TU Delft_ Urbanism_ Divya Gunnam_ Regional Planning_ CircuLABS_ Ranstad, NL

CIRCULABS Towards fair and knowledge driven circular development Technical University of Delft Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment MSc1 Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences, Track: Urbanism 2019/20 Q3 AR2U086 R&D Studio: Spatial Strategies for the Global Metropolis AR2U088 R&D Methodology for Urbanism Tutors Alexander Wandl Diego Sepulveda Carmona Luisa Calabrese April 9, 2020 Students David Aldana I 5095018 Divya Gunnam I 5099218 Ilse van Milaan I 4445740 Jamie Taal I 4562372 Ondrej Veselý I 5162130 All images, graphics, diagrams are by the Authors unless otherwise mentioned.

Source for all maps: Map data copyrighted OpenStreetMap contributors and available from https://www.openstreetmap.org Sources for additional data are mentioned in the caption of the maps.

TABLE CONTENTS OF CONTENTS TABLE OF OFTABLE CONTENTS PREFACE ABSTRACT

PREFACE ABSTRACT

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INTRODUCTION CIRCULABS INTRODUCTION CIRCULABS 1.1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Methodology 1.2 Methodology 1.3 Problem statement1.3 Problem statement 1.4 Research question 1.4 Research question 1.5 Conceptual Framework 1.5 Conceptual Framework

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UNRAVELING SOUTH HOLLAND UNRAVELING SOUTH HOLLAND 2.1 Global connection2.1 Global connection 2.2 Regiona Analysis 2.2 Regiona Analysis 2.3 Construction Industry 2.3 Construction Industry 2.4 Potential Areas 2.4 Potential Areas 2.5 Practice Circular Development Practice 2.5 Circular Development

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SOUTH HOLLAND IN 2050 SOUTH HOLLAND IN 2050 3.1 Goals and Ambitions 3.1 Goals and Ambitions 3.2 Vision 3.2 Vision 3.3 Circulabs 3.3 Circulabs 3.4 Vision for South Holland 3.4 Vision for South Holland 3.5 Vision for Material3.5 Vision for Material 3.6 Vision for Land 3.6 Vision for Land 3.7 Vision for Knowledge 3.7 Vision for Knowledge 3.8 Vision for People 3.8 Vision for People

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STRATEGIES FOR CIRCULABS STRATEGIES FOR CIRCULABS 4.1 Intervention Strategy 4.1 Intervention Strategy 4.2 Spatial Strategy 4.2 Spatial Strategy 4.3 Strategy for Densifying 4.3 Strategy for Densifying 4.4 Circularity as a Lifestyle 4.4 Circularity as a Lifestyle 4.5 Toolbox 4.5 Toolbox 4.6 Stakeholders 4.6 Stakeholders 4.7 Action 4.7 Action Plan at Regional Level Plan at Regional Level

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LOCAL INTERVENTIONS LOCAL INTERVENTIONS 5.1 Alphen aan den Rijn 5.1 Alphen aan den Rijn 5.2 Schieoevers, Delft 5.2 Schieoevers, Delft 5.3 ‘S Gravenzande 5.3 ‘S Gravenzande 5.4 Schiedam Port 5.4 Schiedam Port

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CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION 6.1 Regional Synergies6.1 Regional Synergies 6.2 Action Plan at Local Level 6.2 Action Plan at Local Level 6.3 Phasing and Execution 6.3 Phasing and Execution 6.4 User Stories 6.4 User Stories 6.5 Assessment 6.5 Assessment 6.6 Group Reflection 6.6 Group Reflection 6.7 References 6.7 References 6.8 Individual Reflections 6.8 Individual Reflections 6.9 Appendix 6.9 Appendix

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PREFACE This report proposes a spatial vision with an associated development strategy for the province of South Holland and its vicinity in 2050. The vision was developed during the course AR2U086 R&D Studio: Spatial Strategies for the Global Metropolis in collaboration with the province of South Holland. The studio is a part of the MSc. Urbanism track in architecture and the built environment at the Delft Technical University. The thematic focus of the studio is informed by an ambitious policy agenda that the Province of South Holland has set out: it intends to transition to a 100% circular economy by 2050. In addition to this, a broader context of spatial development trends that shape the region is taken into account.

The design proposal is formulated by a team of five students coming from various backgrounds and interests, all master students of the Urbanism track at the TU Delft. Due to their wide range of experiences, interests and cultural backgrounds, interesting discussions arose.

We would like to sincerely thank our studio mentors Alexander Wandl, Diego Sepulveda Carmona and Luisa Calabrese for their guidance, useful feedback and insights about circularity and spatial planning. We would also like to thank Marcin Dabrowski and Roberto Rocco for the enlightening lectures during the course AR2U088, R&D Methodology for Urbanism. Hereby we would like to extend sincere gratitude to the province of South Holland and the guest lecturers of the Capita Selecta Spatial and Development Strategies (SDS) for their time and providing us with valuable information.

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ABSTRACT The Province of South Holland is an important economic player both nationally and globally with several green ports, knowledge centres and the port of Rotterdam. It is the innovation capital of the Netherlands, leading the circularity vision with multiple stakeholders working together. Due to its strategic position, the province has provided high standards for the quality of life. However, the negative side of this development is the demand on the urban areas to support steady growth and tackle pressures of migration or influx of people. These pressures are leaving the urban fabric unevenly developed. The resulting urban sprawl and crammed centres are creating unequal and unjust living conditions. The conventional household structures have been shifting due to evolving lifestyles and economic opportunities. However, the housing market supply is still aiming towards the higher economic sections of people and is not reflective or accommodative of changing households. In addition, the current practices in the construction and demolition sector make it the largest contributor to greenhouse emissions, and consumer of resources.

The province has formulated a vision of at least 50% reduction in the use of primary raw materials by 2030 and completely transforming into a circular economy by 2050. This drive towards the circular economy is dependent on a great deal of knowledge, which is mostly controlled by just a few actors. Spatially, this shift is threatening to leave behind yet another layer of brownfields. Hence, it becomes imperative to promote just spatial conditions and fair sharing of knowledge by utilising these transitioning landscapes in a circular development.

These interventions are realised by introducing the Circu-labs and formulating goals under the categories of people, land, material and knowledge. These coinciding ideologies will be accommodated in the ‘circulabs’ which are then implemented in strategic areas that are the transitional landscapes within the South Holland region. The region would have a synergetic urban network where circulabs provide knowledge and support the transition towards a circular construction and demolition cycle with well-balanced and inclusive living environments. The circulabs will act as catalysts to boost the circular economy in construction and also transform South Holland into a lab itself which would be optimised and most sustainable towards the future needs.

Keywords - Circularity, Inclusive living environments, Transitional landscapes, Social justice, Fair sharing of Knowledge, Construction and Demolition sector.

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INTRODUCTION CIRCULABS 5

INTRODUCTION

South Holland is a province on the west coast of the Netherlands. With the political capital The Hague, the growing creative Rotterdam and 50 other municipalities is South Holland most populous and most dense province in the Netherlands (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 2019).

The opportunities offered by the big cities are constantly attracting people into two urban cores: The Hague and Rotterdam.

Due to this strong urbanization, the international port and it’s world-famous greenhouse horticulture sector, is South Holland probably one of the most material-intensive provinces in the Netherlands (Drift and Metabolic, 2018).

The Province of South Holland therefore has great ambitions to accelerate the transition to a circular economy in South Holland.

The province focuses on three selected value chains in the transition to a circular economy. The construction, agrifood and plastics sector is looking for environmentally and economically sustainable ways of using natural capital and resources.Because there are so many aspects of circular economy that can be faced, we decided to focus on the construction and demolition waste cycle in our project. In the province of South Holland, 5.6 Mton of building materials are used, making it by far the largest material flow within the region (Drift and Metabolic, 2018). In addition to the thematic focus of circularity a broader context of spatial development trends that shape the region are taken into account.

By analysing the development trends that shape the region and the construction and demolition waste cycle the research question that emerges is ‘How to utilise the transforming landscapes of the South Holland Province to drive circularity in the construction and demolition sector and relieve the pressure of the housing demand on the urban cores?’

To answer the research questions and its

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subquestions, this report will introduce a network of regional living labs. Plugin developments to the existing urban structures. We call them CircuLabs and they exist on the threshold of 3 important sectors.The strong knowledge economy of the region, the large and transitioning construction industry and the agricultural landscapes of South Holland. With our design we are aiming for a region that consists of a synergetic urban network, where knowledge is fairly distributed and supports the transition towards a circular construction and demolition cycle, providing balanced and inclusive urban environments.

METHODOLOGY Background Research Conceptual framework

Site visit Desk research

1. The growing pressures on urban areas History overview Introducing new spatial strategy

Research question

2. The current practices in the construction and demolition sector Current and possible construction chain

South Holland analysis Land Land use Transforming landscapes

Problem statement Motivation Scientific Relevance

3. Utilizing transitioning landscapes in a circular development Brownfields Identifying transitioning landscapes

People Urbanization patterns Housing trends Material Current practive construction sector Flows

Toolbox

CIRCULABS

Regional Plan Typologies Interventions 1. Schiedam Port 2. Alpen a/d Rijn 3. ‘s Gravenzande 4. Delft Schieoevers 5. Dordrecht Port 6. The Hague Binckhorst 7. Leiden 8. Zoetermeer

Strategy

Assesment

1. Harbour 2. Urban 3. Greenport 4. Agricultural

Goals People Land Material Knowledge

Vision 2050

1. Intervention strategy 2. Spatial strategy 3. Stakeholder engagement 4. Strategy for densifying 5. Circularity as a lifestyle 6. Timeline

Reflection

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RESEARCH QUESTION Subquestions Transforming Landscapes Definition Which landscapes can be defined as transforming landscapes?

Evaluation How can you prevent occuring another layer of brownfields?

Design/Intervention What are the requirements and implications for the transforming landscapes shifting from a linear industry to a circular hub?

How can these agglomerates of new developments synergize with the existing regional structures?

How to utilise the transforming landscapes of the South Holland Province to drive circularity in the construction and demolition sector and relieve the pressure of the housing demand on the urban cores?

Subquestions Circular C&D sector Subquestions Housing Demand Definition What relieves the pressure of the housing demand on the urban cores?

Evaluation What are the current social,economic and spatial trends in South Holland?

Design/Intervention How to make these transformations viable for creating affordable living conditions to low mid income groups in the new context?

Definition What constitutes a circular construction and demolition cycle?

Evaluation What are the current trends in the construction and demolition cycle?

Design/Intervention How can we reduce the use of building materials as much as possible and fulfill the use of the remaining material requirements as sustainably and efficiently as possible?

How can a balanced and economical strong South holland be achieved by developing from a linear economy to a circular economy?

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

TRANSITIONAL LANDSCAPES In the course of our research, we found that studies have shown high and diverse demands on land in South Holland. The agricultural sector still remains the main land user in South Holland, occupying over half of the province’s surface area as of 2015 (Clo.nl,2012). Built-up areas along with housing infrastructure take up only about 20 percent of the overall land. These urban areas, especially in Randstad, are very dense due to the prevailing spatial planning policies of the Netherlands (Ministry of Housing and Physical Planning 1966) which we will depict in detail in the next section.

“Land is considered a finite source” which can’t be extended beyond a limit (Amenta & van Timmeren, 2018; European Commission, 2020). The criticality of land depends on the limit to which it can be exploited before it stops acting as an important resource (Kasperson et al., 1995: 25). To use the land to its full potential and bring it under the umbrella of circularity, it needs to be treated as a renewable resource (Marin, 2018).

As discussed in the previous chapters, the project’s goal is to shape the transition from a linear to circular economy in the construction and demolition sector. It also addresses the demands on urban cores and the plethora of landscapes that need to be regenerated. In this chapter the conceptual foundation of this transition is explained. The foundation is mainly based on the following theories.

Transitional landscapes, New developmental models, Knowledge distribution, Re-envisioning construction practices.

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The landscapes of South Holland share an inherent relationship with human activities (Pols et al., 2005). The dutch landscapes are treated as cultural landscapes and the land is given the utmost importance historically in dutch context (PBL, 2019). Land reclamation, urbanisation and industrialisation have been major contributors to the identity of the South Holland landscapes today.

These landscapes have in turn influenced the resilience of the social groups and communities dependent on them (W.Adger, 2000).

Today’s linear economy witnesses major transitions of land from extraction, reclamation, conversion, development, contamination (especially in the case of industrial activity), usage and finally abandonment. The resultant landscapes

take the longest to heal after undergoing these developments.

Ergo, these wastescapes left behind by diverse human interventions are unusable and need to be regulated for efficient revival and reuse.

Wastescapes are wasted landscapes or unused land parcels which are usually a result of human activity, industrial activity or spatial development strategies. The industrialisation of older city areas and the rapid urbanisation of newer city areas could be identified as two primary processes for the formation of dross scapes ( Berger, 2006). Brownfields are the results of the process of industrial change, especially in Urban areas (Grimski, & Ferber, 2001).

Research suggests that there are over 93800 hectares of industrial lands and Brownfields across the Netherlands. In this new transitioning economy that iaccounts for 30% of areas that are obsolete and eligible for redevelopment. This is more than 30,000 ha of industrial land alone which is wasted as of now (PBL, 2019).

These industrial areas are well-connected and in the vicinity of city centres because logistics and accessibility were the main focuses for their initial establishment.

These factors give them a competitive edge over greenfield development.

Waste scapes provide opportunities for sustainable urban and territorial regeneration. It includes a regenerative system which provides continuous replacement through its functional processes of energy and materials used in its operations (Van Timmeren, 2006).

Revitalising wastescapes is a complex discipline and it requires diverse fields of focus making it multidisciplinary.

It brings together different concepts related to economy, quality of life, health, accessibility, resources, landscape, environment and infrastructure (Van Timmeren, 2019). Since this is inherently a complex process, it is not just achieved by a single party but requires a collaborative

effort of multiple processes, flows and actors. It requires a systems thinking which allows one to utilise a holistic and transdisciplinary approach across multiple scales and sectors (Cloy, 2019).

In our proposal, the plugins will not consume unused pristine lands or green fields. This will prove inefficient and result in more depletion of natural resources.

Hence, we will examine the potentials of different types of abandoned landscapes that are left behind due to planning initiatives, transformation stages or industrial activities. The development of these wastescapes, instead of new agricultural fields, has multiple economic, ecological and logistical advantages.

Circular management of land aims to reduce the land resource required for new building constructions, transportation facilities, working and residential areas. It proposes densification through remediating abandoned landscapes, recycling and introducing mixed typology buildings for efficiency, economic productivity and flexibility of built land (Preuß & Verbücheln, 2013).

Land can be considered a ‘common good’.

Common goods are defined as goods that are rivalrous and non-excludable (Lefebvre et al., 2015). Commons are those resources that are held in common (Rocco, 2020). These include resources held by few communities, like agricultural land owned by farmers and industrial land by shipping industries and other actors as such ( Zuid-Holland Circular). In recent developments, the land has been privatised and is controlled by only a few actors owing to the global economy and market (PBL, 2017).

Figure 2.1| Four parameters of development; Illustrated by authors

action. (Hardin, 1968). We also had to differentiate between the common goods from the common pool resources. Unlike the common pool resources (CPRs), which work like an open-access regime with no particular resource management system, Commons are guided and negotiated by the people. We are proposing a more informal structure to manage these shared resources.

The usage of land by an individual actor under the policies of the province essentially means that it is rivalrous and not accessible to others during the time of use. Hence, the transitional periods of these landscapes become very crucial for our proposal. Our vision strongly emphasises that landscapes which are under transition would be given back to a shared-resource system where after debate and collaboration, all stakeholders of the community can decide how the land can be used to create equal opportunities of knowledge sharing and just living conditions.

The Dutch landscapes are of important public interest and belong to everyone (PBL, 2019). The viability of these landscapes during the course of remediation and revitalisation are very important for the whole society (Baldock, Hart and Scheele, 2011). These transitional landscapes are full of potential to address key values of the society, and the problems we face today like climate change, social vulnerability etc. It is very important to make them accessible for diverse uses and to distribute the gains of those uses fairly. This would increase the efficiency of land usage and collective action that would result in the common good.

The tragedy of the commons is a situation in a shared-resource system where individual users, acting independently according to their self-interest, behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling the shared resource through their collective 11

NEW DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL The Post-Industrial city, developed in Europe in the latter half of the 20th century, caused major social, economic and ecological changes. Cities became the main attractors for livelihoods in the process. The rapid and large scale urbanisation has taken its toll on the movement patterns, environment and social behaviour (Banister,1997; Williams et al., 2000; Marshall, 2001).

South Holland is a highly urbanised Province (PBL, 2017). Most of the jobs are found in the cities and they have the highest share of knowledge workers and also attract the most foreign immigrants. The main pull factors are the proximity of amenities, job opportunities and the proximity of educational centres (Vissers, 2019).

The high population density and concentration of human activity in cities are causing climate change, increasing urban heat island effect, air pollution and waste (PBL, 2017). The everexpanding urban boundaries have become highly dependent on their city centres for functioning. On a city scale, these over-dependencies have led to weaker sections being pushed away from the urban centre and from the advantages and opportunities it holds.

In South Holland, Hague and Rotterdam act as the two main economic pillars (OECD, 2007). The Metropolitan region of Rotterdam-The Hague acts as a monocentric system of the whole province which contains multiple satellite towns and suburbs that are over-dependent on them.

On a regional scale, a great majority of the economic activity is dependent on this area, which leaves the whole region vulnerable to potential risks.

The current growth of South Holland is greater than in the past. Research shows that there will be a need for 12

an additional 250,000 houses in the province south Island by the year 2050 (Zuid-Holland Circular, 2019). The municipality vision proposes that 83% of these houses be built within the urban borders adding additional pressure to the already strained cities (Clo.nl, 2017). This methodology is based on the compact organisation policies in the Netherlands (Geurs,K; Wee,B., 2006). To protect the natural ecological systems, curb suburban sprawl and protect the fragility of the peri urban areas, national spatial planning policies were aimed towards implementing compact urbanisation in various forms.

One of the approaches adopted for channelling suburbanisation is to implement "concentrated deconcentration" which aims to accommodate new urban growth outside of existing urban areas in several designated spillover centres (Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment, 1977). This policy was embraced as a feasible compromise between concentration and low-density dispersal of urban activities.

However, due to the decline of the inner cities, this was further replaced by the ‘compact city’ model. From the late 1990’s, there is a call to relax strong emphasis on compact urban form after the housing stock and the number of inhabitants in the large cities started to grow again after a decade of serious decline (Ministry of Economic Affairs, 1999). These discussions gave way to the replacement of the compact urban development by a ‘Network city’. Network city is a planning concept that would lead to decentralisation and reduced local governance.

We have proposed a similar model for our densification strategies. A synergetic regional development model aims at reducing the over-reliance on a single metropolitan area and strengthens the region as a whole. In this new

configuration, all the cities and smaller towns would merge in terms of disciplines and act as a single coherent robust region (Meijers and Romein, 2003). This synergetic, polycentric model strengthens the relationships and the connections between the region’s different cities. It creates specialised and complementary urban centres that vary in size, function and identity but work as one system, avoiding a destructive large scale urban sprawl (Beily and Turok, 2001).

A polycentric system that functions with diverse and complementary urban areas can achieve a steadier pattern of development and greater spatial justice (European Commission, 1999).

These new development areas are proposed at the peripheries of the existing urban cores at the threshold of the urban fabric and open landscape. These maintain the fragility and the cultural significance of the peri urban areas which are considered the main bridges of the divided worlds of rural and urban (Wandl, et al.2014). In our proposal, the plugins that are created near these multiscalar regions would use the local potentials and promote more local economies that would then be interlinked with a robust infrastructural system that is already in place.

This reduces the pressure on the major urban centres to support the transition towards a just and circular development.

The economy is diversified and each area supports the other under the systems theory and creates better conditions to address the fundamental uncertainties of this shift.

KNOWLEDGE DISTRIBUTION To put circular economy concepts into practice, citizens, their awareness, mindsets and behaviors play an essential role (Veleva, Bodkin, & Todorova, 2017). This awareness will be brought in only by equal cognition.

Central to our vision for South Holland is the assimilation and dispersion of knowledge. There was a keen interest to understand whether knowledge can be perceived as a public good.

The technical definition that was pinned down by Elinor Ostrom in her book, Governing the Commons, divides economic goods and units of exchange, on two axes. Public goods are non-rivalrous and non-excludable (Rocco,2020). Knowledge is infinite and doesn’t reduce when someone consumes it and once given can’t be taken away. However, the main issue with characterising knowledge as a public good was that it is not free at the point of delivery. It is an excludable entity. Knowledge is highly privatised in the capitalist economy (Hirschman, 1977). Natural incentives exist to create private goods as accumulation seems to be the natural aspect of human character (Hirschman, 1977).

'Knowledge Commons', a concept which is half socialist utopian and half neoliberal is a belief that technology can enable the effective sharing of knowledge as a resource. The resources that can be shared and explored by all would then act as effective foundations for value creation (Hess & Ostrom, 2006). So to determine and drive knowledge as a public good, we needed to ascertain different forms of provision.

Dispersion of knowledge and its just sharing requires the same tools that would support the creation of public goods. Especially, for an entire

paradigm shift, these mandates and legislatures are of utmost importance.

The current model of knowledge concentration needs to be diminished because it results in the accumulation of this resource in the hands of a few actors who would, in turn, control the extent of its impact. Distribution of knowledge creates greater benefits and enables the creation of even great value. Since the province's future vision looks at a drastic shift that needs knowledge build-up and innovations, there is a need to establish new networks of knowledge dispersions.

These public goods need to be resourced at a global level and mandated through legislation.

A shift in the economy and ensuring that this shift would be sustainable, a transition in perspectives is needed (Hobson & Lynch, 2016). Changing the mindset and driving the knowledge about circularity is a multi-scalar and multi-systems approach. Hence, at a policy level, we propose a collaboration between the top-down and bottom-up disciplines so there is a shift in the economy in every household from being passive consumers to more proactive prosumers. The greatest hindrance to achieving this is the lack of knowledge and its distribution (North & Nurse, 2014). It is inaccessible to a whole section of the population to realise this. Our proposal forms an initial seed for an integrated systems approach that connects flows of biocentric and service/ knowledge-centric industries.

community based institutions would have to be supported both informally and also on an administrative level (North & Nurse, 2014). Local economies and new community-based business models would inspire confidence of the citizens more easily and guide them to take an active part in creating the circle (Hobson & Lynch, 2016). Localising the logistics and supply chains would also transform the transportation means and as a result, emissions can be reduced. Localised economies do not mean independent actors, they still rely on each other and the overall region to develop synergies.

They bring forward strong and integrated regions that complement each other in terms of functionality and identity and the local economies engage citizens to participate (North & Nurse, 2014).

To engage all the citizens in this circular economy, the new developments should be organized in a way where opportunities for participation and engagement are maximised and a sustainable lifestyle becomes more obvious and easier to achieve (North & Nurse, 2014). For this, self builders need to be encouraged, localised business, social enterprises, small entrepreneurs and local material production and distribution services and 13

material (Veleva, Bodkin, & Todorova, 2017).

However, it now becomes very important to understand the shortcomings of a circular economy before transitioning into it fully. In a growth-based economy like south holland, this model doesn't respond to the fundamental problem of overconsumption (Hobson & Lynch, 2016). The only way this can be addressed is if the objectives include zero waste as well as making a robust reusable material bank to establish a zero consumption of new resources.

Figure 2.2| Multifacated nature of Circulabs; Illustrated by authors

RE-ENVISIONING CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES. The construction industry in the province of South Holland uses up to 5.6 Mton of building materials (Zuid Holland Circular, 2017). It contributes to the largest flow of materials within the region. Even though it boasts of recycling 85% of the building materials after demolition, the vast majority are not reused or used only for their second-grade value (Metabolic, 2019). The province has ambitions to transform the region into a circular economy by 2050.

Policies in the region already recognise that the construction sector needs immediate mitigation efforts that aim to tackle greenhouse gas emissions, climate change, protect natural and renewable resources and transform into a circular economy (Hodge et al., 2010; Sieffert et al., 2014). A circular 14

economy can be described as a model of development where the end-of-life waste concept is replaced by generating alternate uses for recovering materials, by recycling, revitalising and reusing them. These materials undergo various transformations due to production, utilisation, distribution and consumption processes (Kirchherr et al., 2017).

The new model emphasises the necessity of maintaining the products and materials in the flow so that the dependence of new and virgin resources can be diminished which are usually accompanied by negative environmental impact (Mirata, 2004). The concept of circularity has recently garnered attention as a means for policymakers to respond to sustainability issues (Veleva, Bodkin, & Todorova, 2017) (North & Nurse, 2014) (Hobson & Lynch, 2016). However, in many critical conclusions, this refers to a zero-waste model, in which as much waste as possible would be turned into a reusable resource

Effective and comprehensive collaborations between scientists, policymakers, government ministers and companies must be established. The focus should be on expanding the scale and the quality of construction and demolition recycling and its potential to also be reused to construct new buildings which are energy efficient. Although, circular construction is not only about resource recovery, re-use and recycling, is a much broader concept (Ghaffar, Burman & Braimah, 2019).

The stakeholders in the construction sector lack proper incentives to innovate in terms of dismantling strategies and material recovery, since the market hasn't incentivised them yet. The onus then falls on the government to issue mandates to meet the recycling targets and provide reasons for them to invest (Ghaffar, Burman & Braimah, 2019). It becomes quite complex since new legislations are required and not the general appreciation for global challenges and environmental concerns (Dahlbo et al., 2015; Kurdve et al., 2015).

STIMULATION OF SYSTEMS

KNOWLEDGE AS A PUBLIC GOOD

RELATION BETWEEN PEOPLE AND LANDSCAPE

CLEANER CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION SECTOR

EQUAL ACCESS

NEW GROWTH MODEL

CONSUMER TO PROSUMER Figure 2.3

COLLECTIVE SYNERGIES

CONCLUSIONS The conceptual framework has been guided by the different theories which were discussed in the earlier sections. The fair sharing of knowledge ideology has put the focus on the notion of whether knowledge can be considered a public good. This is especially important for the transition of the current linear economy into a circular economy. It also addresses the inherent relation between knowledge and development of the current socialtechnical systems of construction practices.

Also, the notion that land is considered a common good is strongly intertwined with socio-spatial justice for large segments of weaker and marginalised parts of the society. Since the land is a finite source, it is important to aspire for its fair distribution and access. The transitional landscapes of South Holland should be taken into consideration for their regeneration and reuse. Then the expectations of these landscapes along with the other

abandoned landscapes and waste scapes should be equally distributed. Along with the prosperity of developers and construction industries, the well-being of the citizens needs to be considered. Even though the land itself is owned by a few, it would still cater to people, planet and prosperity.

The role of the strategy is to guide, stimulate and educate so that the transition from a linear to a circular economy can happen with a fair distribution of resources and knowledge. The inherent relation between the development of a society and their dependence on landscapes are also reflected in our proposal. The transformative landscapes can revitalise their support systems and also be extremely valuable to the societies that are dependent on them. The transition of these landscapes will happen simultaneously with the fair dissemination of knowledge regarding the new methods of achieving circularity in the construction and demolition sector particularly.

15

16

2

UNRAVELLING SOUTH HOLLAND 17

SOUTH HOLLAND POLAND GERMANY

S

BELGIUM

HU AUSTRIA SWITZERLAND FRANCE

SLOVENIA

ITALY

SPAIN

Figure 2

18

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS SEA-GOING VESSELS

29,476

INLAND VESSELS

107,00 INCOMING & OUTGOING VESSELS

DRY BULK

LIQUID BULK

CONTAINERS

BREAKBULK

469

SLOVAKIA

MILLION TONS

INCOMING & OUTGOING COMMODITIES

UNGARY

INCOMING

OUTGOING

152.8

63.8

ROMANIA

2.1| South-Holland and its global connections; Illustrated by authors

TOTAL EUROPE

216.7

INCOMING & OUTGOING GOODS UNIT: GROSS WEIGHT x 1 MILLION METRIC TONS

South Holland plays a very important role at a global scale due to its multiple connections; both through land and sea.

The Port of Rotterdam is one of the most important connections of the country and Europe receiving up to 29,400 sea vessels a year and providing a logistics platform to import and export around 470 million tons of commodities. In land, South Holland counts with the immediate connection with Belgium with a shared border and

it is connected through a combination of highways and railways to Germany, Swit- zerland and France to name a few.

South Holland currently has a population of 3.7 million people. The province comprises 52 municipalities. A few of the most relevant cities are The Hague being the diplomatic center of the Netherlands, Rotterdam being a key port of Europe along with its rich industrial sector, Leiden and Delft housing world class universities.

19

Recycling centre Re-used materials ‘Circulabs’ Circular construction hub Living labs Knowledge

Duckweed (Azolia) Hemp Myceliums (mushrooms)

Biomass Building stock New Development/ Processed mat Urban mining/ Recycled mat.

Green ports Delta Landscape Building Stock

Urban cores Plugin Developments Attractive Green

Existing urban areas New developments Demolition Knowledge hubs

Leiden

Alphen aan den Rijn

Den Haag

Knowledge hubs Knowledge Network

Zoetermeer

Gouda

Delft Rotterdam

m Dordrecht

avation 6% or more 32% or more Production: Concrete/ Granulate 5% - 6% 16% - 32% Production: Concrete/ Prefab 4% - 5% 8% - 16% Production: Brick 3% - 4% 4% - 8% Recycling: Concrete 2% - 3% 2% - 4% Demolition Sites Figure 2.2| Economic axis: Industrial, knowledge and Green Port; Illustrated by authors, based LISA 1% - 2% 1% - 2% Newon: Developments 0% - 1% Lower than 1% Processed materials Demolition waste Demolition waste> Recycling centre Industry Urban Cores Flows from outside South-Holland Green Ports Agricultural Land Knowledge Centres Green Houses

ECONOMIC AXIS

Industrial Axis Knowledge Axis Green Port Axis Agglomeration Points

20

0

5

10

20km

The regions economic development is based on the advanced industrial sector, leading knowledge institutions and the agricultural sector. The industrial sector focuses mainly along the port of rotterdam and spreads with less intensity through the region mainly on the periphery of large cities. The knowledge sector is more compact and it is located in the larger cities of the region, the most important institutions are located in Leiden, The Hague, Delft and Rotterdam.

ruction hub

Duckweed (Azolia) Hemp Myceliums (mushrooms)

Green ports Delta Landscape Building Stock Knowledge hubs Knowledge Network Existing urban areas New developments Demolition Knowledge hubs

r more Production: Concrete/ Granulate 32% Production: Concrete/ Prefab 16% Production: Brick 8% Recycling: Concrete 4% Demolition Sites Figure 2.3| Analysis of the landscape within the province of South-Holland; Illustrated by authors, based on: Nationaal georegister, Pdok 2% New Developments than 1% Processed materials Demolition waste Demolition waste> Recycling centre Urban Cores Flows from outside South-Holland Agricultural Land res Green Houses

oints

LANDSCAPE

0

5

10

20km

The agricultural sector is located throughout the region.

The green houses are located mainly in Westland which has three of the six green ports in the Netherlands and it spreads to the west to Pijnacker and Zoetermeer.

On the other hand the livestock farming happens on the green belt that covers most of the east and south area of the province.

21

Urban Cores Nodes

Recycling centre Re-used materials ‘Circulabs’

Haarlem

Circular construction hub Living labs Knowledge

Housing Biomass Knowledge Urban mining Logistics

Duckweed (Azolia) Hemp Myceliums (mushrooms)

Biomass Building stock New Development/ Processed mat Urban mining/ Recycled mat.

Green ports Delta Landscape Building Stock

Urban cores Plugin Developments Attractive Green

Existing urban areas New developments Demolition Knowledge hubs

Knowledge hubs Knowledge Network

Amsterdam

Utrecht

Leerdam

Arnhem

Port of Rotterdam Steel Plant Sites of Sand Excavation 500 or more 6% or more 32% or more 100-500 5% - 6% 16% - 32% 50-100 4% - 5% 8% - 16% 30-50 3% - 4% 4% - 8% 20-30 2% - 3% 2% - 4% Bergen op Zoom Figure 2.4| Infrastructure networks South-Holland; Illustrated authors, based on: Nationaal georegister, Pdok 10-20 1% in - 2% 1% -by2% 5 0% - 1% Lower than 1%

INFRASTRUCTURE

22

Port Train Stations Airport

Industry Green Ports Knowledge Centres

Highway Railway Waterway

Industrial Axis Knowledge Axis Green Port Axis

Urban Cores

Agglomeration Points

Urban Cores Agricultural Land Green Houses

Production: Concrete/ Granulate Production: Concrete/ Prefab Breda Production: Brick Recycling: Concrete Demolition Sites 0 5 10 20km New Developments Processed materials One of the most important assets of the Demolition waste region is the extensive network of infraDemolition waste> Recycling centre structure. The railway network connects the province on a national level and on Flows from outside South-Holland

an international level through Rotterdam Central Station. Rotterdam The Hague Airport provides airway connections. The highway network extends from the international to the local level and finally the waterways connect with water channels, and at an international level with the port of Rotterdam and the north sea.

Port Train Stations Airport Highway Railway Waterway Urban Cores Nodes

Production: Concrete/ Granulate Production: Concrete/ Prefab Production: Brick Recycling: Concrete Demolition Sites New Developments Processed materials Demolition waste> Recycling centre Re-used materials ‘Circulabs’ Circular construction hub Living labs Knowledge

Plug-in Region Railway Network Industrial Area Construction Area Workshop/ Knowledge Area Residential Area Logistics Area Material Banks

LEIDEN 124,320

Duckweed (Azolia) Hemp Myceliums (mushrooms) DEN HAAG 531,935

Housing Biomass Knowledge Urban mining Logistics

ZOETERMEER 124,719

DELFT 102,280

Biomass Building stock New Development/ Processed mat Urban mining/ Recycled mat.

Green ports Delta Landscape Building StockSCHIEDAM

Urban cores Plugin Developments Attractive Green

Existing urban areas New developments Demolition Knowledge hubs

77,917

Knowledge hubs Knowledge Network

ROTTERDAM 638,751

DORDRECHT 118,466

Figure 2.5| Analysis of the density within the province of South-Holland; Illustrated by authors, based on: Nationaal georegister, Pdok

Port of Rotterdam Steel Plant Sites of Sand Excavation

DENSITY 500 or more 100-500 50-100 30-50 20-30 10-20 5

Port Train Stations

6% or more 5% - 6% 4% - 5% 3% - 4% 2% - 3% 1% - 2% 0% - 1%

5

10

20km

Thanks to this economic agglomeration there has been a constant growth on a axisGranulate which includes The Hague and Production: main Concrete/ Rotterdam. The booming industries in theProduction: Concrete/ Prefab se cities were an attractor which helped Production: to Brick develop smaller towns. With time this Recycling: Concrete growth created by the expanding industry Demolition resulted Sites in urban sprawl shaping the cities that now exist. Currently The Hague and New Developments Rotterdam are the densest areas in South Processed materials and they are projected to contiDemolition Holland waste nue growing and expanding.

Demolition waste>

32% or more 16% - 32% 8% - 16% 4% - 8% 2% - 4% 1% - 2% Lower than 1%

Industry Green Ports

0

Urban Cores Agricultural Land

Recycling centre Flows from outside South-Holland

23

rade.

Port of Rotterdam Steel Plant Sites of Sand Excavation

IMMIGRATION 500 or more

Knowledge

6% or more 5% - 6% 4% - 5% Housing 3% - 4% Biomass 2% - 3% Knowledge 1% - 2%mining Urban 0% - 1% Logistics

Myceliums (mushrooms)

32% or more 16% 2020 - 32% 8%Biomass - 16% 4%Building - 8% stock 2%New - 4%Development/ Processed mat 1% - 2% Urban mining/ Lower than 1% Recycled mat.

Production: Concrete/ Granulate Production: Concrete/ Prefab Green ports Production: Brick Delta Landscape Recycling: Concrete Building Stock Demolition Sites Knowledge hubs New Developments Processed materials Knowledge Network Demolition waste Urban cores Existing urban areas Demolition waste> 2000 2020 Plugin New developmentsRecycling centre Smaller towns appear along major infrastructural Growth is along the axis. Cities develop satellite towns Pressure onDevelopments Rotterdam - The Hague metropolitanCores area Port axis.

Industry Urban Flows from outside South-Holland Demolition Train Stations Green Ports Attractive Green Agricultural Land Airport Knowledge Centres Green HousesKnowledge hubs 100-500 50-100 30-50 20-30 10-20 5

1975

Highway Railway Waterway

2020

l axis.

2000

Growth is along the axis. Cities develop satellite towns

Industrial Axis Knowledge Axis Green Port Axis Pressure on Rotterdam - The Hague metropolitan area

Urban Cores

Agglomeration Points

Port of Rotterdam Steel Plant Figure 2.11| Western migration; Illustrated by authors, based on: Nationaal georegister, Pdok Sites of Sand Excavation 1950

towns

1975

Pressure on Rotterdam - The Hague metropolitan area

n

De ag

Ha m

a rd

te ot -R is

Ax

500 or more 100-500 50-100 30-50 20-30 10-20 5

Figure 2.7-2.10| Growth along the axis between Smaller towns appear along major infrastructural axis. by authors

The around the port Rotterdam; are flourishing dueIllustrated to trade. thecities hague and

Port

Western migration in South Holland TrainisStations evenly spread throughout the region.

Airport Most of the migration focuses on people older than 45 years oldHighway that are looking for a better quality of life Railway outside of the urban areas.

Waterway

2000

6% or more 5% - 6% 4% - 5% 3% - 4% 2% - 3% 1% - 2% 0% - 1%

32% or more 16% - 32% 8% - 16% 4% - 8% 2% - 4% 1% - 2% Lower than 1%

Growth is along the axis. Cities develop satellite towns

Industry Green Ports Knowledge Centres

2020

Pressure on Rotterdam - The Hague metropolitan area

Urban Cores Agricultural Land Green Houses

5

10

20km

Production: Concrete/ Granulate Production: Concrete/ Prefab Production: Brick Recycling: Concrete Demolition Sites New Developments Processed materials Demolition waste Demolition waste> Recycling centre Flows from outside South-Holland

Industrial Axis Knowledge Axis Green Port Axis

Non western migration in South Urban Cores Agglomeration Points Holland focuses mainly on the largest urban areas such as Leiden, The Hague, Delft and Rotterdam because of the education and job oportunities as well as a more diverse and inclusive Figure 2.12| Non-Western migration; Illustrated by authors, based on: Nationaal georegister, Pdok living area.

24

0

0

5

10

20km

PEOPLE

Ownership of property

Rental Properties

Privately Owned

Types of Rental Property

South Holland’s Population is quite diverse. The region is heterogenous in nature owing to the migration patterns over the past few decades.

Regular Housing

Household structures

The traditional family structure is also evolving due to the change in current economic and educational trends.

Due to this change in the conventional demographic structures, multiple housing typologies have resulted.

Traditional Family

There are more students that live by themselves in the places of education and South holland also has aging population.

New Structure

Housing for Family

Due to the high employment oppurtunities that the area offers, there are a lot of immigrants that are willing to settle down. These demographics usually make up the minority and the current housing system doesn’t work for them efficiently.

Row Houses

Single Family Units

Multi Family Units

Demographic trends

These diversities have resulted in multiple housing typologies like the traditional row houses, independent apartments and multi family units.

When it comes to ownership, till 1985, there has been a clear majority of rental properties but starting from 1985 there has been a major shift in the attitudes and housing demands.

Social Housing

Families

Students

Expats/Workers

Elderly

Figure 2.13| Drawings showing the trends; Illustrated by authors

25

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Decline in the rental stock from the market, more developOwnership of property ments that are privately owned.

HOUSING TRENDS

80007000600050004000300020001000-

Rental 1985

Privately Owned

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Market supply is not accomodative and The privately owned housing the rental stock Shift towards privatelysurpasses owned - 50% - 2002 to around 1985.

Changing attitudes. reflective of changing household struc59% - 2012, dec. in rental shares - 1985 tures and demands in the South hol20000land.

16000-

Privately owned Rentals Figure 2.14| Decline in the rental stock from theand market; illustrated by authors

Household structures

1200080004000-

d

Families

Singles, students

Single family units

01985

Ownership of property The average household size has been decreasing with new lifestyle choices of andproperty economic oppurtunities.

Ownership

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

structures Decline in the Household rental stock from the market, more developments that are privately owned.

Household structures

Multiple familly units Figure 2.15| Private housing surpasses the rental stock in 1985; illustrated by authors 800070007000-

60006000-

6Household structures 4,5-

50005000Market supply is not accomodative and 4000reflective of changing household 4000struc3000tures and demands in the South hol200030001000Privately Owned Families land.

2000-

The shift towards privately owned 3Rental residences has 1,5- changed from 50% in 2002 to 59%0-inRental 2011 with a decrease Privately Owned Privately owned and Rentals in rental shares from1985.

The1975 1945 1960 Shift towards privately owned - 50%1990 - 2002 to 2015 privately owned housingPrivately surpassed the and Rentals owned 59% -students 2012, dec. in rental shares - 1985 amilies rental stock around Singles, The average household has -been 1985.

Shift towards privatelysize owned 50%decreasing - 2002 to with 20000new59% lifestyle choices and economic oppurtunities.

- 2012, dec. in rental shares - 1985 average household size has been decreasing with 16000There is a decline in the stock from the w lifestyle choices20000and economic oppurtunities. market due to the changing attitudes 70001200016000and there 6000- more developments that 8000-are 600012000are privately owned.

50004000- 45008000-

3000-

1000-

Singles, students

1985

1990 Families

1995

2000

2005 2010 Singles, students

The average household size decreasing with The privately owned the2010 rental stock 2015 1995 2000 housing surpasses 2005 has been around 1985.

Changing attitudes. new lifestyle choices and economic oppurtunities.

Single familyFigure units2.16| Decreasing household sizes; illustrated by authors The construction average household been decreasing with New added tosize thehas market according to houslifestyle choices and economic ingnew typology.

More of single family units. oppurtunities.

Multiple familly units

4000-

506404,5630-34,51,520301,510-

0On the hand, the average 30004000- other 15001945 1960 1975 1990 2015 20001985has been 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 household size decreasing 00001000with new lifestyle choices and economic Decline in the rental stock the more develop1945 1960 1990 20152005 average 90-119 household size has been 1990 decreasing with 1995 2000 2010 2010 2015 The1945 1960 sqm 120-149 1975 2015 19851990 1990 1995 from1975 2000market, 2005 5 1960 1975 2015 <90 sqm sqm >150sqm oppurtunities.

The constructions ments thatnew are privately owned. new lifestyle choices and economic oppurtunities.

Figure 2.17| Decreasing household sizes; illustrated by authors verage household beenmarket decreasing with stock New construction added to the market according to housDecline in construction the rental fromtothe more developaddedsizetohas the are foradded single The new average household size hasrepresentative been decreasing with New themarket, market according household The stock of housing is not of the festyle choices and 8000economic oppurtunities. ing typology.

More oftosingle family units. ments that are privately owned. new lifestyle choices and economic oppurtunities. family units which directly structure.

More contradict for families. demand.

507000the demographic shift. The new stock 60006000800040of housing is not representative of the 50007000450030changing 60004000-demands.

6000-

5

20300050002000-these inequalities, it has 10Due 4000to 100030000become more expensivee to live in the 1960 1975 1990 2015 1985 1990 1995leads 2000 urban2000areas.

The high demand 1000-

<90 sqm 2005 90-119 sqm 2010120-149 sqm >150sqm

300045001500300001500-

1945

1960

1975

1990

Figure 2.18| New construction based on representative area; inflation andprivately poor living conditions. constructiontoadded to the The market according to household The stock of housing is not ofFigure the 2.19| New construction for families; illustrated by authors owned housing surpasses thenew 1945 1960 added to 1975 illustrated byrental authorsstock New construction the market1990 according 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 ure. More for families. demand.

26

around 1985. Changing attitudes.

The privately owned housing surpasses the rental stock around 1985. Changing attitudes.

2015

0-

to2015 household structure. More for families.

New construction added to the market according to household structure. More for families.

SOCIAL HOUSING The social housing in South holland is equally distributed in proportion to the overall densities of the cities. However, with more demand, existing social housing stcok is not sufficient. And as seen before, new hosuing stock that is added to the market is profit based or for private ownserhip.

LEIDEN EN BOLLENSTREEK 190,000 Dwellings 51,000 Social Housing

27% AGGLOMERATION DEN HAAG 412,000 Dwellings 81,000 Social Housing

31%

DELFT EN WESTLAND 102,000 Dwellings 35,000 Social Housing

OOST-ZUID HOLLLAND 147,000 Dwellings 37,000 Social Housing

26% 34%

31% 37%

ZUIDOOST - ZUID HOLLAND 162,000 Dwellings 51,000 Social Housing

GROOT-RIJNMOND 665,000 Dwellings 251,000 Social Housing

0

5

10

20km

Figure 2.21| Percentages of social housing in south holland region; illustrated by authors. Based on CBS 2020

THE NETHERLANDS 7,815,000 Dwellings 2,295,000 Social Housing

DEN HAAG 259,000 Dwellings 81,000 Social Housing

29%

22% 31%

ROTTERDAM 312,000 Dwellings 140,000 Social Housing

44%

SOUTH HOLLAND 1,676,000 Dwellings 555,000 Social Housing

33%

31%

DORDRECHT 101,000 Dwellings 34,000 Social Housing

0

Figure 2.20|Social housing in South Holland; Illustrated by authors. Based on CBS 2020

ALPHEN A/D RIJN 48,000 Dwellings 12,000 Social Housing

5

10

20km

Figure 2.22|Social housing in major cities in South Holland; Illustrated by authors. Based on CBS 2020

27

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Current Trends

Water (1.189.160 mm)

Buildings

Water (1.189.160 m3

New construction

Maintenance

Brick (773.010 tons) Other (171.590 tons) Ceramic (140.630 tons) Timber (106.510 tons) Plaster (70.090 tons) Steel and Iron (55.070 tons) Glass (10.630 tons) Other materials (5.950 tons) Copper (4.500 tons) Plastics (4.350 tons)

CO2-eq (280.050 tons) NOx-eq (2.841 tons) SO2 (1.578 tons) VOC’s (259 tons) PM2.5 (200 tons)

Materials (2.581.840 tons)

Materials (5.661.360 tons) Concrete (2.161.700 tons)

Emissions (264.928 tons)

Demolition

Plastics (4.590 tons) Glass (4.920 tons) Other materials (5.630 tons) Steel and iron (26.590 tons) Timber (73.860 tons) Other (106.760 tons)

Incinerating (148.940 tons)

Dumping (11.010 tons)

Stony rubble (1.101.330 tons) Asfalt (1.258.160 tons)

Bottom Layer (1.377.230 tons)

Downcycling (1.068.290 tons)

Recycling (1.099.910 tons)

Roads

Asfalt (780.100 tons)

Energy (2.632 TJ

Other (51.630 tons)

New construction

Gas (320 TJ) Electricity (245 TJ) Diesel and Gasoline (2067 TJ)

Maintenance

Figure 2.23| Material flows in the construction and demolition cycles; Illustrated by authors, based on Metabolics (2019)

Within the construction industry in SouthHolland a total of 5.6 megatons of construction material is used in 2016.

That makes the construction industry the third sector concerning material flows (Metabolic, 2019).

On the diagram on the previous page, it is clear that the material flows on the left side are much more intensive than the material flows on the right side. In this current situation, the construction industy wouldn’t be able to meet its own needs.

In the construction sector, concrete is the material with the highest influx. The total 28

influx in a year is 2.1 megatons (Metabolic, 2019). By far, the inflowing concrete is mostly used for new construction and barely for the maintenance of buildings.

Due to the lack of quality and quantity in the outgoing materialflows, a constant influx of new construction materials is needed to provide for new construction projects.

Within the province of South-Holland the outflow of construction materials amounts 3.9 megatons. 50 percent of this material outflow consists of stony rubble. Mostly

this stony rubble is used in a low-value way. 95 percent of the stony rubble is used as an underlayer for new roads. In total 1.06 megatons is downcycled.

Important to notice is that a significant part of the asphalt outflow is recycled.

0.78 megatons asphalt a year is reused for the realization of new roads in SouthHolland.

At last, this described process of material flows ensures that there is a CO2 emission 0.28 megatons a year. This emission of CO2 is mostly from the construction of roads.

Housing Biomass Knowledge Urban mining Logistics

Biomass Building stock New Development/ Processed mat Urban mining/ Recycled mat.

Green ports Delta Landscape Building Stock

Urban cores Plugin Developments Attractive Green

Existing urban areas New developments Demolition Knowledge hubs

Imports/ Exports

Knowledge hubs Knowledge Network

Import of limestone, gravel from Belgium and Germany

Import of limestone, gravel from Belgium and Germany Port of Rotterdam Steel Plant Sites of Sand Excavation 500 or more 100-500 50-100 30-50 20-30 10-20 5

Figure 2.25| Import of limestone from Belgium and Germany; Illustrated by authors, based on

6% or more 5% - 6% 4% - 5% 3% - 4% 2% - 3% 1% - 2% 0% - 1%

Production: Concrete/ gravel Granulate from Belgium and Germany Import of limestone,

32% or more 16% - 32% 8% - 16% 4% - 8% 2% - 4% 1% - 2% Lower than 1%

Port Train Stations Airport

Industry Green Ports Knowledge Centres

Highway Railway Waterway

Industrial Axis Knowledge Axis Green Port Axis

Urban Cores Agricultural Land Green Houses

For producing concrete, among other things, gravel, sand and water is needed. Sand and water can both be extracted within the region.

Import of timber from Sweden and Germany

Port of Rotterdam Figure 2.26| Import of timber from Sweden and Germany; Illustrated by authors, based on Steel Plant

Figure 2.24| Export of materials; Illustrated by authors, based on Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat (2016) Urban Cores Agglomeration Points Excavation and export of sand and steel

For a number of particular raw materials, the province of SouthHolland is dependent on other countries. From Belgium and Germany, limestone and gravel is imported.

Timber is imported from Sweden and Germany and Iron is imported from the UK and Russia.

Production: Concrete/ Prefab Production: Brick Recycling: Concrete Demolition Sites New Developments Processed materials Demolition waste Demolition waste> Recycling centre Flows from outside South-Holland

Sites of sand excavation

Import of timber from Sweden and Germany

Import of timber from Sweden and Germany

Figure 2.27| Import of iron from UK and Russia; Illustrated by authors, based on

29

Tat a

en Tata Steel Vels

Ste el Ve lse n

Plug-in Region Railway Network Industrial Area Construction Area Workshop/ Knowledge Area Residential Area Logistics Area Material Banks

Alphen aan den Rijn

Leiden

Azolia)

Den Haag

n

Iro

mushrooms)

K (U d

an

Zoetermeer

s Ru sia ) Gouda

Delft Rotterdam

Dordrecht

Figure 2.28| Material flows in South-Holland (Production); Illustrated by authors, based on: Metabolic (2019)

PRODUCTION FLOW Production: Concrete/ Granulate Production: Concrete/ Prefab Production: Brick Recycling: Concrete Demolition Sites New Developments Processed materials Demolition waste Demolition waste> Recycling centre Flows from outside South-Holland

30

Limesto ne and Gravel (Belgiu m and German y)

0

5

10

20km

The flows illustrated on this map concern the production of construction (concrete) materials in South-Holland. The grey dots concern the different concrete plants and companies. Some materials, like limestone and gravel, are imported from outside the region. From these concrete plants, processed concrete is transported to the different building sites (yellow).

In combination with the map on the next page, the linearity of this process is described.

Plug-in Region Railway Network Industrial Area Construction Area Workshop/ Knowledge Area Residential Area Logistics Area Material Banks

Leiden

Azolia)

mushrooms)

Alphen aan den Rijn

Den Haag Zoetermeer

Gouda

Delft Rotterdam

Dordrecht

Figure 2.29| Material flows in South-Holland (Demolition); Illustrated by authors, based on: Metabolic (2019)

DEMOLITION FLOW Production: Concrete/ Granulate Production: Concrete/ Prefab Production: Brick Recycling: Concrete Demolition Sites New Developments Processed materials Demolition waste Demolition waste> Recycling centre Flows from outside South-Holland

0

5

10

20km

The flows illustrated on this map concern the flows of demolition waste (concrete) within the region. The blue areas are the demolition sites from where material waste is transported to several landfills.

A small part of the demolition waste is transported to recycling facilities, where concrete will be downcycled. These maps shows on a spatial way the linearity of the current system.

31

CURRENT PRACTICE The current system is highly linear, with high energy consumption, CO2 emissions and consecutive long-term land pollution.

Production

- WATER - ENERGY - FUEL - LABOUR INTENSIVE

Processing

CO2

organic waste reused for burning

water for curing

power for working

Manufacturing

plastic for packing

a t

road transport

CO2

Electricity

Quarrying for limestone

cement kiln

Sea Port Transport for Rotterdam

concrete plant at rotterdam port + storag

Contributing to air pollution

ground water excavation

Quarry land, long healing periods

unreacted raw material waste

Contaminated land because of silt particles

Figure 2.25| Current construction landscapes;

32

contaminants into the land

Contaminated brown fields due to processing

Logistics

Building

air transport

ge

residential buildings

roads and infrastructure

CO2

inflow of knowledge

water for curing

Recycling

power for working

multiple actors construction elements

inflow of knowledge

post building life span

CO2 sand + water + cement

water channel

CO2

CO2

logistics+ distribution centres

recycling centres

building construction site

inflow of knowledge

40% of recycled waste

Wet concrete - smaller distances Dry concrete - directly from the plant

Infrastructure, connectivity potential

waste sent to the landfill

material back into the construction stream

Land with reusable potential for future developments

Knowledge centres with future sustaining power Figure 2.30| Current practice of the current system; Illustrated by authors

33

POTENTIAL LANDSCAPES Urban Areas under Transition Industries are constantly under transition.

These leave behind large footprints of buildings and supporting infrastructure which can be brought into the new models of development. Large buildings are also abondoned and they need to be assigned new functions by either recycling or refurbishment.

Drossscapes These are the areas left behind during the design stages on infrastructure development and planning. These abondaned landscapes have high potentials due to their strategic positions.

Agricultural Lands South Holland has large hectares of land for farming, livestock grazing.

These are the potential lands for future developments, developing new materials for building construction and establishing biobased plants.

Green Houses The green houses are located mainly in Westland which has three of the six green ports in the Netherlands and it spreads to the west to Pijnacker and Zoetermeer.

It is the main source of economy in south Holland and has the potential to supply organic residual streams into the construction sector.

Brown Fields

Figure 2.32| Map showing the connections between the existing diverse potential landscapes. Illustrated by authors

34

The fossil fuel based Industry and the port of rotterdam are in transition due to the drive towards circularity. The land these industries leave behind is contaminated for immediate use so they need to be transitioned in multiple phases.

Figure 2.33| Potential landscapes: Urban, Drosscapes, Agricultural, Greenhouses and Brownfields; source:Google Earth

35

CONSTRUCTION LANDSCAPES Concrete Plants The concrete plants are located close to the urban centres. The concrete plants are usually very well connected to waterways and railways for transfer of raw materials. In case of wet concrete plants, it is ideal that they are located within 20km of construction sites for efficient transfer and to maintain the quality of the material. The dry precast concrete plants can have a radius of 90km.

Logistics Hub These are the main connection points between the developer companies, material banks and the construction sites. These are usually located in transitional industrial landscapes for efficient reuse of the land and the infrastructure. These can have storage units plugged in.

Demolition Sectors On the demolition sites, materials are broken down and segregated.

The concrete is separated and sent to recycling areas where it is treated. The material is then transported to be used for its secondary value to lay down foundations for roads and buildings.

The light weight construction materials are sent to material banks for reuse.

Recycling Centre The building materials that can’t be directly used and are in debris form are brought to the recycling centres.

The materials are then either sent to material banks for reuse or to the new construction sites for roads and foundations. (Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat, 2016) 36

Figure 2.31| Current construction landscapes; souce:Google Earth

CIRCULAR CIRCULAR DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT PRACTICE PRACTICE In the region of Zuid Holland, there are already multiple ongoing experimental developments showing the aproaches to tackling the problem of circular construction and demoliton cycles. We identified two dominating aproaches, which we we illustrate with examples of Green Village laboratory in TU Delft and Hof van Cartesius community village in Utrecht.

There is a fundamental gap between these developments. On one side a project, where a private market actor funded by large capital builds a research project on its own private land. The project cannot actually bring any benefit to its users, since it serves no inhabitants, and it only serves to further accumulate knowledge on the campus.

On the other hand, there is a grassroot community project inc ooperation with municipality, that manages to actualy development bringing value to its surrounding, despite the lack of knowledge and resources. Bridging this gap between the private and public sector as well as knowledge and users is essential to bringing systematic transition towards a circularity that is accessible to everyone.

Figure 2.33| Vision plan for Delft Green village, source: www.tudelft.nl, 2020 Figure 2.34| Vision plan for Delft Green village, source: www.tudelft.nl, 2020

37

38

3

SOUTH HOLLAND IN 2050 39

GOALS AND AMBITIONS To tackle the problems we found in the analysis, we created a vision for the region of South Holland.

In 2050 we foresee South Holland as a region that consists of a synergetic urban network, where knowledge is fairly distributed and supports the transition towards a circular construction and demolition cycle, providing balanced and inclusive urban environments.

To achieve this vision, we formulated ambitions under four categories. All categories are interdependent on each other and works synergeticallly.

These goals can be evaluated after the proposed interventions to find out if the project was successful. Our strategy is to achieve this by introducing a network of regional living labs, circulabs. Circulabs are plug-in developments to the existing urban structures. They exist by connecting 4 important sectors of circularity.

- KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY - CONSTRUCTION LANDSCAPES - AGRICULTURAL POTENTIALS - NEW URBANISATION MODELS The strong knowledge economy of the region, he large and transitioning construction industry and the agricultural landscapes of South Holland. They are a place for experimentation and reinvention across all four sectors, making them the hubs of new socio-economic organisation.

In 2050, the region of South Holland consists of a synergetic urban network where In 2050, the region of South consists a synergetic urban network circu-construction circulabs provide knowledge andHolland support theoftransition towards a where circular labs providecycle knowledge andwell-balanced support the transitionand towards a circular construction and deand demolition with inclusive living environments. molition cycle with well-balanced and inclusive living environments.

People

Land

Material

Knowledge

Inclusive living environments by including students, starters and low income households.

Create a synergy between the cities and thereby strengthen the agglomeration power of South Holland.

Towards a circular construction and demolition cycle of biobased materials.

Offer workshops and exhibitions about circular construction.

Housing development through collective private commissioning.

Project development increases the attractiveness of the city as living environment.

Facilitate local production and create a better link between local and regional.

Forefront of innovation by experimenting in Living Labs.

Create decent work opportunities and circular economic growth.

Transforming landscapes are used as focus location for development.

Adaptable and resilient modular housing.

Insight into the materials used through material passports.

A region that can withstand the pressures of urbanisation and climate change.

Figure 3.1| Vision goals seperated in People, Land, Material and Knowledge; Illustrated by authors

40

VISION People

A region where people can enjoy fair living environments and find decent work opportunities under circular economic growth.

Knowledge

A region driven by experimenting and circulatin knowledge throughout different sectors. Region itslef becomes a lab for experimentation for others to follow.

Land

To build a region whose landscapes can withstand the pressures of urbanisation and climate change while not compromising on values and quality of life.

Knowledge

A region where all the potential waste streams are redirected into the sectors reducing the dependencies on natural resources. Locally produced materials would be used in circular cycles.

Figure 3.2| Vision; Illustrated by authors

41

CIRCULABS Agricultural Landscapes Organic (waste) material as a building material

Construction Sector High value recycling and reuse

Knowledge Network Investigate, educate and collaborate

Plugin development Connected to the regional fabric

Figure 3.3| Circulabs concept; Illustrated by authors

42

CIRCULABS

These regional living labs are plugin developments to the existing urban structures. These labs are not envisioned as static designs but more in terms of general strategies applicable to the diverse local contexts offered by South Holland.

The previosuly analysed construction and potential landscapes would become the new areas of interest for these Plug ins. They are broadly classified under Industrial areas, Port areas, Green ports and vast agricultural landscapes.

Material hub

Urban

Living

Circular construction that contributes to sustainable urbanization by relieving pressues on the urban cores

Renewable energy

Farming

Agricultural A circular agricultural system in which biomass and construction production chains are cleverly linked together.

Living

Living Labs Renewable energy

Living

Green Port

Material hub

The transition towards sustainability and logistics optimization and moving towards a biobased economy.

Renewable energy

Material hub Living

Harbour Where maritime and industrial history is making a way for tomorrow’s crossovers.

Green houses

Figure 3.4| Circulabs concept adapted for different locations; Illustrated by authors

43

Figure 3.5| Vision Map; Illustrated by authors

44

VISION FOR SOUTH HOLLAND The regional network that we are proposing is of interdependant disciplines and is multi-scalar and temporal in nature.

Each circulab maximizes the local potentials and synergizes with the rest.

There is a hierarchy in their workability which is mainly derived from its surroundings and existing infrastructure in place.

A few circulabs would just be processing hubs and support networks while the others would serve as a starting point for Production: Concrete/ Granulate Plug-in Regio larger housing developments.

Production: Concrete/ Gran Port Train Stations Airport Highway Railway Waterway Urban Cores Nodes

Housing Biomass Knowledge Urban mining Logistics

Production: Concrete/ Prefab Railway Netw Production: Concrete/ Production: Brick IndustrialPrefa Are These strong regional Porttogether form a Production: Brick Recycling: Concrete Construction backbone that drives the transition of Train Stations Recycling:towards Concrete Workshop/ K Demolition Sites the Airport economy of Zuid Holland Demolition Sites circularity.

Residential Ar New Developments Highway New Developments Logistics Area Processed materials Railway Processed materials Material Bank Demolition waste> Waterway Recycling centre Demolition waste> Urban Cores Recycling centre Re-used materials Re-used materials ‘Circulabs’ Nodes ‘Circulabs’ Circular construction hub Duckweed (Azolia) Circular constructi Living labs Hemp Living labs Knowledge Myceliums (mushrooms) Knowledge

Biomass Building stock New Development/ Processed mat Urban mining/ Recycled mat.

Green ports Housing Delta Landscape Biomass Stock Building Knowledge Knowledge hubs Urban mining Knowledge Network Logistics

Biomass Building stock New Development/ Processed mat Urban mining/ Recycled mat.

Urban cores Plugin Developments Attractive Green

Existing urban areas New developments Demolition Knowledge hubs

Urban cores Plugin Developments Attractive Green 45

Biomass processing Living lab

Material hub

Living lab

Biomat. lab

Fabrication hub

Export hub Material hub

Logistics center

Figure 3.6| Vision Map for material; Illustrated by authors

46

VISION FOR MATERIAL

Biomass processing Living lab

Port Train Stations Airport Highway Railway Waterway Urban Cores Nodes

Production: Concrete/ Granulate Plug-in Region Production: Concrete/ Prefab Railway Netwo Production: Brick Industrial Area Recycling: Concrete Construction A Workshop/ Kn Demolition Sites Residential Are New Developments Logistics Area Processed materials Material Bank Demolition waste> Recycling centre In each of the CircuLabs, different Re-used materials strategies are applied to optimize the ‘Circulabs’

construction and demolition flow based

Circular construction hublocal infrastructure Duckweed (Azolia) on the and potential.

Living labs In general, weHemp have divided them into Knowledge Myceliums (mushrooms) hubs for bioproduction, urban mining

and recycling, logistics and technology development.

Housing Biomass Knowledge Urban mining Logistics

Biomass Building stock New Development/ Processed mat Urban mining/ Recycled mat.

Urban cores Plugin Developments

Each of the hubs benefits from the output of others and together they catalyse the Green transition ports towards a 100% circular construction sector. The construction of the Delta Landscape circulabs themselves is a testing ground Building Stock for new technologies and approaches to Knowledge be used in thehubs industry in the subsequent Knowledge Network phases.

Existing urban areas New developments

47

Greenport Bollenstreek

Greenport Aa

Biomass productio

Greenport Boskoo

Greenport Westland

Greenport Zoetermeer

Delta landscap

Export hub Biorefineries

Biomass produc

Export hub Hemp production

Figure 3.7| Vision Map for land; Illustrated by authors

48

VISION FOR LAND

alsmeer

on

op

pes

Port Train Stations Airport Highway Railway Waterway Urban Cores Nodes

ction

Production: Concrete/ Granulate Plug-in Region Production: Concrete/ Prefab Railway Netwo Port Concrete/ Granulate Production: Production: Brick Industrial Area Plug-in Region Train Stations Production: Concrete/ Prefab Recycling: Concrete Construction A Railway Network Airport Production: Brick Workshop/ Kn Demolition Sites Industrial Area Highway Residential Are Recycling: Concrete Construction Area New Developments Railway Workshop/ Knowledge Area Logistics Area Demolition Sites Processed materials Waterway Material Bank Residential Area New Developments Demolition waste> Urban Cores Recycling centre Logistics Area Processed materials Re-used materials Material Banks Demolition waste> Nodes Recycling centre ‘Circulabs’ Utilizing the intense and highly automatized Re-used materials Circular construction hub production Duckweed biological in (Azolia) greenhouses, we ‘Circulabs’ Living labs Hemp propose transition towards the production Circular construction hub Living labs Knowledge

Housing Biomass Knowledge Urban mining Logistics

Housing Biomass BiomassKnowledge BuildingUrban stock mining New Development/ Logistics Processed mat Urban mining/ Recycled mat.

of technically demanding but promising Knowledge Myceliums (mushrooms) Duckweed (Azolia) bioproducts like mushroom mycelium.

Hemp The region would have an infrastructural Myceliums (mushrooms)

Biomass Building stock New Development/ Green ports Processed mat Delta Landscape Urban mining/ Building Stock Recycled mat.

Knowledge hubs Urban cores Knowledge Network Plugin Developments

advantage, when it comes to producing bio based construction materials.

Clusters greenports are the starting Green of ports point forLandscape our bio based industry where Delta materials like hemp, mycelium and Building Stock duckweed are grown. These materials are Knowledge further refinedhubs in the material hubs into Knowledge Network reusable building elements.

Existing urban areas New developments

49

Leiden Bioscience

Biomass lab

Hague THUAS

Zoetermeer Living lab TU Delft

Biomat. labs Erasmus University

Biofuel labs

Erasmus Unive

Erasmus University Logistics lab

Figure 3.8| Vision Map for Knowledge; Illustrated by authors

50

VISION FOR KNOWLEDGE

Biomass lab

Port Train Stations Airport Highway Railway Waterway Urban Cores Nodes

ersity

Housing Biomass Knowledge Urban mining Logistics

Production: Concrete/ Granulate Plug-in Region Production: Concrete/ Granulate Plug-in Region Production: Concrete/ Prefab Railway Network Production: Concrete/ Prefab Railway Netwo Production: Industrial Area Port Brick Production: Brick Industrial Area Recycling: Construction Area TrainConcrete Stations Recycling: Concrete Construction A Workshop/ Knowledge Area Demolition Sites Airport Workshop/ Kn Demolition Sites Residential Area New Developments Highway Residential Are New Developments Logistics Area Processed materials Railway Logistics Area Processed materials Material Banks Demolition waste> Waterway Material Bank Demolition waste> Recycling centre Urban Cores Recycling centre Re-used materials Re-used materials Nodes ‘Circulabs’ ‘Circulabs’ Figure 3.9| Diagram showing concentration of knowledge; Figure 3.10| Diagram showing dispersion of knowledge Circular construction hub Duckweed (Azolia) Illustrated by authors through introduction of circulabs; Illustrated by authors Circular construction hub Duckweed (Azolia) Living labs Hemp Living labs Hemp Knowledge Myceliums (mushrooms) Our vision Myceliums for the (mushrooms) transformation Knowledge

Biomass Housing Building stock Biomass New Development/ Knowledge Processed mat Urban Urban mining/mining RecycledLogistics mat.

Green ports Biomass Delta Landscape Building stock Building Stock New Development/ Processed mat Knowledge hubs Urban mining/ Knowledge Network Recycled mat.

Urban cores Plugin Developments

Existing urban areas Urban cores New developments Plugin Developments

of the knowledge sector focuses on diffusing the strong backbone of knowledge centers into a new network of local living labs, workshops and other centers of investigation, education and collaboration.

Green ports Delta Landscape

The Building system Stock of living labs drives forward the innovation in the region, establishing Knowledge hubs as a world circularity its strong position transition leader.

Knowledge Network Existing urban areas New developments

51

Leiden

Recreational area

Alpen an den Rei

Binckhorst

Zoetermeer Greenport Westland Delft Schieovers

Recreational area

Schiedam port

Dordrecht

Recreatio

Figure 3.11| Vision Map for People; Illustrated by authors

52

in

onal area

When the kids left our apartment in central Rotterdam, we started looking for something smaller. We always wanted to move closer to nature, into our own house.

VISION FOR PEOPLE I moved my company from the temporary space to our own workshop @CircuLAB thanks to the subsidy program. One month after settling in we already started colabs with multiple local start-ups.

When the kids left our apartment in central Rotterdam, we started looking for something smaller. We always wanted to move closer to nature, into our own house.

ELDERLY

moved my company from the I moved my company fromI the space to our own temporary space to our temporary own @CircuLAB thanks to the workshop @CircuLAB thanks toworkshop the program. One month after subsidy program. One month subsidy after settling in we already started colabs settling in we already started colabs with multiple local start-ups. with multiple local start-ups.

When the kids left our apartment in central Rotterdam, we started looking for something smaller. We always wanted to move closer to nature, into our own house.

When the kids left our apartment in my Post doctoral research I’m doing Now we have a small unit in central Rotterdam, we onstarted dense mycelium Schieoevers insulation at the edge of Delft and looking for something smaller.

We panels. Having a greenhouse we are forexpanding it over the always wanted to move closer to cultivation and all this weekends. fabricationLast summer, I have built nature, into our own house.equipment right behind the office us a winter garden from recycled makes prototyping a breeze. greenhouse frames!

When When the kids left our apartment in the kids left our apartment in central Rotterdam, we started central Rotterdam, we started looking for something smaller.looking We for something smaller. We always always wanted to move closer to wanted to move closer to nature, into our own house. nature, into our own house.

ELDERLY

ELDERLY

Now we have a small unit in Schieoevers at the edge of Delft and we are expanding it over the weekends. Last summer, I have built us a winterI garden recycled moved from my company greenhousetemporary frames! space to workshop @CircuLAB tha subsidy program. One m settling in we already star I moved mylocal company with multiple start-up temporary space to workshop @CircuLAB tha subsidy program. One m settling in we already star with multiple local start-u

ENTREPRE & A

When the kids left our apartment in ELDERLY ENTREPRENEURS temporary to I was our met ownwith her when she was Now wemyhave a small unit in first ENTREPRENEURS Now we have Rotterdam, a small unit in started I first met with her space when she Moving to Leiden for our study I’m Post doctoral research central wedoing @CircuLAB thanks themy studio. She liked my passing at the edge of Delft and passingworkshop by my studio.

She liked my toby Schieoevers at the of Delft and exchange, we had a great trouble onSchieoevers denseWemycelium insulation looking foredge something smaller. subsidy program.

One montha after work and we soon became we are expanding it over the work a lot and we soon became we arealways expanding it over the & ARTIST finding alotplace.

Then I found out panels.

Having wanted to move closer to a greenhouse for & ARTIST settling in we already started colabs weekends.

Last summer, I have built good friends.

I am actually weekends.

Last into summer, I have built good friends. Now I am actually about the Now CircuLAB Student cultivation and all this fabrication nature, our own house. local start-ups. on They a design for some her us a winter garden from workingwith onmultiple a design for working her us a winter garden from recycled Community. still had equipment right behind therecycled office greenhouse frames! companies next collection. greenhouse frames! companies next collection.

ELDERLY ENTRE Now we have a small unit in open, we immediately took it. places makes prototyping a breeze.

I moved my company from the

Schieoevers at the edge of Delft and we are expanding it over the

weekends. Last summer, I have built Production: Concrete/ Granulate us a winter garden from recycled Plug-in Region Moving to Leiden for our studygreenhouse I’m doing my Post doctoral research ELDERLY Moving to Leiden for our study I’m doing my Post doctoral research EXPATS &a small Weunitmoved Now we have in to Holland a ENTRE frames! years ago exchange, we had a great trouble on dense mycelium insulation exchange, we had a great trouble on dense mycelium insulation Schieoevers at the edge of Delft and with Production: Concrete/ Prefab Railway together my husband Netwo and our I found outwe are expanding it over the Having a greenhouse for finding a place. Then I foundfinding out a place. Then KNOWLEDGE panels. Having a greenhousepanels. for little kid. We were sceptical of the about the CircuLAB Studentweekends. Last summer, I have built cultivation and all this fabrication Port about the CircuLAB Student cultivation and all this fabrication high prices of flats in the city, but we I moved my company from the Production: Brick Community.

They still had some equipment right behind the office Industrial Area Community. They still had some equipment rightkids behind theapartment office in us a winter garden from found recycled When the left our accommodation right at the temporary space to our own places prototyping a breeze. places open, took it. open, we immediately took it.greenhouse frames! makes prototyping aStations breeze. wemakes central Rotterdam, started Leiden I’m doing my we Postimmediately doctoral research Train campus. Now Moving we have to perfect pathfor workshop @CircuLAB thanks to the looking for something smaller. We had a greA dense mycelium insulation Recycling: Concrete onpanels. for strolls Construction rightexchange, outside ourwehouse. subsidy program. One month after always wanted to move closer to finding a place. Then I Having a greenhouse for settling in we already started colabs Airport nature, into our own house. about theRegion CircuLAB and all this fabrication Production: Concrete/cultivation Granulate Plug-in with multiple local start-ups.

Workshop/ Knh Demolition Sites Community. They still equipment right behind the office ELDERLY ENTREPRENEURS Now we have a small unit in Movingopen, to Leiden for I’m doing my Post doctoral places weSTU immedia makes prototyping a breeze.research EXPATS & Highway Production: Concrete/ Prefab Weofmoved to Holland a years ago Railway Netwo Schieoevers at the edge Delft and exchange, we had a gre on dense mycelium insulation Residential Are New Developments panels. Having a greenhousewe forare expanding together it overwith themy husband and our finding a place. Then I & ARTIST Port KNOWLEDGE littleI have kid. We weekends. Last summer, builtwere sceptical of the Railway about the CircuLAB cultivation and all this fabrication Production: Brick Industrial Area of flats in the city, but we Logistics Area Processed materials equipment right behind the office us a winter garden high fromprices recycled Community. They still h Train Stations places open, we immedia makes prototyping a breeze. greenhouse frames! found accommodation right at the Waterway campus. Now we have perfect path Recycling: Concrete Construction A Material Bank Demolition waste> for strolls right outside our house.

Airport Urban Cores Recycling centre Workshop/ Kn Demolition Sites Moving to Leiden for our study I’m doing my doctoral research Highway EXPATS & EXPATS &Post STUDENTS STUDENTS moved to Holland a years ago We moved todense Holland a yearsWe ago Residential Are Re-used materials New Developments exchange, had trouble on mycelium insulation We afraid of living so far from We were afraid of we living so afargreat fromwere together with my husband and our togetherpanels. with myHaving husband our Nodes finding I found outbut the public transport a and greenhouse for the center, the center, but atheplace. publicThen transport kid. We were sceptical of the Railway KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE little kid.cultivation We were and sceptical oflittle the about the CircuLAB Student all this fabrication is so good it doesn’t reallyArea matter. is so good it doesn’t really matter.

Logistics ‘Circulabs’ high prices of flats in the city, but we Processed materials high prices of flats inright the city, but we Figure 3.12| Diagram showing diverse population; They our still Plus had we some equipment behind the office can now grow our own Plus weCommunity. can now grow own right at the foundNow accommodation atfound the ENTREPRENEURS I first met with her when she was in it. we prototyping have aright small unit accommodation in we garden. immediately makes a breeze. veggies the shared garden. Our Waterway ELDERLY Demolition authors veggiesplaces in theopen, shared Our took EXPATS & Now we haveIllustrated perfect path by campus.

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Delft and

by Holland my studio.

She liked my waste> classmates love our summer BBQs! classmates love our summer BBQs! strolls Circular construction Duckweed for strolls our house. together with husband andbecame our work(Azolia) a lotmyand we soon we right are outside expanding it for over theright outside our house. hub & ARTIST Urban Cores KNOWLEDGE littlegood kid. We were Now sceptical the Recycling centre friends.

I amof actually weekends. Last summer, I have built high prices of flats in the city, but we her us a winter Living garden fromlabs recycled working on a design for Hemp foundcompanies accommodation right at the greenhouse frames! next collection.

EXPATS & Re-used materials We moved to we Holland a yearspath ago campus.

Now have perfect Nodes Knowledge Myceliums (mushrooms) together with husband and our for strolls right my outside our house.

Through the establishment of CircuLabs, KNOWLEDGE little kid. We were sceptical of the ‘Circulabs’ high prices of flats in the city, but we I’m doing my Post doctoral research on dense mycelium insulation panels. Having a greenhouse for cultivation and all this fabrication equipment right behind the office makes prototyping a breeze.

we would create new plugin developments found accommodation right at the

Moving to Leiden for our study

campus.

Now we have perfect path exchange, we hadhub a great trouble Circular construction Duckweed (Azolia) the regional fabric. for strolls right outside our house. findingto a place.

Thenexisting I found out the CircuLAB Student Living labs about Hemp Community. They still had some places open, & we immediately took it.

EXPATS We moved to Holland a years ago Knowledge Myceliums (mushrooms) This facilitates generating new STUDENTS living together with my husband and our

KNOWLEDGE little kid. We were sceptical of the spaces and the pressure on urban high prices relieves of flats in the city, but we found accommodation right at the Biomass Green ports campus.

Nownew we have perfect path Housing centres.

The residential developments for strolls right outside our house.

Building stock Delta Landscape would serve students, elderly , starter Biomass families, and low income households New Development/ Building Stock Knowledge Processed mat to have a better chance of finding fair Urban mining Knowledge Urban mining/ housing conditions Green portshubs in an inclusive and STUDENTS Housing We moved to Holland a years ago Logistics EXPATS & Biomass were afraid of living so far from Recycled together withmat. my husband and our Knowledge Network We the center, but the public transport healthy environment. little kid. Westock were sceptical of the Deltaliving Landscape Biomass KNOWLEDGE Building is so good it doesn’t really matter.

Knowledge Urban mining Logistics

high prices of flats in the city, but we

found accommodation right at the New Development/ campus.cores Now we have perfect path Urban for strolls right outside Processed matour house.

Plugin Developments Urban mining/ Recycled Attractive mat.

Green

Urban cores Plugin Developments

we can now grow our own Building Stock areas Plus veggies in the shared garden. Our Existing urban classmates love our summer BBQs! Since the labs are located fairly close to the New developments hubs city Knowledge centres, the prospects of these living Demolition Network Knowledge developments would still be attractive.

Knowledge hubs 53 Existing urban areas New developments

54

4

STRATEGIES FOR CIRCULABS 55

INTERVENTION STRATEGY I Agricultural fields

Green ports water

CO2

+ Organic waste seperated sent as secondary materials for agricultural purposes

Green houses

Localised manufacturing units Organic waste - residual streams of bio mass

organic matter like hemp based bio mass or mycelium

organic mass bonded to produce bio-composite materials

new developments+ knowledge plugins

localised material transfers

even claims by all stakeholders

materials for other construction streams

database of high value recycled products

dismantling elements to be reused for future

fair share of knowledge for all actors

Material banks

closer distances to reduce fuel usage

High value Recycling

Smart Buildings

Figure 4.1| Intervention strategy 1; Illustrated by authors

The current construction and demolition system is highly energy intensive. Every stage emits CO2 into the environment and requires electricity, fuel, water and infrastructure. With our strategies we try to create new and improved cycles for localized developments, with different actors contributing and learning from the process. It includes developing new bio based materials that can potentially 56

change the face of construction while optimizing the recycling process. Bio based materials with high CO2 capturing and recyclability potential are grown in circulabs near the agricultural sector.

Localised manufacturing Units would make the system more efficient. The residual organic wastes from the green ports will also be added to the construction stream for creating bio-composites.

ral fields

INTERVENTION STRATEGY II

Knowledge Centres

Design disciplines

Localised manufacturing units

er like hemp s or mycelium

Research in new construction techniques; light weight and modular

value based innovation techniques

new developments+ knowledge plugins

Material banks localised material transfers

lised material transfers

fair sharing of knowledge for all actors

smart design practices to establish innovation methods of construction

CO2

dismantling elements to be reused for future even claims by all stakeholders

database of high value recycled products

High value Recycling materials for other construction streams

dismantling elements to be reused for future

erial banks

fair share of knowledge for all actors

value based innovation and reuse

closer distances to reduce fuel usage

Modular designs

flexible, adaptable buildings that can last for a long time reducing the need for new buildings

Smart Buildings

Dismantling construction

dismantling buildings into waste streams, materials and components can aid in reusing the infrastructure without recycling

Figure 4.2| Intervention strategy 2; Illustrated by authors

Creating material banks and maintaining a database of all the construction materials in circulation, would help localizing distribution and making storage more efficient. These database would not just help the developers but also local citizens to build their homes with reusable materials. The strategies also include developing new ways of designing buildings that are better equipped to be

adaptable and flexible ensuring longer life spans. With help of the knowledge and research centres, innovating strategies should be developed for dismantling a building rather than demolishing it.

These elements could be stored in the material banks for future distribution, high value recycling and reuse reducing the pollution cause due to demolition and recycling.

57

SPATIAL STRATEGY To identify the potential areas for the circulabs we set up a strategy to assess them based on a wide range of criteria.

Firstly, an important criteria is the presence of infrastructure in the area.

South Holland boasts of rich infrastructure networks. The Circulabs are located at nodes were waterways, railway and highways intersect to benefit from the agglomeration power generated by them. Intermodal infrastructure nodes allow hubs to easily achieve region wide coverage and create a synergy between the hubs. The investment costs in the hubs will therefore be lower, so that they can be invested in sustainability and circularity.

in the proposed transitions, otherwise, by leaving them behind, we risk creating yet another layer of brownfields in the landscape. We also looked at the existing construction landscapes that couod be upscaled and the existing infrastrcutue could become more robust.

Secondly, we looked into the existing industries in the region. The existing industries are potential links to a more circular construction cycle. Construction ‘waste’ from several demolition sites can be processed and reused to foresee future projects. The industries need to be transformed in this journey towards circularity. Hence, it becomes necessary for these existing industries to be integrated

We also looked into the potentials of biomass.Organic (waste) material can be used as a building material whereby it can potentially change the face of construction while optimizing the recycling process. Hemp, mycelium and duckweed are materials with great potential that could benefit from the strictly controlled and highly technical agricultural practice in the region.

The circulabs will open the possibility for a regional network of materials. Every circulab with it’s own focus will supply the region as well as receives materials from the other hubs.

MATERIAL FLOW

Production: Concrete/ Granulate Production: Concrete/ Prefab Production: Brick Recycling: Concrete Demolition Sites New Developments Processed materials Demolition waste> Recycling centre Re-used materials ‘Circulabs’

tions

ay Cores

Circular construction hub Living labs Knowledge

Plug-in Region Railway Network Industrial Area Construction Area Workshop/ Knowledge Area Residential Area Logistics Area Material Banks

Duckweed (Azolia) Hemp Myceliums (mushrooms)

The circulabs will open the possibility for a regional network of materials and are new potential links in a more circular construction cycle.Green ports Biomass

dge mining 58

Building stock New Development/ Processed mat Urban mining/ Recycled mat.

Delta Landscape Building Stock Knowledge hubs Knowledge Network

0

Figure 4.3| Potential material flows within a network of Circulabs; Illustrated by authors

5

10

20km

INFRASTRUCTURE NODES

Haarlem

Amsterdam

Utrecht

Port Train Stations Airport Highway Railway Waterway Urban Cores Nodes

Production: Concrete/ Granulate Production: Concrete/ Prefab Production: Brick Recycling: Concrete Demolition Sites New Developments Processed materials Demolition waste> Recycling centre Re-used materials ‘Circulabs’ Circular construction hub

The Circulabs are located at nodes Living labs were waterways, railway and highways Knowledge intersect to benefit from these agglomeration power.

BIO MASS POTENTIAL Housing Biomass Knowledge Urban mining Logistics

ulate b

on hub

Biomass Building stock New Development/ Processed mat Urban mining/ Recycled mat.

Plug-in Region Urban Railwaycores Network Plugin Developments Industrial Area Attractive Green Construction Area Workshop/ Knowledge Area Residential Area Logistics Area Material Banks

Plug-in Region Railway Network Industrial Area Construction Area Workshop/ Knowledge Area Residential Area Logistics Area Material Banks

Duckweed (Azolia) Hemp Myceliums (mushrooms) Bergen op Zoom

0

5

10

20km

Figure 4.4| Infrastructure nodes: different networks come together; Illustrated by authors

Green ports Delta Landscape Building Stock Knowledge hubs Knowledge Network Existing urban areas New developments Demolition Knowledge hubs

Hemp, mycelium and duckweed are materials with great potential that could benefit from the strictly controlled and highly technical agricultural practice in the region.

Hemp, mycelium and duckweed are materials with great that 500 or more 6% or potential more 32% or more Production: Concrete/ Granulate could100-500 benefit from the technical 5% -highly 6% 16% - 32% Production: Concrete/ Prefab agricultural in -the 50-100 practice4% 5% region. 8% - 16% Figure 4.5| Potential for Biomass; Illustrated byProduction: Brick Green ports authors 3% - 4% 2% - 3% 1% - 2% 0% - 1%

Arnhem

Breda

Duckweed (Azolia) Hemp Port of Rotterdam Myceliums (mushrooms) Steel Plant Sites of Sand Excavation

30-50 Delta Landscape Building Stock 20-30 10-20 Knowledge hubs 5 Knowledge Network

Leerdam

4% - 8% 2% - 4% 1% - 2% Lower than 1%

Recycling: Concrete Demolition Sites New Developments Processed materials

0

5

10

20km

59

STRATEGY STRATEGYFOR FOR DENSIFYING DENSIFYING

Figure 4.4 - 4.6| Figures showing the new densification models; Illustrated by authors

60

Current situation

Interventions

Final situation

With the urban area of Leiden-The Hague-Rotterdam-Dordrecht, South Holland is part of the Randstad. The Randstad is a multinucleated urban concentration in the west of the Netherlands, a metropolitan area where various agglomerations with their own city centers have grown or grow together. Major expansions have taken place around the major cities of the Netherlands and also in South Holland. Residential areas and industrial areas have gradually grown around the cities. In recent years, more and more people want to live in the city because of the opportunities that are offered there.

However the increasing pressure on the cities ensures that living in the cities is not affordable for everyone.

With the high demand for housing and the inevitable transition to a circular economy, we see an opportunity to change the current situation. With implementing the circulabs in existing transforming landscapes we try to balance the migration flow within the region of South-Holland.

Circulabs are plug-in developments to the existing urban structure. By using and redeveloping transitional landscapes, the circulabs relieve the pressure on the big cities in South-Holland. We provide better connections between existing and new developments, creating agglomeration power.

Functional connections such as infrastructure, but also cultural connections and connections in knowledge. These connections create a synergy between the cities on multiple scales. We offer the benefits of the inner city through better connections between the cities and new well-balanced developments. More social interaction, good education and job opportunities and the rich range of cultural facilities are offered in the circulabs. In doing so, we ignore the disadvantages of the compact city as less open space, too much crowds, more congestion and pollution and most important less quality of the living environment.

CIRCULARITY AS A LIFESTYLE Individual circular economy starts with responsible usage, upkeep and maintenance of personal items and property. The skills of repair, handicraft are slowly disappearing from society. This is to the benefit of linearly oriented producers, which abuse the inability of the end-users to prolong the life-span of the products themselves. We are focusing on the education of groups such as elderly, which often have time and attitude to maintain the products they own, but dont have the means and assistance to do so.

Our envisioned circular lifestyle is closely connected to the DIY movement.

Especially the economically disadvantaged groups such as students, starter families or immigrants, are willing to go out of their way to improve their conditions themselves using local resources if they are provided with the capital of knowledge and tools necessary, which they often lack.

Figure 4.7| Self building as an attitude; Illustrated by authors

61

TOOLBOX We provided a toolbox that can help reach the goals for people, land, material and knowledge spatially.

By applying a generic toolbox with spatial design interventions to a specific location, specific opportunities and qualities of a place can be used to achieve a healthy design for the region.

Recycling Centre

Maker Industry

Labs

Open Workshops

Urban Farm

Co-working Spaces

CONSTRUCTION SECTOR The new construction infrastructure would be mainly focusing on developing new ways of building, dismantling and collaboration.

HU

Upcycling facility

Material Bank

PV/ Solar Panels

Infrastructure

Energy Hubs

Aquathermal Energy

ENERGY SECTOR A shift towards renewable sources of energy is imperative to become circular in all sectors. These toolboxes facilitate this transition.

62

B

Wind Turbines

Shops

Housing

Schools

Library

Community Hall

Play Ground

Sports Facilities

LIVING AND AMENITIES The new living environments will aim at driving social cohesion and teaching through experimentation and real implications.

LTH EA

B A R

H

Healthcare

Eateries and Bars

Transport Hubs

Car Sharing Facilities

LOGISTICS SECTOR The transport hubs would be upscaled and shared facilities would be provided to the locals since collective growth is important.

63

STAKEHOLDERS

- ATTITUDE + - ATTITUDE +

- INTER - IN - INT -

Trip Wire

NTEREST + The implications of a project of this scale is the involvement of multiple stakeholders. The personal interests of each one could determine the success of the implementation of a project.

Currently there is an unbalance of power and interest where the stakeholders with greater power are not necessarily the majority.

It is important to know where the stake holders fit within the project and how their position and actions will affect the final outcome.

As we can see on the diagram there mul- tiple types of stakeholder and they are portrayed in negative and positive.

On the top we have the stakeholders that are important and which we need to attract to prevent a negative impact on the project.

On the bottom we have the stakeholders that are interested in the change and that will be happy to adapt, innovate and de- velop with the circular economy.

64

Insignificant, Passive, Blocker

Time Bomb Influential, Passive, Blocker

- INTEREST - INTEREST + + Industries

Irritant Insignificant, Active, Blocker

Saboteur Influental, Active, Blocker

Concrete Plants Local Farmers

Acquaintance

Sleeping Giant

Friend

Saviour

Insignificant, Passive, Backer

Influental, Passive, Backer

Insignificant, Active, Backer

Influental, Active, Backer

Universities Innovation Centres Technical Enterprises Citizens

Government Logistic companies

Port of Rotterdam Agroculture Businesses Recycling centres Renewable energy suppl.

Infra agencies Developers Entrepeneurs

Province Municipality Construction companies

+ R E

The first purpose is finding out what drives and concerns the stakeholders, to know how to engage with them and to understand how to manage them. The second purpose is that by getting to know the stakeholders interests to get to know the challenges....

W

A sustainable circular economy does not arise by itself. Companies expect the government to take an active steering role. Stimulating, motivating, facilitating innovation, organizing processes differently and removing barriers fit that role.

- ATTITUDE +

O -P

Municipality as a company Together with parties in the city, the municipal organization can also make its business operations more circular.

This means that their own processes and properties are arranged in a circular manner.

- INTEREST + Stakeholder analyses (Murray-Webster and Simon, 2006)

Municipality as a company Launching customer

Deploy public task Policy role Stimulate and regulate collaborations Educate

Public collaborations Knowledge development Lobby

Deploy public task In addition to its own business operations, central government, the province and the municipality also have a policy and administrative role towards the city.

These are strong tools to get the circular economy off the ground. Where the government owns land, it can enforce the circular economy through private law.

Subsidy schemes also lend themselves to the inclusion of circular requirements.

Public collaboration The challenge is to achieve more together and creatively search for solutions within the available rules, in which all governments, NGOs, institutions and related services will work together.

Agreements can be made about bundling purchasing power, sharing products and services and exchanging experiences.

That would be a strong example signal and it can actually influence the market.

“The government must use its role as a driver of the new economy by removing obstacles and promoting circular innovations.” - ABN AMRO 65

ACTION PLAN AT REGIONAL LEVEL

SHORT-TER

Facilitate local production a better link between local an

For the regional action plan to realise this synergetic network, we separated different actions and milestones into short-term, mid-term and long-term.

Also, for each action and milestone we analysed the stakeholders that are involved. Within the short term it’s about: facilitating local production and creating a better link between local and regional, drawing up material passports, using transformed landscapes for future development and creating decent work opportunities and circular economic growth.

Within the mid-term it’s about: realizing adaptable and resilient modular housing, offering workshops about circular construction, increasing the attractiveness of the city as a living environment and realizing housing development through collective private commissioning.

For the long-term it’s about getting towards a circular construction and demolition cycle of bio based materials, fore fronting of innovation by experimenting living labs, creating synergy between cities and thereby strengthening the agglomeration power of South-Holland and realizing inclusive living environments by including students, starters and low income housing.

66

ACTIONS

Dialog between local producer municipal boards. Governme companies using local residua

STAKEHOLDERS

Construction suppliers Farmers Municipalities Government

Insight into the materials us material passports.

ACTIONS

Enforce material passport fo of permit application. Collect d Municipalities

STAKEHOLDERS

Transforming landscapes ar focus location for developm

ACTIONS

STAKEHOLDERS

Transition to circularity is enabl in sites around viable industrie contamination.

Construction industry Petrochem industry Greenports

Create decent work opportu circular economic growth.

ACTIONS

Stimulating local economic a trough public money invested opportunities.

STAKEHOLDERS

Province Municipalities Citizens

RM

MID-TERM

LONG-TERM

and create a nd regional.

Adaptable and resilient modular housing.

Towards a circular construction and demolition cycle of biobased materials.

rs established trough ental tax subsidy for al flows.

Promote model of ‘house as a service’. Construction elements leased from suppliers. Subsidies for modular construction research.

Promote model of local and regional connections between circular construction actors. By 2035 100% of material recyclable, 50% biobased

Construction suppliers Architects Developers Universities

Construction suppliers Construction tech Farmers

Offer workshops and exhibitions about circular construction.

Forefront of innovation by experimenting in Living Labs.

Open workshops hosted by municipality planning department in cooperation with knowledge providers.

Close collaboration between theoretical and applied knowledge providers and housing users to drive data-driven innovation.

Universities Municipalities

Universities Construction Housing Associations

Project development increases the attractiveness of the city as living environment.

Create a synergy between the cities and thereby strengthen the agglomeration power of South Holland.

Focus on public infrastructure development outside core areas. Signal to the developers the intent to develop those areas further.

Create regional boards to steer development of shared infrastructure for circular economy.

Municipalities Developers

Province Municipalities Transport

Housing development through collective private commissioning.

Inclusive living environments by including students, starters and low income households.

Streamline legislation to simplify the process of self-organised citizen groups commissioning their own construction projects.

Increase regulations on minimal amount of social housing to 60% in new CircuLABs developments. Promote flexible housing contracts.

Province Municipalities Citizens

Province Municipalities Developers

sed through

or every new building as part data on existing stock.

re used as ment.

led via new infrastructure es. Remediation on existing

unities and

actors in the peri urban areas into development of local

67

68

5

LOCAL INTERVENTIONS 69

ALPHEN A/D RIJN KEY PLAN

TOOL BOX Living

Alphen is strategised as the bio based production unit and material bank for the region.

The drossscapes are brought under the umbrella of development by establishing upcycling facilities and logistic hubs. The maker industry knowledge Upcycling facilty Urban farm will facilitate Material bankand open workshops distribution to the people and other developers. The living labs will share the amenities with the main city owing to the proximity of the new location with the centre of the city.

BB HU HU

Material Materialbank bank

B

HU

ALPHEN A/D Urban Urbanfarm farm RIJN

BB HHUU

Upcycling Upcyclingfacilty facilty

Maker Makerindustry industry

Labs Labs

Material Material bank bank

Recycling Urban Urban farm farm centres B HU B U H

Recycling Recycling centres centres

Co-working Co-working spaces spaces

M

Open Open workshops workshops

Transport Transporthubs hubs

Recycling Recycling centres centres

Car Carsharing sharing Material bank facilities facilities Material bank Co-working Co-working Infrastructure spaces spaces

Maker MakerOpen industry industry workshops

Tr

Urban farm Material bank Urban farm Material bank Open Open Aquathermal workshops workshops Energy

Upcycling facilty Urban farm Upcycling facilty Urban farm Transport Transport hubs PV hubs

Ma Upc Upc Ma CC W

Recycling Co-working Recycling Co-working centres spaces Labs centres spaces PV PVfarm Schools Upcycling Labs Labs facilty Urban

Open Co-working Open Co-working workshops spaces workshops spaces Wind WindShops turbines turbines Upcycling Maker industry facilty

Tra Traw E CEw Ma

Co-working Upcycling Upcycling facilty facilty spaces B HU B U H

Figure 5.1| Keyplan for Alphen a/d Rijn ; Illustrated by authors

B

Alphen is located HUbetween two BB important urban regions; Leiden and HHUU Utrecht. The area is surrounded

by PV Aquathermal Infrastructure Aquathermal PV Infrastructure Energy agricultural fields, greenhouses and Upcycling facilty Maker Urban farm Urbanindustry farm Energy Material bank construction industries making it Urban Urbanfarm farm Material Materialbank bank suitable for interventions.

Due to the availability of space and existing infrastructure, the area will mainly function as a recycling and Housing Schools material hub for future developments Shops Housing Schools Shops Open Co-working Co-working throughout SouthRecycling Holland. It has Transport hubs workshops spaces centres spaces high potential forRecycling bio based MaterialCo-working Recycling Co-working centres centres spaces production. It is very well connected to spaces H T the transport network and has existing AL TH HEHEAL infrastructure in place for demolition and recycling.

B A R

Play ground Play groundContainer Healthcare Healthcare has The terminal Aquathermal PVstorage and potential for material Infrastructure Energy changing landscapes can be used Infrastructure Infrastructure

relieving the pressures on Leiden.

70

B

HU

Wind Windturbines turbines Labsfacilty Upcycling

Infrastructure Infrastructure Upcycling Upcycling facilty Material facilty bank

B

HU

Energy hubs Recycling Energy hubs Recycling centres Maker industry centres Aquathermal Aquathermal Housing Maker Maker industry industry Urban farm Material bank Energy Energy

LTH

B A R

A HE

Community Communityhal hal CarOpen sharing facilities workshops Housing Housing Recycling Open Open centres workshops workshops

Sport Sportfacilities facilities Infrastructure Transport hubs Infrastructure Recycling Schools Schools Play ground Co-working Transport Transporthubs hubs centres spaces

Aquathermal Infrastructure Car sharing Aquathermal Energy Infrastructure facilities Energy Shops Shops Healthcare Car Car sharing sharing Open Co-working workshops spaces facilities facilities

Aquathermal PV Aquathermal Energy PV Restaurants Energy Community hal Community hal Open Transport hubs and bars workshops

W W Sp Sp TraC

Shops Schools Schools Shops Libary Libary WindPV turbines

Co Co

B A R

Restaurants

theRestaurants and andbars bars Aquathermal the Wind turbines Energy for Aquathermal Aquathermal Energy Energy

Libary Libary Energy PVhubs

PlayPV ground Play ground PV Infrastructure

TTHH AALL HHEE

Housing Housing Wind turbines Healthcare Healthcare Aquathermal Wind Windturbines turbines Infrastructure Energy

BBB A AA RRR

Housing Schools Energy hubs Housing Schools Restaurants Restaurants Energy Energy hubs Aquathermal PV hubs and bars bars and Energy TH AL HE LTH A HE

TH AL HE LTH A HE B A R B A R

WiE

Agricultural Lands

Urban Core

Future Development Wind Energy

Solar Farms

Bio-Mass Production Future Development

Agricultural Lands Bio-Mass Production

MASTERPLAN Plug-in Region Railway Network Industrial Area Construction Area Workshop/ Knowledge Area Residential Area Logistics Area Material Banks

Figure 5.2| Masterplan for Alphen a/d Rijn ; Illustrated by authors

The plan shows how the circulab has interlinked the urban cores, peri-urban areas, dross scapes and the industrial fields. The material will be upcycled and stored in the material banks till further distribution. The bio based materials would be treated and made into bio composites for new construction materials.

The workshops will provide spaces for new experimentation in production, recycling as well as dismantling of building materials.

71

PHASING Propose the plan for transition: Communal space for investigate the use of organic waste material for construction. Developmetn of an innovation area focusing on biobased construction materials.

PROPOSE changes for the transition towards the milestones Setting up a spatial strategy for a set of actions to reach collaboration between the Greenhouse sector and the construction sector concerning the use of biobased construction materials by collecting agro-waste.

Phase I Existing Recycling centre and demolition centre will be upscaled and connected to the knowledge centres.

IDENTIFY the actors.

Analyse the level of influence and interest

Feedback for future research and production of biobased material. Feedback for future housing development on the site.

Provide support from municipality Westland/Province/local actors/investors/Greenport West-Holland.

Establish platform for discussion: Greenhouse companies, local farmers, local construction/recycling companies.

BRING the stakeholders at the relevant phases and different scales

ENGAGEMENT STRATEGY DEVELOP communication strategy, COLLABORATE, RESOLVE conflict.

Setting up ‘green labs’ and workspaces for research and production of biobased material by collecting agro-waste from greenhouse companies. First experimentation by building living labs/modular housing on the site. Subsidize the construction of the green lab(s)

FORMULATE plan of action and devise policy at the multiple scales.

Concrete Industries

Leiden University Knowledge centre

Collaborations with research and knowledge institutes and local companies : Greenport horti campus, TU Delft, Greenhouse companies and construction companies. Advices from knowledge centers for using organic waste as a construction material and for designing modular and circular

Recycling Plant

ENGAGE stakeholders, GAIN feedback, REFINE approach.

From demolition

The agricultural land in transition and business park ‘Teylingen’ as communal space to investigate the use of organic waste material for construction. Greenhouse sitescompanies, local construction companies and the present knowledge centers collaborate. Stimulating research by subsidizing.

Container t

Collaboration for efficient material transfers Material transfer

Figure 5.3| Engagement strategy - Alphen a/d Rijn ; Illustrated by authors

From Scheidam Port

Phase II Labs are established next to the demolition sectors, will knowledge being distributed.

Experimentation is key to the from new developments that we envision.

Every sector is plugged Starting the transition concrete Strengthening the plant to other energy efficient systems existing infrastructure Renewable energy transit systems in with the knowledge centres to facilitate growth and driving these disciplines into the Reducing the use of fossi society. Further Other more, this experimental lab will become a reality in the future so the main sites in 20kmthe radius drivers of this and social parameters as carefully balanced as well.

Organic waste - residual str

Demolished materials for recycling; En

Concrete + Biomass plant Leiden University Knowledge centre

Upscaled Recycling Plant

Material ba

Transfer to the material banks for further distributioin Material transfer

From Scheidam Port

Phase III Workshop spaces are established next to the demolition sectors and living labs are created.

72

Knowledge plugin for biomass constrcution techniques

Knowledge about reuse + recycle

Localized material transfers

Material bank the whole reg

Energy transfer - Renewable energy for new infrastruc Other sites in 20km radius

Agricultural lands to produce organic mass bonded to create bio

STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

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From demolition sites

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Services the Stakeholder collaboration/conflict diagrams - Alphen a/d Rijn ; Illustrated by authors Figure to5.4| demolition sites

Alphen region transformed with the help of the Establishing Windmillcan be Collaborating with farms farmers PEO Pthe PEOthe collaboration between province, PLErecycling companies LE il fuel based transit for tradethe leiden university. These act as the anchor points and for developments and provide solutions to the conflicting reams of bio mass for recycling parties. ncouraged to try new techniques of dismantling Mu

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Reusable design and easy dismantling for future usage

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73

STAKEHOLDERS MAPPED SPATIALLY

BIOMASS PRODUCTION GREENHOUSES FARMERS GOVERNMENT ENERGY HUBS

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY CONCRETE FACTORIES FARMERS RESIDENTS MUNICIPALITY

LOGISTICS HUB MUNICIPALITY PROVINCE INFRASTRUCTURE COMPANY MATERIAL HUBS ORGANIC WASTE GREENHOUSES RECYCLING CENTRES WORKFORCE FARMERS NEW RESIDENTIAL AREA DEVELOPERS FARMERS LOCAL CITIZENS PROVINCE

NEW RESIDENTIAL AREA DEVELOPERS FARMERS LOCAL CITIZENS PROVINCE

LOCAL MATERIAL STORAGE CONTAINER TERMINAL KNOWLEDGE CENTRE LOGISTICS SERVICES STARTUPS MATERIAL BANK OFFICE CONTAINER TERMINAL KNOWLEDGE CENTRE LOGISTICS SERVICES INNOVATION CENTRES RECYCLING CENTRE AREA MUNICIPALITY KNOWLEDGE CENTRE SUEZ RECYCLING CENTRE CONSTRUCTION COMPA-

RAILWAY CONNECTIONS MUNICIPALITY PROVINCE INFRASTRUCTURE COMPANY CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

WATER CONNECTIONS MUNICIPALITY CONCRETE FACTORIES INFRASTRUCTURE COMPANY WATER BOARD

Figure 5.6| Spatial configuration - Alphen a/d Rijn ; Illustrated by authors

Collaboration between different existing concrete, demolition industries and new innovation companies are important. The farmers need to also be persuaded to produce new materials.

74

AERIAL VIEW

Figure 5.7| Aerial view showing the material hub and the workshops ; Illustrated by authors

The new knowledge hub becomes a significant driver in production and usability. This also assists in the shifting economy and offers more jobs in service based sector. The conventional ways will

be modified to ease the transition to a more circular system and this process will be match up people of varied backgrounds to collaborate. The knowledge is then dispersed to a surrounding areas.

75

IMPRESSIONS

Bio-based new construction

Preserved herit

Revitilzed industrial land

76 86

IMPRESSIONS

Green energy

tage

Open workshops

Figure 5.8| Impression of the Circulab plug-in in Alphen a/d Rijn ; Illustrated by authors

77 87

SCHIEOEVERS, DELFT KEY PLAN

TOOL BOX The Schieoevers urban area will mainly function as a residential-work area. The high share of self-build and CPO lots and the accompanying selection policy stimulate the realization of circular objectives. With the TU Delft is an important regional, national and B B international player, established names such as Deltares, VSL, DSM, Fox-IT, OGD HU and HU B YES!HHUUBDelft, SchieoeversHwill develop in a knowledge center for the region.

B U BB HHUU

Material bank Materialbank bank Material

Urban farm Urbanfarm farm Urban Material bank

Upcycling facilty Upcycling facilty Upcycling facilty Urban farm Material bank bank Material

Maker industry Makerindustry industry Maker Upcycling facilty Urban farm farm Urban

Material Labsbank Labs Labs Maker industry Upcycling facilty facilty Upcycling

Recycling centres Recycling Recycling centres centres Upcycling facilty

Co-working spaces Co-working Co-working Recycling spaces spaces centres Maker industry

Open workshops Open Open Co-working Recycling workshops workshops Recycling spaces Labs centres centres

Transport hubs Transport hubs Transport Openhubs Co-working Co-working workshops spaces spaces

Recycling Car sharing centres facilities Car sharing Car sharing Transport hubs facilities facilities Open Open workshops workshops

Material bank

Urban farm

Upcycling facilty

Maker industry

Aquathermal Energy Aquathermal Aquathermal Infrastructure Energy Energy Transport hubs

PV PV PV Aquathermal Infrastructure Infrastructure CarEnergy sharing facilities

Wind turbines Windturbines turbines Wind PV Aquathermal Aquathermal Energy Energy

Energy hubs Infrastructure Energy hubs Energy hubs Wind turbines PV PV

Recycling centres Schools Schools Schools Housing

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Transport hubs

U

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SCHIEOEVERS B

HU

Material bank

Urban farm

B

HU

Figure 5.9| Keyplan for Schieovers ; Illustrated by authors

Delft has the ambitions to be more circular.

Political parties acknowledged Recycling Co-working the motion centres circular1 in February spaces 2019, ‘Building circular the norm in Delft’ to make less waste in the construction and demolition sector (D66, 2019).

With an unanimously adoption of the motion the municipality will actively promote the preference for circular Aquathermal construction and project Infrastructure in all area B Energy UUB large developments. Delft has HHa number of companies, colleges and institutes that could help with the knowledge development of real Material bankestate Material bank agencies and citizens for future housing.

Schieoevers is therefore a perfect area for the development of circulabs. There Housing Schools are already plans for constructing houses and other building, the existing industrial buildings have high potential to be renovated, potential recyclable Recycling TH Recycling AL HE side. materials are present on this centres centres

Infrastructure Infrastructure Infrastructure Open workshops

Housing Housing Housing

PV

Wind turbines

Urban farm farm Urban Play ground Playground ground Play Shops

Co-working Co-working spaces spaces B A R

TH AL HE TTHH AALL HHEE

Upcycling facilty facilty Upcycling Infrastructure Healthcare Healthcare Healthcare Play ground Community hal

Open Open Housing workshops workshops

78 Play ground

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Restaurants

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and bars Restaurants Restaurants Healthcare andground bars and bars Play ground Play Sport facilities

Transport hubs hubs Transport Schools

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Inner city

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MASTERPLAN Plug-in Region Railway Network Industrial Area Construction Area Workshop/ Knowledge Area Residential Area Logistics Area Material Banks

Figure 5.10| Masterplan for Schieovers ; Illustrated by authors

The cable district, as activator, forms a place for workshops and meetings focused on innovation in construction and sustainability. With the living labs and maker indystry in Schieoevers new ways of constructing materials are tested and manufactured. Materials from the region are imported in the city hub, then exported to Schieoevers and surroundings. To support a sustainable way of living and working a renawble energy network is laid out.

79

PHASING

PROPOSE changes for the transition towards the milestones A parcel-wise development will lead to more flexibility and adaptability in the future. The high share of self-build and CPO lots and the accompanying selection policy stimulate the realization of circular objectives.

Phase I The cable district functions as an activator and thereby forms the basis for circular development of the area.

Feedback for future housing development in the different circulabs.

At the beginning of area development, establish a consensus on the definition of circularity and circular area development.

This is often not yet the case, as a result of which parties do not speak the same language.

IDENTIFY the actors.

Analyse the level of influence and interest

BRING the stakeholders at the relevant phases and different scales

ENGAGEMENT STRATEGY DEVELOP communication strategy, COLLABORATE, RESOLVE conflict.

Depending on the requiremets of certain project needs. Plan formulation based on availablity of resources and time period.

The municipality closely monitors compliance with the rules and obligations associated with self-construction.

A tender can be written to attract selfbuilders and project developers who are driven to learn more about circularity and eager to apply it in their own home/area development.

Collaboration with the university, research institutes and companies.

Advice from the knowledge centers and other experts for designing houses to be circular and modular.

FORMULATE plan of action and devise policy at the multiple scales.

ENGAGE stakeholders, GAIN feedback, REFINE approach.

The selection for the lots for regular project development is entirely on sustainability.

Self-builders can count on a subsidy if they fit sustainability into their building plans.Organize group meetings in inspiring places to provide information and form a close-knit group.

Figure 5.11| Engagement strategy - Schieovers ; Illustrated by authors

Phase II First companies are manufacturing flexible and adaptable building materials.

Conservation of diversity is of great importance in the transformation of post-industrial areas. Present initiatives, creative workplaces, culture, etc. are important drivers of transformation and should maintain a place in the area through low rent or phased transformation. Furthermore, measures such as a compulsory percentage for work and social rent can ensure that areas are not developed monotonously.

PHASE II Living Lab

Maker Industry

Knowledg

Delft University Knowledge centre Material transfer

From Schiedam Port

Phase III Affordable and sustainable dwellings are realized. Facilities come within the area as shops and sport facilities.

80

Knowledge plugin for flexible constrcution techniques

Localized material transfers

Workshops residents to de h

M

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Kn o Ins wle tit dge UN TN ute ES O s CO

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TU Delft Inholland ROC

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plikon 3M etc.

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STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

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Figure 5.12| Stakeholder collaboration/conflict diagrams - Schieovers ; Illustrated by authors

STAKEHOLDERS IN COLLABORATION

STAKEHOLDERS IN CONFLICT

Delft has a large number of companies, colleges and institutes that could help with the knowledge development of real estate agencies and citizens for future housing.

The municipality can organize group meetings in inspiring places to provide information and form a close-knit group.

Current big companies may hinder the redevelopment of Schieoevers. Thereby the rent of new construction is often not payable for existing small entrepreneurs, while they can actually boost an area. The government has a role to play in overcoming obstacles and stimulating where necessary.

Figure 5.13| Section of the different flows - Schieovers ; Illustrated by authors

PHASE I

ge workshop areas

PHASE III City Hub Energy transfer - Renewable energy for new housing From demolition sites

New building technologies - workshops for knowledge

for developers and Logistic center evelop ways of circular for the city housing Reusable material for the construction of new housing

Materials for construction

Residential area + Living labs

multiple actors

Housing with fair participation of multiple actors and citizens

Reusable design and easy dismantling for future usage

81

STAKEHOLDERS MAPPED SPATIALLY

NEW RESIDENTIAL AREA DEVELOPERS MUNICIPALITY SELF BUILDERS PROVINCE

RAILWAY CONNECTIONS MUNICIPALITY PROVINCE INFRASTRUCTURE COMPANY CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

COMMUNITY HAL START UPS AND COMPANIES KNOWLEDGE INSTITUTES BEDRIJVENKRING CPO AND DEVELOPERS

LOGISTICS HUB MUNICIPALITY PROVINCE INFRASTRUCTURE COMPANY MATERIAL HUBS

MAKER INDUSTRY RESIDENTS MUNICIPALITY START UPS AND COMPANIES WORKFORCE

LIVING LAB KNOWLEDGE INSTITUTES MUNICIPALITY STUDENTS START UPS AND COMPANIES

WATER CONNECTIONS MUNICIPALITY CONCRETE FACTORIES INFRASTRUCTURE COMPANY WATER BOARD

Figure 5.14| Spatial configuration - Schieovers ; Illustrated by authors

The new manufacturing industry is a driver of innovation in regional value chains and creates above-average new jobs.

Collaboration with existing companies and new start-ups is important here.

Students, residents and graduates can contribute to this. Investing in talent and idea generation is an important first step in order to subsequently convert the idea into a business.

82

AERIAL VIEW

Figure 5.15| Aerial view showing the housing ; Illustrated by authors

The new manufacturing industry is a driver of innovation in regional value chains and creates above-average new jobs.

Collaboration with existing companies and new start-ups is important here.

Students, residents and graduates can contribute to this. Investing in talent and idea generation is an important first step in order to subsequently convert the idea into a business.

83

Shared workspace

DIY construction

84

IMPRESSIONS

Applied research

Shared equipment

Waterfront activation

Figure 5.16| Impression of the Circulab plug-in in Schieovers ; Illustrated by authors

85

‘S GRAVENZANDE KEY PLAN

TOOL BOX B

HU

For the plan in ‘S Gravenzande, we use agricultural landscape in transition to create communal space for investigating the use of organic waste for construction. In the toolbox Urban farm Material bank beneath, several spatial elements are shown that will be implemented on the site in different phases. The most important elemenst to start are the greenlabs, to offer opportunities to do research, and upcycling and recycling facilities, to get existing construction companies B involved.

HU

U

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Material bank

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Upcycling facilty Recycling Material bank centres

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Material bank Urban farm

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Upcycling facilty Urban farm Recycling Upcycling facilty Material bank centres Upcycling facilty Maker industry

Maker industry Upcycling facilty Co-working Maker Urbanindustry farm spaces Maker industry Material bank Labs

MakerLabs industry Open Material bank Upcycling Labsfacilty Material bank workshops Recycling Labs Urban farm Infrastructure centres

Labs Material bank Urban farm Maker industry Urban farm Transport hubs Aquathermal Co-working Upcycling facilty Energy spaces

Open Co-working Recycling Open workshops spaces Infrastructure centres workshops Openhubs Transport workshops

Open hubs Transport Co-working workshops Aquathermal Transport hubs spaces Energy Recycling Transport hubs Car sharing centres facilities

Car sharing Transport hubs Car sharing Open Recycling facilities PV Recycling workshops facilities centres Car sharing Co-working Housing centres Infrastructure spaces facilities

Recycling Car sharing centres facilities Co-working Transport hubs Wind turbines Co-working spaces Open Schools spaces Aquathermal workshops Energy

U C Up

Ma

Figure 5.17| Keyplan for ‘S Gravenzande; Illustrated by authors

‘S Gravenzande is located in the municipality Westland. Westland is Recycling Co-working known for the presence of an intensiveRecycling Recycling centres centres Co-working spaces green horticulture.

‘S Gravenzande spaces centres Recycling Co-working Recycling Co-working one of the Open is together with Naaldwijk spaces centres spaces densely populatedcentres Cities in Westlandworkshops (Gemeente Westland (2019).

In the area between ‘S Gravenzande, several knowledge centers are Aquathermal Infrastructure located. These Infrastructure knowledge centers Aquathermal Infrastructure are mostly focused on the intensive Energy Energy Aquathermal Aquathermal foodproduction Infrastructure in the region but also PV Infrastructure Energy on making this sector more sustainable Energy (Gemeente Westland).

The area of ‘S Gravenzande in Westland could offer opportunities to work Housing Schools together with the greenhouse sector to Housing Housing Schools produce construction materials from Housing Schools Housing organic waste. Schools Shops 86 H

TH AL HELTH A HE TH B A R

C E

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TH AL

HE

Aquathermal PV Energy Housing PV Infrastructure PV Wind turbines

WindPV turbines Aquathermal Schools Wind turbines Energy Wind turbines Infrastructure Energy hubs

LTH

A HE

Energy hubs Wind turbines Energy PVhubs Shops Infrastructure

Infrastructure Play ground Energy hubs Aquathermal Housing Energy

Energy hubs Infrastructure Aquathermal Community hal Wind turbines Energy Aquathermal Healthcare PV Schools

Energy

Aq SpE

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B A R

TH AL

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Shops Schools Housing Shops Play ground Shops hal Community TH AL

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B A R

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Community Shops hal Community Schools hal Healthcare Community Housing hal Sport facilities

Community hal Sport facilities Restaurants Sport Shops facilities Housing and bars Sport Schools facilities Play ground Housing

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B A R

LTH

A HE

TH AL

B A R

TH

HE B A R

Sp R Co

MASTERPLAN Plug-in Region Railway Network Industrial Area Construction Area Workshop/ Knowledge Area Residential Area Logistics Area Material Banks

Figure 5.18| Masterplan for ‘S Gravenzande ; Illustrated by authors

The site is located between the urban area of ‘S Gravenzande and the Greenhouse area. The site (Surrounded by red) is currently used as a business park ,with several construction and recycling companies, and as agricultural land. For the agricultural land there are plans from the municipality to develop a residential area, but concrete plans are missing (Gemeente Westland). Agricultural space will be used as communal space to spatialize the collaboration.

87

PHASING

PROPOSE changes for the transition towards the milestones Setting up a spatial strategy for a set of actions to reach collaboration between the Greenhouse sector and the construction sector concerning the use of biobased construction materials by collecting agro-waste.

Propose the plan for transition: Communal space for investigate the use of organic waste material for construction. Developmetn of an innovation area focusing on biobased construction materials.

IDENTIFY the actors.

Analyse the level of influence and interest

BRING the stakeholders at the relevant phases and different scales

Provide support from municipality Westland/Province/local actors/investors/Greenport West-Holland.

Establish platform for discussion: Greenhouse companies, local farmers, local construction/recycling companies.

Phase I The agricultural land in transition and business park teylingen as communal space. Making the connections with greenhouse and construction companies.

Feedback for future research and production of biobased material. Feedback for future housing development on the site.

ENGAGEMENT STRATEGY DEVELOP communication strategy, COLLABORATE, RESOLVE conflict.

Setting up ‘green labs’ and workspaces for research and production of biobased material by collecting agro-waste from greenhouse companies. First experimentation by building living labs/modular housing on the site. Subsidize the construction of the green lab(s)

Collaborations with research and knowledge institutes and local companies : Greenport horti campus, TU Delft, Greenhouse companies and construction companies. Advices from knowledge centers for using organic waste as a construction material and for designing modular and circular

FORMULATE plan of action and devise policy at the multiple scales.

ENGAGE stakeholders, GAIN feedback, REFINE approach.

The agricultural land in transition and business park ‘Teylingen’ as communal space to investigate the use of organic waste material for construction. Greenhouse companies, local construction companies and the present knowledge centers collaborate. Stimulating research by subsidizing.

Figure 5.19| Engagement strategy - ‘S Gravenzande ; Illustrated by authors

Phase II Setting up Greenlab(s) where there is room for research on and production of biomass materials.

In the engagement strategy in the diagram below, the different phases of the strategy are described. Important is the collaboration between the several Knowledge centers within the municpality Westland and the greenhouse and construction companies. Greenhouse companies and construction companies should be encouraged to do research on circularity and the reuse of organic waste for construction. The communal space will be used to spatialize this collaboration.

PHASE II Knowledge center

PHASE II Recycling/Upcycling/Construction facilities

Residential area + L

Green Horti Campus Knowledge centre multiple actors

Material transfers

Phase III In the third phase, produced materials will be used to develop modular housing on the site.

88

Existing Construction/Recycling companies

Reusable material for the construction of new h

STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

Figure 5.20| Stakeholder collaboration/conflict diagrams - ‘S Gravenzande ; Illustrated by authors

STAKEHOLDERS IN COLLABORATION

STAKEHOLDERS IN CONFLICT

In the greenport area, several local construction companies are situated. Besides that, the greenport area consists of several knowledge centers in food production and use of agro-waste, which could important for investigating the use of biobased materials.

The greenport is a progressive area in the food sector.

Many local farmers and smaller greenhouse companies are located in the area, which could be the start of a conflict between large scale interventions and their space and share.

Figure 5.21| Section of the different flows - ‘S Gravenzande ; Illustrated by authors

II

Living labs

housing

PHASE I Green houses

Green houses

Greenlab

PHASE III Production of Biomass

Green houses

Knowledge workshop area TU Delft - Knowledge centre

Energy transfer - Renewable energy for new housing

Providing Knowledge about using agro-waste for construction

New building technologies - workshops for knowledge

Windmills

Organic waste - residual streams of bio mass

Organic waste for producing biobased materials

Organic waste for producing biobased materials

Organic waste - residual streams of bio mass

Workshops for developers and residents to develop ways of circular housing

Biobased construction materials for housing

89

STAKEHOLDERS MAPPED SPATIALLY

ORGANIC WASTE LOCAL FARMERS GREENHOUSES WORKFORCE GREENPORT WEST-HOLLAND

ROAD CONNECTION PROVINCE MUNICIPALITY INFRASTRUCTURE COMPANY CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES

ENERGY HUBS MUNICPALITY PROVINCE ENERGY COMPANIES GREENPORT WEST-HOLLAND GREENLAB GREENPORT WEST-HOLLAND LOCAL FARMERS GREENHOUSES CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES

NEW RESIDENTIAL AREA DEVELOPERS FARMERS LOCAL CITIZIENS PROVINCE

OTHER FACILITIES WORKSHOPS WORKSPACES EDUCATION STARTUPS

ROAD CONNECTION PROVINCE MUNICIPALITY INFRASTRUCTURE COMPANY CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES KNOWLEDGE BUILDING START UPS COMPANIES MUNICALITY GREENPORT WEST-HOLLAND

BUSINESS PARK CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES RECYLCING COMPANIES MUNICIPALITY MATERIAL HUBS

NEW RESIDENTIAL AREA DEVELOPERS FARMERS LOCAL CITIZIENS PROVINCE

ROAD CONNECTION PROVINCE MUNICIPALITY INFRASTRUCTURE COMPANY CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES

Figure 5.22| Spatial configuration - ‘S Gravenzande ; Illustrated by authors

In the overview of the spatial configuration, the different stakeholders are mapped spatially. Basically, the site is seperated in 3 different areas: the existing business park, the green campus and the residential area with living labs.

90

Several greenlabs, knowledge buildings and energyhubs are located in the green campus. The campus is the heart of the biomass production, using organic waste, on the site and is the spatial outcome of collaboration between different sectors.

AERIAL VIEW

Figure 5.23| View showing the makers village ; Illustrated by authors

The green campus is the most important part of the Circulab plug-in in ‘S Gravenzande, Westland. The campus is the spatial result of the collaboration between the different sectors involved: Greenhouses, Construction companies

and the present Knowledge centers. This collaboration on the green campus will stimulate the research and production of biobased materials by re-using organic waste.

91

Green greenhouse energy

Biomass production

Urban farming

10492

IMPRESSIONS

Biofuel production

Local produce market

IMPRESSIONS

Figure 5.24| Impression of the Circulab plug-in in ‘S Gravenzande ; Illustrated by authors

93 105

SCHIEDAM PORT KEY PLAN

TOOL BOX The Schiedam Harbour will focus mainly on the development of biobased materials and recycling materials. The port counts with a ample logistics area and infrastructure to develop circularity in the material sector. Along with the existing infrastructure a knowledge B B baseHUconstruction industry will grow and develop circularity in the living sector.

HU BB HHUU

B

HU

BB HHUU

Material bank Materialbank bank Material

Urban farm Urbanfarm farm Urban Material bank

Upcycling facilty Upcycling facilty Upcycling facilty Urban farm Material bank bank Material

Maker industry Makerindustry industry Maker Upcycling facilty Urban farm farm Urban

Material Labsbank Labs Labs Maker industry Upcycling facilty facilty Upcycling

Recycling centres Recycling Recycling centres centres Upcycling facilty

Co-working spaces Co-working Co-working Recycling spaces spaces centres Maker industry

Open workshops Open Open Co-working Recycling workshops workshops Recycling spaces Labs centres centres

Transport hubs Transport hubs Transport Openhubs Co-working Co-working workshops spaces spaces

Recycling Car sharing centres facilities Car sharing Car sharing Transport hubs facilities facilities Open Open workshops workshops

Material bank

Urban farm

Upcycling facilty

Maker industry

Aquathermal Energy Aquathermal Aquathermal Infrastructure Energy Energy Transport hubs

PV PV PV Aquathermal Infrastructure Infrastructure CarEnergy sharing facilities

Wind turbines Windturbines turbines Wind PV Aquathermal Aquathermal Energy Energy

Energy hubs Infrastructure Energy hubs Energy hubs Wind turbines PV PV

Recycling centres Schools Schools Schools Housing

Co-working spaces Shops Shops Shops Schools Housing Housing Energy hubs

Open workshops Community hal Community hal Community Shops hal Schools Schools

Transport hubs

U

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B

HU

SCHIEDAM PORT Material bank

Urban farm

B

HU

Figure 5.25| Keyplan for Schiedam Port ; Illustrated by authors

Schiedam Harbour is located south west Recycling of Schiedam. The site counts with Co-working a prime location being on the Port of centres spaces Rotterdam as well as the proximity to the city of Rotterdam.

Along with the initiatives set by the mu nicipality the area offers a lot of po tential for transformation focusing on a circular economy in the Construction andInfrastructure Demolition cycles. Aquathermal UBB Energy The area is currently focusing HHU on the ship industry with a few constructi on materials industries. This presents an opportunity to adapt Material and bank innovate Material bank within these areas and implement new bio materials into the mentioned industries. The posibility is also open Housing Schools to recycle and upcycle used materials in the port and use the logistics know ledge of the port to distribute them re gionally.

Recycling TH Recycling AL HE centres centres

Infrastructure Infrastructure Infrastructure Open workshops

Housing Housing Housing

PV

Wind turbines

Urban farm farm Urban Play ground Playground ground Play Shops

Co-working Co-working spaces spaces B A R

TH AL HE TTHH AALL HHEE

Upcycling facilty facilty Upcycling Infrastructure Healthcare Healthcare Healthcare Play ground Community hal

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Play ground

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Libary Restaurants Restaurants and bars bars and

Community hal

Sp

MASTERPLAN Plug-in Region Railway Network Industrial Area Construction Area Workshop/ Knowledge Area Residential Area Logistics Area Material Banks

Figure 5.26| Masterplan for Schiedam Port ; Illustrated by authors

The construction material industry provides the knowledge and infrastructure to have a smooth transition into a circular flow. The recycling companies have the opportunity to grow and process large quantities of construction material. The port logistics will be an important actor for the distribution of materials through South Holland.The land also has promising space for housing developments because of the proximity to Schiedam and public transport.

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PHASING PROPOSE changes for the transition towards the milestones The municipality along with the regional government should study the advantages and disadvantages of the incorporation of a circular flow in existing companies. This process would show a positive projection for the

Phase I Construction industries will transform into urban mining centers and should introduce biomass materials.

Evaluate the transitional impact in the companies to assess and improve proposed strategies.

At the beginning of area development, establish a consensus on the definition of circularity and circular area development.

This is often not yet the case, as a result of which parties do not speak the same language.

IDENTIFY the actors.

Analyse the level of influence and interest

BRING the stakeholders at the relevant phases and different scales

ENGAGEMENT STRATEGY DEVELOP communication strategy, COLLABORATE, RESOLVE conflict.

The Schiedam Port should become the main area to develop new and sustainable housing.

The municipality should allocate the majority of the 3,500 houses projected to be built by 2030 in the port area.

The municipality should increase the current starter loan to 25% focused primarily in housing created within the circulab.

Schiedam should provide grants and tax breaks to developers that follow circular construction and demolition flows.

Support by the region and municipality to companies that deal with metals to adapt and evolve into a biobased circular company.

A gradual transition into a recycled or biobased material production within port companies.

Development of smart regulation programs to innovate and develop new strategies to lay a foundation for future companies.

FORMULATE plan of action and devise policy at the multiple scales.

ENGAGE stakeholders, GAIN feedback, REFINE approach.

The port should expand on a specific dismantling and recycling industry for ships and recreational vessels from which 75,000 are projected to be taken out of service.

Recycling and upcycling companies should be supported by municipal knowledge centers and data centers already implemented by the MVS to keep a material passport.

The current storage units in the port should allocate 95% of its capacity to recycled and biobased materials in order to meet the 2050 construction sector national vision.

Figure 5.27| Engagement strategy - Schiedam Port ; Illustrated by authors

Phase II Recycling companies should grow and be the gate into the region for recycled and upcycled materials.

The transition into a circular economy needs to be properly phased and accompanied by multiple policies that ensure the participation of different actors and stakeholders. The commitment of the most powerful along with the will of the interested actors will be a key element in the development of the Schiedam Harbour Circulab.

PHASE III

PHASE I Material bank

Residential area Erasmus University TU Delft

Material transfer

Phase III Dwellings should be developed in the areas closest to the intermodal nodes taking advantage of the waterscape.

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Localized material transfers

Material transfer for urban mining Material transfer for further recycling

Material bank for the whole region

Energy transfer - Renewable energy for new housing

STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

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Figure 5.28| Stakeholder collaboration/conflict diagrams - Schiedam Port ; Illustrated by authors

STAKEHOLDERS IN COLLABORATION

STAKEHOLDERS IN CONFLICT

Schiedam Harbour counts with multiple construction and material companies. The area is a knowledge center for the ships industry that, being located in the rotterdam port, adds more value for the region. This also provides great potential for circular economy both in a regional and a global scale.

The strong port infrastructure is consolidated in this area and could be against a radical change in business flows as well as the adaptation to the new circular systems.

Figure 5.29| Section of the different flows - Schiedam Port ; Illustrated by authors

PHASE II

PHASE III

Knowledge workshop areas

Upscaled Recycling Plant

Residential area + Living labs

From demolition sites

Material transfer

New building technologies workshops for knowledge

Knowledge about reuse + recycle

Urban mining

Workshops for developers and residents to develop ways of circular housing

Reusable material for the construction of new housing

multiple actors

Housing with fair participation of multiple actors and citizens

Reusable design and easy dismantling for future usage

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STAKEHOLDERS MAPPED SPATIALLY

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY STEEL FACTORIES RESIDENTS MUNICIPALITY PORT OF SCHIEDAM

NEW RESIDENTIAL AREA DEVELOPERS LOCAL CITIZENS PROVINCE MUNICIPALITY

RECYCLING CENTRE AREA MUNICIPALITY KNOWLEDGE CENTRE MATERIAL COMPANIES SHIP INDUSTRY

LOCAL MATERIAL STORAGE CONTAINER TERMINAL KNOWLEDGE CENTRE LOGISTICS SERVICES MATERIAL MINING

WATER CONNECTIONS MUNICIPALITY STEEL FACTORIES PORT OF SCHIEDAM PORT OF ROTTERDAM

RAILWAY CONNECTIONS MUNICIPALITY PROVINCE INFRASTRUCTURE COMPANY PORT OF SCHIEDAM

Figure 5.30| Spatial configuration - Schiedam Port ; Illustrated by authors

The material industry is the main player in the circular transition. The collaboration between the private and public sector is important for a successful implementation of circularity. Residents, academics and professionals are the final addition to guarantee success.

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AERIAL VIEW

Figure 5.31| Spatial configuration - Schiedam Port ; Illustrated by authors

This area portrays a possible scenario of the circulabs at the port. There will be an interaction between living and working with a focus on embellishing the landscape. Knowledge and logistics play also an important role in the development and distribution of the produces materials by the industries.

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Office development

Waterfront ac

Knowledge sharing

100 114

IMPRESSIONS

Housing development

Biobased construction

ctivation

Figure 5.32| Impression of the Circulab plug-in in Schiedam Port ; Illustrated by authors

101 115

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CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION 103

REGIONAL SYNERGIES BETWEEN CIRCULABS With all the interventions on each site the circulabs will form a network wherein the different circulabs provide specialized flows in the form of knowledge and materials to contribute to a synergetic network in the region. With connections on multiple scales we try to make the flows

within the circulabs, between the circulabs and in the whole region more circular.

Each circulab specialises in more than one discipline ensuring that even if one of the parts fail, the region can still work efficiently. These multiscalar interventions are self realising and self correcting.

Leiden

Alphen a/d Rijn

Knowledge Binckhorst

Zoetermeer

Material

Bio mass material Schieoevers

Material Greenport Westland

Dordrecht

Schiedam

Figure 6.1| Synergies between circulabs ; Illustrated by authors

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ACTION PLAN AT LOCAL LEVEL

PHASE I

To outline the process of execution and feasibility of our project we worked out an action plan at local level. The action plan shows the execution of individual sites in three phases, as shown below.

To make the proposed interventions feasible and beneficial, policy making, regulations, taxes and subsidies can be

applied to accomplish well-balanced and circular living labs. In order to become profitable for local start-ups, self-builders or other actors to participate, subsidies can provide the feasibility. Not only subsidies can make aspects achievable, also prioritizing circular and inclusive projects above other ones. To dispose

different, an active regulation like tax can be implemented to decrease the amount of waste and emissions per company.

These incentives lead to interventions at the local level. However, the interventions at each stage depends on the potentials, opportunities, stakeholders involved and limitations of each of the potential areas.

Create communal space to investigate, educate, collaborate.

Propose plan for transition and involve important stakeholders in this transition.

Facilitate non-fossil fuel based transit of materials and energy.

Attract circular focused self builders and project developers.

Stimulation of innovation and research by subsidizing.

Regulation program

Public procurement.

Set out a tender.

Establish a platform for discussion.

Taxes on carbon emissions during recycling/wasting.

Public investment in renewable energy infratructure.

Keep stimulating research and collabo -ration

Start production of biobased materials and tackle unsustainable companies.

Facilitate non-fossil fuel based transit of materials and energy.

Completion of the first lots by CPO and project developers.

Providing innovative knowledge through workshops.

Subsidize biobased production

Public investment in renewable energy infratructure.

Providing subsidies for fitting sustainability in the new building plans.

PHASE II

ION

Offer space, guidance and knowledge.

Database with material passports.

PHASE III

ION

Keep stimulating research and collabo -ration

Expand production of biobased mater -ials.

Improving connections between circu -labs.

Realization of affordable and sustaina -ble dwellings with facilities.

Promotion of dialogue.

Subsidize the construction of the green lab(s)/Production centers/ recycling centers.

Public investment in infratructure.

Compulsory percentage for work and social rent.

Providing subsidies for fitting sustainability in the new building plans.

ION

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PHASING AND EXECUTION The next step is establishing the hub, where the local companies can cooperate with regional knowledge institutions on optimizing their resource usage. Shared infrastructure created for the labs is open to use by any member of board, creating an open circular construction platform.

Before the main actions of the CircuLAB strategy can start, the municipalites must build-up knowledge on the local capacities, existing resources, building stock and material flows. Establish a local decision making platform board in form of a PPP board of local stakeholders.

2020

2025

ACTIVATION

PREPARATION

2030

2035

2040

2045+

IMPLEMENTATION

MUNICIPALITY Shared knowledge platform of farmers, construction companies, local tech firms

Motivating circular construction projects (ie. trough municipal tax breaks)

Creating local bio-based construction material production chain

Enforcing 100% circular, 50% bio-based construction

LOCAL PPP BOARD Creation of self contained production clusters

Establishment of material passport of existing stock Establishment local PPP board to integrate local bussinesses

Provincial database of all yearly material output and input for every bussiness

Optimizing material flows between local stakeholders

PROVINCE ZUID HOLLAND

National material supplier database

Circular land use regulations

Provincial construction hub network

NATIONAL GOVERMENT Application of the revised Circulabs on a national scale

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USER STORIES

I moved my company from the temporary space to our own workshop @CircuLAB thanks to the subsidy program. One month after settling in we already started colabs with multiple local start-ups.

When the kids left our apartment in central Rotterdam, we started looking for something smaller. We always wanted to move closer to nature, into our own house.

ELDERLY

Now we have a small unit in Schieoevers at the edge of Delft and we are expanding it over the weekends. Last summer, I have built us a winter garden from recycled greenhouse frames!

I first met with her when she was passing by my studio. She liked my work a lot and we soon became good friends. Now I am actually working on a design for her companies next collection.

Moving to Leiden for our study exchange, we had a great trouble finding a place. Then I found out about the CircuLAB Student Community. They still had some places open, we immediately took it.

I’m doing my Post doctoral research on dense mycelium insulation panels. Having a greenhouse for cultivation and all this fabrication equipment right behind the office makes prototyping a breeze.

EXPATS & KNOWLEDGE

ENTREPRENEURS & ARTIST

We moved to Holland a years ago together with my husband and our little kid. We were sceptical of the high prices of flats in the city, but we found accommodation right at the campus. Now we have perfect path for strolls right outside our house.

STUDENTS

We were afraid of living so far from the center, but the public transport is so good it doesn’t really matter.

Plus we can now grow our own veggies in the shared garden. Our classmates love our summer BBQs!

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INDICATORS FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT CAPACITY BUILDING Facilitate local production and create a better link between local and regional.

Insight into the materials used through material passports.

Transforming landscapes are used as focus location for development.

Create decent work opportunities and circular economic growth.

SHAPING Adaptable and resilient modular housing.

Offer workshops and exhibitions about circular construction.

Project development increases the attractiveness of the city as living environment.

Housing development through collective private commissioning.

STIMULATE & REGULATE Towards a circular construction and demolition cycle of biobased materials.

Forefront of innovation experimenting in Living Labs.

by

Create a synergy between the cities and thereby strengthen the agglomeration power of South Holland.

Inclusive living environments by including students, starters and low income households.

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Assessment framework It is a tool that we use to assist the governance of Circulabs and improve their performance. To monitor and quantitatively assess the project, we are introducing a multitude of indicators usable for creation of an assessment dashboard. To track the progress of our transition, we defined our own goals

and milestones to be reached at certain phases of a project, in alignment with sustainable development goals.

We found that not all of the sustainable development goals are suitable for quantitative assessment, therefore we also define some qualitative phenomena that simply have positive or negative value, once they appear.

ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK DASHBOARD INDICATORS

People

Amount of shared value per resident

Resident involvement in planning process

Satisfaction

Locals involvement in planning process

Social Cohesion

Knowledge

Number of R+D subsidies generated Jobs generated in knowledge sector Buildings connected to data collection

Land

Amount of produced biomass Amount of biomass converted to building mat.

Amount of remediated polluted land

Material

POSITIVE EFFECTS

Raw material input Raw material consumption Amount of waste per capita

NEGATIVE EFFECTS Nuisance effects on locals

Services provided by local entrepreneurs Avg. resident educational level

Energy Consumption per capita

Fossil fuels used Greenhouse energy use

Carbon Emission per capita

Percentage of separated waste Recycle rate Repair rate

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CONCLUSION

opportunities and education, there are growing demands on the urban areas to withstand the pressures of immigration.

In a quest to deal with these pressures, the housing market has been functioning discriminatorily, alienating the weaker sections of the society and pushing them farther away from the urban cores.

These stresses are also detrimental to the quality of life in a city and contribute to climate changes and environmental instability. Keeping in mind the vision proposed by the province to make South Holland completely circular by the year 2050, we have identified several landscapes that are already in transition or would be in transition in the future.

Research showed us the existence of projects with the idea of circularity on a smaller scale. It was evident that there was an uneven knowledge distribution and this would be a great hindrance in assuring the transition to a circular economy.

This report introduced the concept of Circulabs and how they can be established at a regional scale. The core of the studio was to find ways to apply circular economy in the region the South Holland, by facilitating the transformation of construction industries to become more sustainable in the future.

The need for transitioning landscapes was based on the analysis that the construction industry will go through rapid transformations in the coming years in South Holland. These construction industries contribute to the Dutch market and paired with the knowledge centres, they make South Holland one of the leading innovative players globally.

To propose a drastic shift in the economy we had to address the problems that are very prevalent in South Holland today.

Because of the massive economic 110

These issues led to the following research question -

‘How to utilise the transforming landscapes of the South Holland province to drive circularity in the construction and demolition sector and relieve the pressures of the housing demand on the urban cores?’

The project proposes a vision and strategy for plug-in developments which become the foundation of innovation, experimentation, transformation and living labs. These labs are not envisioned as static designs but as general strategies applicable to the diverse local contexts offered by South Holland. The transitioning landscapes are the result of changing trends in the economy. It was imperative to understand the characteristics of these areas and how they can be brought back into the developmental model so that the new pristine land would remain untouched. The local environment,

municipal schemes, developmental plans and potentials were all taken into consideration.

The shift towards a fully functioning circular economy needs coalitions of citizens, government and different stakeholders involved. This can only be achieved if people are aware of these issues and have access to knowledge about the new economy that we propose.

To establish the circulabs, we looked at four important areas of discipline: Transitional landscapes, New developmental models, Knowledge distribution Re-envisioning construction practises.

This resulted in the design of a network of living laboratories operating in a territorial context of transitioning industrial landscapes, connecting the strong and ongoing research and innovation in the region with the stakeholders and citizens in public-private partnerships (PPPs).

For each of this discipline, strategies were developed, stakeholders were identified and different initiatives, entrepreneurs and citizens were brought to the discussion. Our proposal aims to achieve well-balanced and inclusive living environments integrating both top-down and bottom-up approaches to discover suitable solutions for the most important stakeholders of the society. To understand the engagement strategy with the stakeholders involved and to manage them, we set up a policy timeline and the progress of this transition would be monitored at every scale.

DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Upon retrospecting the initial advances, we, as a group found it hard to combine and formulate our analysis into one problem statement. There are many possibilities to strengthen the region of South Holland. With the help of the different theories and data analysis, we could narrow it down to the potential problems.

Before recommendations for further research can be drawn, it is imperative to address the limitations of the research. The project is highly reliant on the participation of people: it involves self-builders, local entrepreneurs, knowledge centres, and other stakeholders acting at different scales. It was highly dependent on communication and collaboration, so to ensure that this is carried out smoothly, new policies, regulations, taxes, and subsidies need to be implemented at the local level and subsequently through out the region.

However, these are only external motivators, which need to be supported along with the internal motivators. By facilitating an engagement strategy for each site we try to bring every stakeholder to the table to participate in discussions.

We also realise that the motivation and interest to support this transition is not uniform and needs further initiatives by the municipality. With research by design, four different local interventions in transitioning landscapes were tested.

When implemented on the regional scale, the concept of circulabs can be a powerful tool for the transition to a synergetic urban network. We are sure that a knowledge-based economy is a right step forward and by creating these platforms at a regional level, we can ensure that the transition can happen more democratically. The vision for the region and the spatial strategies address actors, their requirements and also the phasing of these actions. Keeping in mind the vast uncertainties that are associated with the project, we have tried to address the issues that are within our scope.

lot on the new building materials and the logistics of reusable building materials which was difficult to assess at this point of our proposal. The affordability needs to be studied in more detail for a better framework in the future. By researching the new developments in Rotterdam port rehabilitation projects, we could understand the flexibility and adaptability of these new housing types. The limitation of these typologies would be that they haven’t been carried out at a regional scale. However, we focused on a local scale to address these issues.

Most of the Circulab plug-in areas are situated at infrastructure nodes where different forms of infrastructure meet. The road and rail network in South-Holland are very prevalent and well connected.

We are positive because of the existing infrastructure that is very efficient, the proposal will be a good starting point in our quest to reimagine the region through the lens of circularity.

Research regarding the new bio-based materials already exists but they haven’t been carried out at such a large scale to the best of our knowledge. Further research needs to be carried out regarding the longevity, vitality and spatial implications of these new materials. Predominantly, we focused on the production of mycelium, duckweed, and hemp. The research was carried out regarding the volumes and their corresponding usage for new developments.

Furthermore, by looking at the small community-driven projects like Hof Van Carteslus, Utrecht, we could study the feasibility of circular housing if it is run by individual self-builders. In this project, we focused on specific target groups with a certain average income, students and ex-pats. The affordability of these modular and circular houses depend a 111

SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE

landscapes become a more efficient option and an alternative to the exploring of new and pristine land. They also do not limit the development of our societies (Wahl, 2019; Ekins 1993). The revitalising of landscapes are especially important considering the high pressures on land and their decline towards criticality.

In addition, theories on circularity and its shortcomings are explored (Veleva, Bodkin, & Todorova, 2017). The construction sector has been studied for both materiality and spatial configuration while researching. The environmental and societal impacts of current trends have been studied in detail. The tools of study involve data analysis, statistics, reference projects, site-specific documentation, stakeholder analysis and governance principles. This research forms the foundation of our project. The combination of these theories provided some interesting and insightful frameworks both theoretical and practical.

The project ‘Circulabs’ uses a body of theories. It has been driven by the fair sharing of knowledge perspective.

The foundation for the proposed transitions was the re-envisioning of the construction sector. What we envisioned was tied together both theoretically and spatially by addressing the transitional landscapes.

‘Systems Theory’ was also explored, wherein diverse and complementary systems bound by space and time work to express the region as a synergistic network of multi-faceted disciplines (Zhou, 2014).

The importance of a landscape’s resilience and the need for them to be revived from the point of criticality so they can regenerate is asserted by the Theory of Transitional Landscape (W.Adger, 2000). This allows for their revitalisation which in turn would ensure continuous development. The vitality of the land and its diverse 112

Achieving a balance between the topdown conventional system and the desired bottom of the democratic system was a major socio-economic challenge that was faced. Except for a very small number of projects, the decisions about living environments and habitats are always vested in the hands of municipalities, developers and other institutions (Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning And Environment, 1977). The ‘circulabs’, hence becomes a new developmental model which is highly experimental in the Dutch context.

Within the project, the necessities of fair sharing of knowledge were explored, explained and formulated. We tried to establish the relevance of circulabs by identifying the potentials of each area of interest and demonstrating the opportunities that this model can achieve.

This project deals with living and working labs which are highly explorative and experimental. As far as we are aware, the idea discussed has not been attempted

at a scale as large as this with as many variations and stakeholders involved.

The transition theory is used as an instrument for change. We understand that a new structure and framework of guidelines is imperative for a paradigm shift from what is observed (Hoogma et al., 2005). The transition theory shows that for a larger change, small local initiatives could become the starting point.

These interventions need to be supported and upscaled for a holistic regeneration of the region. Since the current system is very prudent and inherent, change has to be propelled at different scales.

The contextual analysis of our project is supported by the aforementioned body of theory and research. It guided us in the development of interesting strategies and tools to re-envision the region. We believe that these interventions are very relevant and important in the field of sustainable development and circularity. They would also aid the region to achieve its goal in a more fair and just way.

SOCIETAL RELEVANCE

Figure 6.2| SDGs addressed ; Illustrated by authors

The societal relevance of the project is guided by addressing the socio-spatial justice for the marginalised groups and providing fair living conditions for these communities. We believe that by creating a platform which is open to discussion, debate and collaboration, we can set an example for collective growth and provide just societies for people to live in. Throughout our proposal, we have categorised overlapping themes and proposed interventions that would also align with the SDGs promoted by the United Nations, 2020.

CIRCULAR LIVING The project set forth the guiding principles to drive the idea of circularity into the people. It aims to make circularity accessible by dispersion of knowledge which is otherwise controlled by a few actors. By doing so, the societal stigma that revolves around the idea of reusing resources,

or cultural barriers regarding collective transformation can be diminished. This proposal would require robust educational and government institutions to develop new technologies and experiment by teaching within the working labs. These also address the SDG‘s 8, 9, 13 and 16 under the knowledge criteria that align with innovation and action (United Nations, 2020).

SPATIAL JUSTICE To ensure spatial justice, we create a participatory model where people collaborate and create sustainable and suitable habitats, especially the weaker sections of the society. It strengthens the resilience of these communities and reduces their vulnerabilities. More people will be involved in decision making and swaying the policy decisions which would, in turn, facilitate strong partnerships like the SDG 17 (United Nations, 2020). This system would ensure equal opportunities for everyone involved and become the

catalyst to reduce inequalities, which relates to the SDG 10 (United Nations, 2020).

HEALTHY AND ROBUST REGION Instead of going just local, the vision tries to establish a regional synergetic network that can become more robust through transition and innovation.

The transition towards a sustainable building environment with circularity as the main drive would aim at shifting from overconsumption to cyclic usage of resources. It proposes to remediate the transitional landscapes making them suitable for reuse and maintain the health of these lands. It would address the SDGs 11 and 12; Sustainable cities and communities; responsible consumption and production (United Nations, 2020).

By diminishing the energy-intensive construction processes and adopting a bio-based material flow for construction it promotes healthy living conditions for people; SDG 3 (United Nations, 2020).

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ETHICAL RELEVANCE

The ‘Circulabs’ function by addressing four categories - Land, Material, People and Knowledge. Our project focuses on making circularity accessible to people by utilizing the fair sharing of knowledge as the main driving force. As explained in the conceptual framework, we have examined land and knowledge through the lens of the ‘tragedy of commons’. As land is considered a common good, we studied several transitional areas to see how they could be brought back through regeneration into reuse.

Through these transformations, we create discussions to make the land available for different stakeholders, to determine its role in this drive towards circularity.

It is still considered a common good even after the transformation, which remains rivalrous, but its function would be determined by knowledge centres, marginalised groups and the weaker sections of the societies after debates, discussions and conflict resolutions. The bulk of which will be carried out by the municipalities at the local level and the province at the regional level. Therefore, this project heavily depends on multiactor participation.

To make these interventions, we have adopted the ‘polder model’, a dutch decision-making system, to ensure a stable and inclusive process. The polder model has been described as a ‘pragmatic recognition of pluriformity’ and ‘cooperation despite differences’ (Brouwer, 1990). Our proposal presents a three-phased strategy that consists of capacity building of communities, shaping ideologies and stimulating and regulating policies.

Citizens, being the key stakeholders in these discussions, are equipped with platforms in these community hubs to decide and design their living habitats.

These plug-ins serve as nodal locations where communities can unite and publicprivate partnerships can be formed. Their

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desire to improve the existing practises, in turn, puts pressure on the developers and aids in changing the mindsets with regards to traditional building disciplines.

This vision for the transitional landscapes would be extremely beneficial, both ecologically and socially. The resilience of the landscapes brought about by these regenerations would help ease the vulnerability of the societal groups that are dependent on land and other resources.

Since land is finite, all abandoned landscapes and wastescapes would be brought into the scope of the development of this new vision. From a landscape perspective, these plug-in areas are multifunctional with their resources becoming largely diversified. They then become more resilient in the long run and can be used to their maximum potential.

These local interventions function as plugins to the existing urban cores at the threshold of the urban fabric and open landscape. They bridge the divided worlds of rural and urban (Wandl, et al.2014).

By establishing community centres in each of these labs, we try to provide access to both the land itself and the knowledge about circular living. With guidance from the knowledge centres, new building construction techniques will be developed that are directed towards everyone. The burdens and benefits would see a fair distribution as well. The farmers would have to change their production cycles to contribute to the new construction methodologies, developers would have to change their conventional building disciplines and the construction sector and associated industries would need to change their production systems to sustain the project.

The citizens who wish to live in these plugins would need to make some sacrifices because of their distance from the city centre. To address this issue, the robust infrastructural system that is already in

place would work well to mitigate the difficulties of the commute. The travel distances are shorter, to begin with, and wouldn’t pose such a big issue. As for the attractions of cities, these areas would develop fairly well to provide for all citizens living here. The areas of interest that would be developed have been heavily dependent on these public transport systems to reduce car travel.

Since sustainability and circularity have been valued more and more by the larger actors, empowering farmers, public and other developers would help make this transition smoother and more efficient for all involved. The most disadvantaged group of this new development would be the concrete industries and the other companies that are dependent on nonrenewable resources. These actors need incentives and subsidies from the government to make the transition in a fair method. Because of the shift in the economy, new jobs would be created in the construction industry as well as the community centres with the help of entrepreneurs and service providers.

We propose to create a robust, flexible and durable building system that can act as a material bank for future projects.

This is how we envision the economy to change stably and sustainably.

These community centres, knowledge hubs and workshops treat knowledge as a public good which is available for all the people of a circulab to learn, explore and experiment. Learning is encouraged through discussions and debates.

In our overall vision, we addressed the two silent stakeholders; the Earth and the future generations. The overarching guiding principle for wanting to change the construction industry to a more sustainable discipline is to address the most important stakeholder, the earth.

The pollution that is caused by the construction sector to land, air and water

through the current practises necessitates a transformation to save the earth on a global scale. As the first generation to be impacted by climate change and the last generation to be able to address it, our vision has to set a precedent and be administered at every level to ensure a stable but aggressive transition.

Another important aspect of the proposal is bringing about a behavioural change in people from being ‘consumers’ to ‘prosumers’ where we understand that the resources that we use today wouldn’t regenerate in the future without proper regulation (Ritzer 2015). The future generations would be at a loss and hence they must be treated as another important stakeholder.

The development of these translational landscapes and the transformation of the construction industry will be very beneficial for future generations so they can already start innovating from a positive level. To conclude, our vision tries to involve every stakeholder, address their issues, respect their ideologies and allow them to participate in this extremely complex and multi-scalar venture. We value the importance of land, people, knowledge and materials and treat them as important resources and the main drivers of any change. These changes are important not just for now but also for future generations and to ensure the overall health of the planet. The circulabs are highly experimental which as an extension could translate to South Holland itself, acting as a lab for the world to learn from. These learnings could then be adapted for different contexts at different scales to make the earth a healthier place to live in.

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Stadshavens Rotterdam. (2015, November 1). Position paper Rotterdam Innovation District. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/stadshavensrotterdam/docs/15659_opmaak_ prosition_paper_hr_spr Van Barneveld, J., Veldboer, T., & von Daniels, C. (2019). Rotterdam Towards a Circular Port. Retrieved from https://www.portofrotterdam.com Van Daele, E. (2018). Scars, tensions and disturbances: Designing common ground between landscape and urban, in: Challenging the boxes: Interfaces in landscape and land use, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, p.182 Veleva, V., Bodkin, G., & Todorova, S. (2017). The need for better measurement and employee engagement to advance a circular economy: Lessons from Biogen’s “zero waste” journey in: Journal of Cleaner Production, 154, p.517-529 Vermeulen, Y., & Harms, E. (2018). Waardevol Wonen: Investeren in een inclusieve stad.

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INDIVIDUAL REFLECTIONS DAVID ALDANA 5095018

In the Circulabs project, the concept expands with the development and enhancement of selected areas throughout the region to boost different characteristics of the cities such as the land, people, knowledge and material processes.

The vision of a circulab both in space and time has been a demanding task that looks into a profound analysis. South Holland’s position, economy and infrastructure makes for a very desirable location for people to live in. Due to the growth of population and heavy migration in the region, South Holland faces multiple issues regarding the housing market, urban sprawl, brownfields and heavy pollution from the construction industry.

With circulabs we present a proposal that envisions a network of hubs focused on circularity within the construction and demolition sector in order to improve the current flows and cycles of materials.

The hope for these interventions is that they create a more spatial and socially just environment in the region where the share of knowledge and sustainability are the factors which drive society.

Circulabs was the response of an analysis of the region. We developed a concept that would tackle the housing problem in the region while utilizing the regional policy as an opportunity to change the construction and demolition sector which was a complete plan and would solve every problem in the region. But within this vision we were naively missing multiple factors, from the spatial location, qualities, to stakeholders, policies and strategies.

Understanding these factors made us grasp the importance of the identity of every site. We had to break up our initial concept of a generic circulab into various

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little pieces and insert them in a tool box. This tool box offered many different possible interventions that would be applied on the sites based on stakeholders, city policies, municipal interest and site potential taking in account the current infrastructure, and thus we created a new vision.

With the set toolbox and selected locations we moved forward into developing a design proposal that requires the involvement of multiple actors both from the public and private sector. We designed for four different landscapes in the region: Agricultural, Green Ports, Harbour and Urban. We analysed the individual sites to first understand who the stakeholders were and what kind of power and interest they held in the area and how their collaboration or conflicts would affect the development into a circular economy, secondly we planned a phasing consisting on the spatial layout and how it would fit through time by setting strategies and specific policies, finally we developed impressions and axonometries to understand the qualities of the proposed space and to portray through images the final vision.

Circulabs first aim to promote circular economy and to create a regional network for the construction and demolition sector.

Now we understand that the project needs to go deeper into society with the cooperation of multiple actors, only by working together and setting collective goals, these proposals for circularity will become a reality and create a change for the region.

DIVYA GUNNAM 5099218 Today, cities aspire to be pioneers and have a competitive edge in the global market. They are preparing to attract and host more people, boost productivity and increase overall outcome. This, however, puts immense pressure on the region. Such is the case of the Hague Rotterdam metropolitan region.

The expected population growth in the region exerts pressure to build a quarter million homes along with the existing quest to minimize resource consumption and achieve sustainability. The flows of goods, people and materials is crucial for the desired functioning of the city and its region.Thus, while proposing strategies for future development in the region, there is need to take these flows into account and think of a way to create balance in the region for optimum performance.

Starting out with the project, the main topics at hand were creating an overall balance in the region, equal access to opportunities, spatial justice, circularity and adequate housing. I started exploring how such a distribution and balance could be created in the region. My thoughts were amplified during a SDS session on spatial justice. We discussed creating a society where the fruit of co-operation can be shared and how the conflict of interests between various stakeholders could be negotiated. One of the concluding ideas was ‘fair distribution of both burdens and benefits’.

Building upon the idea of spatial justice, the main essence of the vision is to make circularity accessible to everyone.

It is to make sure that circularity doesn’t just remain a concept inaccessible to the consumers, or filtered through the middlemen or is just addressed in the meetings between different municipalities and higher actors. The main driving force is to make it the new normal. To drive circularity into the people also means to give them the power to decide what kind of living environments they want to create for themselves.

In our model, the main actors in the fields of construction and development are challenged and the power is given to the citizens. The model we proposed contradicted with the national strategy of developing urban landscapes. However, small references spread across the country gave us hope that this system could become applicable to larger contexts as well if we manage to achieve collaboration between the two groups.

As a result, the vision became an anchor to which all of our theories and ambitions aligned. Three seemingly disconnected aspects of South Holland- post industrial landscapes, housing demands and the drive towards circularity came together, borrowing from each other and helping to create solutions.

how to still conserve the fragile peri urban and suburban areas that will transform the most with these new developments.

Our vision guided us in designing a strategy where multiple actors can come together and have discussions on how to move forward. It provides a platform where different strategies can be tested out, changed and applied again. The most important aspect of formulating this kind of vision is that it becomes unpredictable. It becomes very important to keep shifting between multi scales and taking into account multiple actors to achieve this goal.

More work needs to be done to explore the full potential of the circulabs as a concept in regional design. Due to limitations of time and capacity, the economic and political feasibility of our strategy were not thoroughly examined during this 10 weeks course. Its implications on the more local scale still needs to be explored for a better understanding. However, I feel that this course has given me important tools to address the complex field of regional and strategic planning, and a better understanding of the possibilities and limitations that urbanists and architects have in the regional scale.

Circulab proposes to shift the Province of South Holland towards circularity by transitioning into a synergetic region.

Urban polycentricity is widely read and challenged in academic literature. It is based on having multiple cores and their interdependencies on each other. We tried to use this model in our densification strategy and set out to intensify growth and developments in other regions of South Holland. This led to a discussion on 123

INDIVIDUAL REFLECTIONS ILSE VAN MILAAN 4445740

For the individual reflection I will discuss the question ‘In which way is the governance aspect embedded in the planning and design proposal of your group project?’

In order to keep it compact and in depth, I will mainly focus on our goal to create well-balanced and inclusive living environments with resilient and modular housing for the region of South Holland.

By drawing up an engagement strategy in the beginning, we are trying to involve as much stakeholder as possible in the process. Because a sustainable circular economy does not arise by itself. So first we did some research to find out what drives and concerns the stakeholders, to know how to engage with them and to understand how to manage them.

Thereby we thought it is important to get to know the stakeholders interests to get to know the challenges.

With our aim to stimulate well-balanced and inclusive living environments with resilient and modular housing we thought a mandatory percentage of self-build or CPO lots ensures a good mix of residents, because they often feel strongly involved in their living environment and support social cohesion and participation. This does not mean that initiatives must be bottom-up. Legitimacy and power of implementation do not always go together, but it is fair to expect that the public sector has the upper hand in implementing spatial plans, because it has the legitimacy to do so. The municipality has a guiding role to reach the goals of the circulabs. They have strong tools to get the circular economy off the ground and stimulate inclusive development. For example by providing subsidies for fitting sustainability in the new building plans or by increasing regulations on minimal amount of social housing to 60% in new CircuLABs developments.

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The municipality can also have a stimulating role to bring stakeholders together and stimulate a dialogue. So “the polder model”, as ingrained in our Dutch planning tradition, gives everyone involved the feeling of co-authorship and ensures a long-term vision that becomes the property of society. If that works, it often turns out to be easy to get around legal cliffs together. It is not surprising that the most recent reforms of the Dutch planning system favoured participation over authoritative, government-led planning approaches.

Participation boosts governance processes. Participations gives more support and understanding to the plan, it is likely to deliver more effective result and knowledge is constructed in communication. It would be therefore unethical and be a waste to impose topdown solutions that not take into account the knowledge of stakeholders. For that, another important goal for circulabs is a “region driven by knowledge”. By collaborating with the university, research institutes, companies and other experts to receive more knowledge for circulabs to be circular and create modular housing designs.

Through governance, collaboration between governments, as well as nongovernmental organisations, the region of South Holland will become a synergetic urban network where circulabs provide knowledge and support the transition towards a circular construction and demolition cycle with well-balanced and inclusive living environments.

JAMIE TAAL 4562372

What is the relationship between research and design in your group project?

In the design project from this past quarter doing research was definitely the guideline for the whole project. Partly due to the large regional scale of the assignment, a lot of analysis and research was needed to get a grip on an area as large as the province of South-Holland. In the beginning of the project, it became clear that setting up a vision for an intensively urbanized province was all about getting a certain grip on different elements and systems that are present within the region.

Also, a lot of research had to be done to gain knowledge about different policy systems. ​​​ One of those aforementioned systems were the different flows of goods and materials within the region. In the first SDS Capita Selecta lecture/workshop, the assignment was to make an inventory of the different flows in the region. The focus in our project was on the construction and demolition cycles, which form, as we encountered, a collection of very intensive linear processes. ​In our project the goal was not only to optimize the material flows, but also to use this opportunity to create new living areas to relief the pressure on cities. Therefore, we did some research on the migration flows within the region.

about the region. By composing a vision, a collection of milestones is set up.

Working out the vision into spatial actions and strategies requires a lot of knowledge about the different stakeholders that are involved, but also about different policy means. In our design and research, we set up milestones for both the regional and local action plans. Designing these sites on the local scale asks for integrating the processes at regional level. ​​​​​​​​​​In Conclusion, the relationship between research and design in our project forms clearly the guideline for the different spatial actions a strategy we designed.

I personally felt that this design project was way more about the relationship between research and design than I ever experienced before. This was also the first time that I personally did a project on a scale like this and sometimes I kind of lost in the complexity of it. The complexity and the large scale of the assignment asked for developing a vision based on evidence. Through the intensive research a strong fundament is created to make a strategy towards circularity for the region that builds on the qualities and at the same time addresses important and difficult issues.

The important third element of the Circulabs concept was to identify landscapes in transition, where the plugins for the Circulabs could happen. These new plug-ins were all situated on so called infrastructure nodes, where different kinds of infrastructure cross each other.

The accessibility of these areas was used optimal. ​​​Introducing a concept like this not only requires a lot of spatial knowledge 125

INDIVIDUAL REFLECTIONS ONDREJ VESELY 5162130

How to build-up a framework for circular economy in such a diverse region as South Holland, where intense urban development and agricultural land use systems intertwine with industrial landscapes in extremely limited space?

Instead of trying to solve each of the systems on its own, we focused our vision on generating spaces which would allow for these dichotomic worlds to connect and build synergize under the knowledge economy of the region.

This resulted in the design for a network of living laboratories operating in a territorial context of transitioning industrial landscapes, connecting the strong and ongoing research and innovation in the region with the stakeholders and citizens in public-private partnerships (PPPs). As plugins to the existing urban cores at the threshold of urban fabric and open landscape, they bridge the divided worlds of rural and urban (Wandl, et al.2014).

They form an initial seed for an integrated system connecting flows of biocentric and service/knowledge centric industries.

SOURCES Ritzer, G. (2015) Prosumer Capitalism, The Sociological Quarterly, 56:3, 413445, DOI: 10.1111/tsq.12105 Wandl, A., Nadin, V., Zooneveld, W. & Rooij, R.(2014) Beyond urbanrural classification: Characterising and mapping territories-in-between across Europe, Landscape and urban planning, 130, p.50-63 126

The motivation for focusing our development vision outside of the urban cores, contradictory to the current governmental development policy of urban development containment, was to relieve the pressure build- up in the increasingly centralized urban development system of the region, which results in unequal distribution of access to space and opportunities between different population groups.

Approaching things bottom up, our goal was to shift the economy of every household from passive consumers to more proactive ‘prosumers’. The greatest obstacle to achieving this is the lack of

knowledge and capital distributed and accessible by the population to realise this (Ritzer 2015).

I can think of a personal example on how having the access to means of production can change a consumption patterns; Since I am often in need of doing small repairs on my bicycle and I am more than willing to perform them myself, I frequently visit an open community run workshop where I can borrow the tools and get knowledge of the local volunteers to do the repairs myself. I am not driven by any desire to do things more sustainably. I simply prefer this to the option of taking a bicycle to a private repair shop, having to leave it there for multiple days and in the end pay a considerable sum for something I am actually able to do myself, if I am provided with the space and tools.

Plainly spoken, living circularly and living ‘on the budget’ can often be very similar concepts. Especially the current economically disadvantaged groups would be more interested in changing their consumer routines towards truly circular lifestyles, if they are provided with the capital of knowledge and tools necessary.

By creating a living space where the means of production and knowledge are openly shared and space for experimentation is provided as a form of public good, we are aiming to turn the inhabitants from mere consumers of the built environment into active participants in the ideation and exploration of emerging ideas on how our environmental and socio-economical systems should be organized.

APPENDIX

Figure 7.1| Map showing the industies, educational institutions ; Illustrated by authors; source:Nationaale Geo Register

Figure 7.2| Map showing the landscapes ; Illustrated by authors; source:Nationaale Geo Register

Figure 7.3| Map showing the knowledge axis, educational institutions ; Illustrated by authors; source:Nationaale Geo Register

Figure 7.4| Map showing the functions ; Illustrated by authors; source:Nationaale Geo Register

Figure 7.5| Map showing the population densities of different cities. Illustrated by authors; source:Nationaale Geo Register

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APPENDIX ALPHEN A/D RIJN

‘S GRAVENZANDE

ENGAGE | CONVINCE

ENGAGE | CONVINCE

KEEP SATISFIED

KEEP SATISFIED Regional government

Regional government

Municipality of Westland

Municipality of Alpen

Province of South Holland

Province of South Holland

Construction Companies

Greenhouses Infrastructure companies

Greenhouse companies

Logistics Wolters Kluwer Services company

Local Farmers

Local Farmers

Greenport West - Holland

Glastuinbouw Nederland

SUEZ Recycling & Recovery TU Delft

Start-ups

Start-ups

Container terminal Innovation Centres Innovation Centres

Westland Energy Solutions

Concrete plants

INFORM

EMPOWER

POWER

POWER

Local Inhabitants

INTEREST

Local Inhabitants

INFORM

EMPOWER

INTEREST APPENDIX

SCHIEDAM

SCHIEOEVERS ENGAGE | CONVINCE

ENGAGE | CONVINCE

KEEP SATISFIED Regional government

KEEP SATISFIED Regional government

Municipality of Delft

Municipality of Schiedam Investors

Province of South Holland

Province of South Holland

Area Developers Area Developers Bedrijvenkring Schieoevers (BKS) Infra agencies Distribution companies

Construction Companies

Estate agents Energieke Regio Delft

Schiedam Port

Basal Energy companies Current residents

TU Delft

Start-ups Knowledge Centers MVS

Start-ups

INFORM

INTEREST

EMPOWER

POWER

POWER

Local Inhabitants Local inhabitants

INFORM

EMPOWER

INTEREST Figure 7.6| Power Interest Matrix at local scale

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