Does BREEAM contribute to delivering Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

London South Bank University School of the Built Environment and Architecture Division of Construction, Property and Surveying Title - Does Building Research Establishing Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) contribute to delivering Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

Year – 2017/2018 FT Author’s name – David Maina - (3615399) Supervisor’s name – Dr Joseph Kangwa Degree – MSC Quantity Surveying

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Abstract The foremost of this study is set to determine whether the Building Research Establishing Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) can contribute to delivering Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the UK. The secondary and main aim of this study is to examine / understand BREEAM products and analyse its values to determine whether it can be used in the private sector in the UK as a suitable framework to contribute to delivering SDGs. For it to be successful similarly to the MDGs, then there has to be quantifiable targets, methods of monitoring and ability to report to progress against the targets set within the SDGs. Opinions expressed throughout this study were sought from seventeen professionals who included: Quantity Surveyor, Sustainability Consultants, Ecologist, Project managers and Town Planner. This heterogeneous sample is thus informed by current experts in this field of sustainability research. The study observes that the desire to achieve SDGS and likewise their outcomes, require the involvement of the private sector. The study has noted that one of the challenges to BREEAM, is that it is a family of products, and as such it is hard to single out a set of measures that are popular and widely adopted by industry. A report by Price Water Coopers (PWC) denotes an ongoing concern that even experts cannot find consensus as to which BREEAM products are the most ideal and therefore widely acceptable.

The study faced several constraints: the time available to do the work was limiting and so was identifying respondents with sufficient knowledge and understanding of the extent to which BREEAM and SDGs frameworks can operate.

This further

imposed limitations on the number of respondents available to help fulfil the study objectives.

Despite these limitations the study concludes that there is huge potential in using BREEAM as an effective framework and dire need for a standardised format that can be adopted and accepted widely by the industry. For this to be wholly effective, the current initiatives under BREEAM should also be designed to reflect the commitments to the Sustainable Development Goals.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr Joseph Kangwa, my supervisor, for the valuable guidance and relentless pursuit to help achieve my goal for my dissertation, but also advice to throughout the writing process. Undoubtedly his support in explaining the research process, formatting and the willingness to correct my draft copies, this process would have been nearly difficult to complete, but more so, with my dyslexia he gave me the hope, confidence and believe to push on.

David Maina

MSC Quantity Surveying London South Bank University

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Table of Contents Abstract......................................................................................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................. 3 List Of Figures and Tables ............................................................................................................................. 6 Tables ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 Chapter 1. ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 BACKGROUND – WHAT IS BREEAM? ................................................................................................................ 10 1.3 WHY IS SDGS IMPORTANT? .............................................................................................................................. 13 1.4 PROBLEM SPECIFICATION .................................................................................................................................. 13 1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................................... 14 1.5.1 RESEARCH APPROACH................................................................................................................................... 14 1.5.2 STUDY OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................................................... 15 1.6 LIMITATION OF THIS STUDY ............................................................................................................................... 15 1.7 STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATION ...................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2: Literature review ....................................................................................................................... 18 2.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................... 18 2.1 WHAT IS BREEAM ? ...................................................................................................................................... 18 2.2 WHAT IS THE VALUE OF BREEAM ..................................................................................................................... 28 2.3 What are the drivers for adoption? ...................................................................................................... 33 2.3 Identifying the links between sustainability and business value? ......................................................... 35 2.4 WHAT IS SDGS .............................................................................................................................................. 45 2.5 WHERE DOES BREEAM SEE ITS CONTRIBUTION TO SDGS? .................................................................................... 45 2.6 WHAT ARE THE CONCERNS AND OTHER MEASURES?............................................................................................... 48 Chapter 3 – Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 50 3.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................... 50 3.2 GENERATING THE KEY THEMES AND LIMITATIONS................................................................................................... 50 3.3.

QUESTIONNAIRE MECHANISM ................................................................................................................... 51 3.4 SAMPLE FRAME ...................................................................................................................................... 51 3.5 JUSTIFICATION FOR CHOOSING A STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE ................................................................................ 51 3.5.1 QUESTIONNAIRE STRUCTURE .......................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 4 – Results ..................................................................................................................................... 54 4.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................... 54 4.1 QUESTIONNAIRE AND RESULTS .......................................................................................................................... 55 GOAL 1: NO POVERTY ........................................................................................................................................... 55 Goal 2: Zero Hunger .................................................................................................................................... 58 Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being .......................................................................................................... 61 Goal 4: Quality Education ........................................................................................................................... 64 Goal 5: Gender Equality .............................................................................................................................. 67 Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation ........................................................................................................... 70 Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy .......................................................................................................... 72 Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth ............................................................................................... 74 Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure ......................................................................................... 77 Goal 10: Reduced Inequality ....................................................................................................................... 80 Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities ............................................................................................. 82 Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production ................................................................................... 84 Goal 13: Climate Action .............................................................................................................................. 86 Goal 14: Life Below Water .......................................................................................................................... 88 Goal 15: Life on Land .................................................................................................................................. 91 Goal 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions ........................................................................................... 93 Goal 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal .................................................................................................. 95 4.2 RESULTS SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................... 106 Chapter 5 – Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 108 5.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................. 108 GOAL 1 – NO POVERTY ....................................................................................................................................... 108 GOAL 2 – ZERO HUNGER ..................................................................................................................................... 110 GOAL 3 – GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING .............................................................................................................. 113

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GOAL 4 – QUALITY EDUCATION............................................................................................................................. 116 GOAL 5 – GENDER EQUALITY ................................................................................................................................ 119 GOAL 6 – CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION ............................................................................................................... 121 GOAL 7 – AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY ............................................................................................................. 124 GOAL 8 – DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH .................................................................................................. 125 GOAL 9 – INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE .......................................................................................... 128 GOAL 10 – REDUCED INEQUALITIES ....................................................................................................................... 130 GOAL 11 – SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND ENVIROMENTS .................................................................................................. 132 GOAL 12 – RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 136 GOAL 13 – CLIMATE ACTION ................................................................................................................................ 138 GOAL 14 – LIFE BELOW WATER ............................................................................................................................. 140 GOAL 15 – LIFE ON LAND ..................................................................................................................................... 143 GOAL 16 – PLACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS ............................................................................................ 146 GOAL 17 - PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS ............................................................................................................. 149 Chapter 6 – Conclusion and Recommendation ......................................................................................... 152 6.0 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................... 152 References................................................................................................................................................. 154 Appendices ................................................................................................................................................ 157 Appendix 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 158 Appendix 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 159 Appendix 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 162 Appendix 4 ................................................................................................................................................ 166

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List Of Figures and Tables FIGURE 1. 1 BREEAM SCHEMES LIFECYCLE STAGES ........................................................................................................ 11 FIGURE 1. 2 UN SUSTAINABLE GOALS ........................................................................................................................... 13 FIGURE 2. 1 CO2 EMISSION SAVINGS ........................................................................................................................... 28 FIGURE 2. 2 STAKEHOLDER BENEFITS ............................................................................................................................ 29 FIGURE 2. 3 SALE PRICE BENEFIT .................................................................................................................................. 30 FIGURE 2. 4 OPERATING COST SAVING .......................................................................................................................... 31 FIGURE 2. 5 BUSINESS RISKS ....................................................................................................................................... 31 FIGURE 2. 6 BUSINESS IMAGE ...................................................................................................................................... 32 FIGURE 2. 7 DRIVERS AND MOTIVATORS ........................................................................................................................ 34 FIGURE 2. 8 CASE STUDY: BAM .................................................................................................................................. 38 FIGURE 2. 9 CASE STUDY: CUNDALL ........................................................................................................................... 40 FIGURE 2. 10 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC.............................................................................................................................. 41 FIGURE 2. 11 CASE STUDY: LANDSEC ......................................................................................................................... 42 FIGURE 2. 12 BUSINESS VALUE .................................................................................................................................... 43 FIGURE 2. 13 UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS .................................................................................................... 45 FIGURE 2. 14 BREEAM OVERARCHING CONTRIBUTION TO SDGS ..................................................................................... 46 FIGURE 2. 15 PWC PRIORITISATION MATRIX ................................................................................................................. 48 FIGURE 4. 1 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULT – GOAL 1: NO POVERTY .......................................................................................... 55 FIGURE 4. 2 UN SDGS TARGETS: GOAL 1 ..................................................................................................................... 57 FIGURE 4. 3 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 2: ZERO HUNGER ....................................................................................... 58 FIGURE 4. 4 BREEAM COMMUNITIES ASSESSMENT CRITERIA ........................................................................................... 59 FIGURE 4. 5 UN SDGS TARGETS: GOAL 2: ZERO HUNGER ................................................................................................ 60 FIGURE 4. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 3: GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING ............................................................... 61 FIGURE 4. 7 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 4: QUALITY EDUCATION ............................................................................... 64 FIGURE 4. 8 UN SDGS TARGETS: GOAL 4: QUALITY EDUCATION ....................................................................................... 66 FIGURE 4. 9 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 5: GENDER EQUALITY .................................................................................. 67 FIGURE 4. 10 UN SDGS TARGETS: GOAL 5: GENDER EQUALITY......................................................................................... 69 FIGURE 4. 11 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 6: CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION .............................................................. 70 FIGURE 4. 12 UN SDGS TARGETS: GOAL 6: CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION ...................................................................... 71 FIGURE 4. 13 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 7: AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY ............................................................ 72 FIGURE 4. 14 UN SDGS TARGETS: GOAL 7: AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY ..................................................................... 73 FIGURE 4. 15 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 8: DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH ................................................. 74 FIGURE 4. 16 UN SDGS TARGETS: GOAL 8: DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH ......................................................... 76 FIGURE 4. 17 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 9: INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE .......................................... 77 FIGURE 4. 18 UN SDGS TARGETS: GOAL 9: INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................... 79 FIGURE 4. 19 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 10: REDUCED INEQUALITY .......................................................................... 80 FIGURE 4. 20 UN SDGS TARGETS: GOAL 10: REDUCED INEQUALITY .................................................................................. 81 FIGURE 4. 21 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 11: SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES ................................................. 82 FIGURE 4. 22 UN SDGS TARGETS GOAL 11: SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES ........................................................... 83 FIGURE 4. 23 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 12: RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION ....................................... 84 FIGURE 4. 24 UN SDGS TARGETS GOAL 12: RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION ................................................ 85 FIGURE 4. 25 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 13: CLIMATE ACTION ................................................................................ 86 FIGURE 4. 26 UN SDGS TARGETS QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 13: CLIMATE ACTION ..................................................... 87 FIGURE 4. 27 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 14: LIFE BELOW WATER ............................................................................ 88 FIGURE 4. 28 UN SDGS TARGETS QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 14: LIFE BELOW WATER ................................................. 90 FIGURE 4. 29 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 15: LIFE ON LAND .................................................................................... 91 FIGURE 4. 30 UN SDGS TARGETS QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 15: LIFE ON LAND ......................................................... 92 FIGURE 4. 31 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 16: PEACE AND JUSTICE STRONG INSTITUTIONS .............................................. 93 FIGURE 4. 32 UN SDGS TARGETS QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS – GOAL 16: PEACE AND JUSTICE STRONG INSTITUTIONS .................. 94

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FIGURE 4. 33 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS– GOAL 17: PARTNERSHIPS TO ACHIEVE THE GOAL ..................................................... 95 FIGURE 4. 34 UN SDGS TARGETS QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS – GOAL 17: PARTNERSHIPS TO ACHIEVE THE GOAL ......................... 97 FIGURE 4. 35 QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS – WHAT DOES SUSTAINABILITY MEAN TO YOU? ......................................................... 99 FIGURE 5. 1 PWC GOAL 1........................................................................................................................................ 109 FIGURE 5. 2 PWC GOAL 1 KEY LINKS ......................................................................................................................... 110 FIGURE 5. 3 PWC GOAL 2........................................................................................................................................ 111 FIGURE 5. 4 PWC GOAL 2 KEY LINKS ......................................................................................................................... 113 FIGURE 5. 5 PWC GOAL 3........................................................................................................................................ 115 FIGURE 5. 6 PWC GOAL 3 KEY LINKS ......................................................................................................................... 116 FIGURE 5. 7 PWC GOAL 4 LINKS ............................................................................................................................... 117 FIGURE 5. 8 PWC GOAL 4........................................................................................................................................ 118 FIGURE 5. 9 PWC GOAL 5........................................................................................................................................ 120 FIGURE 5. 10 PWC GOAL 5 KEY LINKS ....................................................................................................................... 121 FIGURE 5. 11 PWC GOAL 6...................................................................................................................................... 123 FIGURE 5. 12 PWC GOAL 6 KEY LINKS ....................................................................................................................... 123 FIGURE 5. 13 PWC GOAL 7...................................................................................................................................... 124 FIGURE 5. 14 PWC GOAL 7 KEY LINKS ....................................................................................................................... 125 FIGURE 5. 15 PWC GOAL 8...................................................................................................................................... 126 FIGURE 5. 16 PWC GOAL 8 KEY LINKS ....................................................................................................................... 127 FIGURE 5. 17 PWC GOAL 9...................................................................................................................................... 129 FIGURE 5. 18 PWC GOAL 9 KEY LINKS ....................................................................................................................... 130 FIGURE 5. 19 PWC GOAL 10.................................................................................................................................... 131 FIGURE 5. 20 PWC GOAL 10 KEY LINKS ..................................................................................................................... 132 FIGURE 5. 21 PWC GOAL 10.................................................................................................................................... 134 FIGURE 5. 22 PWC GOAL 11 KEY LINKS ..................................................................................................................... 135 FIGURE 5. 23 PWC GOAL 12.................................................................................................................................... 137 FIGURE 5. 24 PWC GOAL 12 KEY LINKS ..................................................................................................................... 138 FIGURE 5. 25 PWC GOAL 13.................................................................................................................................... 139 FIGURE 5. 26 PWC GOAL 13 KEY LINKS ..................................................................................................................... 140 FIGURE 5. 27 PWC GOAL 14.................................................................................................................................... 141 FIGURE 5. 28 PWC GOAL 14 KEY LINKS ..................................................................................................................... 142 FIGURE 5. 29 UN SUSTAINABILITY DEVELOPMENT GOAL TARGET GOAL 15 – LIFE ON LAND .................................................. 143 FIGURE 5. 30 PWC GOAL 15.................................................................................................................................... 144 FIGURE 5. 31 PWC GOAL 15 KEY LINKS ..................................................................................................................... 145 FIGURE 5. 32 UN SUSTAINABILITY DEVELOPMENT GOAL TARGET GOAL 16 – PLACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS .......... 146 FIGURE 5. 33 PWC GOAL 16.................................................................................................................................... 148 FIGURE 5. 34 PWC GOAL 16 KEY LINKS ..................................................................................................................... 148 FIGURE 5. 35 UN SUSTAINABILITY DEVELOPMENT GOAL TARGET GOAL 17 – PARTNERSHIP FOR THE GOALS ........................... 149 FIGURE 5. 36 PWC GOAL 17.................................................................................................................................... 150 FIGURE 5. 37 PWC BUSINESS IMPACT ........................................................................................................................ 151

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Tables TABLE 2. 1 BREEAM UK NEW CONSTRUCTION 2018 ENVIRONMENTAL SECTIONS AND ASSESSMENT ISSUES .............................. 19 TABLE 2. 2 BREEAM INTERNATIONAL NEW CONSTRUCTION 2019 .................................................................................... 20 TABLE 2. 3 BREEAM IN-USE, 2010 ............................................................................................................................ 21 TABLE 2. 4 BREEAM REFURBISHMENT, 2016 ............................................................................................................... 22 TABLE 2. 5 BREEAM RFO,2014 ................................................................................................................................ 23 TABLE 2. 6 BREEAM COMMUNITIES,2012................................................................................................................... 24 TABLE 2. 7 HOME QUALITY MARK, 2018 ...................................................................................................................... 25 TABLE 2. 8 QSAND, 2015......................................................................................................................................... 26 TABLE 2. 9 CEEQUAL, 2008 ..................................................................................................................................... 27 TABLE 2. 10 METRICS FOR MEASURING IMPACT OF COST SAVINGS ON BUSINESS VALUE ....................................................... 37 TABLE 2. 11 METRICS FOR MEASURING IMPACT OF TALENT ATTRACTION AND RETENTION ON BUSINESS VALUE ........................ 39 TABLE 2. 12 METRICS FOR MEASURING IMPACT OF CUSTOMER ATTRACTION AND SATISFACTION ON BUSINESS VALUE ............... 41 TABLE 2. 13 METRICS FOR MEASURING IMPACT OF BRAND AND REPUTATION ON BUSINESS VALUE ........................................ 42

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Chapter 1.

1.0 Introduction.

This study explores whether BREEAM contributes to delivering SDGs. The results are based on the views and experience of industry professionals selected from various disciplines including, Quantity Surveyor, Sustainability consultants, Ecologist, Project managers and Planning/Designer. The main objective was to identify the perceptions of industry professionals about the applicability of BREEAM and SDGs. The intended outcome was to evaluate how BREEAM can be suitable framework for the private sector in the UK to help deliver as successful SDGs. The findings of this study, will hopefully contribute into understanding how BREEAM can be the framework to be used by the Private sector and the UK Government and have a standard approach that would be more relevant for private sector to use, ability to monitor progress, set targets and benchmark, that potentially it can used international to help deliver a successful SDGs. The Paris Agreement 2016 is an agreement between members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to tackle the increase of global temperature to below 2 °C by dealing with mitigation, adaptation, greenhousegas-emissions and finance, to reduce the effect of climate change. Following the Paris Agreement, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) came to force.

Similar implementation includes Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which had 8 goals with 18 targets that concluded in 2016.

The UN called for collaborative focus and efforts to be reached from governments, private sector and society. The UN agenda stated “We are setting out together on the path towards sustainable development, devoting ourselves collectively to the pursuit of global development and of ‘win-win cooperation which can bring huge gains to all countries and all parts of the world.” The SDGs apply to both developing countries and developed countries to measure and monitor effectiveness, and also contribution from businesses to be aware of and contribute to national ambitions

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The enforcement from Paris agreement 2016, issues surrounding climate change has forced governments to act. Code for Sustainable Homes (CfSH) was implemented UK government, to create a common approach for new developments and this allowed the clients to measure against criteria's and having a standard code of

practice

to

ensure

sustainable

design

is

being

followed

(Berry

and

McCarthy2011). With the resulting UK government intervention facilitated the process of sustainable design as it evaluated issues such as carbon, energy, pollution, waste, air quality, transport and health & wellbeing. Other certification such BREEAM, LEED attracted the commercial benefits of sustainability they tackled issues.

Therefore, in order SDGs to be successful and it requires a collective effort, it raises the question: how does Governments and private sectors expected to contribute to delivering SDGs? The challenge to achieve a successful delivery of SDGs can be understood if the contributors were able to provide the views on how it can suited to their business / industry and the value / impact it has, in order to provide solutions and factors that would need to considered to evaluate ability to achieve SDGs. This research may help to explore understanding of BREEAM, its value, how it contributes to SDGs and ability to evolve and adapt for the private sector to contribute to delivering SDGs. Additionally, it can help develop a standardised approach that the UK Government can use to monitor, benchmark and have framework that will address concerns by the UK Government and Private sector that the SDGs

are not deliverable and

challenging to implement which could lead to failure of its target.

1.2 Background – What is BREEAM? BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) was launched by the Building Research Establishment in 1990. BREEAM is a sustainability assessment method covers the whole life cycle of the construction ranging from technical standards that cover masterplan projects, infrastructure and buildings but also new developments and refurbishments. BREEAM standards set the environmental performance benchmarks, targets and criteria for buildings from 10 | P a g e

design, specification, construction and during operation. BREEAM is a third party assessment and has independent licenced assessors to carry out an assessment of a scheme and each of the criteria is scored using the following two stages of assessment and certification •

Design stage – Interim certificate

•

Post-construction assessment – Resulting to final certificate and final rating

BREEAM helps manage sustainability performances through the life cycle of development to help plan, manage, mitigate and maintain the different projects through its standards.

BRE Global (2016) says it is “the world’s leading sustainability assessment method for master planning projects, infrastructure and buildings”. It recognises and reflects the value in higher performing assets across the built environment lifecycle, from new construction to in-use and refurbishment’ as shown below in Figure 1.1

New Construction / Home Quality Mark

Figure 1. 1 BREEAM Schemes Lifecycle Stages

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BREEAM focuses on sustainable value across the following range of categories: •

Energy

•

Land use and ecology

•

Water

•

Health and wellbeing

•

Pollution

•

Transport

•

Materials

•

Waste

•

Management

The BREEAM family of standards consist of the following: BREEAM New Construction - Is the Standard that is aimed at new and nonresidential building in the UK. It has set key stages in the design and construction process to measure, benchmark, target and review the performance they want to deliver for the project.

BREEAM In-Use - Enables property investors, building managers and occupiers to reduce the running costs, operational performance and improve environmental performance.

BREEAM Refurbishment - Assess Domestic buildings to improve the environmental performance during refurbishment of existing dwellings BREEAM Communities - The focus of BREEAM Communities is on masterplanning of whole communities to achieve sustainable targets that are good for the environment and economical success.

Home Quality Mark (HQM) - Part of the BREEAM family the Home Quality Mark (HQM) is a Domestic Standards which is focusing on the customer. It focuses on the new domestic developments using best practice that are above those required by building regulations.

CEEQUAL (Civil Engineering Environmental Quality Assessment and Award Scheme) - Aims to encourage, attain and promote the economic, environmental and

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social performance in civil engineering projects by identification and application of best practice QSAND (Quantifying Sustainability in the Aftermath of Natural Disasters) Promotes sustainable approaches after a natural disaster to assist in relief, recovery and reconstruction.

1.3 Why is SDGs important?

The Paris Agreement 2016 is an agreement between members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to tackle the increase of global temperature to below 2 °C by dealing with mitigation, adaptation, greenhousegas-emissions and finance, to reduce the effect of climate change. Following the Paris Agreement, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) came to force.

Similar implementation includes Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which had 8 goals with 18 targets that concluded in 2016.

Figure 1. 2 UN Sustainable Goals

Globally the UN set out 17 Sustainability Development Goals as shown in Figure 1.2, for countries to address economic, environmental and social impact to tackle issues such poverty, climate change and ensure prosperity for all. The UN called for collaborative focus and efforts to be reached from governments, private sector and society. The UN agenda stated “We are setting out together on the path towards sustainable development, devoting ourselves collectively to the pursuit of global development and of ‘win-win cooperation which can bring huge gains to all countries and all parts of the world.” The SDGs apply to both developing countries and developed countries to measure and monitor effectiveness, and also contribution from businesses to be aware of and contribute to national ambitions.

1.4 Problem specification The UK government international development committee during its first report session on UK implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals stated that “We are deeply concerned at the lack of a strategic and comprehensive approach to implementation of the Goals. Without this, it is likely that areas of deep incoherence across government policy could develop and progress made by certain departments 13 | P a g e

could be easily undermined by the policies and actions of others. It also reflects a worrying absence of commitment to ensure proper implementation of the SDGs across-Government. The Government should identify a formal mechanism for relevant Secretaries of State or responsible Ministers to come together regularly to discuss the implementation of the SDGs at the highest political level. The Government should also commit to producing a regular report on policy coherence for sustainable development.” It then went on to state that “It should also support the development of international benchmarks against the SDGs, to enable companies to monitor and report on their progress against relevant targets”. It has been stated that the SDGs should be no more than 10, as stated during the International Development committee report sessions 2012-13, Post-2015 development that ‘the number of goals should be no higher than 10, and all should have quantifiable targets. If the new framework is to be successful as the MDGs, this simplicity will be fundamental.” The danger of not having a framework, quantifiable targets, monitoring and reporting, makes the SDGs not deliverable and difficult to implement which may lead to failure of its aim.

1.5 Aims and objectives Indication from the UK Government suggests much more measures are needed to encourage the implementation and delivery of SDGs. The potential of BREEAM is there to incentivise, generate a framework, benchmark and encourage polices which can promote a successful delivery of SDGs. The main aim of this study to explore BREEAM and determine how it can be a solution framework for the private sector in the UK to contribute to delivering a successful SDGs. 1.5.1 Research Approach Given objective of the study, the research question and investigation was needed to inform the questionnaire. A combination research techniques was needed in order to gather data in depth as well as the data capturing methods to analyse collectively.

Firstly undertaking a review of all current data and published literature to explore BREEAM, understand its value, review of SDGs, determine compatibility of 14 | P a g e

BREEAM and SDGs and identify methods employed by organisation have been effective. The second objective is where the limitation lie, as there is extensive research of BREEAM and its value, there is very little on SDGs, more so delivery SDGs and BREEAM to help in the private sector to contribute to delivering SDGs. Therefore, I will undertake an industry wide survey in order to obtain quantitative data to identify if there is link or a gap between BREEAM and SDGs, but also if there is a problem in delivering SDGs. To ensure balanced set of answers the study targeted various professional organisation and individuals. Furthermore, the study targeted those who have extensive knowledge and understanding of both BREEAM and SDGs, to ask if there is limitations of linking BREEAM and SDGs. 1.5.2 Study Objectives •

Explore and define BREEAM

•

Identify the value of BREEAM

•

Understand the SDGs and private sector gap

•

Critically evaluate the current measures to improving BREEAM to contribute to delivering SDGs for the private sector

1.6 Limitation of this Study The key limitation of the study was time constraints and knowledge gap as I was unable to gather correspondent that spanned across the private sector, but also the research required respondents to have a good knowledge of both frameworks BREEAM and SDGs, thus limiting the number of people. The study captured the view from BREEAM and how it felt that it contributes to SDGs, then went further to gather opinions of seventeen professionals who included: Quantity Surveyor, Sustainability consultants, Ecologist, Project managers and Planning/Designer. I sought to prove the study by reviewing everything that is currently known and interviewing experts in this field of research. Time constraints limited the amount time to gather a wider scope of industry professionals and to trial/test the study proposal, feasibility and impact the private sector but also at Government level. This would take years to identify and generate case studies. Furthermore, it would have been beneficial to understand the knowledge gap in the private sector in terms of BREEAM and SDGs by undertaking a secondary survey.

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1.7 Structure of the dissertation To ensure the objectives are met, the study has been structured to fulfil the research intentions are as follows Chapter 1. Introduction Outlines the research question and the research area which defines the key issues / problems but also defines the study objectives.

Chapter 2. Literature Review Outlines research study approaches of value, benefits and drivers in order to understand how BREEAM can contribute to deliver SDGs. This chapter explores the narrative of SDGs and the challenges facing the Private sector.

Chapter 3. Research Methodology. After reviewing the current literature, the study goes on to outline the methods adopted to gather research proof in support of the research goals. It was essential for the research to gather answers from different professional backgrounds and those whom who understood both frameworks.

Chapter 4. Results. Assesses the results of the questionnaire and summarises the key response to each question whilst reflecting to where BREEAM contributes to SDGs. Chapter 5. Discussion. Analyses the measures that need to be in place to ensure the BREEAM contributes to delivering SDGs for the Private sector. The chapters presents what it sees as the perceptions of industry professionals on what they feel ought to be introduced to make applicable for the Private Sector.

Chapter 6. Conclusion This is the final chapter of the study and presents the study’s main conclusions, recommendations and the key summaries outlines from previous chapters.

This study will help to get a thorough understanding of BREEAM, its value, drivers and how it will help meet SDGs but also concerns and other measures surrounding SDGs.

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Chapter 2: Literature review

2.0 Introduction This chapter focuses on current literature which analyses, what is BREEAM, the value of BREEAM, driver of adoption, Identifying the links between sustainability and business value. It is also important to under SDGs and what other potential are in place to help deliver a successful delivery of SDGS, but also indicate what ought to be in place to address the concerns around the delivery of SDGS. The literature review covers the relevant and recent research over the past 10 years in regards to sustainability values, benefits and drivers, but most important for this research it focuses on areas regarding BREEAM, how value is captured between business and sustainability, and studies of green building drivers over the past 10 years. This will help understand how does BREEAM contribute to delivering SDGs. 2.1 What is BREEAM ?

BREEAM New Construction – Is the Standard that is aimed at new and nonresidential building in the UK. It has set key stages in the design and construction process to measure, benchmark, target and review the performance they want to deliver for the project. The categories that BREEAM New Construction assess are shown in Figure 2.1

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Table 2. 1 BREEAM UK New Construction 2018 environmental sections and assessment issues

BREEAM International New Construction - The BREEAM International New Construction is for non-residential buildings and where it differs from the UK versions it includes new residential buildings in countries around the world where National Scheme Operators (NSO) do not exist. The scheme assesses and adapts to the regulations, conditions and priorities of the region or country. The categories it assesses are shown in Figure 2.2

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Table 2. 2 BREEAM International New Construction 2019

BREEAM In-Use - Enables property investors, building managers and occupiers to reduce the running costs, operational performance and improve environmental performance. BREEAM In-use has three parts to assess different aspects of the building, which are •

Part 1 – Asset Performance which assess the built form ranging from fixtures, fittings and installed services.

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•

Part 2 – Building management which focus on the operations and management of the asset

•

Part 3 – Occupier Management which is the management of the users and for offices includes services within the buildings. The categories it assesses are shown in Figure 2.3

Table 2. 3 BREEAM In-Use, 2010

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BREEAM Refurbishment - BREEAM Refurbishment assess Domestic buildings to improve the environmental performance during refurbishment of existing dwellings.

The categories it assesses are shown in Figure 2.4 Table 2. 4 BREEAM Refurbishment, 2016

BREEAM Refurbishment and Fit Out (RFO) / International Non-Domestic RFO BREEAM UK Refurbishment and Fit-out delivers sustainable refurbishment and fitout that aims to mitigate the life cycle impacts of existing buildings on the environment, but the improve performance, condition and function of the overall building. International Non-Domestic RFO standard that helps has similar function to UK RFO but it is aimed at Non-Domestic buildings. The Fit-out elements of both schemes focuses on the internal works. Both Standards have a provide a set of criteria’s that are applied to project types such as Part 1 - Fabric and Structure Part 2 – Core Services Part 3 – Local Services Part 4 – Interior Design BREEEAM RFO categories it assesses are shown in Figure 2.5 22 | P a g e

Table 2. 5 BREEAM RFO,2014

BREEAM Communities – The focus of BREEAM Communities is on masterplanning of whole communities to achieve sustainable targets that are good for the environment and economical success. It is aimed to help the selection of sites for large developments and regeneration projects for construction industry professionals to design places that people want to live and work in. BREEAM communities follow three steps, •

Step 1 – Establishing the principles of development

•

Step 2 – Determining the layout of the development

•

Step 3 – Designing the details

The process helps to develop plans, stakeholder consultation and revision of plans to assist project teams to ensure issues are addressed at the appropriate time in during the development process. The categories it assesses are shown in Figure 2.6 23 | P a g e

Table 2. 6 BREEAM Communities,2012

Home Quality Mark (HQM)– Part of the BREEAM family the Home Quality Mark (HQM) is a Domestic Standards which is focusing on the customer. It focuses on the new domestic developments using best practice that are above those required by building regulations.

HQM uses a rating system along with key performance indicators that allows the consumer to assess key priorities that have impact upon the occupant such as Running costs and Health and wellbeing and Environment footprint. It aims to reassure, consumers, planners, designers, communities and other stakeholders that performance targets relating to sustainability, but most importantly quality of developments are being achieved, transparent and monitored. The categories it assesses are shown in Figure 2.7

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Table 2. 7 Home Quality Mark, 2018

Quantifying Sustainability in the Aftermath of Natural Disasters (QSAND) - Promotes sustainable approaches after a natural disaster to assist in relief, recovery and reconstruction. As part of the BREEAM family of standards, it aims to inform and guide the decision making process at the same time providing a framework to help assess long term sustainability approaches and solutions in disaster affected

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community, shelters and settlements. The categories it assesses are shown in Figure 2.8 Table 2. 8 QSAND, 2015

Civil Engineering Environmental Quality (CEEQUAL) – Aims to encourage, attain and promote the economic, environmental and social performance in civil engineering projects by identification and application of best practice. CEEQUAL is now part of the BREEAM family since 2015 and with similar objectives and aims overlooking specification, design to construction to assist clients, designers and contractors to deliver sustainability performance and strategy. It is also used globally for civil engineering projects. The categories it assesses are shown in Figure 2.9

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Table 2. 9 CEEQUAL, 2008

Globally BREEAM is used in more than 76 countries, this led to the development of National Scheme Operators (NSO). This allowed countries to develop and deliver more country specific BREEAM standards, so they can be adapted to their local conditions and regulations. The NSO’s are as follows •

BREEAM NL – Operated by the Dutch Green Building Council in Netherlands

•

BREEAM ES – Operated by the Instituto Tecnologico de Galicia in Spain

•

BREEAM NOR – Operated by the Norwegian Green Building Council in Norway

•

BREEAM SE – Operated by the Swedish Green Building Council in Sweden

•

BREEAM DE – Operated by the German Institute for Sustainable Real Estate (DIFNI) in Germany.

•

BREEAM USA – Operated in partnership with BRE Group and BuildingWise in the USA

•

BREEAM AT – Operated by TUV SUD in Austria

•

BREEAM CH – Operated by TUV SUD in Switzerland.

BREEAM has large share in the UK market and globally but there are alternative sustainability assessment methods such as

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•

Leadership in Energy in Environmental Design (LEED) (USA)

•

Greenstar (Australia)

•

Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE) (France)

•

Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE) (Japan).

BREEAM updates it Standards every 4 years, adapting new methods and new benchmarks.

2.2 What is the value of BREEAM This briefing paper by BRE is called “The value of BREEAM – the review of the latest thinking the commercial building sector” it focuses on the at value of sustainable buildings, in particular BREEAM and quantify the value but also how it effects stakeholders. With over 80% of the market share across Europe and with industry backing (DLA Piper, 2014), BREEAM has demonstrated savings of an average of CO2 22% and with potential reduction of 33% as shown in Figure 2.1 but it looks to highlight the benefits from a business perspective and identifies three main categories of stakeholders the developers, the owners and the buildings tenants as shown in Figure 2.2 by the World Green Building Council (WGBC)

Figure 2. 1 CO2 Emission Savings

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Figure 14 (WGBC, 2013)

Figure 2. 2 Stakeholder Benefits

The paper highlights the myths that surrounding capital cost with BREEAM. It identifies the capital cost ranging of 0.15 to 10.1 (dependant on the type of building and rating sort) explained the 2011 by Tata Steel and the British Construction Steelwork Association research based on 2008 BREEAM standards. However, with recent 2016 research by BRE and Swett Group using the 2011 BREEAM standards, 2014, it has become more apparent the savings in operations cost at nearly 2% within two to five years and it continues to reduce in recent year with a capital cost uplift between 0% to 1.7% for office and schools, up to 5.5% for healthcare.

Modelling the paper from three stakeholders’ perspectives shown in Figure 2.2, it concludes the following -

Asset value: increase in the rental/sale prices and preserving/increasing property value

-

Operation cost: reducing lifecycle costs

-

Workplace productivity, building user experience and health,

-

Risk mitigation

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-

Corporate image and compliance with CSR requirements

It possible to analyses the stakeholder perspectives as the following Economic -

Asset value: increase in rental/sale prices and preserving/increasing property value

-

Operation cost: reducing lifecycle costs

-

Risk Mitigation

Social -

Workplace productivity, buildings user experience and health

-

Corporate image and compliance with CSR requirements

WGBC (2013) reported a 30% increase in sale prices and from the report BREEAM increased rental rates of buildings by up to 24.9% compared other non BREEAM certified buildings. Furthermore, the paper highlighted the 2014 DLA Piper report prime benefit shown in Figure 2.3, supported by operating cost saving in energy and water shown in Figure 2.4

Figure 2. 3 Sale Price Benefit

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Figure 2. 4 Operating Cost Saving

From the business perspective such as the real estate industry, future proofing assets, improving resilience, and reducing risk is a key element. In 2016 GRESB as shown in Figure 2.5

Figure 2. 5 Business Risks

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This highlighted areas where insurance risk would have been at a high cost and give a cause to invest in resilience to protect assets. BREEAM certification has issues that addresses with “Adaptation to climate change” and “Designing for durability and resilience” encouraging implementation of appropriate structural and fabric characteristics.

Social The relationship between buildings an people has been increasing reported through research and published report. BREEAM identified the relationship and implications by having issues surrounding indoor air quality, daylighting, acoustic performance and thermal comfort that helps the health and wellbeing of the building occupants as identified by BREEAM as the three main stakeholders. WGBC, 2014 stated ‘‘Staff costs, including salaries and benefits, typically account for about 90% of a business’ operating costs (as the diagram shows). It follows that the productivity of staff, or anything that impacts their ability to be productive, should be a major concern for any organisation.” This may help promote the image of the business as shown in Figure 2.6

Figure 2. 6 Business Image

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BREEAM being a third party assessment method, it gives business the confidence and opportunity to gain recognition of their efforts and differentiate themselves in the market place, as well as, promoting its brand image in a social aspect. Public awareness has made environmental issues and sustainable causes more relevant.

2.3 What are the drivers for adoption?

This paper gives a broad literature review of what drives the adoption of green buildings (GB). It establishes a total of 64 of GB drivers from 42 selected studies. It establishes five categories •

External drivers

•

Corporate-level drivers

•

Property level drivers

•

Project level drivers

•

individual drivers.

From the research it became apparent the leading research countries come from developed countries such as the US, Australia, UK, India and China, leaving a larger scope for developing countries to have detailed investigations and there is the perception that it there may not be a solid enough foundation to show global impact.

The paper expands on the term GB, stating it refers to a building that has attributes that considers and minimizes impact on the environment, human health, less water, less energy, higher levels of indoor quality, lifecycle impacts, materials and impact of furnishings that can affect the indoor air quality. Further the implementation of GB offers value in environment, economic and social benefits that synthesize with global aims such as global warming, climate change, lowering CO2 emissions, protection of the ecosystem, use renewable energy, improving economic growth, rental income, improving poverty, decreasing healthcare cost improving comfort, health and wellbeing.

The review of the literature studies addresses the myths surrounding costs, lack of knowledge, awareness, information surrounding GB movement, but also identifies 33 | P a g e

the drivers, mutual benefits, along with different priorities according to region and stakeholders.

The term drivers are clarified as a persuasion that encourages adoptions of GB practices including potential benefits and actions/decisions out the benefits that lead or motivate people to engage in green implementations, showcasing how these drivers are essential to understand how GB can be made more popular and successful.

The paper reviewed the case for the drivers by selecting 42 pieces of literature from 2006 – 2016 to show not only the adoption/motivations of GB drivers from the perspective of a variety of stakeholders identified but show the full picture of common theme that exist as shown in Figure 2.7

Figure 2. 7 Drivers and motivators

The drivers in Figure 2.7 are identified are drivers and motivators to steer stakeholders to a more environmental, social and economic sustainable way of behaviour, but also a driver in once category may influence a driver in the other drivers.

The paper acknowledges based on the literature review there is a strong evidence that government regulation and policies are important drivers that require 34 | P a g e

stakeholders to act in a sustainable manner. Through the research it identified motivations for architects in the UK and China to adapt sustainable design, they reveal the importance of regulations can help clients understanding and allow them to building a more sustainable design. Government regulations and polices are key drivers to enhance effective ness. Green buildings have been widely reported, with statements such as higher cost, knowledge gap, awareness, taint its development (Aldossary et al. 2015; Gan et al. 2015; Shi et al. 2013). Governmental and nongovernmental tools such as BREEAM, LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) has become drivers as they measure performance of buildings, impact policies and regulations, furthermore provide incentives to improve stakeholder uptake but also improve the sustainability in their portfolios, business sales, cooperate image, higher investment returns and potential energy savings (Chan et al. 2009; Love et al. 2012; Aktas & Ozorhon, 2015; Abidin & Powmya, 2014; Low et al. 2014; Baker & Chinloy, 2014; Collett et al. 2003; Popescu et al.

2012).

From the literature review, it is well-defined that sustainability development has developed from not only environmental consideration but to economic and social benefits. It brings value that it brings to private sectors and business. This is important from a private sector perspective, value is important as it become measurable and beneficial but also commercial benefits for stakeholders. The literature review indicates that government influence tends to be an important driver (Qian & Chan, 2010; Wang et al. 2014).

2.3 Identifying the links between sustainability and business value?

The UKGBC highlights the confusion between the term sustainability, business level sustainability usually associates with ‘responsible’ ‘corporate responsibility, Corporates social responsibility (CSR), Environment, social and governance (ESG) or social and environmental impact, but stated in the report says they ‘all donate a focus on activities which seek to improve the organisation’s impact on people and the planet’.

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The United Kingdom Green Building council (UKGBC) January 2018 report ‘Capturing the value of sustainability: Identifying the links between sustainability and business value’ helps business to understand the value of sustainability approaches, how they can measure the benefits and help contribute to enhance business value.

The report explores further four value drivers •

Cost saving

•

Brand and reputation

•

Talent attraction and retention

•

Customer attraction and satisfaction

These were identified by built environment businesses and UKGBC members as to the current high priority drivers. It uses 6 steps to help business to measure and maximise the impacts by •

Scope of sustainable business activities – key sustainable issues for the organisation

•

Key value drivers – which are the most important drivers for the business

•

Performance indicators – Agreed drivers, how the data will be used, data collection and organisation

•

Metrics of measurement – Analysis of data and output

•

Method of data collection and reporting – actions and impacts but also how it directed in the business and measured consistently

•

How the data will be acted upon – How and by whom the actions will be taken.

Cost Savings Operation cost and capital cost typically look at the use of energy, water and materials, more so how they can to improve the efficiency for instance using LED lights and having a collaborative approach with the supply chain. These actions develop sustainable business strategy and a working model but also gains such as reusing buildings materials as a way to avoid paying Landfill Tax. Measurable outcomes and means of monitoring as shown in Figure 2.10 are a key aspect to understand the performance and show value as shown in Figure 2.11.

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Table 2. 10 Metrics For Measuring Impact Of Cost Savings On Business Value

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Figure 2. 8 Case Study: BAM

Talent attraction and retention Business wish to demonstrate they are employer of choice to both new and existing staff but also in the market. As employers spend 9% of cost on absenteeism addressing job satisfaction focus, such work life balance, health and wellbeing, diversity and inclusivity, community impact and a purpose. This can help give a meaningful contribution that would improve loyalty and in return job purpose will encourage productivity and efficiency. It is reported that 50% of millennial prefer a purposeful work to a high salary and 62% seek for employers (UKGBC,2018). Figure 2.11 focuses on the key performance indicators and method that can applied to create business value, measure and monitor. Figure 2.9 illustrates the impact of the business and how it develops the business.

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Table 2. 11 Metrics For Measuring Impact Of Talent Attraction And Retention On Business value

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Figure 2. 9 Case Study: CUNDALL

Customer attraction and satisfaction Embedding sustainability principles shows a response to the growing demand that can attract new customers and retain customers as the principles are in correlation with social and environmental issues but also long term ambitions and potential financial gain. UKGBC used methods of monitoring and measuring (Figure 2.12) to illustrate the business value and case studies to show how it is implement and develops, as shown in Figure 2.13

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Table 2. 12 Metrics For Measuring Impact Of Customer Attraction And Satisfaction On Business Value

Figure 2. 10 Mitsubishi Electric

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Brand and reputation Considered the most value asset for a business as it either build or damage company profile. Therefore, sustainability activities such as community activity, environment protection and skill development can help attract new clients and talent.

The cost of poor branding can add 10% to the cost hiring and up to 50% would not work for an employer with a negative reputation (Burgess, 2016). Figure 2.13 and 2.14 show the methods of quantifying and implementation that delivers business value.

Table 2. 13 Metrics For Measuring Impact Of Brand And Reputation On Business Value

Figure 2. 11 Case Study: LANDSEC

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Figure 2. 12 Business Value

It went on to further illustrated the key value metrics that can be used to measure the link between the sustainable business activities and financial gains as shown in Figure 2.12. The individual drivers need understanding to relate to the business so they are related and clear but also the impact it will bring. For instance, evaluation of the 11 drivers.

Licence to operate Environment and social regulation have increased and require business to comply to ensure they continue operate such as energy use and pollution as they may also have wider effects. There are also pressure from stakeholders such as staff, investors, government and communities.

Resilience Risks to businesses can be from social, environment and trends. Risk mitigation from weather events can reduced the cost of insurance, liabilities, production and

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resources. A sustainable business strategy can help analyse the risk and give a value to having a long term view.

Access capital Financial investments analyse how a business can manage risk and can analyse factors such as environmental and social factors. These factors can help business gain access to ‘green bonds’, preferential interest rates and new investors. Investors may use methods of assessments that can incorporate environment and social factors such as Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark (GRESB) or Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) that a can give shareholder confidence and attract new investors.

Innovation Sustainable thinking asses the long term stability which can identify social and environmental impacts. This has the potential to explore new opportunities to deliver, to produce or potential of new opportunities such as using new material, procuring energy, new product and services, thus helping the business to potential grow or gain competitive advantage.

Productivity Productivity can differ business to business, for instant, an operation cost of running an office would depend on the efficiency of the building. This would encourage efficiency of energy, water but also the quality of the working environment, such as daylight and indoor air quality. There is a strong link between innovation and productivity as it can allow new innovate ways of production that increase productivity rates and new materials that reduced the impact on cost and environment.

Quality

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Adopting a focus in environment and social impact can help focus on the quality of the products and services. The social purpose develops the company values that can result quality improvements how it approaches design, construction, and building management.

2.4 What is SDGs

Figure 2. 13 UN Sustainable Development Goals

Globally the UN set out 17 Sustainability Development Goals as shown in Figure 2.13, for countries to address economic, environmental and social impact to tackle issues such poverty, climate change and ensure prosperity for all. The UN called for collaborative focus and efforts to be reached from governments, private sector and society. The UN agenda stated “We are setting out together on the path towards sustainable development, devoting ourselves collectively to the pursuit of global development and of ‘win-win cooperation which can bring huge gains to all countries and all parts of the world.� The SDGs apply to both developing countries and developed countries to measure and monitor effectiveness, and also contribution from businesses to be aware of and contribute to national ambitions UN SDGs is a global approach, so the scope would have to be open to other sectors to contribute to meeting those goals, such as governments, businesses and society as a whole.

2.5 Where does BREEAM see its contribution to SDGs? If BREEAM can contribute to the SDGs, it would need to add value to entice the private sector to gather uptake. SDGs gathered 193 governments to create a common framework to tackle world issues by 2030. It set out 17 goals, but for it to be successful, it would need private sector commitment help achieve the SDGs. It is important for the private sector to understand the effects of the SDGs and put a framework in place to prioritise them. In order for this for it to be adopted by the private sector will need to be

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•

Quantifiable

•

Minimise and mitigate the potential risks

•

Opportunities and competitive advantage

Figure 2. 14 BREEAM Overarching Contribution To SDGs

According to Figure 2.14, it seems that BREEAM meets all the sustainability goals, either directly or indirectly. It is important to understand that BREEAM collectively, through all of its standards, tackles sustainability as it looks at shelter and settlements, infrastructure, master planning, building-level and operations. This helps to understand what it takes for sustainability to be achieved, and what needs to be done in order to achieve, or work towards achieving, sustainable development. It could be suggested that using a standardised format across a wide variety of departments and sectors will facilitate the meeting of SDGs. Figure 2.14 states that BREEAM as a whole significantly meets the aims of 8 of 17 SDGs: •

Goal 3 – Health and Well-being

•

Goal 6 – Clean water and sanitation

•

Goal 7 – Affordable and clean energy

•

Goal 9 – Industry, innovation and infrastructure

•

Goal 11 – Sustainable cities and communities

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•

Goal 12 – Responsible consumption and production

•

Goal 13 – Climate action

•

Goal 16 – Life on land

However, the following goals are just as important, but BREEAM appears to be limited in its contribution towards achieving them: •

Goal 2 – Zero hunger

•

Goal 5 – Gender Equality

•

Goal 14 – Life below the water

•

Goal 16 – Promote just, peaceful and inclusive society

This calls into question what more can be done, such as additional standards that can meet these in addition to BREEAM, or external considerations such as government who are in better position and have a wider scope than BREEAM which has its focus limited on the built environment. Using the UN SDG definition of sustainability, the 17 goals are what sustainability is and BREEAM being a sustainability assessment has to equally represent this.

It can be said that SDG goals can be met without BREEAM, as the goals are clear.

So, what is the value of BREEAM to, for example, Goal 7 – Affordable and clean energy. In a modern world, carbon emission is rife due to the use of coal stations, so alternatives such as wind power, Photo-Voltaic Panels and types of materials used such LED etc. In a developing world, the context is different, where electrical power is not as widespread and the infrastructure may not be as advanced due to a variety of constraints. On the other hand, more opportunities to implement a renewable energy to create clean infrastructure such as solar power, wind power, hydropower and avoiding fossil fuels such as coal stations, will clearly have global implications.

UN SDG assesses how this should be done, BREEAM contributes by helping put those considerations in places, such as planning, materials, resilience and management in order to achieve the goal. This will enable the process of development to be more transparent and reduced risk for an investor to potentially gain investments through assessing against BREEAM.

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2.6 What are the concerns and other measures?

Private sector business such as PWC (PricewaterhouseCoopers) have adopted SDGs and have created a SDG prioritisation matrix shown in Figure 2.15.

Figure 2. 15 PWC Prioritisation Matrix

This allows them to assess their current progression and what they need to do to meet SDGs. Governments of the member states have set about using SDGs into their national policies, such as Canada, Australia, India, Finland, Columbia, Germany and Botswana. As seen in Figure 2.15 PWC matrix, it is becoming apparent that there is lack of a standardised format or benchmarking that the private sector can use to monitor and benchmark to meet SDGs goals in private sector and government level to see what progress there is in the private sector. This will be difficult to recognise efforts to make sure they sustain to the aims that UN SDGs have set, but also measure what is currently been set up that can be included. As stated by PWC “We expect business will need to engage with the SDGs at a fundamental level. It’s unlikely that a philanthropic or a project-based approach will be sufficient to achieve them – for many, changes to business as usual will be demanded to stop business practices with negative impacts and to start new ones with positive impacts.”.

The SDGs derived from 193 Governments to tackle the issues by 2030, thus making broader for the private sector to see why it applicable. However, in order for business to engage the it is important to for the private sector to understand the implications, potential, risk and opportunities to align in order to have successful delivering of the SDGs. PWC report on Navigating the SDGs a business guide to engaging with the UN Global Goals, helps to illustrate the challenges the private sector has with practical examples of how to tackle the SDGs develop business models, align with SDGs and help achieve the SDGs. Furthermore, it will help business to actively align with potential policies and regulations from Governments that seek to deliver the SDGs. PWC highlight wider business benefits such as reputational, regulatory risk, product value, new markets and supply chain costs. This impacts across the stakeholders from the strategy, operations, marketing, finance, purchasing, Research and development, process and human capital. The importance of 48 | P a g e

government alignment with businesses is stated by PWC Malcom Preston ” Two key institutions drive it – government and business make and implement decisions that can have a real and lasting impact on society and the environment, for the better or the worse, and across the short and long term. Government defines and drives policy and regulation; and business defines and drives its own strategy. Business, alongside government, has a very key role in driving the ability for a society to thrive… or not”. It is vital that private sector have a framework and clarity on how to approach SDGs and engage, but also areas where it can prioritise the goals. The framework should define solutions, scalable, measures, replicable and going beyond business as usual to enable to enable companies to anticipate, risk, demand, growth and strengthen (PWC, 2016).

For instance, PWC adopted BREEAM for Goal 11 – Sustainable cities and communities to set a standard and to ensure sustainability targets are met, as they look to move to a more sustainable economy for their buildings. BREEAM was used because it uses the triple metric approach as that are measurable, where energy demand, energy consumption and CO2 emissions are monitored.

However ,after further research benefits from a business perspective has identified three stakeholders categories, developers, owners and tenants, leading to identification of value in operation cost, asset value, construction cost, health and wellbeing, risk mitigation and corporate image (BREEAM, 2012; BSRIA,2012; WGBC, 2013). Moreover, BREEAM brands itself as ‘sustainability assessment’, however sustainability is a very broad term and the meaning may vary depending on the industry, market sector. This study may help to get a thorough understanding of BREEAM, its contribution, its value and how it will help meet SDGs for the private sector. Additionally, it will illustrate the current thinking and using professionals who have expertise in this area whom will be assessed whom will either support or disapprove the objectives of the study.

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Chapter 3 – Methodology

3.0 Introduction The literature produced information about the benefits, value and drivers, but a more focused approach to learn through participants to explore and adequately address the problem. In order to explore whether BREEAM can contribute to delivering SDGS, it was important to collect responses from professionals who have knowledge in BREEAM and SDGS, but also working in the private sector.

The appropriate method chosen for the study was to do qualitative research rather than quantitative research, as the thesis is concerned with collecting and analysing information using a questionnaire, as this allows me to allows me to find issues that are often missed such as subtleties and complexities through statements and open ended questions. Qualitative research tends to focus on exploring in as much detail as possible with smaller number of examples to attain depth rather than breadth. As the term suggests, quantitative research is concerned with the collection of data, tends to be large-scale and which comes across as gathering of evidence. The thesis has the literature review play a minor role but justifies the question, purpose and understanding on what it can deliver (Creswell,1994).

3.2 Generating the key themes and limitations The initial approach in the early stages was going to be face to face interviews, but in order to generate a larger samples the limitations of professionals setting time a side ,short turnaround time and location of interviewees, it would have been disadvantageous to take this approach. The study requires time, resource and expert 50 | P a g e

knowledge to gain credible responses as it requires expert knowledge in a very particular area.

This meant the study had to undertake a robust and straight forward was to administer questionnaire.

The limitation of the questionnaire was stated during trial, where it was said that “it implicitly requires that your respondents have a good knowledge of both frameworks, which significantly restricts the size of your audience” and goes on to say “ You may need to reach out to a limited number of people having specific skills for this”. The questionnaire was tested with GRESB, which is an organisation that assess sustainability performance globally which include the private sector and other markets. Through the testing it was suggested to add links, short article and target a specific profile of people.

3.3.

Questionnaire mechanism

The mechanism to used had to easy to use , easily available and can get help analyse the results. There various online mechanism such as SurveyMonkey.com, Googledocs, and typeform, but can also be supported by emails for a personal approach which some professional may require such Yahoo, Hotmail and Gmail.

This allowed the study to gather more contacts and gain a larger sample frame, but also approach experts in different locations.

3.4

Sample frame

Following the test sample and identifying targeted respondents whom were identified to ensure a broader and well representative sample was generated. They were identified through professional contacts, companies found in various forms such as Linkedin, Government events, Industry conferences and co-workers. This enable to arrange conference calls at first to gather first sample test and gather feedback, to then

distribute

through

emails

and

online

questionnaire

surveymonkey.com.

3.5 Justification for choosing a structured questionnaire

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mechanism

Structured questions for the questionnaire were generated at a pilot and test stages to set the key themes required for the study (Naom,2008). During research process, it is critical to undertake a pilot study based on the characteristics who will are targeted by the study (Oppenheim, 2009). The study adhered to this by using the pilot stages to test the objectives and their relevance during pilot stages by asking participants to comment on the issues. The study participants commented on the key themes in the questionnaire to address the following: 1. Compatibility 2. Value 3. Drivers 4. Limitations 3.5.1 Questionnaire structure Questionnaire was set to gather information to help the study to analyse the responses according to the key themes and objectives which the study aimed to collect. For instance, the study aimed to understand whether BREEAM contributes to delivering SDGs, therefore it asks ‘what extent does BREEAM help meet and add value for SDG Goal 1’. In order provide credible conclusions had to be clearly defined and acquire the participants to explain their views, reflect and be critical to either support or disapprove the study. The study generated data around the following: •

Name

•

Organisation

•

Role

•

To what extend does BREEAM help to meet and add value each of the following SDGs, Goal to 1 to 17 Open ended questions

•

What does sustainability mean to you?

•

What would say is the value of BREEAM?

•

Where does BREEAM meet your organisation targets?

•

What does the SDGs mean to your organisation and how it is being tackled?

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•

Does the SDG’s provide the framework or benchmark on how to achieve the goals?

•

What do your clients think of BREEAM?

•

Where do you see the limitations of BREEAM linking with SDGs?

•

Is there anything you would like to add?

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Chapter 4 – Results

4.0 Introduction This chapter will discuss the method employed, a brief account of the procedures in terms of questionnaire, participation, the analytical process and the findings. The questionnaire which consisted of 27 questions were employed in order to respond to the 17 SDGs. Each goal is discussed and reflected back on in terms of what BREEAM have stated, what the result demonstrates and how and whether the method has reached the appropriate target. In addition, show the whether the private sector can meet the targets set by SDGs. This is followed by using PWCs perspective on private sector considerations and how they impact. The results highlight how these considerations may differ to the SDG targets.

The participants included 17 individuals, including, one Real Estate Investor, one Architect, three Assessors, one Developers, three Researchers, eleven End Users and one governmental organisation ( Please see appendix 3 for an example of the questionnaire).

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4.1 Questionnaire and Results Goal 1: No poverty

Figure 4. 1 Questionnaire Result – Goal 1: No Poverty

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BREEAM previously stated that it contributes to SDGs (as shown in Figure 2.14).

BREEAM demonstrates how the method “encourages the delivery of assets that are resilient and that use resources efficiently in order reduce operations cost to the built environment (e.g. helping to alleviate fuel poverty; maintenance cost; access to affordable transport)”. BREEAM defined QSAND as the standard tool that significantly contributes and the other BREEAM standards as some influence on meeting the goals and targets as shown in Figure 3 (QSAND,2015) Findings: Goal 1 The results indicated that 17.65% agreed that it adds value. The results also indicated through open response that there is ‘a clear link with fuel poverty in both heating and cooling loads’ and this is supported by further results highlighting benefits, such as, positive impact on fuel poverty by minimising fuel bills.

However, the results had a neutral choice of 29.41%. This can indicate that there could be a lack of clarity where it adds value. There are elements that have highlighted that there is benefits, but the scope of poverty may be too far reaching for BREEAM. It could be argued is has a negative effect as indicated by the results.

The following quote states: “Doesn't directly address this. Affordable housing not specifically rewarded, in fact there is an argument that higher quality design and builds with BREEAM bump up property values and thus could make buildings more unaffordable.

There are some benefits i.e. by minimising fuel bills there is a positive effect for fuel poverty” The context behind the statement “Affordable Housing” is related to the UK definition by the Greater London Authority London Plan (2016) which states that “Affordable housing is social rented, affordable rented and intermediate housing provided to eligible households whose needs are not met by the market. Eligibility is determined with regard to local incomes and local house prices. Affordable housing should include provisions to remain at an 56 | P a g e

affordable price for future eligible households or for the subsidy to be recycled for alternative affordable housing provision” The emphasis of homes available to local income households highlights two points: •

BREEAM does not reward affordable housing, the method tends to increase property values that may not benefit low income households

•

As the London plan is part of the government framework for developments, it shows how the government can influence the appropriation of requirements to meet needs of the population.

Furthermore, as the results show whether BREEAM adds value to SDG Goal 1: No Poverty, the findings demonstrate that 29.41% disagree and 23.53% strongly disagree, totalling to just over 52% believe that BREEAM does not add value to this Goal 1: No Poverty. This could indicate that the approach does not help towards the issues associated poverty. This brings into question, “how broad are the SDGs targets?” or “how much can BREEAM contribute”. UN state that “Goal 1 End Poverty in all its forms everywhere” (ref) and has the following targets.

Figure 4. 2 UN SDGs Targets: Goal 1

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Goal 2: Zero Hunger Goal 2: Zero Hunger

Figure 4. 3 Questionnaire Results– Goal 2: Zero Hunger

BREEAM (as shown in Figure 2.14 ) states that for Goal 2: Zero Hunger “Encourages the delivery of assets that use land and resources efficiently, thereby maximising opportunities for self-help and relieving pressure on agricultural land and resources”. It depicts that BREEAM contributes through QSAND with some contribution as shown in Figure 2.14 and the other BREEAM standards are limited or indirectly contribute to meeting SDGs. 58 | P a g e

Findings: Goal 2 The results illustrate that 5.8% agree that BREEAM adds value, supporting the stated contribution of Figure 28. The reasoning behind this is stated “Neither goal 1 or 2 are direct goals of BREEAM, or QSAND, but QSAND especially can help support these goals by focusing on livelihoods of communities that have been affected by natural disasters. Long-term sustainability and resilience will indirectly help to reduce hunger”. Resilience is a topic that is widely covered in all BREEAM standards but also as identified in the literature review it is an indication that drives value to the private sector. This reflects on point 4 (as shown in Figure 4.5) of the targets in Goal 2: Zero Hunger in return allows the growth that will be able to provide future growth. HQM has requirements for growing spaces for communities and use of local amenities to aid local businesses providing local economic growth.

Furthermore, BREEAM communities aims at the following “Social and

Local economy: To create a healthy economy

14.8%

economic

(employment opportunities and thriving business).

17.1%

wellbeing

Social wellbeing: To ensure a socially cohesive

10.8%

community.

Environmental conditions: To minimise the impacts of environmental conditions on the health and wellbeing of occupants.

Resource and

Addresses the sustainable use of natural resources

energy

and the reduction of carbon emissions.

Land use and

Encourages sustainable land use and ecological

ecology

enhancement”

21.6%

Figure 4. 4 BREEAM Communities Assessment Criteria

If these measures are more commonly adopted that can lead to further growth and meeting targets such as point 1, 5, 6, and 7. As stated in the literature, these can 59 | P a g e

enhance the growth further and secure this implementation of this targets if at Government level it is implemented and BREEAM can be a means of quantifying, measuring and monitoring.

Figure 4. 5 UN SDGs Targets: Goal 2: Zero Hunger

Not all private sectors may be able to meet all these targets as they may not be associated with their business activity. However, the awareness to encourage directly or indirectly i.e. local food growth by engaging with local businesses, community causes that enables this or private sector business adoption of growing space that help promote agriculture awareness.

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Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being

Figure 4. 6 Questionnaire Results– Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being

BREEAM (as shown in Figure 2.14) state its contribution “Encourages the provision of comfortable, healthy and safe internal and external environments for asset users 61 | P a g e

and others within the vicinity”. It highlights that all the BREEAM standards have a significant contribution to meeting SDGs. Findings: Goal 3 The results indicated that this is the case, by 41.18% who agree and 35.29% strongly agree. It has been well documented, as written in my literature review of the benefits and value of BREEAM (BRE,2016; Amos et al, 2018). This backed with statement referring to indoor air quality, thermal comfort and external air quality citing the reason “This category is covered extensively under BREEAM and aims to help address this issue”.

However, 23.53% were neutral to and stated “Potentially. Problem is that the underlying criteria and detail of the SDGs are unrelated to any of the work that BREEAM does. There are however potential links.”. If we look at the targets of Goal 3: Health and Wellbeing as shown in Figure 4.7. The statement to some degree is correct and as BREEAM covers the spectrum of life cycle of the built environment from infrastructure, masterplan and new construction, it can influence key aspect to facilitate some of the issues. Point 6, 8, and 9 (as shown Figure 4.7) can be influenced by BREEAM as it covers it has categories such indoor air quality, thermal comfort to planning to promote sustainable transport such as cycling facilities. There is also an element of key local amenities which are required to be within walking distance such as GP, Pharmacy and schools. This can help to raise awareness for majority of the points.

However, following the statement “Problem is that the underlying criteria and details of the SDGs are unrelated to any of the work that BREEAM does”, this highlights the lack of framework for the private sector to meeting SDGs and how they can contribute.

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Figure 4.7 UN SDGs Targets: Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being

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Goal 4: Quality Education

Figure 4. 7 Questionnaire Results– Goal 4: Quality Education

BREEAM states its contribution (as shown in Figure 2.14) “Encourages the provision of education and training opportunities to local communities, plus encourages ongoing learning through training and development courses for trades 64 | P a g e

and professionals”. It highlights the significant contribution comes from QSAND as shown in Figure 2 (QSAND, 2015). It further states that the rest of the BREEAM standards have some contribution to meeting the SDGs and targets.

Findings: Goal 4 From the results it sheds light on where BREEAM contributes with 23.53% agree that it contributes and add value, with the following statements “Improved premises and learning environment”, “Yes, drives high quality buildings in the education sector” and “Provides quality environment for education to take place”. The statement direct that BREEAM is involved in a building environment specific but standards covering masterplanning, infrastructure and new construction schemes do encourage the facilitation of educational facilities, placement, training and skills, inclusive design and safe/secure public realm.

However, 41.18% were neutral, this could be supported by this statement “It helps towards the physical aspects of Education in terms of the buildings, although Passivhaus have been proven to be better for thermal comfort and control of CO2 within classrooms. Also, planners do not always know what they are asking for when they require a BREEAM rating. Many schools are funded and therefore may not have the money to be able to implement the higher BREEAM rating often set by planners.”. The statement touches on elements that raises questions such as •

Other certification or other certification recognition

•

Lack of knowledge and understanding

•

Government funded schools or funding in general

Furthermore, 29.41% disagree, 5.88% strongly disagree and if we look at the targets set by Goal 4 : Quality Education From a private sector perspective some of the options may not be as visible nor directed for them to implement. BREEAM contributes and adds value to Point 8, but

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also indirectly through providing facilities to engage and support Point 1,2 3,4,5,6,7,9 and 10, as well linking with the other SDGs

Figure 4. 8 UN SDGs Targets: Goal 4: Quality Education

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Goal 5: Gender Equality

Figure 4. 9 Questionnaire Results– Goal 5: Gender Equality

Findings: Goal 5 BREEAM (2016) state it contributes to Goal 5: Gender Equality “Encourages responsible sourcing and procurement principles in construction material supply chains”. It highlights QSAND as having some contribution in this and the other 67 | P a g e

standards having a limited or indirect to meeting the SDGs and targets. Without transparency with what QSAND entails it is difficult to see where this is applied or how it tackles this but through the result a statement that agrees that is does, states “Gender equality is another key focus of QSAND, and something that is sometimes overlooked in post-disaster reconstruction”. In the issue of “Responsible construction management” sets a requirement of established measures for equality (HQM,2018; BREEAM NC,2018) to gain credits for that category.

We can raise arguments surrounding the amount of credits sort, whether it should be a minimum requirement or not, how significant this and whether if BREEAM is sustainable product because the focus on the private sector to comply through regulation and laws such equality act 2010, Canadian Employment Equity Act, EU Directive 2004/11/EC, German General Equal Treatment Act of 2006, South African Employment Equity Act 1998 and Kenyan National Gender and Equality Commission Act 2011. The results show statements such as “There is no scope for this in BREEAM” and “Unrelated” which would fall in the either the neutral or disagree. It can be seen as something that Government level enforce, but at the same time in order to gain influence Governments agendas, shouldn’t BREEAM comply, especially if the aim is for a successful SDGs and creation of means of monitoring, commercial and social value.

The results show that 17.65% agree that there is a contribution and adds value to Goal 5: Gender Equality. However with 35.29% disagree, 23.53% strongly disagree and 23.53% are in a neutral position. If we look at the targets of Goal 5: Gender Equality of SDGs below Points 1 to 9 in Figure 4.10

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Figure 4. 10 UN SDGs Targets: Goal 5: Gender Equality

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Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

Figure 4. 11 Questionnaire Results– Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

Findings: Goal 6 BREEAM states is contribution “Encourages the provision of water efficient solutions, systems and equipment that minimise water consumption, whilst maintaining a clean and reliable supply”. The results indicate that 41.8% agree, 23.53% strongly agree with statements such as “Efficient use of water resources”, “Water credits promote 70 | P a g e

good sanitation. Pol 03 promotes reducing pollution run off” indicating BREEAM has a significant contribution to meeting the SDGs from all BREEAM standards.

The results has 29.41% neutral and 17.65% whom disagree. A statement from the results says “BREEAM deals with this to a certain extent but not fully”, the SDGs targets set out the following Figure 4.12

Figure 4. 12 UN SDGs Targets: Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

Analysing the BREEAM standards, the strength tends to be in environmental issues with categories such as “waste”, “water strategy”, “land use and ecology”, “pollution”, “materials” (BREEAM NC 2018, BREEAM RFO, BREEAM In-use), “Flood risk”, “Managing Rainfall impacts” (HQM,2018) and “Water sanitation”(QSAND,2014). The literature review shows the value in environment of using BREEAM.

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Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

Figure 4. 13 Questionnaire Results– Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

Findings: Goal 7 BREEAM states it “Encourages the provision of energy efficient solutions, systems and equipment that minimise energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, 72 | P a g e

whilst maintaining a reliable supply”. It identifies the significant contribution (As shown in Figure 2.14) to meeting SDGs targets in all the BREEAM standards. The result confirms this as 41.18% strongly agree, 47.06% agree. Further statements from the results such as “Encourages incorporation of LZCs” “clear link to poverty / fuel poverty” and “The energy section is one of the highest weighted sections in BREEAM - 16% for BREEAM 2018. There is a clear focus on how much energy a building uses and also the use of clean and renewable energy.” However, although marginal, 5.88% of the results being neutral and 11.76% disagree, there may clear links to the targets aimed for Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy shown below from point 1 to 5

Figure 4. 14 UN SDGs Targets: Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

The reason for this could be affordability of renewable energy as stated previously there could be funding issues or lack of knowledge in this area that is accessible.

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Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

Figure 4. 15 Questionnaire Results– Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

Findings: Goal 8 BREEAM states that it “Encourages measures that result in a positive economic impact and provision of training and skills to the local community”. Figure 2.14 illustrate that majority of the BREEAM standards has some contribution but limited or indirect contribution from BREEAM building standards such as BREEAM NC, BREEAM Refurb and HQM. From the results 5.88% strongly agree with 41.18% agree that BREEAM contributes and add value. The following statements were cited 74 | P a g e

to support this “Again, sustainability and resilience help to ensure economic growth, and QSAND's focus on livelihoods and economic viability of projects can help support this goal.” and “The construction industry is a big contributor to the economy.

BREEAM is a usually a planning requirement in London and therefore ties into this.”.

The impact of Government influence to applying BREEAM shows the influence it has to encourage sustainable developments, more so help to deliver successful SDGs. As it is recognised as planning requirement build the case that BREEAM is a suitable framework and collaboration or transparency can help monitor and measure against the targets set for SDGs. However, 35.29% of the result were neutral, 23.53% disagree and 5.88% strongly disagree and the following statements highlight why that is “Slavery standard from BRE might be more suitable here.” and “Could be extended further around procurement etc.”. The Goal 8: Decent work and Economic growth targets are as follows

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Figure 4. 16 UN SDGs Targets: Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

BREEAM contributes to point 3 ,8 and 9, through its standards and the categories it has in the various schemes but also from an operation point view as shown in Figure 3, 4and 8 covering “Innovation”, “Responsible construction”, “Micro Climate” and “Green Infrastructure”.

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Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

Figure 4. 17 Questionnaire Results– Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

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Findings: Goal 9 BREEAM states it “Promotes the delivery of sustainable and resilient buildings and infrastructure, and encourages and recognises innovations that improve the sustainability performance of assets and provides learning opportunities for wider dissemination”. The scope of BREEAM standards through the whole cycle gives it a strong platform than other certifications in the market. Figure 2.14 show that all BREEAM standards have a significant contribution to meeting SDG targets.

According to the results 35.29% agree and strongly agree that BREEAM contributes and add value to Goal 9: Industry, innovations and infrastructure, but also identify a potential opportunity with the following statement “Supply chain opportunities for technology / installations”.

However, 35.29% are also neutral no this issue and 11.76% disagree. Analysing the statements such as “BREEAM tries to push boundaries using the innovation credits, although they charge £1000 for the pleasure” , “Potentially. If used correctly, BREEAM could drive innovation in the built environment sector and could be used as a platform to share experiences.”. The statements highlight the need of knowledge sharing, affordability and opportunities. The SDG targets shown in Figure 4.18 from point 1 to 8, there are clear links to the role BREEAM has in this that would help guide the private sector

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Figure 4. 18 UN SDGs Targets: Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

As stated by BREEAM is promotes the delivery and recognises innovation. The SDG targets such as point 3, 8 echo similarity to the statements made in the results.

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Goal 10: Reduced Inequality

Figure 4. 19 Questionnaire Results– Goal 10: Reduced Inequality

Findings: Goal 5 BREEAM state it “Encourages measures that result in a positive social impact and inclusivity, as well as encouraging responsible sourcing and procurement principles in construction material supply chains”. Figure 28 shows that communities, infrastructure standards and QSAND have some contribution to meeting the SDGs targets. Whilst the buildings standards have a limited or indirect contribution to Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities. The results surround the disagree to strongly disagree with 29.41% and the latter 17.65%. This shows that the contribution that BREEAM has for this SDG may not contribute nor add value or outside the scope of BREEAM. With a Neutral result of 41.18% and 17.65% agree it does, suggest the link is not as clear.

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As shown in Figure 28 the contribution range from some contribution to limited or indirect contribution to SDG targets. As stated before the target could be a higher level than BREEAM. Goal 10: Reduced Inequality targets as shown in Figure 4.20 from Point 1 and 10

Figure 4. 20 UN SDGs Targets: Goal 10: Reduced Inequality

The targets could be potential be at a high level but if we look at BREEAM as facilitator not a driver, then Point 7, 2 can apply but it’s what ways at face value of the targets can BREEAM do to help deliver Goal 10 for the SDGs.

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Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

Figure 4. 21 Questionnaire Results– Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

Findings: Goal 11 BREEAM states that it “Promotes the development of sustainable communities and encourages access to sustainable transport, delivery of affordable and safe homes, implementation of flood resilience measures, minimisation of air pollution, and access to public and green space”. As shown in Figure 2.14 Goal 11, BREEAM has 82 | P a g e

a significant contribution and the result illustrate that this is the case, with 64.71% strongly agree, 35.29% agree and with 11.76% neutral. The following statements seems to support this “BREEAM communities influences this at the masterplanning stage.” and “Purpose of BREEAM is to improve sustainability in operation of built environment”. If we look at Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities targets shown in Figure 4.22 from Point 1 to 10

Figure 4. 22 UN SDGs Targets Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

BREEAM supports this than other certifications because of the Standards it has that covers the whole life cycle of the built environment. The categories that BREEEAM assesses show the synergy between the targets and BREEAM, furthermore, the operation side BREEAM In-use can play a key role in establish the targets and monitoring.

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Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

Figure 4. 23 Questionnaire Results– Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

Findings: Goal 12 BREEAM states that it “Encourages the sustainable procurement and use of construction materials by recognising materials that are reused or recycled, are used in an efficient manner, have a low environmental impact, are sourced in a 84 | P a g e

responsible way, and are durable and resilient” for Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production. BREEAM support this claim as shown in Figure 2.14 that all the BREEAM Standards have a significant contribution to meeting the SDGs targets.

The results show that 41.18% strongly agree and 35.29% agree, with statements highlighting “This spans a number of the credit issues and is heavily tied in to BREEAM.” , “Materials choices” and “The Materials category focuses on responsible sourcing of materials and also encourages the construction industry to consider the carbon in terms of Kg of CO2 eq. over a 60 year lifespan”. The targets of Goal 12 : Responsible consumption and production shown below from point 1 to 11

Figure 4. 24 UN SDGs Targets Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

The categories that BREEAM cover, shown in Figures 2.1 to 2.9 are affiliated to Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production , with categories such as “Waste”, “Materials” “Pollution” “Ecology strategy”, “Land use and Ecology” and “Water

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Strategy” align with the targets for Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and production.

Goal 13: Climate Action

Figure 4. 25 Questionnaire Results– Goal 13: Climate Action

Findings: Goal 13 BREEAM states that it “Encourages the sustainable use of energy, minimisation of greenhouse gas emissions, and implementation of climate change adaptation and 86 | P a g e

flood resilience measures in one of the biggest contributing sectors globally”. This is supported by BREEAM highlighting shown in Figure 28 that is has significant contribution through all the BREEAM Standards. As stated in the literature review that BREEAM contribution and value in tackling environmental measures is one its strongest points. This is supported further by the results with 52.94% strongly agreeing and 35.29% agree that BREEAM not only contributes but add value to the SDGs. The private sector can adopt BREEAM as a framework to meeting the SDG target for Goal 13: Climate action. The following statements seems indicate this “Provides an achievable framework that enables local councils, developers etc., to work towards sensitive adaptable build environment” and “BREEAM could help inform decision making process and the development of policies through case studies and the sharing experience”, but also identified why it is and its value by the following statement “Over and above building regs, SUDs etc.”. Goal 13: Climate action as shown in Figure 4.26 from point 1 – 5

Figure 4. 26 UN SDGs Targets Questionnaire Results– Goal 13: Climate Action

By analysis Figure 2.1 to 2.9 it is clear to see where the synergy between BREEAM and SDGs lie for in achieving Goal 13: Climate Action targets.

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Goal 14: Life Below Water

Figure 4. 27 Questionnaire Results– Goal 14: Life Below Water

Findings: Goal 14 BREEAM states that it “Encourages the prevention and control of pollution and surface water runoff associated with the location and use of assets”. According to Figure 28 this is illustrated as the weaker points of BREEAM as through all its Standards it has a limited or indirect contribution to Goal 14: Life Below Water, 88 | P a g e

however it does not mean that it does not have a part to play or able to facilitate or encourage good practice. The results show an even split between those who agree and disagree, with a total of 35.29% (28.41% agree and 5.88% strongly agree) and 35.29% (23.53% disagree and 11.76% strongly disagree), but also a neutral of 35.29%. The following statements results may shed light to uncertainty “Through materials choices / construction waste management”, “Life below water is not a direct focus of QSAND but we hope that focusing on sustainability and responsible consumption can indirectly contribute to the cleaning up of oceans and potentially impact this goal.” and “Some effects which are mostly indirect for example by providing adequate recycling facilities it is hoped that users will produce less waste, recycle more and then less plastic will end up in the sea.”. The statement indicates that BREEAM approach is to influence change and mitigate through its Standards, but also direct behaviour and culture change. The targets of Goal 14: Life Below Water as shown in Figure 4.28 from Point 1 – 10

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Figure 4. 28 UN SDGs Targets Questionnaire Results– Goal 14: Life Below Water

The targets are at a much higher level that the private sector may not be able to relate or put place. There needs to be clarity to how it can be approached from a bottom down approach. BREEAM as framework illustrates this by assessing, means of material procurement, waste management, recycling and consumption.

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Goal 15: Life on Land

Figure 4. 29 Questionnaire Results– Goal 15: Life On Land

Findings: Goal 15 BREEAM states it “Encourages sustainable land use, protection and creation of ecological features, and improvement of long term biodiversity for asset sites and surrounding land” and it has illustrated this in Figure 2.14, illustrating the alignment of all the BREEAM Standards having a significant contribution to meeting SDGs. The 91 | P a g e

result indicate support this with 17.65% strongly agreeing, 47.06% agreeing, 35.29% neutral and 5.88% disagreeing. The following statement agree that BREEAM contributes and add value to Goal 15: Life on Land “Ecological protection is a very important part of QSAND and BREEAM”, “Covered heavily in the Ecology credits.”, “Habitats / Ecology / net gain” and “potentially through the land-use and ecology framework as long as it is taken into consideration from the start of any project.”. The latter stresses the importance of adoption land use and ecology framework from the start of the project to enable to successful delivery. If we compare the targets between Goal 15: Life on Land as shown in Figure 4.30 from Point 1 – 12

Figure 4. 30 UN SDGs Targets Questionnaire Results– Goal 15: Life On Land

The targets are comparable to what BREEAM tackles mainly on aspects such as Point 1,2,4,5, 8,9, and 10. There is an element if BREEAM had a global projects that

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points such as 3,6,7,11 and 12, would be applicable as some of the points would depend on the aims of a particular country.

Goal 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions

Figure 4. 31 Questionnaire Results– Goal 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions

Findings: Goal 16 BREEAM states it “Encourages responsible sourcing and procurement principles in construction material supply chains” and from Figure 2.14 indicates its contribution is limited or indirect contribution to meeting Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong 93 | P a g e

Institutions. The result show 11.76 strongly disagree, 41.18% disagree and 52.94% are neutral to whether BREEAM contributes and add value. The following statement “I'm not sure how BREEAM would contribute towards this goal” , the issue could be what is described in the targets as in Figure 4.32 below from Point 1 to 12

Figure 4. 32 UN SDGs Targets Questionnaire Results – Goal 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions

The targets are very outside the scope of BREEAM but as stated by BREEAM it encourages responsible sourcing, safe places and sustainable governance. Private sector can adopt the targets as it is clear, however, how will it be administered and monitored, more so, transparent.

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Goal 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal

Figure 4. 33 Questionnaire Results– Goal 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal

Findings: Goal 17 BREEAM states it (as shown Figure 2.14) “Encourages the creation of strong international partnerships and relationships across policy, property, infrastructure and the supply chain to deliver and manage sustainable assets and communities” 95 | P a g e

and illustrate that all the BREEAM standards have some contribution to meeting Goal 17: Partnership for the goals. The result shows an agreement of 41.17% (5.88% strongly agree and 35.39% agree) with a 41.18% but 23.53% disagree. The results reveal the following the statements “Leadership role”, “Particularly in QSAND we work closely with lots of different organisations to complete projects, and BREEAM also relies on collaboration with assessors and others agreeing to use the standard, so as a whole BREEAM is very collaborative.” and “Collaboration with design team members, an inclusive process that to succeed must involves all”. The literature review showed the value of BREEAM consist of risk mitigation and investment opportunities because of that. If BREEAM can act as framework for private sectors a method of assurance that would prompt investments that would help meet the targets such as Finance point 1,4 and 5, Technology point 2, capacity building point 1, systemic issues point 1,2 and data monitoring accountability point 2, as shown in Figure 4.34.

BREEAM as private sector framework would help a successful delivery of SDGs for Goal 17: Partnerships to achieve the goal.

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Figure 4. 34 UN SDGs Targets Questionnaire Results – Goal 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal

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Figure 4. 35 Questionnaire Results – What does sustainability mean to you?

As part of my results, the term sustainability can have a different meaning to different people, private sector companies and globally.

The WCED (1987) defines sustainable development as: ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.’’ The definition contains within it two key concepts: (1) the concept of ‘needs,’ in particular the essential needs of the world’s poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and (2) the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment’s ability to meet present and future needs. The SDGs aim to have a target to guide sustainability across the world.

The 17 goal represent what sustainability means and with the targets set a tangible way to understand what it means, what the issues and what can be done. As shown

by PWC there is lack of a methodology and framework within the private sector, furthermore, it illustrated the link between the goals and how it is all relative to each other (UKGBC, 2018).

My results showed the following statements to the question “what does sustainability mean to you” (As shown in Appendix 3 and 4) •

“Provisioning for now without compromising the future”

•

“This can range from environmental, social and economic sustainability.

Environment: i.e. Zero greenhouse gas emission. Social: this evolves a community having all the resources and facilities need to run efficiently.

Economical: this relates to the project cost through the project life cycle i.e.

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reducing the overall cost of running and maintaining projects or societies without affecting the quality of the services or project.”

•

“Ensuring that we can meet the needs and requirements to live comfortably today without jeopardising resources for the future. Living in a way that is mindful of the future”

•

“Looking at the bigger picture. Considering all aspects of what it means to build and live sustainability”

The keywords that appear in the analysis of the statement, are 1. Environment 2. Economic 3. Social 4. Resources 5. Community 6. Protect the planet 7. Integrated 8. Future needs 9. Quality of life 10. Enhancing 11. Facilities 12. Life cycle 13. Equal access The 13 points indicate that sustainability is broad and to deliver this it would require efforts not only for governments but also private sectors, civil society and citizens (UNDP,2016).

It was important to understand what the value of BREEAM and how it seen. My results questioned what the value of BREEAM is (As shown in Appendix 3 and 4).

The results present keywords that depict how it is viewed as shown below •

Leadership

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•

Ensuring sustainability

•

Responsible construction

•

Robust

•

Multi-disciplinary

•

Indication of quality

•

Structure assessment

•

Analyses and proves credentials

•

Good practice

•

Adds value

•

Capital Cost implications

•

Good practice benchmarks

•

Important tool

•

Guide for design and construction process

•

Can give sustainability a bad name

•

Tick box exercise

•

Driving innovation

•

Sustainable choices

•

Framework to enhance sustainability

•

Manage and minimise impact on the environment

•

Enhance its social value

•

Common language

•

Brand and nice to have

•

Not known what the actual value is

When asked “Where does BREEAM meet your organisation targets?” (As shown in Appendix 3 and 4)to understand how it corresponds with the organisations. I have used keywords to summarise the statements which are •

They have their own

•

It doesn’t

•

Mechanism

•

Implement sustainability

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•

Not used

•

Entire business

•

Encouraging

•

Continuous improvement

•

Delivers performance targets

•

Research and innovation

The results show what gaps there are and how to improve BREEAM and where it also works. It is important understand where it fits within an organisation whether it is a service that provides, how it used, how it is incorporated, awareness and what influence it has.

The results when asked “what does the SDGs mean to your organisation and how is it tackled?” (As shown in Appendix 3 and 4) to show how SDGs are being implemented, awareness and challengers. I have used keywords and summarised the statements, which are •

Scant knowledge

•

Driving force

•

Key focus

•

Aligning with BREEAM

•

Important theme

•

Not currently addressed directly

•

At the forefront

•

Embedded in company culture

•

Core to our ethos

•

Not much

•

Overarching

•

Higher level objectives

•

Not active

•

Not yet known

•

Researching alignment with company and ambitions

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•

Calibrated to long term targets to delivering relevant SDGs

•

Part of BREEAM communities scheme

•

Drivers for growth and causes of technical challenges

•

Mapping benefits of BREEMA against SDGS to develop further support to the SDGs

•

Offer sustainability with integrated services

The next question was “Does the SDGs provide a framework or benchmark on how to achieve the goals?” (As shown in Appendix 3 and 4)The results summary of the statements is as follow •

Not really

•

Yes they do

•

SDGs provide a strong framework for how best to think about development in the future

•

Would do but our organisation is relatively small and work against more localised benchmarks

•

Too high level

•

High level and broad

•

Not aware of this

•

Yes

•

Higher level, should feed into government objectives

•

No

•

No, they provide a framework of requirements. It is up to us all to respond to this framework by taking action and achieving the goals

•

To some extent

•

Not sure

•

Not especially

Results to the question “what do your clients think of BREEAM?” (As shown in Appendix 3 and 4) •

Accepted and recognised

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•

At first not so open to the idea, but with education they will get there

•

QSAND is starting to get of a reputation in the humanitarian sphere

•

Mixed, some embraced and embedded in the principle in their work, other reluctant

•

Seen as a compliance based mechanism

•

Financial burden or planning condition burden. A checklist

•

The majority dislike it. Some are on board. A small minority welcome it

•

The majority of our clients have to do this because of planning and find it to be extra effort and cost.

•

Generally a pain

•

We have two types of client. Those that love BREEAM and those that see it’s a chore and only do it because they have to, because it's a planning requirement.

•

Depending on the client (client being a tenant). Ranges from: "A waste of time" to "Valuable to our organisation to showcase our green improvements".

In general, clients (unfortunately) think negative of it.

•

They ask for it but aren’t entirely sure what it is or does

•

a tool to achieve sustainability in the built environment

•

My clients don't work with BREEAM

•

This is a certificate only

Results following the question “Where do you see the limitations of BREEAM linking with SDGs?” (As shown in Appendix 3 and 4) •

Society level challenges

•

Upfront fees are usually a challenge

•

There are elements within the SDGs that are only partially or indirectly addressed by BREEAM, such as poverty, and life under water, but it is difficult to see how BREEAM could apply itself to these. Similarly, with peace and justice the goal of BREEAM does not match up with the actions required to achieve this.

•

There are gaps between the two. Perhaps future iterations of BREEAM, especially at the masterplanning (Communities) stage could link more to the SDGs to hit the higher level sustainability goals.

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•

BREEAM buildings are often of higher quality and therefore less accessible to those on lower income

•

Two different levels of resolution. BREEAM is supposed to assess the design and construction of a building, the SDGs are essential global development objectives, the two are on different scales and levels of detail.

•

Not sure

•

Only a few things relevant

•

There is a lack of the social side of BREEAM in terms of linking to the SDGs, but I also think that might be overreaching. BREEAM plays its part well.

•

BREEAM is a building certification scheme. SDGs are based on wide ranging very ambitious targets for developing nations and people. There is no to little overlap in that space.

•

BREEAM is for buildings, SDGs are for people and planet

•

Some of the SDGs are difficult to tackle without targeted work - i.e. ending poverty

•

BREEAM has limited criteria that relates to the operation of the building. This is because it's difficult to provide evidence of what operational practices will go in on in the building once it is handed over, and often the tenants/occupiers are unknown at time of certification or likely to change throughout the lifespan of the building. So BREEAM at present does not set criteria around this which means some SDGs are just not relevant to the stages of design, construction and handover that BREEAM addresses.

•

A lot of gaps

When asked if their additional statements without directed question of a topic and more open the following was stated (As shown in Appendix 3 and 4) •

BREEAM is the future but the industry is not so keen to change but the government is helping.

•

QSAND is a strong addition to BREEAM in terms of its ability to contribute to goals such as zero poverty and education, because of its focus on livelihoods in disaster-affected communities and local capacity building.

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•

I only have very limited knowledge of BREAMM and no knowledge of SDG’s unfortunately so my answers are based on the little knowledge I have of the area and educated guesses.

•

BREEAM is a good tool for some things, but it is not a solution for everything.

It should be used accordingly but its applicability should not be overestimated.

4.2 Results Summary Following the results of the questionnaire, it can be perceived that BREEAM it has its capabilities to meet the SDGs and limitations but, SDGS goal are broad, so to fulfil the goal set out BREEAM would have expand. However, in order for the SDGS to work for the private sector but also overall they would need the targets to be adapted with a set framework to help achieve the targets set out. From the literature review the stakeholders that were identified as drivers were Government, because of the influence it has to set legislation to be followed, but as stated by the UK government “It should also support the development of international benchmarks against the SDGs, to enable companies to monitor and report on their progress against relevant targets” , in addition to that UK Government stated “The danger of not having a framework, quantifiable targets, monitoring and reporting, makes the SDGs not deliverable and difficult to implement which may lead to failure of its aim.”. Therefore, BREEAM requires a further analysis to deliver an outcome that can be used by the private sector with adapted SDGS to realise whether BREEAM can contribute to delivering SDG’s, as stated by PWC “We expect business will need to engage with the SDGs at a fundamental level. It’s unlikely that a philanthropic or a project-based approach will be sufficient to achieve them – for many, changes to business as usual will be demanded to stop business practices with negative impacts and to start new ones with positive impacts.”

The limitation of the questionnaire was stated during trial, where it was said that “it implicitly requires that your respondents have a good knowledge of both frameworks, which significantly restricts the size of your audience” ( Please Appendix 1) and goes on to say “ You may need to reach out to a limited number of people having specific skills for this”. The questionnaire was tested with GRESB, which is an organisation 106 | P a g e

that assess sustainability performance globally which include the private sector and other markets. Through the testing it was suggested to add links, short article and target a specific profile of people (Please see Appendix 1 and 2)

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Chapter 5 – Discussion

5.0 Introduction Following the results of the questionnaire, it can be debated that the targets set for the SDG’s are broader and more wide ranging for the private sector to utilise or translate to contribute to the delivery of SDGs. In order to gather whether BREEAM can contribute to delivering SDG’S for the private sector, the SDGs need to be adapted to help the private sector to understand how they deliver the SDGs. PWC report adapts the SDG targets to be more tangible for the private sector.

Analysing the results from the questionnaire, SDGS and PWC, will help depict where the adaptation by PWC of the SDGS can align with BREEAM thus helping to contribute further to delivering the SDGs, but also where it has its limitation and can improve.

Goal 1 – No Poverty From a private sector point of view what can they impact from the SDGs Goal 1 targets. PWC (2016) identified the following questions from a private sector perspective

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Figure 5. 1 PWC Goal 1

From the literature review we can identify that BREEAM can contribute to point 5 as resilience is key aspect of BREEAM. It can be argued that point 6 and point 7 BREEAM can contribute as it can be adapted to different countries focusing on their regulations, encouraging collaboration, cooperation and country aim. Point 4 can be supported by BREEAM in terms of natural resources, appropriate technology through innovation and energy efficiency.

With this in mind as results stated earlier how BREEAM does not reward “affordable housing”, the questions highlight by PWC (2016) point 1 to 5, can be added into BREEAM to create a measurable framework that the private sector can use to contribute to SDGs, monitor and add value. BREEAM could add the following •

Affordable housing targets

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•

Equal pay requirements i.e. UK government gender pay gap reporting which included metrics between men and women’s average pay. This provided transparency and meeting the Equality Act 2010

•

Supply chain transparency framework in living wage, equal pay and sourcing.

•

Rewarding community investment and efforts

As there is no clear framework for the private sector, the suggestions above can used be align with government proposals thus showing support or can influence government as it meets wider agenda of SDGs. Furthermore, the impacts of Goal 1, relate to the other SDGs as shown in Figure 5.2 , this help to illustrate the linkages between goals and the relationship that if tackled, grows another potential target and aims.

Figure 5. 2 PWC Goal 1 Key Links

Goal 2 – Zero Hunger Not all private sectors may be able to meet all these targets as they may not be associated with their business activity. However, the awareness to encourage 110 | P a g e

directly or indirectly i.e. local food growth by engaging with local businesses, community causes that enables this or private sector business adoption of growing space that help promote agriculture awareness. PWC (2016) suggest for private sector to consider the following

Figure 5. 3 PWC Goal 2

BREEAM in this case can be seen as of value and a contributor as it helps raise awareness to sustainable agriculture practices. However, the results indicated 111 | P a g e

23.53% were in a neutral stance, whilst 29.41% disagreed and 41.8% strongly disagreed. It was stated that “Possible criteria in masterplanning but not currently included” , but also “Don’t think this is directly target”.

Does the broader title mean differently to others or makes them focus on what is portrayed by media or see it as such a huge epidemic that blurs the step by step approach that SDGs are setting to achieve. They will raise questions what can private sector do, as it will be seen as not within their remit. This can identify a new way of thinking to tackle the goals from the private sector perspective and develop a united approach no matter how big or small it will raise the awareness and allow actions to develop as the title states “Sustainable development goals”, so there is value for BREEAM. BREEAM could add •

Growing space commercial level such BREEAM NC, RFO, In use and CEEQUAL

•

Monitoring and measure of the BREEAM communities stated aims

•

To be more define to what is required as setting the aims as mandatory or minimum standards.

A more proactive approach will help alight the SDGs with BREEAM and become a bigger influence as it will be a quantifiable tool rather that to be seen as easy wins to gain credits or a checklist. PWC 2016 illustrated in Figure 5.4 the relationship of Goal 2: Zero hunger with the other SDGs.

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Figure 32 (PWC,2016)

Figure 5. 4 PWC Goal 2 Key Links

Goal 3 – Good health and well-being Following the statement from the questionnaire results “Problem is that the underlying criteria and details of the SDGs are unrelated to any of the work that BREEAM does”, this highlights the lack of framework for the private sector to meeting SDGs and how they can contribute. PWC 2016 raises question from a private sector perspective that could be applied

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Figure 5. 5 PWC Goal 3

BREEAM can help facilitate this in terms of management and application, more so through the operational standards (BREEAM In-use). BREEAM could add requirements such as •

Health and safety framework adopted i.e. reporting of near misses, benchmarking LTI (loss time injury)

•

Mental health workers

•

Helplines

•

Training for travelling such as commuting to work

•

Access to health services

•

Health and wellbeing programmes

Setting criteria’s surrounding the above, would improve the contribution and value to SDGs by expanding measurable targets and methods of reporting to quantify their success, commitments and improvements. The would be benefits that links other SDGs to Goal 3 as shown in Figure 5.6 by PWC 2016

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Figure 5. 6 PWC Goal 3 Key Links

Goal 4 – Quality Education From a private sector perspective some of the options may not be as visible nor directed for them to implement. BREEAM contributes and adds value to Point 8, but also indirectly through providing facilities to engage and support Point 1,2 3,4,5,6,7,9 and 10, as well linking with the other SDGs as shown in Figure 5.7 (PWC,2016)

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Figure 5. 7 PWC Goal 4 Links

Furthermore, PWC 2016 raise question to what more be done for the private sector and that will help contribute and link SDGs targets as shown below

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Figure 5. 8 PWC Goal 4

It is clear the difference between what the target state and how PWC has adapted the targets to reflect from the private sector perspective. It highlights the links and benefits that would add value from a private sector perspective to help meet SDGs goal but also future growth of the businesses. If BREEAM facilitates, the question

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remains what can it do to help the further development and create quantifiable measurable targets, for instance 1. Can BREEAM recognise and reward other metrics that are used i.e. Times Best Companies To Work For, Passivhaus, awards and CPDs 2. Can BREEAM recognise communities’ efforts through engagement i.e. allocated times, time spend, investment and partnering with other organisation, professional bodies such as STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) and ICE (Institute of civil engineering) This will be able to validate the social, economic and commercial value that would enhance BREEAM and give it a greater scope that would link strongly with SDGs. This would increase the level of influence it can have on Government as it would go above what is required in local plans and the aim main of a Government approach to SDGs for private sector.

Goal 5 – Gender Equality PWC (2016) state what consideration that would enable a framework for the private sector to created and how it can contribute and add value to the SDGs, as shown below points “*microaggressions are every day, subtle comments or interactions which communicate derogatory or hostile messages and are discriminatory, whether intended or not ** unconscious bias = thought patterns, assumptions and interpretations built up over time and based on beliefs and values gained from family, culture and a lifetime of experience that heavily influence how we view and evaluate others and ourselves and which cause us to make decisions that are not objective

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Figure 5. 9 PWC Goal 5

Looking at the private sector perspective from PWC (2016) , how can these questions be adapted to be included in BREEAM and enhance its delivery to link with SDGs. The important factor is to create a method of monitoring and quantifying efforts like the following 1. Including other standards such as National Equality Standards (NES) in their standards to enhance and validate social value.

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2. Recognising efforts such as women’s networks, STEM 3. Training in Gender Equality programs and strategies The questions would remain where would it fit in BREEAM. Categories such as “Responsible construction practices” “Economic Impact” “Organisational performance review” “Sustainability report” or a new issue that tackles wider society issues, more align with SDGs with a standardise approach to sustainability. These would have additional benefits for other SDGs as shown in Figure 5.10 by PWC (2016).

Figure 5. 10 PWC Goal 5 Key Links

Goal 6 – Clean water and sanitation Analysing the BREEAM standards, the strength tends to be in environmental issues with categories such as “waste”, “water strategy”, “land use and ecology”, “pollution”, “materials” (BREEAM NC 2018, BREEAM RFO, BREEAM In-use), “Flood risk”, “Managing Rainfall impacts” (HQM,2018) and “Water sanitation”(QSAND,2014). The 121 | P a g e

literature review shows the value in environment of using BREEAM. PWC (2016) private sector perspective indicates what ways the private sector should consider

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Figure 5. 11 PWC Goal 6

BREEAM contributes and adds value in a SDGs targets and private sector aims as shown by in PWC points. As stated previously BREEAM should add the following •

Recognise and reward other incentives like WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene)

•

Data and case studies or trial projects to enhance knowledge sharing and raise awareness, but also wider global scope of work.

The benefits of meeting the SDGs targets, assist in other SDGs as shown in Figure 5.12

Figure 5. 12 PWC Goal 6 Key Links

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Goal 7 – Affordable and clean energy PWC (2016) have listed below from a private sector perspective from point 1 to 5

Figure 5. 13 PWC Goal 7

With BREEAM having an In-Use Standard points such as 1, 2, 3, would be extremely valuable and allow business to monitor their performance. However, knowledge 124 | P a g e

sharing the performance would help raise awareness of the success and start to measure targets that will allow a successful delivery of SDGs and further investments, further help the progression and link with the other SDGs as shown in Figure 5.14

Figure 5. 14 PWC Goal 7 Key Links

Goal 8 – Decent work and economic growth Analysing PWC (2016) considerations from a private sector perspective below from points 1 to 10

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Figure 5. 15 PWC Goal 8

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What value would you gain from being able to measure and communicate the economic value generated by the jobs your company creates in its direct operations and indirectly via its supply chain? Do you consider the impact on employment, direct and indirect, in your investment decisions?

The points give an addition that BREEAM can adopt to fully integrate the SDGs targets for private sector perspective. As suggested from statements of the results, things such as 1. Slavery standard from BRE 2. Extending further to Procurement and supply chains to follow / show policies and strategies are aligned.

3. Training across the supply chain Sustainable practices as shown in the literature review applies to all but Government remain largely the strongest driver to enforce actions and BREEAM can be the framework to use adopt strategies that benefit the wider goals such as SDGs. The value of implementation of the suggestions helps other SDGs targets as shown in Figure 5.16 (PWC,2016)

Figure 5. 16 PWC Goal 8 Key Links

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Goal 9 – Industry, Innovation and infrastructure From a private sector perspective, PWC raised questions to consider as shown below from point 1 to 9

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Figure 5. 17 PWC Goal 9

BREEAM categories tackle majority of the points stated by PWC as shown in Figure 2,3,4,5 and 8. Point 7 by PWC is illustrate an opportunity and matches what was stated in the analysis of the results by the following statement “Supply chain opportunities for technology / installations�

Following an analysis of the results, targets and PWC considerations, there seem to common theme following previous SDG analysis that BREEAM could add such as 1. Knowledge sharing 2. Costs to be more affordable to encourage uptake 3. Opportunities for supply chain. Enabling supply chains to assessed by early stage involvement and target credits to make them part of the project.

BREEAM as framework would guide private sector to help deliver a successful SDG. Further additional elements will strengthen and gain further awareness that 129 | P a g e

encourage adoption but also influence stakeholders. It will also foster the other SDGs as shown in Figure 5.8

Figure 5. 18 PWC Goal 9 Key Links

Goal 10 – Reduced Inequalities The targets could be potential be at a high level but if we look at BREEAM as facilitator not a driver, then Point 7, 2 can apply but it’s what ways at face value of the targets can BREEAM do to help deliver Goal 10 for the SDGs. PWC considerations for the private sector put things into perspective elements such as

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Figure 5. 19 PWC Goal 10

PWC highlights initiatives such as apprenticeship, diversity, equal pay, positive impact to supply chain and local economy. To establish equal parity, as touched in earlier SDG Goal 5 where equality acts have been established and disclosure of the gender pay as shown in the UK. Where BREEAM can be seen being more active in terms of social value and SDGs would surround recognition of social value that surround equality, development programmes and supply chain. This will help the synergy between departments and operatives, more so, sustainable as shown in Figure 5.20 how it impacts other SDGs.

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Figure 5. 20 PWC Goal 10 Key Links

Goal 11 – Sustainable cities and enviroments BREEAM supports this than other certifications because of the Standards it has that covers the whole life cycle of the built environment. The categories that BREEEAM assesses show the synergy between the targets and BREEAM, furthermore, the operation side BREEAM In-use can play a key role in establish the targets and monitoring. If compared a private sector consideration by PWC listed below from point 1 to 10

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Figure 5. 21 PWC Goal 10

By analysing BREEAM standard categories shown in Figure 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10, it clear to see where the private sector can use to monitor and use as a framework to meeting the SDGs. However, the results had statements such as “Need a more consistent international standard” went on further to state “Potentially, but would need a thorough review of the underlying information related to this goal. Probably could play a role with BREEAM communities and infrastructure, however: I would say the focus should be on bringing stakeholders together. BREEAM often (unfortunately) leads the user to a very specific technical solution that can be modelled rather than finding real outcomes based solutions.”. Both points are very much valid, firstly BREEAM 134 | P a g e

international standard. There is a lack of information and data that can be seen to show the outcomes and adaptability for it to be viable product globally. It could also mean that there need to be clear approaches that need to be set to reach a global goal to deliver sustainability and progress, whether that means being active globally to gain international projects and buy ins.

The latter statement “real outcomes based solutions� could suggest that recognition of other initiatives and solutions to be part of the assessment as much as facilitation such as a community engagement strategy, customer engagement that is monitored through the operation phase. BREEAM standards to have post occupational evaluation , but how does this reflect on the original scoring and how effective is the facility. As stated previously BREEAM should consider other methods of assessments and standards that can allow a focus on the measurable and monitoring aspects, that be included in the In-Use schemes to allow private sector to remain focused on the delivery and sustainability. This will help the development and effectiveness on the other SDGs as show below in Figure 5.22

Figure 5. 22 PWC Goal 11 Key Links

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Goal 12 – Responsible consumption and production The categories that BREEAM cover, shown in Figures 3 to 11 are affiliated to Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production , with categories such as “Waste”, “Materials” “Pollution” “Ecology strategy”, “Land use and Ecology” and “Water Strategy” align with the targets for Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and production. PWC set points that surrounds the private sector perspectives, shown below from point 1 to 10

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Figure 5. 23 PWC Goal 12

PWC further illustrate of how BREEAM meets the not the wider targets but also from the private sector perspective. From the literature review, it is clear the environmental value that it offer, furthermore, the categories that BREEAM assess consider the questions that PWC present but also the In-use scheme give a further assessment operational aspect to encouraging the continuous monitoring. PWC show the value and benefits that BREEAM given by achieving Goal 12: Responsible Construction in Figure 5.24 (PWC,2016)

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Figure 5. 24 PWC Goal 12 Key Links

Goal 13 – Climate action Goal 13: Climate Action targets. From a private sector perspective PWC created took a similar approach by tailoring to provide clarify and suitable framework that can be followed by the private sector as shown below from Point 1 - 4

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Figure 5. 25 PWC Goal 13

As previously stated that BREEAM has been used by Greater London Authority as part of the planning requirements. This evident in meeting the consideration of PWC point. BREEAM stated that it encourages floor resilience measures, climate change, minimising energy use and greenhouse emission. BREEAM In-Use as large role to play to monitor and measure the operation but also management.

However, 5.85% disagreed and 17.65% neutral, although minimal the following statement “BREEAM could help inform decision making process and the development of policies through case studies and the sharing experience” and highlighting point 2 where it’s questions addressing supply chain and impact of customers. They indicate that BREEAM can develop further by addressing and inclusion of supply chain within its assessment as stated previously, furthermore it can do the following •

Knowledge sharing various projects adapted globally and variations of certification

•

Operation case studies from concept to operation and development

•

Recognising other certification such as the UK Flood Resilience developed by BRE

The benefit of achieve Goal 13: Climate action it assists in achieve other SDGs as shown below in Figure 5.26 (PWC, 2016)

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Figure 5. 26 PWC Goal 13 Key Links

Goal 14 – Life below water The targets are at a much higher level that the private sector may not be able to relate or put place. There needs to be clarity to how it can be approached from a bottom down approach. BREEAM as framework illustrates this by assessing, means of material procurement, waste management, recycling and consumption. Analysis PWC considerations from a private sector perspective as shown below from Point 1 to 7

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Figure 5. 27 PWC Goal 14

PWC considerations are more relatable or digestible to allow private sector to create strategies around it, furthermore, more similar to what BREEAM has in its standards such as recycling facilities, waste management, pollution, ecology and sourcing materials as show in Table 2.1 to 2.9. From a private sector perspective BREEAM is a tangible framework that can used.

However as stated previously knowledge sharing the impact of the BREEAM Standards, supply chain assessment and social recognition or rewarding community engagement or sustainable efforts that will monitored through operations such as InUse Scheme. This would help to monitor, measure, visualise and be able to quantify,

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influence behaviour and culture change. The benefits would extend to other SDGs as shown in Figure 5.28

Figure 5. 28 PWC Goal 14 Key Links

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Goal 15 – Life on land

Figure 5. 29 UN Sustainability Development Goal Target Goal 15 – Life on Land

The targets are comparable to what BREEAM tackles mainly on aspects such as Point 1,2,4,5, 8,9, and 10. There is an element if BREEAM had a global projects that points such as 3,6,7,11 and 12, would be applicable as some of the points would depend on the particular country aims. From private sector perspective the following considerations shown below from Points 1 to 7

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Figure 5. 30 PWC Goal 15

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BREEAM covers Point 1, 2 (In terms of timber), 4 and 6 through its BREEAM Standard categories as shown in Table 2.1 to 2.9. Point 3, 5 and 7 is something that BREEAM can consider to as additional element that can be placed In-Use scheme or a platform that help identify contribution to be active sustainable measures, whether it is recognising other certifications or standards to assist in the recording and monitoring for those whom continue to develop. This allow to measure progress that would create a value and reward that would be visible, raise awareness and help deliver SDGs, but also change of culture and behaviour. BREEAM as a private sector framework for Goal 15: Life on Land benefit the SDGs delivery and encourage the SDGs as shown below in Figure 5.31

Figure 5. 31 PWC Goal 15 Key Links

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Goal 16 – Place, Justice And Strong Institutions

Figure 5. 32 UN Sustainability Development Goal Target Goal 16 – Place, Justice and Strong Institutions

The targets are very outside the scope of BREEAM but as stated by BREEAM it encourages responsible sourcing, safe places and sustainable governance. Private sector can adopt the targets as it is clear, however, how will it be administered and monitored, more so, transparent. PWC consideration for the private sector as shown from Point 1 to 11

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Figure 5. 33 PWC Goal 16

PWC considerations are expand to what actions to take that can adopted for the private sector. PWC state that “More and more companies are seeking to develop a more transparent and holistic approach to their public reporting, and are aiming to demonstrate how they use their resources to create not just financial but also broader economic, social and environmental value. Organisations such as the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC), a global coalition of regulators, investors, companies, standard setters, the accounting profession and NGOs, are helping drive this agenda forward. Emerging research shows how integrated reporting can benefit companies by, for example, building stronger relationships with providers of financial capital or helping firms focus on their material drivers of longterm value�. The integration of both environmental, social and economic holistic approach, which BREEAM also follows, would benefit BREEAM to make considerations that can be added to meet SDGs and act sustainably. As suggested

by PWC, standard framework such IIRC, SABRE and whistle blowing polices can be incorporated or awarded by BREEAM.

Figure 5. 34 PWC Goal 16 Key Links

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Goal 17 - Partnerships For The Goals

Figure 5. 35 UN Sustainability Development Goal Target Goal 17 – Partnership For The Goals

BREEAM as private sector framework would help a successful delivery of SDGs for Goal 17: Partnerships to achieve the goal. PWC further illustrate other measures to consider as show below

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Figure 5. 36 PWC Goal 17

As the literature review stated Government as an active driver for BREEAM and SDGs would help the delivery. Private sector can use BREEAM as method as a bottom up approach to meet the needs of SDGs to achieve the targets, whilst monitoring, measuring and quantifying the extent of the progress and change. This would require collaboration with Governments to align with the aims, but it is possible as BREEAM can be adapted and can be infused into the government strategies or

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policies. However, the difficulty would be identifying the different business impact the private sector has, as shown in Figure 5.37

Figure 5. 37 PWC Business Impact

The business shown in Figure 61 if expanded to how they affect the other goals, there would be a contribution to the SDGs for example Chemical, Goal 13 – it has key links with Goals 2,3,6,7 and 14 as shown in Figure 5.37.

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Chapter 6 – Conclusion and Recommendation

6.0 Conclusion The result indicates that there is a growing sense of a common understanding of sustainability from environmental, economic and social aspects, furthermore, it is a collective approach from the private sector, governments, civil society and citizen to encourage change. It has been identified that Government is a prominent driver but there are other tools such as BREEAM can influence this as a bottom-up approach to help set a framework for the private sectors. BREEAM has already established itself globally and used in Government planning requirements. There is an understanding, recognition, benefits and value for BREEAM, so rather than reinventing a new wheel BREEAM can recognise other certifications, initiatives, share knowledge, supply chain assessment, operation monitoring and more social value metrics, that will help align with SDGs more, and in return Government should allow it to be a framework and a means of measure for private sector contribution to meeting SDGs. The SDGs are a framework to meet the targets but they are too high level for the private sector to create a standardised framework, establishing a new framework mobilisation and one that can be monitored, measured and quantifiable, more so, with a common language. As illustrated by PWC, the language and consideration differ to what the targets say but with the aim to achieve the overall goal. This shows the term sustainability needs involve the environment, economic and social assessments as shown by the SDGs, not just one or the other. There needs to be a holistic approach to all as the stakeholders are the same, the aim is the same, so the approach has to be the same at least recognises other approaches.

BREEAM stated that it contributes to all 17 SDGs with significant contribution in 8 goals (Goal 3: Good health and Wellbeing, Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation, Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy, Goal 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production, Goal 13: Climate Action and Goal 15: Life On Land. However, following my research it the results defined that actually, BREEAM Standards met what was stated but also Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth, Goal 14: Life Below 152 | P a g e

Water and Goal 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal. Nevertheless, compared to the SDGs targets there was a gap, but using PWC considerations for private sectors on what to adopt, there were clear links that provide better clarity on how it can be an approach for the private sector in consideration with Private sector activities. Figure 61 showed the most common goals that impact the private sector are SDG Goals 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 11,12,13 and with BREEAM Standards following my research it contributes and add value for SDG Goals - 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 17.

With common goals covered being 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13 and advantage of using BREEAM of meeting SDG Goals 14,15, 17 and disadvantage of SDG goals in comparison by PWC private sector 2,4,5.

BREEAM Standards are a suitable framework of contributing to meeting the SDG goals for the private sector globally. If the suggested additions are implemented it would help increase the applicability and strengthen BREEAM, but more so allow the private sector to have a tool monitor, measure and quantify that would link with Government and wider agenda to help the successful delivery of SDGs.

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Appendices

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Appendix 1

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Appendix 2

Please, could you answer to the SDG goals in relation to the questions by the following scale and explain why you think this.

Example – Is BREEAM a green building certification? 5 Can you explain further BREEAM is a green building certification because it has standards that asses a building level such BREEAM New construction

Questionnaire What does sustainability mean to you?

What would you say is the value of BREEAM or Green building certification?

Where does BREEAM or green building certification meet organisation targets?

GOAL 1: No Poverty – Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

GOAL 2: Zero Hunger Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

GOAL 4: Quality Education Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

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GOAL 5: Gender Equality Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

GOAL 13: Climate Action Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

GOAL 14: Life Below Water Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

GOAL 15: Life on Land Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

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GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal Does BREEAM / green building certification help meet this sustainable development goal ? – Could you explain further?

What does the SDGs mean to your organisation ? and how is it being tackled?

What does the industry or your clients think?

Where do you see the limitations of BREEAM linking with SDGS? Is there anything you would like to add?

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Appendix 3

Questionnaire Name – Organisation – Role – The SDGs are hyperlinks, so please do click for more information.

Please answer the following question on a scale of 1-5 for each of the 17 SDGs: To what extent does BREEAM help to meet and add value each of the following SDGs? GOAL 1: No Poverty Strongly Disagree disagree 2 1 Any other comments?

Neutral 3

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

Neutral 3

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

Neutral 3

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

Neutral 3

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

GOAL 2: Zero Hunger Strongly Disagree disagree 2 1 Any other comments?

GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being Strongly Disagree disagree 2 1 Any other comments?

GOAL 4: Quality Education Strongly disagree

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Disagree 2

1 Any other comments?

GOAL 5: Gender Equality Strongly Disagree disagree 2 1 Any other comments?

Neutral 3

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

Neutral 3

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

Neutral 3

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation Strongly Disagree disagree 2 1 Any other comments?

GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy Strongly Disagree disagree 2 1 Any other comments?

GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth Strongly Disagree disagree 2 1 Any other comments?

Neutral 3

GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure Strongly Disagree disagree 2 1 Any other comments?

GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality

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Neutral 3

Strongly Disagree disagree 2 1 Any other comments?

Neutral 3

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

Neutral 3

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

Neutral 3

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

Neutral 3

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

Neutral 3

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities Strongly Disagree disagree 2 1 Any other comments?

Neutral 3

GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production Strongly Disagree disagree 2 1 Any other comments?

GOAL 13: Climate Action Strongly Disagree disagree 2 1 Any other comments?

GOAL 14: Life Below Water Strongly Disagree disagree 2 1 Any other comments?

GOAL 15: Life on Land Strongly Disagree disagree 2 1 Any other comments?

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GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions Strongly Disagree disagree 2 1 Any other comments?

Neutral 3

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

Agree 4

Strongly Agree 5

GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal Strongly Disagree disagree 2 1 Any other comments?

Neutral 3

Please answer the final questions in as much detail as you wish: What does sustainability mean to you?

What would you say is the value of BREEAM?

Where does BREEAM meet your organisations targets?

What does the SDGs mean to your organisation and how is it being tackled?

Does the SDGs provide a framework or benchmark on how to achieve the goals?

What do your clients think of BREEAM?

Where do you see the limitations of BREEAM linking with SDGs?

Is there anything you would like to add?

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Thank you for taking the time to complete this questionnaire.

Appendix 4

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I declare that this dissertation is my own unaided work except where specifically referenced to the work of others.

(Author’s signature)

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