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RE-CENTERING DELHI UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

FOOD SYSTEMS

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INDIA: GLOBAL AGRICULTURAL POWERHOUSE

India is the world’s largest producer of milk, pulses, and spices, and has the world’s largest cattle herd (buffaloes), as well as the largest area under wheat, rice and cotton. It is the second largest producer of rice, wheat, cotton, sugarcane, farmed fish, sheep & goat meat, fruit, vegetables and tea. The country has some 195 m ha under cultivation of which some 63 percent are rainfed (roughly 125m ha) while 37 percent are irrigated (70m ha). In addition, forests cover some 65m ha of India’s land.

“India: Issues and Priorities for Agriculture.” The World Bank. May 17, 2012. Accessed September 17, 2014 Sinha, Neha. “Agricultural and Allied Commodities Anchor India’s Exports.” National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange, 2013. Accessed September 17, 2014. http://www.ncdex.com/Downloads/Knowledge/pdf/Agri_and__AlliedCommodities_4.pdf.

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STATE DOMESTIC PRODUCT

3.85% AGRICULTURE

MAIN CROP

64.6%

WHEAT PRODUCTION

MARKET PRODUCE

71%

FROM GROUNDS IRRIGATED IN/DELHI

LAND USE PATTERN

48%

CULTIVABLE LAND

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STATE-RUN GRAIN PROCUREMENT AGENCY

A panel was set up to address plans to reduce waste and help control high food prices. As Asia’s third largest economy, India’s food inflation has hit double-digits. This is specifically a result of poor management of a country’s growing food stockpile and serious cost ineffciencies set by the Food Cornporation of India.

[Manoj Kumar, “Govt begins revamp of Food Corporation of India to cut waste, tame prices” Aug 2014, accessed 7 Sept 2014]

“It is commonly perceived that FCI is plagued today with several functional and cost inefficiencies, which need to be removed for efficient management of food grains and saving costs...”

“Prime Minister Narendra Modi...[promises to break up the Food Corporation of India (FCI) into three divisions for handling procurement, management and distribution].”

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CONSUMPTION TO MORE THAN DOUBLE IN 2030!

Currently, India achieves just 50-60% of its potential yiel for most crops becuase of poor technology adoption, weak links between farmers and industry, unexplored opportunities in branding, markketing and exports, lack of infrastructure support and dearth of extension support.

Rising affluence will see urban India’s food consumption patterns change from being primarily driven by basic foods[grains and cereals] and to more “high-value foods” such as fruits, vegetables and complex proteins. Mango, banana potato, soybean and poultry are the five items to drive the next wave of growth in Indian agriculture. As an outcome [of all this], the sector could grow by 5.2% to 5.7% [in real terms, annually] over the next 20 years.

[Live Mint Wall Street Journal, “India’s food consumption to more than double by 2030: CII-McKinsey report” Apr 2013, accessed 7 Sept 2014]

“A 320% increase in India’s per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030 is likely to drive a 4% increase per annum in overall food consumption from $11 trillion in 2010 to 22.5 trillion in 20 years” -Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) & McKinsey and Co.

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GLOBALIZATION & CONSUMPTION As incomes go up, the food basket becomes more diversified. Cereal consumption decreases and the consumption of other foods increases.

The urban food basket is the most diversified. Urban people consume fewer cereals and more of other items. Protective foods such as pulses, fruit and vegetables, milk, eggs and meat (including mutton) are easily available in the urban environment. If prosperity arising from economic growth and the influence of globalization were positive, then we would expect a more balanced diet away from cereals and towards protective high-protein foods, vegetables and fruit at the average level.

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AVG. CONSUMPTION OF CEREAL (KG/PERSON)

11.23 kg/person

10 9.32 kg/person

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Fig. 1: Cereal consumption between the rural and urban population RICE PREPARED SWEETS

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Fig. 2: Change in consumption patterns of major food items in the urban population

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AGRICULTURE AS CONTAMINANT SOURCE The agriculture is one of the main sources of contamination in the Yamuna River, which directly or indirectly affects river water quality.

The ground and surface water runoff of agricultural land through monsoon and non-monsoon precipitation and seepage of irrigation water is composed of artificial fertilizer residues, insecticides, herbicides, pesticides and farmyard waste. Agriculture is very common in the catchment areas as well as all along the bank of the Yamuna River. Usually in the non-monsoon time majority of the river streams shrinks and their catchment areas are used for farming and thus directly contributing pesticides residue in the river.

Misra, Anil Kumar. “A River about to Die: Yamuna.� J. Water Resource and Protection, 2010. Accessed September 14, 2014. (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/jwarp).

River water quality can be assessed by the analysis of nutrients, chemistry, and biology. The criteria for a healthy river are that it should contain at least 5 mg/L of Dissolved Oxygen (vital for the survival of marine life) and about 3 mg/L of Biochemical Oxygen Demand. Further the Pathogens (disease causing bacteria’s) represented by the Faecal Coliforms counts should not exceed 500 per 100 mL of water.

Yamuna River is categorized as Class E: River water is suitable only for industrial cooling, irrigation, etc.

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GROUNDWATER FOR IRRIGATION Since independence, the population in the Yamuna basin has been increased by 2.5 times, and to ensure the food security, various irrigation schemes have been subsequently developed. Currently, the irrigated area in the basin has become 2 times as compared to the year 1950. Also, during 60 years since 1950, the contribution of groundwater resources for irrigation has been triplicated. A net share of surface and groundwater for irrigation has now been become 37 and 57% instead of 60 and 20 % in 1950s. The rest of the irrigation water is met by other sources like ponds, tanks, anicuts, etc.

Upadhyay, A., and R.K. Rai. “Brief Overview of the Yamuna River Basin and Issues.� In Water Management and Public Participation: Case Studies from the Yamuna River Basin, India, 13-24. Springer, 2013.

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FOOD WASTE Studies suggest that in 2010 as much as 16 million tons of Indiangrown grain was lost to spoilage, enough to feed an estimated 118 million people for a year. Even a small improvement could save lives and stabilize food prices in a country that battles chronic malnourishment and double-digit food inflation. as a result of demographics and legislation that limits farm sizes, India’s agricultural sector is surprisingly fragmented when compared with other countries. The average farmer works with just a couple of acres. This means that while efficiency improvements could benefit farming communities rather than large agricultural corporations; typical farmers don’t have the scale or capital to make necessary technology and infrastructure investments that could bring about these efficiencies.

Kornstein, Samuel, and Paul Artiuch. “Research Project: Battling Food Waste in India.” InPEC International Politics Energy Culture. January 14, 2012. Accessed September 11, 2014.

Pai, Sandeep. “Rice, Wheat worth Rs. 2,050 Crore Wasted in 3 Yrs in Govt Godowns - Hindustan Times.” Http:// www.hindustantimes.com/. July 14, 2013. Accessed September 11, 2014.

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PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (PDS) Public distribution system is a food security system that makes available subsidized food to the poor sections of the society. Major commodities in the public distribution system include wheat, rice, sugar and kerosene. It provides rationed amounts of basic food items as well as other basic non-food products at regulated prices to consumers through a network of Fair Price Shops.

Haq, Zia. “Here’s How to Fight Hunger: Don’t Write off the PDS Yet - Hindustan Times.” Dead-duck Public Delivery System Making a Promising Comeback in Five More States. July 28, 2013. Accessed September 22, 2014.

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TARGETED PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (TPDS) Targeted Public Distribution System 2001 is result of reform and improvement of public distribution system to the needy and required sections of the society by the government. The object is to identify the persons/families living below poverty line (BPL) and issue a distinct ration card for selling specified cereal items through public distribution outlets at specially subsidized rates generally half of the normal issue price under the system.

Haq, Zia. “Here’s How to Fight Hunger: Don’t Write off the PDS Yet - Hindustan Times.” Dead-duck Public Delivery System Making a Promising Comeback in Five More States. July 28, 2013. Accessed September 22, 2014.

“Public Distribution System.” Planning Department. March 23, 2014. Accessed September 15, 2014.

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FARMING ON UNCLAIMED LAND 10 URBAN One important way to mitigate hunger in Indian cities is by enabling

the urban poor to grow their own food on local land. Urban farming is a growing trend within middle-class Indian communities, some of whom practice rooftop gardening and community farming. Although densely populated slums pose challenges for urban agriculture, non-developed land (i.e., dumping grounds) can sometimes be converted into open space for gardening. Such was the case with a former dump site in Mumbai’s Ambedkar Nagar slum, which is now a community garden.

Ward, Catherine. “Urban Agriculture Helps Combat Hunger in India’s Slums.” Worldwatch Institute. September 11, 2014. Accessed September 11, 2014.

“Although densely populated slums pose challenges for urban agriculture, non-developed land can sometimes be converted into open space for gardening.

Such was the case with a former dump site in Mumbai that is now a community garden.”

“all things considered, slum growth is a force for good. It could be an even stronger driver of development if leaders stopped treating slums as a problem to be cleared and started treating them as a population to be serviced, providing access to reliable land titles, security, paved roads, water and sewer lines, schools, and clinics.”

-Charles Kenny Senior Fellow , Center for Global Development

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INFLATION 11 FOOD The wholesale price index rose 6.01% from a year earlier, faster than

the 5.2% increase in April, commerce ministry data released Monday showed. That was well above the median 5.4% rise predicted in a poll of 16 economists by The Wall Street Journal.

Monday’s data show food prices rose 2.3% from April and 9.5% from the year earlier. Analysts are worried inflation could climb further if India receives less than the usual levels of rainfall during the June-to-September monsoon season.

Kala, Anant Vijay. “Rising Food Prices Push Up Indian Wholesale Inflation in May.” The Wall Street Journal. June 16, 2014. Accessed September 22, 2014.

A worker checks the quality of a pumpkin at a wholesale vegetable market in Kolkata on Monday. India’s wholesale inflation in May accelerated to a five-month high.

“Food inflation will be a challenge and a top priority for the government” -Finance Minister Arun Jaitley

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LAND USE 12 AGRICULTURAL The characteristics of LULC changes during 1977–2009 encompass

reduction in the main river channel, emergence (1977–1999) and shrinkage (1999–2009) of slums, increase in built up and agriculture land, decrease in dense vegetation and emergence of waste land in the Yamuna riverbed, Delhi.

Joshi, Rucha, Mangesh Warthe, and Sharad Dwivedi. “Monitoring Changes in Land Use Land Cover of Yamuna Riverbed in Delhi: A Multi-temporal Analysis.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 32, no. 24 (2011).

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MARKETS 13 WHOLESALE Okla Mandi is th one of the biggest vegetable wholesale markets in

Delhi. It was developed by DDA (Delhi Development Authority) and is called the “fruits and vegetable market sub yard-Okhla”.

Farmers from all adjacent villages come here to sell their produce to the retailers and also to consumers. All the areas around Delhi get their supply of vegetables and fruits from Okhla Mandi, especially South Delhi, Ghasiabad, Noida and Gurgaon.

KALA, ANANT VIJAY, and MUKESH JAGOTA. “Rising Food Prices Push Up Indian Wholesale Inflation in May.” The Wall Street Journal. June 16, 2014. Accessed September 11, 2014 Kazmin, Amy. “India Tackles Supply Chain to Cut Food Waste - FT.com.” Financial Times. April 11, 2014. Accessed September 11, 2014..

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INFORMAL URBAN AGRICULTURE 14 YAMUNA: Vegetable cultivation along the banks of the Yamuna River have

been occuring for several generations. Most are without government identification cards and do not own the property on which they farm, these farmers are among the most vulnerable population in urban Delhi -- not only unknown, but also invisible.

Redwood-Martinez, Joseph. “Urban Agriculture in Delhi: Thousands of Invisible Farmers.� The Huffington Post. May 8, 2013. Accessed September 10, 2014.

“Despite having no access to government services, living under constant threat of eviction, and having to rebuild their houses each year after the river banks flood during the monsoons, the Yamuna farmers speak enthusiastically about farming vegetables in the Delhi city center in favor of growing grain crops in the rural provinces as they did generations ago.�

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ENCROACHMENTS 15 FLOODPLAIN Being a mega-city, Delhi’s urban space comes at a premium, and is

heavily-prized by construction companies and developers. Large sections of the floodplains to the west have already built over with structures ranging from power plants to bazaars. Over the last 10 – 15 years, the river bed in the east has also seen developments including the Delhi Metro, Akshardham Complex and the Commonwealth Games Village28. Experts say that such construction has resulted in reducing water infiltration capacity of these areas by three to four times, and warn that any more construction in the Yamuna flood plain “will adversely impact the underground water recharge and cause more flooding and disasters”.

Redwood-Martinez, Joseph. “Urban Agriculture in Delhi: Thousands of Invisible Farmers.” The Huffington Post. May 8, 2013. Accessed September 10, 2014.

RAJ GHAT POWER PLANT DELHI STOCK EXCHANGE DELHI SECRETARIAT

COMMONWEALTH GAMES VILLAGE AKSHARDHAM TEMPLE

FLY ASH DUMP

RAIJIV SMRITI VAN

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SEASONS 16 GROWING In the basin, three distinct crop seasons can be identified, viz., Kharif

(July-October), Rabi (October-March) and Zaid (April-June) and majority of agricultural land are sown more than once in a single calendar year, and therefore the cropping intensity of the basin is more than 100%.

“Exclusive: Fruits, Vegetables Grown on Yamuna River Bank Contain Deadly Fecal Coliform Bacteria, Finds Study.� : North, News. Accessed September 11, 2014.

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STREET FOOD ZONES 17 SAFE The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India is creating eight ‘safe

street food’ zones in Delhi where food lovers can enjoy the delights of the capital city without being worried about falling ill.

The National Association of Street Vendors of India (NASVI) is training nearly 2,000 vendors in these eight zones, following which the concept will be replicated in other parts of the capital. .

The eight zones - Nizammuddin, Chandni Chowk, Sarojini Nagar, Karol Bagh, Paharganj, New Delhi Railway Station, Tilak Nagar and Krishna Nagar Jheel - have been taken up in the pilot project because of their popularity and high footfall.

Pushkarna, Neha. “Is This the End of ‘Delhi Belly’? Capital to Get Eight ‘safe Zones’ Where Street Food Vendors Are Trained in Food Hygiene.” Mail Online. October 17, 2013. Accessed September 22, 2014.

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FARMING: ILLEGAL LAND 18 URBAN The land mafia has usurped hundreds and thousands of acres of land

on the Yamuna’s floodplains in blatant violation of rules that govern the land-use in these zones. Nearly 4,000 acre of land on the floodplains has been occupied illegally, much of it very close to the river’s course.

On these farmlands, farmhouses are being built and sold to buyers as developers tap into a swelling demand for spacious housing.

The floodplains - tracts of land on either side of a river’s course - are an ecologically fragile zone and construction in any form, whether buildings or concrete roads, is banned on land extending usually up to 500m from both sides of the river’s course.

Vashishtha, Akash. “Robbing Yamuna’s Riches: Farmhouses Eat up 30km of Nodia Floodplain Area Set aside for Agriculture after Mafia Move in.” Mail Online India. February 12, 2012. Accessed September 22, 2014.

Illegal farmhouses on the Yamuna floodplain (left). Plot fenced off by brick walls, barbed wires and iron gates.

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RIVER: FLOODING 19 YAMUNA Identifying the extent of floods throughout the year is a vital factor to planning future uses for the Yamuna floodplain.

203: Safe 204: Danger zone - flood water creeps up embankment walls 205: Submerges major slums on the lower west bank 206: Higher embankment walls near capacity 207: 1978; Delhi experienced the worst flood in its history of recording Yamuna water levels with an official dealth toll of 3,800 208: Embankments predicted to fail at this level (100 year flood instance)

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BY THE YAMUNA RIVER 20 IRRIGATION Irrigation is an important use of Yamuna river water. It is estimated that

about 92% of Yamuna river water is used for irrigation. In the entire Yamuna basin the irrigated land is about 12.3 million hectares and approximately half of it (about 49%) is irrigated exclusively from surface water.

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CAPACITY 21 STORAGE India produces about 150 million tonnes of food grains per year. Production has been steadily increasing due to advancement in production technology, but losses have remained static at 10%. This means that the loss of food grains is also increasing with the increase in food production. The main reason for this is improper storage, and an average of 6% out of a total 10% loss takes place during storage of food grains.

“Research and Development Issues in Grain Postharvest Problems in Asia - Overview of Grain Drying and Storage Problems in India (cont.).� FAO Corporate Document Repository. Accessed September 22, 2014.

“The millions of tons of wheat rotting because India ran out of warehouse space to hold another bumper crop illustrate a core problem of the nation’s food crisis: India can grow plenty of food but cannot store or transport it well enough to nourish its 1.2 billion people.”

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IMBALANCE OF STORAGE CAPACITY 22 REGIONAL Due to insufficiency of covered storage capacity of food grains,

which was around 47.55 MMT as on March 31, 2000 and due to progressively increasing government stocks, considerable amount of food grains had to be stored under open Cover and Plinth (CAP) storage.

The storage capacity in India is mainly concentrated towards production centres. Dominant producers of food grain and related agricultural products comprise the majority of godowns and storage capacity.

Nayak, Abhay. “Agriculture Warehousing in India - Data, Statistics and Opportunities.” Agriculture Warehousing in India – Data, Statistics and Opportunities. July 24, 2011. Accessed September 22, 2014.

“Only 22% of total storage capacity is available in the major consumption states. Even some of the states have got storage capacities of less than one month of their requirement.�

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OF FOOD GRAINS 23 STORAGE In India, about 70% of farm produce is stored by farmers for their

own consumption. Farmers store grain in bulk, using different types of storage structures made from locally available materials. The pre-treatment necessary for better storage life is cleaning and drying of the grain, but storage structure design and its construction also play a vital role in reducing or increasing the losses during storage. Storage losses constitute a major share of food grain loss in postproduction operations

“Storage Structures.� Tnau Agritech Portal: Seed TEchnology. January 1, 2013. Accessed September 22, 2014.

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PATTERN 24 CROPPING Cropping pattern is the sequential arrangement of crops on a piece of land.

The main crops grown in Delhi are wheat, Jawar, Bajra and paddy. The cropping pattern in terms of production and yield per hectare for the period 2002-03 to 2007-08 is given in the table which shows that in terms of production, wheat was the predominant crop in Delhi throughout the period of six years, followed by paddy, Jawar and Bajra.

Wheat production constituted 64.60% of total grain production in Delhi in 2007-08. The yield of different crops has fluctuated significantly during these six year periods.

“Agriculture & Rural Development.� Planning Department. March 23, 2014. Accessed September 15, 2014.

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PRODUCTS 25 LIVESTOCK The word “livestock” is an umbrella term used for domesticated animals

raised in an agricultural environment, with the intent of providing food, textiles, labour, or fertilizer to their owners. Common examples of livestock are horses, pigs, goats, buffaloes cows, sheep, and poultry. The important livestock products in Delhi are milk, eggs and meat.

Animal husbandry is an important component of the agriculture sector.

According to the last Livestock Census of 2003, the total livestock population (excluding poultry) in Delhi was 3.75 lakh.

“Agriculture & Rural Development.” Planning Department. March 23, 2014. Accessed September 15, 2014.

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“COMMUNITIES UNBOUNDED” 26 BLOG: Majority of families are involved in agriculture, but there are a range of

agricultural types. Agriculture is not the sole profession and rather lends support to the multi-dimensional nature of communities. Where there is a need, there is a profit to be made, and there is a person to supply. All of the basic needs of the community can be met within the physical boundaries of the community.

Cook, Jessica. “Communities Un-bounded.” Urban Agriculture in Delhi India. March 26, 2014. Accessed September 16, 2014.

A research to study and understand one “community� of farmers living/working on the Yamuna River floodplain in the urban center of Delhi facing land use changes due to urban development pressures.

Although the size of land varies greatly among farms, the majority (61%) farm on less than 10 bigha.

Only a few families (3%) have more than 50 bigha of land (one reported 800 bigha).

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27 A PROBLEM OF DISTRIBUTION India holds the second-largest stockpile of surplus grain in the world, after China. Yet advocates say that more than 252 million poor Indian residents reap few benefits and often go hungry.

Bajaj, Vikas. “As Grain Piles Up, India’s Poor Still Go Hungry.” The New York Times. June 7, 2012. Accessed September 22, 2014.

Sacks of wheat are loaded into trucks in Jagraon. India’s food production has increased almost 50 percent in the last two decades.

Sacks of rice stored in the open in Ranwan, India, have rotted and suffered other damage.

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28 HEALTH HAZARD

A study conducted by three associate professors of Deen Dayal Upadhyay College in Delhi University shows that the amount of fecal matter in river water has increased exponentially since the Central Pollution Control Board came out with its findings in 2009. The amount of Fecal coliform (FC) – bacteria available in human and animal feces – has grown by as much as 30 times as compared to CPCB values.

Pushkarna, Neha. “Toxic Yamuna Veggies on Your Menu: Health Fears over River Bank Vegetables Contaminated with Sewage Water.” Mail Online. February 17, 2013. Accessed September 22, 2014.

Okhla Barrage had the least fecal content at a value of 5.2 crore per 100 millilitres.

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29 CONTAMINATION: PATH OF TRAVEL

“Mandis stock vegetables grown along the Yamuna using the river water. For instance, vegetables from Okhla mandi come from areas near Okhla barrage and vegetables from Wazirabad goes to Azadpur mandi. Fecal Coliform is known to be going up as sewage from different parts of Delhi go directly into Yamuna. It peaks after the Nizamuddin bridge,” said Ravi Aggarwal, founder, Toxics Link.

Pushkarna, Neha. “Toxic Yamuna Veggies on Your Menu: Health Fears over River Bank Vegetables Contaminated with Sewage Water.” Mail Online. February 17, 2013. Accessed September 22, 2014.

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30 INDIA FOOD TRANSPORT

Where half the nation’s fruit and vegetables spoil before getting to market, could reduce food waste by refrigerating vehicles with liquid air at a fraction of the cost of using diesel engines, a report said.

Trucks and rail containers fitted with engines that run on super-cold fuels could transport produce at between a fifth and a third of the cost of using diesel for the same job, said Tim Fox, the organization’s head of energy environment. Agriculture accounts for 13 percent of India’s diesel consumption currently.

Pearson, Natalie Obiko. “Chilled Air Cheaper Than Diesel for India Food Transport.” Bloomberg.com. July 4, 2014.

Accessed September 22, 2014.

“India has spare liquid-nitrogen output capacity of about 3,500 metric tons a day, according to the report. That’s enough to power 29,000 refrigerated trucks, or more than the market’s current unmet needs.”

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31 CROPPING INTENSITY

Cropping intensity can be defined as number of times a land is cultivated within the single crop calendar year. It is evident from the map that the number of crops taken from a particular land per calendar year is more either along the river or in the irrigation command area.

The average cropping intensity of the Yamuna basin is of the order of 141%

Rai, Raveendra Kumar. “Soil, Landuse and Agriculture.� In The Yamuna River Basin Water Resources and Environment, 135-171. Dordrecht: Springer Science Business Media B.V., 2012.

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32 DISTRIBUTION OF LANDUSE

Out of total reported area, more than 50% area is under agriculture followed by the forest area. Other categories of landuses have almost equal distribution in the basin.

Rai, Raveendra Kumar. “Soil, Landuse and Agriculture.� In The Yamuna River Basin Water Resources and Environment, 135-171. Dordrecht: Springer Science Business Media B.V., 2012.

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33 AGRO CLIMATIC ZONES

Our site falls under the Trans Gangetic Plains Region. Delhi is composed of Alluvial and calcareous soil types and get on average 250cm of rainfall.

Rai, Raveendra Kumar. “Soil, Landuse and Agriculture.� In The Yamuna River Basin Water Resources and Environment, 135-171. Dordrecht: Springer Science Business Media B.V., 2012.

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34 LAND CLASSIFICATION

Arable land within the command area: approximately 67% area is irrigated through groundwater resources. Only 27% agriculture water demand is met by canal systems and the rest 6% area is irrigated through tanks, ponds, etc.

Rai, Raveendra Kumar. “Soil, Landuse and Agriculture.� In The Yamuna River Basin Water Resources and Environment, 135-171. Dordrecht: Springer Science Business Media B.V., 2012.

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35 DISTRIBUTION OF LANDUSE

It is observed that the net sown area in Delhi has reduced though the cropping intensity has been increased. This trend shows the completely unsustainable use of natural resources.

Rai, Raveendra Kumar. “Soil, Landuse and Agriculture.� In The Yamuna River Basin Water Resources and Environment, 135-171. Dordrecht: Springer Science Business Media B.V., 2012.

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36 FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDES

The Indian pesticide industry with 85,000 MT of production during year 2007 is ranked second in Asia (behind China) and twelfth globally.

The per hectare consumption of pesticide is low in India at 381 grams when compared to the world average of 500 g. Low consumption can be attributed to fragmented land holdings,Low level of irrigation, dependence on monsoons, low awareness among farmers about the benefits of usage of pesticides, etc.

India, being a tropical country, the consumption pattern is also more skewed towards insecticides which accounted for 64% of the total pesticide consumption in year 2007.

Rai, Raveendra Kumar. “Soil, Landuse and Agriculture.� In The Yamuna River Basin Water Resources and Environment, 135-171. Dordrecht: Springer Science Business Media B.V., 2012.

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37 POOR MANAGEMENT

Food Corporation of India (FCI) buys about one-third of total wheat output to run welfare programmes and keep stocks for emergency needs. It has stored 57.38 million tonnes of food grain as on Aug 1, much higher than the required stocks of 16.2 million tonnes and strategic reserves of 5 million tonnes.

Rai, Raveendra Kumar. “Soil, Landuse and Agriculture.� In The Yamuna River Basin Water Resources and Environment, 135-171. Dordr echt: Springer Science Business Media B.V., 2012.

A labourer spreads maize crop kept for drying at a grain market.

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38 ACCESS TO LAND

In and around Delhi, the distribution of agricultural land is highly skewed. The Government of India categorizes farmers with less than 1 ha of land as “marginal” and those with 1-2 ha as “small” farmers.

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39 BLOG: A RIVER OF LIFE & DEATH

As much as the river is the source of contaminated crops and health problems, the local farmers and “beneficiaries” of the land seem to be okay with their return. Even when stains of pollution are recognized, the respect and sense of devotion to the river remain the same.

Holtmeyer, Dan. “Yamuna: India’s Fallen Goddess.” Viewfinder. September 5, 2014.

Accessed September 22, 2014.

“Everyone likes these vegetables,” Rani said. “That’s why I’m here.”

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40 TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER

Waste water discharges in rivers destroy marine lives; degrade the environment, and causes water shortage and waterborne diseases.

Their proper management and treatment is necessary because it reduces or removes the organic matter, solids, nutrients, diseasecausing organisms and other pollutants from the wastewater before it is discharged to river water. Delhi alone contributes around 3,296 MLD of sewage water in Yamuna River.

Holtmeyer, Dan. “Yamuna: India’s Fallen Goddess.” Viewfinder. September 5, 2014.

Accessed September 22, 2014.

“Delhi’s sewage generates daily flows untreated into the Yamuna through rainwater drains, affecting the river’s water quality that is two notches below normal bathing standards.”

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41 SEWERAGE COVERAGE

“The Yamuna enters Delhi near village Palla in the north. Further, there’s a barrage at Wazirabad where water is taken out by Delhi Jal Board for treatment and supply to households, meeting 70% of Delhi’s water needs. In dry season, no water is allowed to flow beyond Wazirabad. Whatever flows, is waste water,” the report says.

Sewerage network augmentation, like in other infrastructure areas, has not kept pace with the growht of Delhi’s population. The blueprint proposes integration of various ongoing sewerage projects.

Singh, Darpan. “Only a Sewerage Overhaul Can save Delhi - Hindustan Times.” Http://www.hindustantimes.com/.

September 21, 2014. Accessed September 22, 2014.

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42 DESIGN COMPETITION: HORIZONTAL FARM (HOF)

Hof - Horizontal Farm, a design competition focusing on New Delhi to find a solution that integrates the culture and traditions of Indian society with improved living conditions of slums inhabitants. The prompt provided one piece of data: over 60% of the Indian workforce is distributed in the countryside and live on the farm economy. The problem of Indian cities, like New Delhi, is the lack of infrastructure.

Singh, Darpan. “Only a Sewerage Overhaul Can save Delhi - Hindustan Times.� Http://www.hindustantimes.com/.

September 21, 2014. Accessed September 22, 2014.

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43 FOOD SECURITY ACT

Congress Vice-President Rahul Gandhi is hard-selling the National Food Security Act (NFSA), saying this will eradicate hunger from India.

However, subsidised food grains provided under the new law is about half the consumption by the poor, both in urban and rural areas. Also, the national per capita consumption is about twice the entitlement under NFSA.

Singh, Darpan. “Only a Sewerage Overhaul Can save Delhi - Hindustan Times.� Http://www.hindustantimes.com/.

September 21, 2014. Accessed September 22, 2014.

“The purpose of the Act is not to guarantee 100 per cent food security, but to fulfil substantial requirement, which is clearly accomplished�

-Reetika Khera

Assistant professor of economics at Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi.

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44 CHSWAL UTSAV DIN (FOOD DAY)

The 7th of every month brings cheer in Mahasund district’s Nayapara area. On cycles and on foot, swarming people queue up outside PDS shops. It’s Chawal Utsav Din or food day, when ration shops dispense the month’s quota of ration.

The standard items include: 35 kg of rice, 2 kg of lentils, free salt and 2 litres of kerosene.

UPA coalition enacted a National Food Security Law this month to give 67%, or about 800 million Indians, a right to cheap grains.

Haq, Zia. “Here’s How to Fight Hunger: Don’t Write off the PDS Yet - Hindustan Times.” Dead-duck Public Delivery System Making a Promising Comeback in Five More States. July 28, 2013. Accessed September 22, 2014.

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45 STREET VENDORS ACT, 2014

he Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Bill, 2014 which Lok Sabha had cleared on September 6 was passed by Rajya Sabha on February 19 this year. It provides for protection of livelihood rights and social security of street vendors.

Haq, Zia. “Here’s How to Fight Hunger: Don’t Write off the PDS Yet - Hindustan Times.” Dead-duck Public Delivery System Making a Promising Comeback in Five More States. July 28, 2013. Accessed September 22, 2014.

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46 CROPS BY SOIL TYPE

Alluvial soil is the most important and widespread category. It covers 40% of the land area. In fact the entire Northern Plains are made up of these soils. They have been brought down and deposited by three great Himalayan rivers- Sutlej, Ganga and Brahmaputra- and their tributaries. Through a narrow corridor in Rajasthan they extend into the plains of Gujarat. They are common in eastern coastal plains and in the deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.

Haq, Zia. “Here’s How to Fight Hunger: Don’t Write off the PDS Yet - Hindustan Times.” Dead-duck Public Delivery System Making a Promising Comeback in Five More States. July 28, 2013. Accessed September 22, 2014.

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47 FOOD STORAGE TYPES

To cope with the current and future demand of the increasing population for the food grains, it is emphasized to reduce the loss of seeds during and after harvest. seeds are stored for varying periods to ensure proper and balanced public distribution through out the year.

Post harvest losses in India are estimated to be around 10 per cent, of which the losses during storage alone are estimated to be 6.58 per cent.

Haq, Zia. “Here’s How to Fight Hunger: Don’t Write off the PDS Yet - Hindustan Times.” Dead-duck Public Delivery System Making a Promising Comeback in Five More States. July 28, 2013. Accessed September 22, 2014.

Bulk Open Storage

Gunny Bags: 35,50,75,100kg

Mud Bins: 100-1000kg

Baked Earthen Container: 5-100 kg

Bitumen/Coal Tar Drum

Hapur Bin/Kothis

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48 PERI-URBAN LAND CONFLICTS

Conflicts over land, water and tenure emerge: polluting industries, waste disposal, mining, construction and large scale cash crops all jockey for position with small scale agriculture and common lands.

This rapidly changing environment poses enormous challenges for the health and livelihoods of an increasing number of disenfranchised, poor and marginalised citizens who often lack access to basic health, water and sanitation services.

Randhawa, Pritpal. “PERI-URBAN FUTURES AND SUSTAINABILITY - STEPS.” STEPS PERIURBAN FUTURES AND SUSTAINABILITY Comments. March 3, 2010. Accessed September 22, 2014.

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49 FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY

India, with an arable land of 184 mn hectares is, the highest producer of milk in the world at 90 mn tonnes p.a., second largest producer of fruits & vegetables (150 mn tonnes), third largest producer of foodgrains and fish and has the largest livestock population.

Considering the wide-ranging and large raw material base that the country offers, along with a consumer base of over one billion people, the industry holds tremendous opportunities for large investments.

“Overview of Indian Food Processing Industry.� Emerging SMEs of India Food Processing.

Accessed September 22, 2014.

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50 PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE

The pervading characteristic of peri-urban areas is the concentration of poor people, consisting of inner-city as well as rural migrants and/ or marginal local farmers. Fringe areas in Asia are characterized by densely populated intensive smallholder agriculture.

Where the land use remains agricultural, cultivation practices change.

Access to urban ready markets for agricultural produce and for seasonal labour open up the possibility of cultivating on a commercial basis high-value, highly perishable crops such as leafy vegetables, replacing storable crops such as cereals and pulses.

LINTELO, D. TE. “Peri-urban Agriculture in Delhi, India.� Food, Nutrition and Agriculture.

Accessed September 22, 2014.