P1_SHAN_TERMS

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HISTORY CONTEXT

race of movement and temoprary settlement

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xlusion and inclusion: changing character

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inority to majority: transformed demography

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HISTORY CONTEXT Trace of movement and temoprary settlement

It was noted at the beginning of the year 1911, sailor strikes are all over Europe, including the Netherlands.

In June of that year, there was a labor conflict between shipowners and unionists in both Amsterdam and Rotterdam, and the strike was imminent in the Netherlands as well. Shipowners in the Netherlands therefore had the greatest difficulty recruiting personnel. Instead, they decided to hire Chinese sailors who had been signed off in England. On June 17, 1911, the first Chinese arrived in Rotterdam with the “Batavier VI�. The strike itself ended in failure.

After the strike, part of the Chinese decided to stay and mainly settled in the Katendrecht district in Rotterdam. There were also 'shipping masters', Chinese people who were recruiting Chinese sailors and Katendrecht was soon called Rotterdam's 'China town'.

In time, Chinese sailors also began to settle in the center of Amsterdam. In the Buiten Bantammerstraat, a Chinese recruiting agent managed to open an accommodation where Chinese sailors could find shelter.

The area expanded with a number of shops and accommodations on the Gelderse Kade and the ramparts. The number of Chinese people remained limited at that time and never exceeded 500 in that period, but that changed quickly after the First World War.

Sources: Home to sailors, prostitutes and Chinese labourers Nr. 11 (2019), p. 50-51. ; Over de groeiende populariteit van een eens nogal ongezond deel van de stad. https://www.trademap.org/Index.aspx.

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HISTORY CONTEXT Trace of movement and temoprary settlement

In 1927 most were still working on Dutch ships and the number of Chinese had grown to 3,200. Dutch Shipping also had a difficult time as a result of the economic crisis. In addition, many steamships were replaced by motor ships, so fewer and fewer Chinese distillers were needed on board. There were shipowners who offered unemployed sailors a crossing to Sin gapore, but then they would have to pay for the crossing to Hong Kong themselves. In view of those costs, they would return to their country of origin, destitute.

So not many people used this and most stayed in Rotterdam. They thought they could build a better life here.

Also as a result of the economic downturn, income from lodging houses and eateries declined and several owners of the existing restaurants decided to open up to the general public. This was not feasible for everyone and some of the unemployed Chinese sailors started a cheaper alternative: selling peanut cookies.

The peanut cookie trade that had arisen from a lack of money was eventually seen as a covert begging and for that reason was banned in some places. The result was a further decline in demand for peanut cookies, which meant that a new source of income had to be sought in the form of an eatery or toko.

Sources: https://stichtinglily.nl/en/photo-archive/ https://stadsarchief.rotterdam.nl/zoeken/archief https://rkd.nl/en/explore#query=katendrecht

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HISTORY CONTEXT Minority to majority: transformed demography

It was noted at the beginning of the year 1911, sailor strikes are all over Europe, including the Netherlands.

In June of that year, there was a labor conflict between shipowners and unionists in both Amsterdam and Rotterdam, and the strike was imminent in the Netherlands as well. Shipowners in the Netherlands therefore had the greatest difficulty recruiting personnel. Instead, they decided to hire Chinese sailors who had been signed off in England. On June 17, 1911, the first Chinese arrived in Rotterdam with the “Batavier VI�. The strike itself ended in failure.

After the strike, part of the Chinese decided to stay and mainly settled in the Katendrecht district in Rotterdam. There were also 'shipping masters', Chinese people who were recruiting Chinese sailors and Katendrecht was soon called Rotterdam's 'China town'.

In time, Chinese sailors also began to settle in the center of Amsterdam. In the Buiten Bantammerstraat, a Chinese recruiting agent managed to open an accommodation where Chinese sailors could find shelter.

The area expanded with a number of shops and accommodations on the Gelderse Kade and the ramparts. The number of Chinese people remained limited at that time and never exceeded 500 in that period, but that changed quickly after the First World War.

Sources: https://stadsarchief.rotterdam.nl/zoeken/archief

07

(List 1

1)

(List 3) (List 2)

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HISTORY CONTEXT Minority to majority: transformed demography

Sources: https://stadsarchief.rotterdam.nl/zoeken/archief

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HISTORY CONTEXT Minority to majority: transformed demography

Sources: https://stadsarchief.rotterdam.nl/zoeken/archief

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HISTORY CONTEXT Minority to majority: transformed demography

Sources: https://stadsarchief.rotterdam.nl/zoeken/archief

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HISTORY CONTEXT Minority to majority: transformed demography

Sources: https://stadsarchief.rotterdam.nl/zoeken/archief

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HISTORY CONTEXT Minority to majority: transformed demography

Sources: https://stadsarchief.rotterdam.nl/zoeken/archief

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HISTORY CONTEXT Exclusion and inclusion: changing chracter

Phase 1.1: ca 1340 Current Maas River as an orientation point The city was founded in 1270 at the intersection of the rivers Maas and Rotte. It started as a fishermen’s town but because of its location soon became a harbour city.

Rotterdam received their city rights in 1340. This allowed Rotterdam to dig a channel from the river Rotte to the river Schie. An important trading route was thereby established. This was the starting point for the erection of the city’s defence wall and the digging of the canals. The image clearly shows early Rotterdam followed the orientation of the landscape. At the left side of the image the start of the city of Schiedam is also visible.

It was the starting point for the erection of the city’s defense wall and the digging of canals. The image clearly shows early Rotterdam followed the orientation of the landscape

Sources: M. Rotterdam, 2016 Erfgoedhuis, 2017

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HISTORY CONTEXT Exclusion and inclusion: changing chracter

Phase 1.1: ca 1570 Current Maas River as an orientation point In this historic period, Rotterdam had intense competicompeti tion in the trading scene. Schiedam, Delft (through Delfshaven) and Dordrecht were all contending to be the most successful trading city in the Maas area. In this period Rotterdam was not the world leader in oversea trading, but it would become in later centuries.

Rotterdam did not grew in surface area and remained constrained within the city walls. Rotterdam was not yet the world-leading trading harbors.

Sources: M. Rotterdam, 2016 Erfgoedhuis, 2017

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HISTORY CONTEXT Exclusion and inclusion: changing chracter

Phase 1.1: ca 1690 Current Maas River as an orientation point In the seventeenth century, Rotterdam experienced tremendous economic growth, as did the rest of the Netherlands (Golden Age). The city expanded towards the river Maas as the harbor became more comprehensive. However, the city remained enclosed within its walls throughout this time.

The city expanded towards the river Maas as the harbors became more comprehensive. However, the city remained enclosed within its walls throughout this time. Attraction for foreigners and increase of diversity of inhabitants.

Sources: M. Rotterdam, 2016 Erfgoedhuis, 2017

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HISTORY CONTEXT Exclusion and inclusion: changing chracter

Phase 1.1: 1850 Current Maas River as an orientation point After the stagnation of growth under French occupanoccupan cy, Rotterdam started to expand again quickly in the first half of the nineteenth century. The disappearance of the merchants and the rise of transhipment businesses was a significant step towards the future. Rotterdam became a transitional harbour between the United Kingdom, Untied States of America and the Ruhrarea. The trade with African continent also enabled a growth in revenue.

In 1825, Rotterdam started expanding beyond its traditional city boundaries. The city walls were breached and the possibility for real expansion was presented. The ‘triangle’ between the Coolsingel, Goudsesingel and the New Maas was demolished at last.

The sanding of Rotterdam’s main connection to the sea resulted in Voorn channel between 1827 and 1830. This was a connection between Rotterdam and Hellevoetsluis.

Sources: M. Rotterdam, 2016 Erfgoedhuis, 2017

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HISTORY CONTEXT Exclusion and inclusion: changing chracter

Phase 1.5: 1890 Current Maas River as an orientation point NIEUWE WATERWEG (NEW WATER WAY) made the demand for better accessibility of the harbour to a top priority. Between 1866 and 1872, the Nieuwe Waterweg was constructed between Rotterdam and Hoek van Holland as a direct connection to the North Sea. This initiated a rapid economic growth and both the city and the harbour would undergo significant expansions. These expansions come in form of annexation of neighbouring municipalities and the erection of the neighbourhoods. Delfshaven, Feijenoord, Kralingen, Overschie, IJselmonde and Charlois were added between 1869 and 1895. Bridges were built across the river Maas to enhance the accessibility of all parts of the city. The population kept growing, in spite of the decline in birth rates. People were coming to work in the city from all over the countryside

Sources: M. Rotterdam, 2016 Erfgoedhuis, 2017

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HISTORY CONTEXT Exclusion and inclusion: changing chracter

Phase 2: 1940 Current Maas River as an orientation point It was the period in history that Rotterdam surpassed Amsterdam as the main harbor city in the Netherlands. The stagnation in trade and economic growth occurred in Rotterdam due to WWI and the city was boomed and damaged during WWII. WORLD WAR I Stagnation in trade and economic growth occurred in Rotterdam (as well as other cities) due to the outbreak of the First World War. Rotterdam started recovering around 1926, by which time it only had three years left until the great recession in 1929. The recession showed the city’s vulnerability and one-sidedness.

WORLD WAR II In May 1940, the old city centre and the seventeenth century harbours were destroyed by the German invaders. 900 inhabitants were killed and several 1000’s lost their homes. In October 1941 and March 1943, the city was bombed again, by the Allies this time. At the end of the war, the Germans took everything they could from the harbors. In 1946, a plan was devised for the reconstruction of the city and the harbors.

Sources: M. Rotterdam, 2016 Erfgoedhuis, 2017

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HISTORY CONTEXT Exclusion and inclusion: changing chracter

Phase 2: ca 1970 Current Maas River as an orientation point After the war, the original streetplan was abandoned and the city centre was accessible through wider roads. The city centre largely became a place of business while new neighbourhoods were built all around the city. The city of Rotterdam and the country of the Netherlands wanted to be less depended on Germany for their trade and was looking for ways to make this happen. The petrochemical industry combined with a major expansion of the harbour where the chosen solution.

In 1962 Rotterdam became the largest harbour in the world. The economic growth in this period would create a great demand for foreign workers, increasing the demand for living quarters in the city.

Sources: M. Rotterdam, 2016 Erfgoedhuis, 2017

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HISTORY CONTEXT Exclusion and inclusion: changing chracter

Phase 3: 2020 Current Maas River as an orientation point In the 1980s, the Basicplan to reconstruct Rotterdam had been concluded for several decades. A new city had been built with a clear division of functions.

Small scale housing projects had filled in the open spaces in the city. In the 1990s, large scale building projects had become the new norm. The Kop van Zuid and the Erasmusbrug being the most striking ones. This city had gotten a metropolitan feel to it. Explosive economic growth resulted in a great demand for foreign labour forces. This resulted in 40% being of foreign origin.

Up to 2008, the economic growth of the city resulted in some famous grand scale building projects. The Witte Keizer, Montevideo, Coopvaart, Wijnhaeve, Scheepmakerstoren, Red Apple, New Orleans and the Maastower and some examples. The economic and financial crisis of 2008 had a deep impact on a trading city like Rotterdam. Unemployment rates rose and the municipality was forced to cut its expenditure. In spite of that projects like the new railway station, the Rotterdam and the Markthal still got built.

Sources: M. Rotterdam, 2016 Erfgoedhuis, 2017

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HISTORY CONTEXT Exclusion and inclusion: changing chracter

Conclusion Katendrecht seems to be excluded off the border all the time during several expansion of city Rotterdam.

On one hand, Katendrecht is somehow less developed in terms of business and infrastructure availability.

On another hand, the intimity connection with water and green is calling more people move to Katendrecht, especially with the klushuizen policies encouraged by the government.

Sources: Gemeente Rotterdam & Westerlengte, 2012

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2

BUILDING ENVIRONMENT

lements and figures

apping of time and space

ense of place

BUILDING ENVIRONMENT Elements and figures

1.Heritage ribbon and cores On the north side of Katendrecht there are several factories along the road, among which only two of them are still available as industry utility.

2. Strip houses The houses are mostly constructed as social strip houses after 1985, with uniformed facade and the heights on average.

3. Klushuizen There are dozens of houses hosting hundreds of inhabitants on Wahallalaan and Tolhuislaan, which attracts more people coming for the un-uniformed living environment.

4. Parks There are parks locate along the axis in the area, which are mostly embaraced by the lou-rise dwellings 5. Ship - maritime relavant The Roterdam SS stands here as a monument sinse 1987 6. Waterfront high-rise High-rise buildings(dwellings, hotels) are allocated along the waterfront in the north-west and east side.

7. Factories as mega space As said, only two of industry heritage are still available as industry utility. The others such as Fenix I is renovated as food market; Fenix II and Santos are proposed in progress.

8. Density of imbalance The density on east side weighs much more than the west side.

1.Heritage ribbon and cores

2. Strip houses

3. Klushuizen

4. Parks

5. Ship - maritime relavant

6. Waterfront high-rise

7. Factories as mega space

8. Density of imbalance

BUILDING ENVIRONMENT Mapping of time

BUILDING ENVIRONMENT Mapping of time

Buildings in old core and industial area are survivors from war. Each area was developed in certain timeline.

The oldest part of Katendrecht is old residential core located in the center, and as we have seen earlier, many buildings of core area built during the development of Katendrecht in the past are preserved. Similarly, industrial buildings on the north quay side are also preserved.

However, the industrial buildings located in the south disappeared with the expansion of the residential area, and now they have turned into a residential area. Lately, a new large-scale complex is being created in the area of the entrance to Katendrecht as part of the Entree Katendrecht project.

The expansion of residential areas can be divided into four categories. The central old core existed from the past. When the 1st Katendrecht Haven was filled, the first residential expansion took place there. After about 10 years, a second residential expansion occurred to the south of the first area, and in the 21st century, an elongated residential area twas created in south part of Katendrecht.

Sources: https://stadsarchief.rotterdam.nl/zoeken/archief code.waag.org KBO collection

BUILDING ENVIRONMENT Mapping of space

Road system The street system of Katendrecht forms various interestinterest ing sequence, which is related to the development of the site. Katendrecht’s street system consists of two main components. The one is long line which is parallel to the quay line and the other is short line perpendicular to the long line. These two lines intersect each other and form the street network of Katendrecht, just like a grid.

Zones (based on evidence of programs and history) 1 Industrial heritage 2 Old residential core 3 First expansion for housing 4 Second expansion for housing 5 Southern strip of housing 6 Entree Katendrecht 7 Willhelmina pier

Sources: https://stadsarchief.rotterdam.nl/zoeken/archief code.waag.org KBO collection

Zone transitions

1. from Lombokstraat to Ambonpad 2. from Brede Hilledijk to Walhallalaan 3. from Staalstraat to Sterappelhof

BUILDING ENVIRONMENT Mapping of space

Zone 1 Atmosphere Industrial buildings have high heights and huge volvol umes, each forming one zone. This is in sharp contrast to the opposite residential area. On the other hand, the buildings, which were mainly used as warehouses, have a high volume but low height, so they are in contrast to high buildings in the same industrial area. Each building is not unified and has its own facade. However, repeated rhythms can be found in the facade of a building. Many of the buildings retain skin from the past. Red brick and concrete are mainly used, and the concrete that contrasts with the surroundings highlights the huge volume of the building.

Forming Method In the area where the massive mass buildings of Zone 1 are gathered, each building comprises its own block. On the other hand, near the entrance of Katendrecht, where low buildings were gathered, several buildings form blocks shaped like long belts.

Zone 2 Atmosphere Zone 2 consists of narrow, low-rise buildings. Each building has a similar facade and design, so it looks as if the same rhythm is repeated over and over. Inside the old core, most of the buildings were pre-war, but some areas were newly built after the war.However, they also look like the same rhythm sequence because they follow the shape of the past building. Trees are also lined up along the streets around the building, which is also felt as part of the rhythm. The continuity is further emphasized by red bricks which are used for all but the roof.

The lower part of the building has a more open atmosphere, unlike the upper part, and is actively interacting with the street. Many of these are used for commercials.

Forming Method Each block has a closed shape with a courtyard inside.

Since these blocks were influenced by the development of Katendrecht and the industrial railway, they have various shapes such as triangles and rectangles.

BUILDING ENVIRONMENT Mapping of space

Zone 3 Atmosphere Zone 3 consists of elements of various sizes and shapes.

Except for the high rise towers on the quay side, they have a similar design, but they don’t feel like a similar lump because the mass are different and there are fragmentation elements such as mid-open spaces or unique tunnels. Also, since they are openly arranged, several types of buildings are layered and viewed simultaneously. A repetitive rhythm is felt in one type of building. The high rise tower also exhibits vertical repetition.

Most buildings use red and yellow bricks, but they do not feel like something continuous because they have their own personality.

Forming Method Buildings composition in zone 3 is fairly open. Unlike other regions, they do not have a courtyard. They have one elongated building like tree trunk and small buildings are arranged as small branches extending from there.

Zone 4 Atmosphere Zone 4 has a similar volume and type of building to the nearby Zone 3. Like Zone 3, it has a high rise tower on the quay side. An elongated volume surrounds the edge of the zone and small volumes of buildings are placed inside. The buildings inside have a diagonal roof, showing a distinction from the surrounding box-shaped buildings. The buildings are all made of dark red birck, emphasizing continuity, and distinctly forming a zone.

Forming Method Each block in Zone 4 doesn't have a courtyard, but looklook ing at the entire zone, it takes the form of a huge courtyard. The long volumes of the buildings are squared like a courtyard, and the small volumes of the buildings are arranged inside. For this reason, the shape of the introverted courtyard appears on the elevation, but it is not surrounded by a single band of buildings, but slit which is fragmentation segment is placed to secure connectivity with the inside.

BUILDING ENVIRONMENT Mapping of space

Zone 5 Atmosphere Zone 5 is recently built residential complex, and its form follows the old core. However, the overall volume of blocks increased rather than the old core, and the volume of each building also increased.

The facade of the building can be divided into two setions.

Similar rhythms are repeated in both zones, and the continuity of the facade is felt, but the facade in the east is similar to feel like a single band. The western section, on the other hand, feels a certain degree of continuity due to the similarity of the rhythm, but it does not look like a single band because it has its own personality.

Forming Method The formation of Zone 5 faithfully follows the old core. Several buildings gather to form one block, and each block has an introvert courtyard. However, the volume of each building has increased, and the shape of the block including the courtyard is also different. The old core had various shapes depending on the formation of the railway, but in this zone, it had a straight rectangular shape.

Zone 6 Atmosphere Entree Katendrecht is the most recently built area, with new high-rise buildings in massive volume. These buildings form their own territories with huge volumes. Each building has its own personality, but each has its own logic and repetitive rhythm.

This zone seems to have been created according to certain rules, from building blocks to greenery.

Forming Method The buildings in this zone are arranged in a modern way, not in a layout that includes the courtyard as in the past. Each building forms a very formal area, as is green space. These elements were intentionally arranged according to the internal logic. The tall, large volume, and the modernly cut mass form the new skyline of Katendrecht.

3

SPECULATIONS

eplacement of interest

patial network

SPECULATIONS Replacement of interest Het Stegier the neighborhood center open weekly to provide the community space for entertainment and learning Chinese language.

Rotterdam SS the thematic museum was dirven here since 1987, in memory of this special maritime relavant place, well popular among students

Stichting Emsi the Chinese church moved here since1990s as the host of religious events weekly, which also provides the meeting place for youngsters

S

the ex din te l

Stories House BelvÊdère

e live museum weekly host xhibition and serves withning while listening to Kaendrecht’s story, which relates to Chinatown a lot.

Fotomuseum the museum serves as a photo archive and probably more inportantly, the social entertainment place with great waterview on harbor FENIX II the previous factory is to be renovated as a migration museum, where witnessed countless people leaving Netherlands to U.S.

SPECULATIONS Spatial network

5min by w

400m

alk

DAILY USE skill engagement (language, instrument of Chinese..) (mainly for neighborhoods)

6

0m

al

k

n by

450m wal k lk

50

w

m

wa

by

00

13

by

in

5mi

in m

12

wa

80m lk

by

6m

us eu m m 14 in 00 by w m al k

M

18

or ld W

Museum 1800m 11min b y metro Maritim e

in

1m

WEEKLY USE culture study (migrant history, Chinese culture) (open to neighrborhoods+ visitors off Katendrecht)