Frederick Parkes Weber - Theophrastus Paracelsus, 1897

6

.

THEOPHRASTUS PARACELSUS

BY

F.

PARKES WEBER,

[Reprinted from

M.D., F.S.A.

The Medical Magazine,

Vol. VI., April

,

1897]

LONDON

“THE MEDICAL MAGAZINE” 140

STRAND, 1897

<

.

*

YV.C.

CO.,

LIMITED

THEOPHRASTUS PARACELSUS. By

It

is

F.

PARKES WEBER,

doubtful whether the

life

M.D., F.S.A.

and writings of any physician

have received so much attention or have excited so much controversy as those of Paracelsus

The

stand the reason.

unusual degree

all

;

nor

is

difficult to

it

under-

history of Paracelsus possesses in an

those elements of attractiveness which have

been so clearly explained by the Bishop of London, recent lecture at the in

History”.

Royal

It is this

Institution,

on

“

in

his

Picturesqueness

kind of attractiveness probably which

induced Robert Browning to choose the

one of his best-known works

life

as a

theme

for

— a work which has contributed

in

no small degree to the present fame of the Swiss physician.

Paracelsus was a

man

of action,

who

period of history, a period, moreover, well readers of

all

countries

;

in the fresco of

the most famous

men

whom

known

he appears doubtless

many, as he does of

lived in a stirring

in

to general

the minds of

Kaulbach, standing amongst

of the epoch of the reformation,

he must have seen and known.

some

His impulsiveness

The Medical Magazine.

2

and eccentricity helped rather than

hindered

him

acquisition of notoriety, and, though notorious during

posthumous celebrity

far

exceeded

his

Alchemists, quacks, and charlatans of

name

for

purposes of their own, so that

possible to distinguish attributed to

him and

the false ones,

what he

really

Hence

their attempts to glorify or

Amongst

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

that

of

his

all

kinds paraded his

it

became almost im-

wrote from what was

i.

story-tellers

damn

making

his

waged on

humour

this un-

and antiquaries

memory has at least had name still more famous.

of Rabelais, the

Erasmus,

humane

spokenness of Johann

W

Dolet and Michael

Servetus have hardly sufficed to

their

eyer,

and the

names more widely known,

in

his

his great contemporaries, the learning of

the art of Holbein, the

from

the various estimations of his character

ground by physicians,

effect

life,

contemporary fame.

are totally contradictory, though the battle

one

the

to separate the real facts of his life

Fig.

certain

in

terrible deaths of

out-

Etienne

make

Theophrastus Paracelsus.

The names

of Paracelsus in

full

3

were Aureolus Philippus

Theophrastus Bombast von Hohenheim.

Paracelsus was a

name he

is said to have assumed in boyhood and by this name afterwards best known. became As to its meaning there he has been a good deal of discussion. Some have supposed it to

signify that in

knowledge he claimed

Roman

to surpass the

physician Celsus, but such a far-fetched meaning could have

hardly presented that

it is

itself to

mind of a

Others argue

boy.

Hohener or Hochener, name.

But Hohener was not

a hybrid classical rendering of

which they suggest was his

the

his real

name, and we believe the true explanation

simple one.

The meaning

is

the following

of the patronymic von in

noble names can be supplied

German

Greek

by Trapa. At a time when most German Professors changed their names into the Latin or Greek equivalents, this youthful in

Latin by a or ab and

in

4

The Medical Magazine.

philosopher was

not

content with the ordinary

Hohenheim, which appears on and

2),

but preferred the Greek

instead of

making

his

Ab

Latin,

his authentic portraits (figs, tto pa

name wholly Greek, “

obtaining the doggerel mixture,

and then,

to the Latin ab,

Melanchthon, added the Latin Celsus

like his

(for

i

contemporary

Hohenheim), thus

Paracelsus”.

fie was born at Einsiedeln in Canton Schwytz in the year

Bombast von

His father Wilhelm

1493.

physician

in

poor circumstances,

German

the natural son of a his early instruction

Hohenheim, a supposed to have been

is

from his father

at Villach

then he studied at the Lbiiversity of Basel, and life

He

of travel.

certainly

During

He

noble of that name.

received

Carinthia

in

;

commenced a

passed through various countries, including

Germany, Hungary, France and the Netherlands. period of his

this

life

he visited different mines,

especially those belonging to the wealthy

Tyrol, and gained

all

lurgy and chemistry.

Fugger family

in

the information he could about metal-

He

doubtless collected what knowledge

he could get from the poorer people on the use of popular remedies and local customs

in

ordinary complaints.

In his

wanderings he made the acquaintance of alchemists, especially

Johann Tritheim

— Trithemius — with

well as of charlatans

searched after not

felt

my

ashamed

and quacks of

On the

and

my

life,

said

:

“

I

and have

).

he set up as a physician

1527, probably

in

in

at the instance of

reformer Oekolampadius and the printer Frobenius (a

patient of his),

was appointed

University of Basel. it

He

sorts.

1

his return to Switzerland

his native country,

he studied, as

something even from tramps, ex-

to learn (

all

the risk even of

art, at

ecutioners and barbers ”

whom

was about

this

advice by letter

by

his

medicine at the

fame became very great, and

time that Erasmus of Rotterdam sought his (2).

dogmatic teaching of flamed

Here

to the chair of

Here his

it

was

also that in ridicule of the

contemporaries, and probably

their opposition

to

his

innovations,

in-

he himself

T HEOPIIRASTUS

PARACELSUS.

5

committed the ridiculous error of publicly burning the works of Avicenna (3), on which much of the dogmatism of his rivals

was founded.

In 1528, however, he brought an action for the recovery

Canon von Lichtenfels, and on account of his quarrel, owing to the judgment being against him, he had to quit Basel and recommence his wanderings. of a fee against

He

the

rich

then resided for a short time at Esslingen, Strassburg,

Niimberg, Augsburg and other towns.

invitation of the

About

1541, on the

Archbishop of Salzburg, he settled

Salz-

in

burg, but this proved his last resting place, for he died there in

the

month of September, 1541,

A monument was Church of

St. Sebastian. in

a quarrel, and

some

is

the age of forty-seven.

It

memory

in

the

has been said that he died from

consequence of rough handling received

a debauch or

that could only

at

afterwards erected to his

in

state that his skull bore evidence of injury

have been

inflicted

during

life

altogether denied by Professor Aberle,

;

who

this,

how ever, r

carefully de-

The Medical Magazine.

6

His age

scribes the skull (4).

given, but

The

seven.

medal

all

(5),

at

the best evidence

is

death has been variously in favour of

it

being forty-

occurrence of the age forty-five inscribed on a

bearing the date of his death (1541),

may be

ex-

plained by supposing that the likeness on this medal has been

copied from a portrait taken in 1538,

when he was only

forty-

five years old.

Fig.

Of

portraits

of

Paracelsus

These can be divided Aberle has done,

4.

into a

a

very large

number

exist.

few main groups as Professor

most of the

individual

portraits

being

obviously copies or variations of one or the other of a few original prototypes.

claim

to

be

Of

all

these portraits scarcely any can

contemporary likenesses.

Wentzel Hollar, though possibly

after

The engraving by Rembrandt, and the

T IIEOPHRASTUS

PARACELSUS.

7

various portraits after Rubens, give us naturally altogether

untrustworthy

Rembrandt

representations,

Hollar lived

for

whereas Paracelsus died

in

1607-1677,

Rubens lived 1577-1640, F. Chauveau engraved

1608-1669, and

lived

1541.

a portrait of a totally different type, which he claimed to

have copied from a painting done from

by Tintoret.

life

This engraving forms the frontispiece to the Latin edition of the works of

Paracelsus published at

Fig- 5

but

little

can

the likeness 1512,

and

be

said

in

if

favour

still

a boy.

of

the

1658,

authenticity

that Tintoret

was born

the portrait really represents Paracelsus

must have been taken long before

was

in

-

when we remember

that

Geneva

It is

his death,

of in it

when Tintoret

quite probable that the painting which

and which has now disappeared, did not represent Paracelsus at all, but some unknown man,

Chauveau took wrongly

as his original,

supposed

in

Chauveauâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

time

to

be the

Swiss

The Medical Magazine.

8

There may have been an Chauveau copied to the

physician.

painted

from

it

on

inscription

painting which

effect that

the

Tintoret

but this would not prove that the portrait

life,

was one of Paracelsus.

The

two en-

really authentic portraits of Paracelsus are

gravings

(figs,

i

and

2),

both the work of an

artist,

who

signed

himself by the letters A. H., in monogram, as well as some

medals

(fig.

3),

4 and 5) and paintings bearing two engravings referred to, represent

prints (figs.

similar likenesses.

The

him, one at the age of forty-five, the other at the age of fortyseven, and bear the dates,

would be very interesting gravings was, and

it

1538 and 1541, respectively.

to

know

It

wdio the artist of these en-

has been suggested that the

monogram

A. H. stands for Augustin Hirschvogel, a famous draughts-

man, engraver, glass-painter, and potter of Ntirnberg, but is

The

quite uncertain.

these

portraits

is

that,

only fact

known

this

of the engraver of

whoever he was, he was probably

monogram appears Johannes Fabricius of Salzburg, made

about that time at Salzburg, for the same

on an engraving of Dr. in

1540.

In both these portraits of Paracelsus

man who

tation of a

age stated

in

looks

we have

the represen-

somewhat prematurely

old for the

He

has a large

the accompanying inscriptions.

head with a broad, moderately high forehead, and consider-

The crown

able development of the occipital region.

and there

is

no hair on the face

;

bald,

is

bushy rather dishevelled locks

The

cover the lower part of the sides and back of the head.

nose and mouth are large, the features somewhat haggard, and

The

the whole expression thoughtful, but rather coarse. is

face

of a kind which one might almost expect to see on an en-

thusiast of the

present day, haranguing

public place on his

own

ideas of religion

principles of the universe. fitting

gown, and

in

Paracelsus

the 1540 portrait

the

mob

in

some

and the fundamental

is

dressed

(fig.

suspended from the neck, and he grasps

in

2)

in

a loose

has an amulet

both hands the

Theophrastus Paracelsus. enormous handle of

his

famous sword,

to

9

which we must refer

later on.

The

been most differently

character of Paracelsus has

On

represented.

the one hand he

is

described as the type of

charlatans, the prince of mystics, the frenzied drunkard, the in-

spired of Satan

on the other hand he

;

indefatigable searcher after truth,

may have been annoying them

and the books on which practical successes, as

led

much

undervalue his rivals

to

depended, whose

teaching

as his want of tact, raised up for

He

sides.

all

has even been

Luther of Medicine”. it

which makes

still

more so the

not only the contradictory elements in character so hard to ascertain, but

real

great difficulty there all

him

their

him jealousy and enmity on called the “

his

and may have induced

say that he was drunk or frenzied, whose hatred of

to

It is

whose excessive enthusiasm

to others

dogmatism of the time

the

represented as the

is

is

to distinguish

what he

the tales and posthumous gossip about

what

he

been

fathered

really

Rosicrucians,

wrote from

upon etc.,

him.

used

his

the

all

him

to

mystics,

conjure

in

the fanciful

thought

panacea and the philosopher’s

stone was by diligently studying the works of Paracelsus, not surprising that for

many

“posthumous” works

of doubtful

continued

to

appear

unintelligible

questions

logues of

Sudhoff

We

than

the

to

authenticity should

the

great

— each one more

last.

it

is

years following his death, fresh

— probably

publishers and real authors

by,

him have some-

When many

brains of these self-styled followers. to find out the

which have

to

times originated, or at least been developed,

way

to separate

quacks,

name, as one

and doctrines which have been attributed,

that the

;

writings

Alchemists,

from

really did

profit

have

of the

mystic or more

In the investigation

of

these

much has been gained by the criticisms and cataMarx (6), Haeser (7), Mook (8), J. Ferguson (9),

(10), will

and others. firstly

discuss shortly

some

special

accusations

The Medical Magazine.

10

and other questions concerning him, and then proceed main points in his work and character.

If

to the

the present evidence as to drunkenness, frenzied ravings,

and communion with part of

it

may be

evil

be examined, the greater

spirits

traced back to Oporinus.

Johannes Oporinus

(Herbst) of Basel, born in 1507, was for two years (about In 1533 he 1528) the famulus or amanuensis of Paracelsus. was made Professor of Latin at the University of Basel and

was Professor of Greek therefrom 1537 to 1539. Afterwards he became the most celebrated printer of his time in Germany and Switzerland, and died

In the biographical record

in 1568.

of Oporinus by Jociscus (11) published at Strassburg in 1569

we have

the following passage

intoxicated with wine,

causing great

thus

who, sleeping

in

Then he would

Moreover Theophrastus,

in the

unsheathed sword

tions with his

time,

was wont

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

:

for

night to attack appari-

almost half an hour at a

and danger

fright

to

Oporinus,

the same room, used to hide himself

in bed.

oblige Oporinus to write from dictation and

spoke so quickly that Oporinus often declared he believed the

words were inspired by

Well

demons.â&#x20AC;?

Oporinus was

!

about twenty-one years old then, and doubtless enjoyed his

He

sleep.

cannot have liked being aroused

the night, especially to artificial

(12) call

light

may

;

his

in

the middle of

write rapidly from dictation

in

an

annoyance as Melchior Adami suggests

possibly have led him to exaggerate the facts and

the restless enthusiasm of Paracelsus drunkenness.

It is

said that he afterwards regretted his accusations.

Erastus (13) tells a similar story, but it may be questioned whether much weight ought to be attached to his evidence,

even

if it

were

first-hand,

and

this

it

is

not.

Thomas

Erastus

(Liebler or Lieber) was probably the bitterest of the writers against Paracelsus. fessor of Medicine at

He

was born about 1523, became ProHeidelberg, and afterwards Professor of

Ethics at Basel, where he died

book on excommunication the

in

1583.

He

founded by a

religious doctrines called after

Theophrastus Paracelsus. him,

he

Paracelsus,

Medicine

Heidelberg, by writing

at

the

to

Duke

age, which caused

burning poor

him

to

his

enlightened

the

Weyer

of Cleves.

remembered on account of of

when Professor of some dialogues directed

himself,

Johann Weyer (1515-1588),

against sician

distinguished

i

on the writing of

Besides his attacks

Erastianism.

i

phy-

should always be

moral courage in that bigoted

speak out boldly against the practice

weak-minded

old

persons as witches and sorcerers.

women and

Paracelsus

hysterical

therefore in

is

good company when attached by Erastus.

The

latter also suo-aested that 00

Paracelsus w^as a eunuch

and that he therefore avoided women.

The

castration of Paracelsus during childhood

by the attack of a

hog may be

true, but

sounds

like

just as the similar story about

an attempt

at

story of the

mean

ridicule,

Boileau does, which rests on

very slight foundation.

Erastus

also,

quoting Oporinus,

sword represented on the portraits

(fig.

2) of the

alludes to the

On

portraits.

curious

the contemporary

year 1540, Paracelsus

holding the handle of a very large sword.

represented

is

It

looks as

if

it

might have been a two-handed sword, such as those used by executioners, and Paracelsus himself affirmed that

sword of at

that

this

all

kind (14).

manner of

It

is

stories

after the

On

Paracelsus concerning his peculiar sword. (fig.

4) published with a

posthumous work of

the pommel of the sword has the word

on

Melchior

it.

he kept

in

(16) says:

the portrait

his (15) in 1568,

AZOTH

“Some

death of

inscribed

think that what

the handle of his sword, that which he himself

called Azoth,

stone

Adami

was a

wondered

therefore not to be

grew up

it

was a most potent medicine or the philosopher’s

”.

This passage throws considerable

light

on the subject.

Paracelsus did perhaps say there was “ Azoth of his sword,

” in

whatever he meant by the word.

crucians of the seventeenth

century (amongst

the handle

The

Rosi-

whom

were

The Medical Magazine.

12

the Englishmen, Robert Fludd and William Maxwell) especially it

developed the idea of Azoth and the “ quintessence

The

contained.

”

which

was afterwards vaguely enough

latter

and “animal magnetism,” when these

identified with mineral

came to the front.

At any rate, much of the

subjects

“

”

Azoth

after

originated after the death of Paracelsus.

word occurs

the

all,

sword handle and

talk about the

in

Perhaps,

connection with his sword only

because Paracelsus named the sword after his (ideal

rather

than actual) medicine, Azoth.

In examining the character of Paracelsus

and

in

estimating

the position which he occupies in the history of medicine, one is

forced to an opinion which others have already maintained,

namely, that the truth of his detractors find

and the

everything good

He

somewhere between the

lies

in

assertions

ideal representation of those

who

him.

certainly took a great

share

the introduction of

in

mercury, antimony, arsenic and iron into medical treatment.

He

knew

also

arsenic, etc.,

of the results of chronic poisoning by mercury,

and had had the opportunity of personally ob-

serving such symptoms

the case of metallurgists connected

in

He

with the mines he visited. sen,” as he called

it,

with mercury.

disease was in those days “

treated Syphilis, “die Frantzo-

Dieweil ich begreiff

What

a terrible scourge this

we may gather from

alle die

his

own words:

Wundkrankheiten, wie

die Frantzosen verwandelet werden, welche die grbsste

sie

in

Krank-

gantzen Welt

ist,

da kein argere nie erfunden, die

Niemandt schonet, und

die

mehresten Haupter

heit der

angreiffet

He

”

(

i

am Mehristen

7).

understood the use of opium, although what he called

“laudanum” was probably quite different opium, now called by that name (18).

The “chemical tacked and

to the tincture ol

doctors” (“spagyric” doctors) were

repressed

long after

the death

Antimony, opium and laudanum were

still

of

at-

Paracelsus.

prohibited

in

1640

—

Theophrastus Paracelsus. by the

faculty of Paris,

who

i3

called those doctors

who made

use

of them, such as the philanthropic Theophrastus Renaudot,

Just as Theophrastus Paracelsus in the sixteenth

empirics.

century was held up to personal ridicule and called “ Kako-

phrastus” (19), so in the seventeenth century Theophrastus Renaudot was likewise called Kakophrastus, and, on account

marked by smallpox, was compared by the Paris Guy Patin, to a “cheese eaten by mites” (20)

of his being physician,

an a

insult

which the Parisians washed out

monument

to his

Paracelsus

memory

in

1894 by erecting

in Paris.

investigated

the

of

effects

mineral

natural

waters and thermal treatment at Pfaefers and other baths.

The

first

medical account of Pfaefers (21) was written

by Paracelsus, and dedicated by him

Abbot his

of Pfaefers.

views on

from Dr.

J.

To

to

in

1535

Johann Russinger,

give an idea of the practical sense of

this subject

Macpherson

we

will

borrow the following epitome After explaining that a bath

(22).

physician should be thoroughly acquainted with his profession,

and that the virtues of

wells are best tested

produce, for daily experience

is

by the cures they

worth more than the counsel

of books, he says that the physician should regulate the diet of his patient according to the nature of his malady, and that a

physician in sending a patient to a watering-place should judge

and discriminate

in

what condition a patient

for a course of waters,

him.

and whether

it

is

more or

less fitted

a fitting time to send

is

No certain and precise number of baths could be fixed on.

According

to

Puschmann (23) Paracelsus in some Alpine regions.

He

Professor

served endemic cretinism

obre-

commended alkaline medicines in gout and the stone.

He made use of “milk of sulphur” in medicine, and employed tincture of galls as a test for iron in mineral waters.

Crocq (24) gives Paracelsus the first place in the history of Hypnotism, and sees in the Practica printed in 1529, the ,

first

scientific

set forth

theory of “animal magnetism,” as afterwards

by Mesmer.

The Medical Magazine.

14

His

however, on

theories,

various

known under

formerly

affections

now-a-days hardly

dance

Vitusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

St.

(

term)

that

grotesque than the dance

less

the

i.e .,

seem

itself,

if

indeed he really wrote what has been attributed to him on this subject.

Considering the time

in

which he lived

it

is

noteworthy

Paracelsus duly recognised the vis medicatrix natures

that

,

the tendency to spontaneous recovery from disease, and the natural process

an

by which wounds

Medicine was

heal.

ally aiding the patient to drive out

disease.

to

him

In his view

of disease as something foreign to the organism, which entered

with

in to fight

it,

he dimly foreshadowed the contagium vivum

theory of disease.

by the Jesuit Kircher

ciated â&#x20AC;&#x153;

The

they cannot

that

in

little

1659 he wrote:

worms, so

be recognised

small,

by the

â&#x20AC;?.

senses If

delicate

actually enun-

first

when

(25),

propagators of the plague are

and

fine

This was, however,

Paracelsus had rested at the introduction of useful drugs

and the development of

his practical

views of medicine, and

had simply upheld reliance on personal observations as well as on

book

learning, he

much opposed during name would have been

He

cherished.

would probably have been nearly as his

lifetime

;

less notorious, but

aimed

his

his

memory more

did not content himself with these practical

objects, but with his necessary limited,

ledge, he

though now-a-days

at

nothing

less

though growing, know-

than the development of some

scheme of philosophy which would explain the whole working Naturally, when he had welded into his of the universe. system

all

he had learned or heard on medicine, chemistry,

astronomy, religion and philosophy, the doctrines which he thus obtained were often anything but satisfactory, and were

rendered

still

unintelligible

more wild and absurd by his successors, whose jargon was intended to simulate depth of

thought.

Amongst

his contemporaries

he must have been deficient

,,

Theophrastus Paracelsus. in

learning,

classical

and

added that of practising

defect

this

to

to the

in

reading his

own

writings by the

number

of

The motto on

his scientific

and philosophic

There can be no doubt and that

in the practice

character,

who

as

theories.

and

not

and contemporary

fluences

were

lofty

and pure,

views of medicine he

practical

Puschmann

could

which he mixed up with

that his aims

introduced, or helped to introduce,

however,

his

1540 portrait perfectum a deo, imperfectum a dia-

Omne donum

“ 2),

bolo,” recalls the religious doctrines

was,

qui suus esse potest

sit,

terms he often needlessly invented instead of employ-

ing those already in use. (fig.

his

of him burning the standard works of Avicenna,

and are puzzled fanciful

scholarship he

in

extreme the principles of

rather arrogant motto, “Alterius non

Thus we hear

i5

many

him,

calls

sufficientlv

to

“Faust-like”

a

resist

difficulties

He

inprovements.

immediate

realise

in-

noble

his

aspirations.

REFERENCES. (1)

This passage we have not found ourselves, but it is quoted by Dr. M. B. Lessing in his Paracelsus sein Leben und Denken ,

p. 59,

(2)

The

Berlin, 1839.

Letter and Reply are printed amongst the collected works

of Paracelsus.

(3)

On

question compare Professor C. Aberle’s

this

Grabdenkmal,

Schadel und Abbildungen des Theophrastus Paracelsus,

p. 521,

Salzburg, 1891.

(4)

Aberle,

(5)

C. L. Duisburg’s edition of C. A. Rudolphi’s Recentioris

op. cit., p.

518.

numisinata vivorurn de rebus medicis p. 99, (6)

K.

F.

et

Aevi

physicis meritormn,

Danzig, 1862.

H. Marx, Zur Wiirdigung des Theophrastus von Hohenheim

Goettingen, 1840-1841.

(8)

H. Haeser, Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medicin.

Friedrich Mook, Theophrastus Paracelsus, eine Wurzburg, 1874.

(9)

Professor

(7)

Third edition. kritische Studie,

John F'erguson, Bibliographia Paracelsica.

printed at Glasgow, 1877-1893.

Privately

.

,

The Medical Magazine.

i6

(10) Karl Sudhoff, Versuck ciner Kritik dcr Echtheit dcr Paracelsischen

Schriften, Berlin, 1894.

(11)

Andreas

(12)

Melchior Adami, Vitae Gern.anorum Medicorum

Jociscus, Oratio de ortu

,

Joannis Oporini

vita, et obitu

Basiliensis, p. 9, Argentorati, 1569. ,

p. 35,

HaideN

bergae, 1620.

(13)

Thomas

Erastus, Disputationum de medicind nord Philippi

celsi pars

prima

(14) Erastus, op. cit.,

pp. 236, 237, Basileae (1572 p.

239, “ quern

cujusdem

carnificis

Pam

•

?).

fuisse jac-

tabat (15)

“

De urinarum ac pulsuum judiciis

Theophrasti Paracelsi heremitae

of Einsiedeln, where he was born] utriusque medecinae

\i.e.,

Published at Cologne, 1568.

doctoris celeberrimi libellus.”

Adami, loc. cit.

Preface to the Paragranum.

(16) Melchior (17)

H user’s

J.

German

edition of his

collected works, published at Basel in ten volumes, vol.

1589 (18)

ii.,

p. 15,

et seq.

See Aberle, op

cit.. p.

332.

(19) See introduction to the Paragranum.

(20) G. Gilles de la Tourette, Theophraste Rcnaudot Paris, 1884. ,

(21) (22)

(23)

Von dan Bad Pfeffers.

The Baths and Wells of Europe pp. 23. 24, London, 1869.

Theod. Puschmann, Geschichte des Medicinischen Unterrichts, ,

p. 259, Leipzig, 1889.

(24) Dr. Crocq (25)

fils.

L' Hypnotisme Scientifique pp. ,

2,

10, Paris, 1896.

Athanasius Kircher, Scrutinium physico-medicum cantagio me quae dicitur Pestis, 1659.

Museum

Kircher’s

name

1

is

a reduced copy of the engraving of 1540 from the

in the British

Figure

3

"

op.

Plate Va.

cit.,

Figure 2

Numismatic Chronicle

a reduced copy of the engraving of 1538, from Aberle,

is

luis

preserved by the

Kircherianum, which he founded at Rome.

Illustrations kindly lent by the Editors of the “ P'igure

is

from a unique medallion,

is

example

Museum.

Weber, described

in

the

in

the collection of Dr. F. P.

Numismatic Chronicle vol. xiii., p. 60. in the work De Urinarum (op. cit.), ,

Figure 4 is taken from the portrait published in 1 568.

Figure

5 is

from a portrait

about

1

572.

in

the book

of.

Erastus

(op. cit.),

published