginia Tech adds classrooms, dining hall
Virginia Tech has opened Hitt Hall, a three-story, 100,000-square-foot building on the northwest edge of the Blacksburg campus.
The university says the facility has been designed to provide an expanded physical presence for the Myers-Lawson School of Construction and add critical dining and academic spaces.
The facility provides innovation and discovery spaces tailored for construction education and research, including a unique two-story Innovation Lab. This lab is designed to support large-scale, student-led projects and foster hands-on learning and collaboration.
In addition to its specialized construction spaces and classrooms, Hitt Hall has flexible general assignment classrooms and open collaboration zones that are accessible to the broader university community.
The spaces are designed to accommodate a variety of teaching and learning styles, enhancing the academic experience for students across disciplines.
“We are excited to see Hitt Hall become the expanded home to our building construction and construction engineering and management programs,” said Julie Ross, the Paul and Dorothea Torgersen Dean of Engineering.
“This advanced facility will allow the College of Engineering to partner with industry in the development of new technologies and approaches that have the potential to transform building construction while supporting graduate student research projects and experiential learning.”
Another highlight of of Hitt Hall is Perry Place, a 600-seat, twostory dining facility with nine dining venues that offer a variety of culinary experiences.
The architects are PGAL and Ayers Saint Gross.
Texas
Virginia Tech
Los Angeles Unified School District
A HANDS-ON APPROACH
Students know the health benefits of handwashing, but don’t always make the effort, a survey says.
Schools are a place for learning—not only about academic subjects, but also life skills like personal hygiene.
Teaching students about the importance of handwashing—and getting them to do it as part of their bathroom routine—always has been important, but it became an even greater priority when Covid-19 began spreading across the nation and put the health of millions of students at risk.
The annual survey collected information in January from 1,012 students aged 14 to 18 from across the United States.
Overall, students gave the bathroom facilities in their schools a less than stellar grade; 48% said they would their school’s bathrooms a “C,” and 26% gave the bathrooms a “D.”
Most students have been made aware that washing with soap and water is preferable to using hand sanitizer; 72% said they knew that soap and water removes germs more effectively than sanitizer. (The CDC recommends making hand sanitizer available in school areas where soap and water are not readily available.)
“Keeping hands clean is one of the most important ways staff and students can stay healthy during the school days,” the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says.
Have students gotten the message? Yes and no, according to the most recent Healthy Handwashing Survey conducted by Bradley Company.
Yes—97% of high school students said they knew that washing hands with soap and water was an important step in maintaining their overall health. Also, no —nearly two-thirds of those teens admit that sometimes they cut corners by skipping the soap and only rinsing with water, and one-third of respondents say they frequently observe fellow students leave the bathroom without any washing or rinsing.
No soap or paper towels are the top reasons students don’t wash hands at school, the survey found.
The survey respondents also were frustrated by how fellow students acted in bathrooms; 57% said they were bothered by reckless student behavior that causes damage to fixtures and equipment, and by used paper towels left in sinks or tossed onto the floor.
A majority of students surveyed said they would like to see the conditions in their school bathrooms improved; 56% said the facilities should be cleaned more often and more effectively, and stocked with soap, toilet paper and other supplies more frequently.
Other common requests from students: Taller stall doors with no gaps between panels to bolster privacy, and more deodorizer or air freshener to combat smells.
Other findings from the survey:
• 70% of students have encountered poor restroom conditions at school. The most common problems: unpleasant odors, too many people in a bathroom at the same time, clogged or unflushed toilets, and stall doors that don’t latch. Because of those poor conditions, most students say they use their school bathrooms sparingly—64% say they limit their visits to once or twice a day. Once a school bathroom is observed to be poorly cleaned or maintained, 57% of students leave without using the facilities, and nearly half avoid that bathroom in the future.
• 74% said they have taken steps to avoid a sick classmate by eliminating physical contact and staying away from them. Some students also said they try to avoid germs in the bathroom by operating toilet flushers with their feet and using paper towels so they don’t have direct contact with doorknobs and faucets.
The CDC urges schools to teach students to wash their hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds and to incorporate hand hygiene lessons in K–12 curricula. It also recommends that schools build time into daily routines for students and staff to wash hands, especially at key times like after bathroom breaks, before lunch, or after playing outside.
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Student enrollment in 2022-23 for most of the nation’s largest school districts is lower than pre-pandemic levels.
By Mike Kennedy
More than two years after Covid-19 emptied classrooms from coast to coast, many of the nation’s largest school districts in 2022-23 were still feeling the aftereffects of the pandemic.
The AS&U 100 list of the nation’s largest public school districts shows that in 2022-23, more than three-quarters had yet to see their student numbers return to pre-pandemic levels.
The slow rebound also is reflected in national and statewide numbers. The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) showed U.S. public school enrollment at 49,526,054— about 173,000 more than 2021-22, but 1.2 million less than the 50.7 million enrolled in public schools in 2019-20 before the pandemic.
Among the 50 states and the District of Columbia, only 12 had student numbers in 2022-23 than exceeded their 2019-20 enrollment figures.
Comparing 2022-23 to the previous year, 51 of the 100 largest districts saw enrollments rise, if only slightly, from 2021-22.
The Dorothy Thomas Exceptional Center is in the Hillsborough County (Florida) district, the 7th largest in 2022-23. Chad Baumer Photography
Langston Hughes Middle School is in the Fairfax County (Virginia) district, the 13th largest in 2022-23. Helmuth Humphrey
TOP 100
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HIGHER EDUCATION: Online universities
Higher education institutions that provide instruction to their students online—a clear advantage when in-person instruction is problematic—have come to dominate the lists of colleges and universities with the largest student enrollments.
The four universities with the largest student numbers in fall 2022— Southern New Hampshire University, Western Governors University, Grand Canyon University and Liberty University—also topped the list in fall 2021 and fall 2020. Together, they enrolled more than 500,000 students.
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TOP 25 HIGHER EDUCATION,
Continued from page 20
Western Governors University was bumped from the top spot by Southern New Hampshire University with 164,091 students, a jump of 18,500 from the previous yeaar.
Several other universities in the top 25 are primarily online institutions—University of Phoenix, University of Maryland Global Campus, and Arizona State University Digital Immersion.
Only one institution among the top 25 in fall 2022 was different from the 2021 list. Pennsylvania State University, which combined student numbers from multiple campuses, reported nearly 89,000 students in fall 2021. In 2022, those campuses have reported their numbers individually, and the Penn State-Main Campus, with 50,028 students, just missed the list.
The overall fall 2022 headcount for higher education institutions rose slightly from fall 2021 numbers. The National Center for Education Statistics said 18,952,385 students were enrolled in postsecondary institutions in fall 2022, compared with 18,659,851 in fall 2021. Women made up 58% of fall 2022 higher education enrollment—10,998,040 compared with 7,952,345 men.
The numbers for the AS&U 100 are gather from state departments of education, individual districts, and the NCES. In some cases, the numbers do not agree, often because of how charter school enrollments are categorized.
The nation’s largest public school district remains the New York City system, which reported a 2022-23 enrollment of 1,047,895—509,000 more students than the second-largest district in Los Angeles.
Lakeview Elementary School is in the Fort Bend (Texas) district, the 41st largest district in 2022-23. Slyworks Photography
Year to year, enrollment change is gradual; 99 of the districts appearing on the AS&U 100 for 2021-22 remain on the list for 2022-23. The Collier County (Florida) district, with 48,082 students, claimed the 100th spot in the AS&U 100, displacing
Kingwood Middle School is in the Humble (Texas) district, the 97th largest public school system in 2022-23.
the Jefferson Parish (Louisiana) school system, which had 47,429 students, according to the Louisiana Department of Education.
Over 25 years, the change is more substantial; 25 of 100 largest school districts in 1997-98, mostly in larger cities (e.g., Cleveland, Boston, Buffalo, Minneapolis) have seen enrollment drop significantly and have fallen off the list.
The AS&U 100 is dominated by the nation’s three largest states—California, Texas and Florida account for nearly half of the districts on the list. Led by the Houston district, Texas had 20 of the 100 largest school systems in 2022-23. Florida, which has countywide systems throughout the state, has 17 districts in the AS&U 100, including five of the 10 largest in the nation. California, the most populous state, had more than 5.8 million students enrolled in public schools and 10 school districts in the AS&U 100.
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FROM AN AFTERTHOUGHT TO ESSENTIAL
Proper care and maintenance of roofs can help extend the life of an education facility.
by Ellen Thorp
The average school building in the United States is expected to last about 60 years, sheltering at least two generations of students that pass through its doors. Structures built from brick, stone, high-quality masonry and other durable materials, maintained with appropriate repairs and upgrades, can last even longer. Build-
ings on university campuses, especially those with historical significance, frequently last even longer when given proper care.
Given the longevity of these structures, simple math tells us that the roof of an average educational building will most likely need to be replaced, or at least significantly repaired, while the building
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is in use. Depending on the roof material used in the original structure and the location of the school, it could be more often than that. Heavy snow, intense sunlight, temperature fluctuations, and exposure to high levels of UV radiation can take years off the service life of a roof.
When choosing what kinds of roofs are in their building portfolios, education facility managers should have these key considerations in mind: roof durability, smart scheduling, accurate assessments, and prioritizing sustainability. Roofs shouldn’t be an afterthought, nor should the same roofing type be used on every building; roofs are vital to protecting both the building and the environment.
School’s out, work starts
For those on the front lines—or more accurately, up on the roof—working on educational structures can present special challenges. Among them, facility managers must deal with a shortened construction season that demands precise scheduling.
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Workers install a replacement roof at the Clarkson University Recreation Center in Potsdam, New York.
Carlisle Syntec Systems
stop temporarily. For example, contractors may be required to be off campus when students take exams or during graduation activities. Wilen recommends that early in the design or repair process, contractors should work with a university to determine when disruptions would be most problematic.
“It can take time for the university facility managers to work with the various academic staff to determine those timeframes ahead of time so that schedule restrictions are known early enough to be part of bidding and contractor selection,” Wilen says.
Jeff Simcox, director of operations for the Wilson School District in Berks County, Pennsylvania, says that because of the requirements of the school calendar, “all my construction projects typically start the day after graduation.” This means stop-gap repairs until school gets out.
“The roof protects everything you’ve invested in below,” he says. “When you build, you build from the bottom up with a strong foundation. When you repair, you repair from the top down because you have to protect your assets.”
When planning for roof replacement for a university client, the best option often is to schedule the work between terms, when most students are away from campus.
Jason Wilen, a forensic architect with the Klein & Hoffman firm, works regularly with a large university covering three campuses. Wilen faces the same issues as Simcox, but with different timing and on a larger scale.
When planning for roof replacement for a university client, Wilen says, the best option often is to schedule the work between terms, when most students are away from campus. This is generally achievable for smaller roofs or roof areas in non-emergencies. (An emergency such as a blow-off or a leak in a critical space like a server room would require immediate action).
When faced with the need to repair or replace larger roof areas, Wilen and his colleagues plan projects in phases. If a roof area is too large or complex for the work to be limited to off-term timeframes, his team favors a design that limits noise, vibrations, odors and the like. Even when adopting this approach, there often are times on university projects when work must
Beyond issues presented by the academic calendar, conflicts can occur between the aesthetics and function of a roof. Plans to modify a roof system design to accommodate phasing or limit potentially undesirable attributes can conflict with university design guidelines, and in most cases, the guidelines win.
The best result is when a balance is achieved—following guidelines while working with roofing product manufacturers to optimize the performance of roof systems by using compliant products and methods.
What’s under that roof?
Large or small, university campus or rural elementary school, the beginning point of any roof upgrade is to determine what is under the existing roof.
“The first thing I do,” Simcox says, “is core-drill to find out what insulation I have underneath, because earlier documents are not always accurate.”
Once Simcox knows what type of insulation was used when the roof was installed, he can calculate an R-value “and see if it’s adequate and if it meets current code constraints.”
Minimum requirements based on a manufacturer’s warranty and jurisdictional building codes have likely changed since existing roofs were installed. Simcox says it makes no sense to work with old information when installing a new roof. As a final step in the preparation, he seeks competitive bids from preferred contractors. “I don’t want four guys in a pick-up truck showing up and doing the work on a 25,000-square-foot EPDM roof.”
Sustainability
Energy codes have evolved in the past two decades, driven by a desire to reduce the greenhouse gases contributing to climate change. Roofing decisions that were relatively straightforward 20 years ago now must consider a broad range of options and implications to achieve sustainability. In some instances, wellmeaning local mandates have reduced the flexibility of an architect or education institution to select a product or design that may be more holistically sustainable.
Schools and universities often must deal with an abbreviated construction season when installing or repairing roofs.
Right: Durability and sustainability are key consideration for upgrading roofs at education institutions. Coalition for Sustainable Roofing
Sustainability is the watchword of the day. Although several environmental issues fall under the umbrella of sustainability, choosing a roofing membrane is one of the most important. A sustainable roofing membrane should be long-lasting and installed according to the manufacturer’s requirements to prevent frequent replacement and contributions to landfills.
Likewise, energy codes are becoming more stringent so that buildings operate more efficiently and reduce energy use while delivering the same performance. Designers are faced with multiple decisions when installing a new roof or upgrading an existing roof: white, gray, or black membrane? Mounted solar panels? Green roofs and a rooftop garden? Stormwater management? Low carbon materials?
Given the broad range of research available that promises one-size-fits-all recommendations, it may still be difficult to devise the right equation for any one building. The Coalition for Sustainable Roofing, formed by companies representing a wide range of roofing products, offers guidance on holistic roof system design and sustainable roofing assemblies.
Studies by the EPDM Roofing Association (ERA) have tried to measure the impact of roof color on Urban Heat Island (UHI) mitigation and energy efficiency. One study showed that complex and inconsistent temperature assessment pro -
tocols are being used in virtually all UHI evaluations, making comparisons of the efficacy of roof color problematic.
A second study looked at the impact of roof albedo and insulation on the energy efficiency of a building. In most cases, it is the insulation, not the color of the roof, that provides the greatest energy benefits. This makes it even more important to find out what is under an existing roof before work begins. A related study by the Polyiso Manufacturers Association reinforces the findings of the ERA research; it found that upgrading building envelope insulation leads to substantial energy savings and carbon emission reductions.
Educational facility planners and managers must be aware of many considerations when it comes to roofs. The out-ofsight, out-of-mind roof may have been an afterthought for facilities managers and architects in the past as they focused on the other issues. But the need for longevity and sustainability in the choice of building materials has changed the roofing equation: The roofs used on educational buildings may finally be getting their due as critical design elements, protectors of the resources in the building below, and the quality of the environment beyond.
Ellen Thorp is managing director of the Coalition for Sustainable Roofing (www.cosur.org).
A VARIABLE APPROACH
Schools can enhance facility comfort with a Variable Refrigerant Flow HVAC system.
by Susan Pickett
Comfort might not be a top priority for most school administrators. But what if I told you that campus comfort levels have been linked to test scores?
Results from a Harvard study showed that students in New York were 11% more likely to fail a Regents exam on days when the temperature reached 90 degrees compared with 70-degree days.
Last year’s heat wave tested many school systems. In August, USA Today reported districts in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Ohio, Wisconsin and other states were forced to alter schedules in response to excessive heat.
Aging infrastructure is a major challenge for many schools around the nation. A 2020 report from the U.S. Government Accountability Office found that more than 36,000 schools needed an
HVAC update or replacement. Even schools that are not in the midst of an HVAC emergency may struggle to keep students and staff comfortable because of the limitations of outdated HVAC technology.
School boards and administrators should consider investing in enhanced solutions to optimize comfort and operational efficiency. In doing so, students and staff are more likely to be comfortable inside school’s walls, whether it’s 90 degrees or 5 below outside.
Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) offers schools a way to boost comfort and potentially cut down on annual energy costs.
VRF 101: New technology for old buildings
When teachers and students are uncomfortably hot or cold, teaching and learning become more difficult. Many school buildings have older-style systems that control all rooms from one location, leaving some spaces sweltering and others unpleasantly cold. A more effective HVAC solution enables each room to be comfortably heated or cooled to match specific usage requirements, capacity, and occupants’ preferences. VRF zoning systems make it possible to heat certain zones while simultaneously cooling others.
VRF zoning solutions are a good fit for K-12 schools and higher education campuses. VRF systems use a precise amount of energy to keep each
The staff at St. James the Greater Catholic School in Oklahoma City believes the VRF system has led to an increase in student performance.
Images courtesy of Mitsubishi Electric Trane HVAC US
A new VRF system has helped St. James the Greater Catholic School in Oklahoma City gain better control of comfort levels in each classroom.
zone at the desired temperature. Compared with conventional HVAC systems, VRF installation may be less invasive and eliminate the need to remove walls or build furr downs, which can be a dealbreaker in some older buildings.
VRF works by moving conditioned refrigerant through smalldiameter piping from the outdoor unit to each zone. VRF heat recovery systems use condensing and evaporation coils to process heat energy absorbed from either outdoor or indoor air, depending on the cooling or heating needed. Added efficiency occurs when indoor zones share heat energy and bypass the outdoor unit where most of the electrical power is consumed.
Systems that can provide simultaneous heating and cooling take advantage of cooling-dominated spaces such as labs and cafeterias and share excess heat to benefit areas that may require more heating, such as classrooms and offices.
Most conventional HVAC systems use a single-stage, on-oroff compressor; VRF systems use a variable-speed, highly efficient inverter-modulating compressor that enables the system to dynamically vary the capacity needed at a given moment. This technology provides the precise amount of energy required to provide maximum comfort. The system can maintain temperatures on extremely hot or cold days and provide significant energy savings the remainder of the year.
More efficiency, less cost
VRF zoning systems perform at significantly higher efficiency than conventional HVAC systems, empowering schools to save money on energy bills.
For example, in a classroom with many windows occupied by 30 children, the system needs to be able to condition the space on a hot, sunny day. Conversely, a school will want to save energy if it is a cloudy day that is more moderate or if only 20 students are occupying the space.
A VRF system can sense a space’s reduced capacity needs and automatically adjust. Whether it’s cloudier than expected or half of a class is out with the flu, the system can make the appropriate adjustments to optimize comfort while balancing energy usage. By using sensing technology for temperature, humidity, and occupancy, schools benefit from lower energy
consumption, potentially decreased energy bills and a reduced carbon footprint.
Funding VRF upgrades
For capital improvement, K-12 school districts typically rely on bonds, whether to build schools or retrofit existing faiclities with modern HVAC solutions. However, when voters reject a bond request, districts need to get creative to attain funding.
Funding for HVAC system upgrades may be available, but school districts don’t always know where to find it. Architecture firms and HVAC manufacturers can help guide them toward financing options to help them secure funding for upgrading HVAC systems. This includes ensuring administrators and boards of directors understand the benefits of funding methods such as:
• Revolving loan programs, a form of credit and flexible financing tool allowing a borrower to withdraw, repay and withdraw again.
• Performance contracting, a tool used to reduce costs by shifting the responsibility of the contract from the buyer to the supplier and specifying deliverables, performance monitoring and the management process.
• Grants like the U.S. Department of Energy’s Renew America’s Schools grant program provide funding to reduce environmental impact by investing in items such as energyefficient HVAC systems and lighting
Building or retrofitting educational facilities with the VRF zoning solutions can stimulate better student and teacher engagement by providing more comfortable environments and reducing energy use.
A quieter place
A 50-year-old boiler system tasked with heating and cooling St. James the Greater Catholic School in Oklahoma City had a number of problems. System failures often forced occupants to wear coats indoors on chilly days. Students and staff often complained about loud, distracting noises from the system. The boiler also ran up expenses with high utility bills and expensive maintenance costs.
The school dealt with those challenges by installing a VRF system. The school gained better control of comfort levels in each classroom, reduced noise, increased space, and lowered utility bills. Most important, staff at St. James believe the improved conditions have inspired an increase in student performance.
The right HVAC upgrade can improve comfort and efficiency while helping to provide an environment that enables students, staff and faculty to thrive. VRF technology gives schools a dynamic option that can help optimize comfort in a variety of settings. Whether designing a new campus or updating an older school building, decision makers should strongly consider installing VRF equipment.
Susan Pickett is Senior Director of Strategic Development at Mitsubishi Electric Trane HVAC US.
St. James the Greater Catholic School in Oklahoma City addressed many of its HVAC problems by installing a VRF system.
THE SIGNAL IN THE NOISE
Pivoting to a new mission for the academic library.
by Alex O’Briant
Take a moment to contemplate the seismic shift in the volume and accessibility of knowledge over the last few decades. Futurist Buckminster Fuller posited that human knowledge had doubled every century until 1900; by 1982 it had accelerated to every 12 months. Today, it is estimated to be every 12 hours. Not only does knowledge double every halfday, but our access to that knowledge is more fluid, seamless, and continuous.
Through our personal devices, each of us is a node in a vast information network. Why, then, do libraries even exist anymore, much less hold such sway in our collective imagination?
Libraries have been at the center of our civic lives for 2,000 years, but we need them for remarkably different purposes than we did 50 years ago. This relatively recent and tumultuous shift has raised questions about the functionality of the vast stock of existing academic libraries and what adjustments we can make to bring them into sync with such rapid advancements in knowledge.
Today, the fundamental role of the academic library is not to provide access to information, but to help researchers separate
the signal from the noise. It is where we can go to filter out untrustworthy sources, evaluate large data sets, and make sense of an increasingly complex world. Replacing collections with makerspaces and lounges doesn’t intrinsically perform this function. We must propose changes to libraries that will enable them to shift from being guardians of knowledge to synthesizers of it. By adapting spaces for existing libraries, such as Harvard’s Widener Library, architects have identified three adjustments that education institutions can make to help secure the role of the academic library as we move deeper into the information age. First, rather than eliminate collections, curate them. We must make collections more potent by moving lesser-used or more widely available material off-site in favor of items that are less common or more physically meaningful. It is admittedly a challenge to get scholars to agree on how to prioritize collections, but focusing on quality over quantity will free up space for other activities without entirely removing the physical objects that remain important tools of thought. Collections areas can be reconfigured to be more visible and accessible, especially if their density is reduced.
Study and seminar rooms at the McKinney Engineering Library at the University of Texas at Austin are
above. Jeff Goldberg/Esto
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Second, blend the physical and digital. The creation of “phygital” spaces will allow for the integrated study of digital and physical objects. A superpower of academic libraries is their ability to support cutting-edge scholarship by merging advanced digital tools with collections that often span centuries. Most spaces are designed for one (secure reading rooms) or the other (video conference rooms); merging these features will enable new forms of learning.
Third, improve cross-disciplinary access to advanced digital research methods. We must elevate the presence and availability of key research librarians by providing environments that merge staff workspace with collaborative phygital space. Co-locating research specialists across different practice areas (visualization, data management, search, etc.) and situating them in highly visible and accessible locations will emphasize synthesizing information over simply collecting it. The next-generation help desk is not a desk at all, but a prominently placed hive of staff and patron teamwork.
Creating advanced digital research environments will encourage the erosion of silos, as these spaces will especially support interdisciplinary projects that integrate knowledge across academic disciplines. Collaboration, long a buzzword, is an important dimension of interdisciplinary inquiry and can be fostered through an ecosystem of workrooms, breakout space, and focus
rooms that also offer immediate access to curated collections. If such spaces could be secured by groups for greater lengths of time, they will become vital new destinations for interdisciplinary research teams seeking resource-rich home bases for working together on projects beyond individual departments.
As schools and universities consider these upgrades, we must address the elephant in the room: artificial intelligence. Will A.I. change everything all over again? If we reconfigure our libraries to address today’s challenges, will we just have to rinse and repeat in a decade? Maybe. But, A.I. is just as likely to increase our reliance on libraries. It will enhance our ability to evaluate vast collections of material and curate them in new and productive ways. It will deepen the interrelationship between the physical and digital by introducing a new range of tools for analyzing texts and artifacts. It will demand new forms of research expertise, ideally situated in the hands of librarians who are ready, willing, and able to press these tools into service.
If we acknowledge that libraries are here to help humans make sense of the world as it rapidly evolves around us, and if we adapt them accordingly, they will become more essential, not less, in the years to come.
Alex O’Briant, AIA, is a Principal at Ennead Architects, a New York-based architecture firm known for its innovative cultural, educational, scientific, commercial, and civic building designs.
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Greenheck’s model CUE direct drive and CUBE belt drive upblast powered roof ventilators have been redesigned to include new next-generation features that make these fans even easier to service. The new features include removable power pack motor/wheel assembly consisting of a wheel, motor, and support pan that make motor replacement and servicing 50% faster; and a toolless hood entry lets the motor cover be quickly removed by the push of two buttons.
New ceiling panels from Armstrong World Industries
Armstrong World Industries has introduced the DesignStackz™ Ceiling System, a unique integration of L-shaped tegular mineral fiber ceiling panels, Suprafine® 9/16” suspension system, and multidirectional 90-degree brackets. The DesignStackz system was engineered for ease of installation; it offers a simple 4’ x 4’ module layout that is easy to combine with system components. For designers, DesignStackz ceiling panels provide opportunities to create playful 90-degree geometric patterns that are highly distinctive.
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Bradley expands its Euro Style restroom partition collection
Bradley Company has broadened its Euro Style Restroom Partition Collection with two new ultra-private models that extend from floor to ceiling and create a spectacular backdrop in commercial washrooms. The new models, Skyline Series and Highrise Series, join Bradley’s other Euro Style Partitions, the Float, Lucent and Loft Series. Both the Skyline and Highrise Series are custom-engineered to the precise dimensions of each restroom application to ensure a perfect fit and the utmost privacy. www.bradleycorp.com/euro-style-partitions
Microban and Cintas freshen public restrooms with antimicrobial solutions
Microban International and Cintas Corporation have integrated antimicrobial product protection into the new SANIS urinal screens and scent clips. The products help to prevent damaging bacteria growth that can cause both unwanted smells and unsightly stains. SANIS Urinal Screens ensure free-flowing drains and are angled with an anti-splash texture that prevents splash back. Cintas’ Clip and Go, Clip and Throw™ technology, designed to fit nearly any toilet bowl, enables bowl clips to attach snugly but are quick and easy to remove and replace. www.microban.com/cintas
Alfred International’s ML2 Smart Mortise Lock now available in the U.S.
Alfred International, a subsidiary of GHT Door Hardware, has announced the U.S. launch of the Alfred™ ML2 Smart Mortise Lock, now available with Z-Wave® Long Range. The ML2 is an ideal retrofit solution for properties with longstanding, older mortise style locks. The ML2 offers convenience, security, and style for property managers looking to upgrade their mortise style locks with a smart lock without completely replacing or re-keying the existing lock. alfredlocks.com
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North Carolina college gets $25 million from anonymous donor
Livingstone College in Salisbury, North Carolina, has received $25 million from an anonymous donor over the last 10 months.
The Salisbury Post reports that the school, a Historically Black College or University (HBCU), will use the donations to continue campus facility improvements through its “Miracle on Monroe Street: Livingstone College Reimagined” initiative.
Among the improvements is an updated dining facility and renovations of Tucker and Dancy residence halls, expected to be
completed by fall 2025.
Phase 2 of the dining hall renovations will begin in the spring as well as renovations to Tucker and Babcock halls.
Livingstone College President Anthony J. Davis, Jr., announced in August that the school had received an additional $8 million from the donor.
That’s on top of a $10 million gift—the largest ever for Livingstone— that the donor provided in July, as well as $1 million donations received through 2024.
After bribery conviction, New Jersey district removes senator’s name from elementary
Officials in West New York, New Jersey, have removed the name of U.S. Senator Bob Menendez from a school following his conviction on federal bribery charges.
The New Jersey Globe reports that Robert Menendez Elementary School will revert to its original name: PS #3.
Menendez, 70, was convicted in July on federal corruption charges, and he resigned from the Senate in August.
The school’s name was changed to honor Menendez in 2013 by thenMayor Felix Roque to make peace with Menendez; Roque had endorsed Menendez’s opponent in the 2012 election.
San Diego school board fires superintendent
The San Diego (Unified) school board has fired Superintendent Lamont Jackson after an investigation found evidence he engaged in inappropriate behavior with staff.
NBC San Diego reports that the board voted unanimously in August to terminate Jackson during a closed-door meeting.
The investigation conducted by outside counsel began in April after two women who had worked for the district reported that Jackson “had allegedly made sexual advances which they rebuffed.” They alleged that they had been fired in retaliation in 2023.
The accusations came to light when one of the women had lunch with a board member in April 2024, according to a statement from the board, which said other allegations against Jackson were uncovered over the course of the investigation.
The investigation found “sufficient evidence” Jackson “engaged in unwelcome, sex-based behavior consistent with a romantic interest in each of the two complainants,” according to the summary.
Former food service director gets 9 years in prison for stealing $1.5 million in chicken wings
The former food service director for the Harvey (Illinois) school district as been sentenced to nine years in prison after pleading guilty to stealing $1.5 million worth of chicken wings from the district over 19 months.
ABC7 Chicago reports that Vera Liddell, 68, who worked for school system for more than 10 years, had been charged with theft and operating a criminal enterprise.
Prosecutors say that as food service director, Liddell was responsible for placing orders with food suppliers. She ordered the
chicken wings between July 2020 and February 2022, billing the district but keeping the food.
An audit last year discovered that the district’s food service department had exceeded its annual budget by $300,000, and the school year was only half over.
The purchases raised suspicion because school districts typically would not serve chicken wings to students because they contain bones.
Livingstone College
San Diego Unified School District
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