CSEC Study Guide - May 1, 2012

This UTech cheerleader does an impressive single-hand balance during a performance at the Flow National Basketball League opening ceremony on Saturday, April 21 at the UTech auditorium. Spanish Town Spartans faced off against Eastern Pistons in the opening match before Tivoli Wizards defeated Majestic Gardens Legends. Flow returns as title sponsor.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MAY 1, 2012 MAY 1-7, 2012

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yl:office administration

The answers to your questions HYACINTH TUGMAN

Contributor

H

ELLO, STUDENTS. I hope you are in high gears for your upcoming examination as the time draws closer. This week, I will answer the questions that you did last week. I will not repeat the questions.

Good Luck.

1. (a) Four reasons for good communication in a business (i) To provide information (ii) To give or receive instructions (iii) To encourage and praise (iv) To set procedures (v) To discuss and evaluate

3.(a)(i) must be well spoken (ii) friendly (iii) work well under pressure (iv) be sensitive to the needs of people of all ages (v) be pleasant (vi) must be computer literate. (b) Application for employment, curriculum vitae, payroll authorization records, including direct deposit, vacation records, contract of employment, training acknowledgements, performance evaluation, termination notice, benefits information, internal complaints/grievances.

Personal records contain sensitive data on employees which may relate to health, family connections or medical reports, hence, unauthorised persons should not get hold of these records.

(b) Three methods of communication (i) Oral – (conversation and meetings) (ii) Electronic – (teleconference, videoconferencing) (iii) Written – (letters, reports) (iv) Visual ( graphs, signals)

(c)(i) give immediate attention, (ii) make visitors feel welcome and comfortable (iii) follow up if they are kept waiting (iv) offer seat and reading material

(c) Characteristics of good communication.

Create a good impression for your company – (i) be professional, (ii) keep reception area tidy (iii) answer telephone promptly (iv) be knowledgeable about the business.

4.(a) Characteristics of a good filing system (i) simple to operate (ii) provide security for files (iii) provides for tracing files (iv) has a retention policy. (b) Retention – Length of time each document or record will be retained as an active record.

Microfilming – Film on which materials are photographed at reduced size.

Chronological order – Filing documents in date with the most recent on top.

2.Letter of application -

(c) Blagrove Yvonne, Mrs Bourke Patrick (Sir) Bridgeview Country Club, The Green, Neville (Dr.) Harvey, Kirk L Reid C. D. & Co Ltd

234 Bellevue Heights Kingston 10

5. Standing order - An instruction a bank account holder (the payer) gives to his or her bank to pay a set amount at regular intervals to another (the payee) account.

01 May 2012

Credit card - A small plastic card issued to users as a system of payment. It allows the holder to purchase goods and services with a promise to pay for these at a later date.

The Human Resource Manager Technology Plus 205 Grenada Crescent New Kingston

Direct debit - Is a financial transaction in which one person withdraws funds from another person’s bank account. Before the payer’s banker will allow the transaction to take place, the payer must advise the bank that he or she has authorised the payee to directly draw the funds.

Dear Sir/Madam The body should state that you are interested in the position advertised, give your educational attainments and request an interview.

6(a) Services offered by travel agents – Preparing itinerary, making reservations - hotel/car, preparing tickets. (b) Reasons for a travel folder – to keep track of planned trips, ensure that alldocuments are in one place.

Be sure you have the correct format for letter writing. This example is a blocked style letter.

Question 7 and 8 will be answered in my next lesson. Hope you got all correct.

Yours faithfully

See you next week.

R. Brackett Rene Brackett (Miss)

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Hyacinth Tugman teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

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yl:biology

Excretion & osmoregulation MONACIA WILLIAMS

Contributor

OSMOREGULATION Definition: Osmoregulation is the regulation of the salt and water content of the blood in order to ensure that the concentration of the blood remains the same at all times.

Daily activities such as sweating and eating can change the concentration of the blood.

This control is an example of a feedback mechanism known as negative feedback and is also a part of the homeostatic mechanisms.

HOMEOSTASIS The mechanisms used to maintain a constant internal environment consists of 3 main parts: 1. Sense organ 2. Responding organ 3. Control centre

H

I THERE, students, how is everything going? Good, I hope. Things are going down to the wire now and exams are coming and coming soon! Are you ready? Of course you are, ready to ace those grade ones! This week we will continue our study of excretion. Do you remember where we stopped? We stopped at the composition of the filtrate. Let us revise this. The filtrate is as follows:

The kidney is an osmoregulatory organ. The hypothalamus monitors the concentration of the blood as it passes through it. If the blood becomes too concentrated from: excessive sweating ingesting large amounts of salt drinking too little water

COMPOSITION OF FILTRATE Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, salts and urea (useful as well as waste are secreted).

The body cannot afford to lose the useful substances so these are reabsorbed into the blood.

Reabsorption takes place in the: 1. Proximal convoluted tubule 2. Loop of Henle 3. Distal convoluted tubule

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE The absorption taking place in the proximal convoluted tubule is known as selective reabsorption.

Do you remember the term selectively permeable? Well, selective reabsorption operates in the same way, only some things are reabsorbed.

Glucose and amino acids and a high amount of the minerals are reabsorbed by active transport. Do you know why this transport has to be active? It has to be active because the substances are absorbed against their concentration gradients.

Water is also reabsorbed (however, this reabsorption is not selective).

In individuals with diabetes mellitus, the amount of glucose present in the blood is at high levels, so high that it exceeds the levels that can be reabsorbed by the blood.

The hypothalamus sends a message to the pituitary gland. The pituitary secretes ADH – Antidiuretic hormone into the blood.

ADH stimulates the walls of the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts to reabsorb more water from the glomerular filtrate – a more concentrated urine is produced. If the blood becomes too dilute due to: too little sweating drinking large amounts of water low salt intake ADH is not released and very little water is reabsorbed – dilute urine is produced.

FEEDBACK MECHANISM FOR OSMOREGULATION

LOOP OF HENLE Water is reabsorbed in the Loop of Henle. The longer the Loop of Henle the more water is reabsorbed.

Desert animals have much longer Loops of Henle, with the kangaroo rat having the longest. Reabsorption of water prevents dehydration of the body.

DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE This facilitates the reabsorption of water and minerals. This reabsorption is controlled by hormones and the product produced is urine.

In man, the kidneys filter about 170 litres of water per day yet only 1.5 litres of urine are excreted.

COLLECTING DUCT This collects urine from several nephrons at the same time. The urine is stored in the bladder.

Water conservation is not restricted to animals; plants also conserve water.

BLADDER

ADAPTATIONS OF PLANTS TO CONSERVE WATER

The bladder has muscular walls which can stretch, enabling it to hold large quantities of urine. The uretha leads from the bladder. The sphincter muscles keep the bladder tightly closed until it is full. However, adult mammals can consciously control this muscle.

Plants that live in areas where water is very short are known as xerophytes. These plants have adaptations which serve to reduce water loss. These include: Reduction of leaves to spines, eg cacti Stomata sunken in grooves, eg oleander Leaves rolled into a cylinder, eg marram grass Waxy cuticles - cacti with cuticle on stems Some plants store water eg, succulents like agave - sisal - and century plant, aloe vera. This water helps the plant to survive when there is a really severe shortage. Water is stored in thickened stem or leaves.

Extensive roots system to absorb water quickly when it rains.

The ability to trap CO2 at night so that the stomata can be closed during the day.

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD IN RENAL ARTERY AND RENAL VEIN RENAL ARTERY Contains more water Contains a high concentration of urea Salt concentration is high More O2 less CO2

RENAL VEIN Contains less water. Some water is lost in urine Contains little or no urea, lost as urine Salt concentration is low More CO2 and less O2 Reabsorption active

See you next week!

Monacia Williams teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

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yl:chemistry

Revision questions FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL

Y electrons: o and F electrons: * - YF3

Francine Taylor- Campbellteaches at Jamaica College.Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

Contributor

WE WILL continue to look at questions to help you prepare for your exams.

QUESTION 1. Show how you would prepare hydrated crystals of copper II nitrate (Cu(NO3)2 . 3H2O).

ANSWER Copper (II) nitrate (Cu(NO3)2 . 3H2O) are hydrated crystals of a soluble salt. (All nitrates are soluble).

To prepare this salt copper (II), carbonate and nitric acid would be reacted together in a reaction flask where nitric acid would be added gradually from a funnel on to the copper carbonate crystals. The copper nitrate formed is in solution as it is soluble. The solution would need to be filtered to remove any excess solid then evaporated to get the salt. The copper nitrate must contain water of crystallisation hence it will not be evaporated to dryness but instead to a small bulk and then left to crystallise out of solution. The crystals can then be collected.

ATTEMPT THIS QUESTION. 0

2. a. Explain the difference in boiling points between hydrogen chloride (-85.1 C) and 0 magnesium chloride (1420 C). (ii) What other physical properties will each exhibit? b. Substance P has high melting and boiling points, is a good conductor of electricity when molten but is a poor conductor when solid. Suggest a possible structure of P. c. Element Y forms a fluoride that has the formula YF3. Neither Y nor YF3 conducts electricity. (i)Suggest the number of valence electrons that Y has. What type of structure would solid YF3 have? (ii) Draw a diagram of the bonding seen in YF3. Suggest two other physical properties of YF3.

ANSWERS 2. Ai. Hydrogen chloride has a lower boiling point than magnesium chloride as its molecules are joined together by weak intermolecular forces, while the ions in magnesium chloride are held together by strong ionic bonds. (ii) Hydrogen chloride will not conduct electricity, will be a gas at room temperature and will have low melting points. Magnesium chloride will conduct electricity in aqueous solution or when molten it will be a solid with a high melting point. b. P is an ionic compound which has a giant ionic structure.

C(i). Y is not a metal and is in group V of the periodic table. It has 5 electrons in its outer shell. Solid YF3 would have a simple molecular structure. (ii) YF3 is a covalent compound and will exhibit low melting and boiling points. It will be a gas or liquid at room temperature and will be unable to conduct electricity.

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Calabar High School student Jermaine Campbell, one of the members of the winning Schools Challenge Quiz team, stands proud after collecting a cheque from Tru-Juice’s Kim Lee at the presentation at the school on Wednesday,April 18.

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yl:geography

Coral reef formation

BARRIER REEF The barrier reef lies some distance from the shore. Its outer side rises from deep water where no reefbuilding corals live and the lagoon is wide and deep. The coral of a barrier reef is often joined to the coast although the lagoon may be too deep for coral to grow on its bed. The barrier reef located off the coast of Belize is the second-largest in the world, at 200km long. There are also large barrier reefs off the coast of Andros in The Bahamas and Anegada in the British Virgin Islands. Smaller barrier reefs are found off the coasts of Antigua and the south coast of Jamaica.

MARJORIE HENRY

Contributor

T

HE LAST lesson ended with a list of conditions necessary for successful coral reef formation. As I continue with the topic this week, let me first advise you that should you be questioned on this, to be awarded full marks you must do two things in answering the question. (i) State the condition. (ii) Explain how the condition stated impacts on the growth of the coral reef.

As you study the conditions for the successful growth of coral reefs, you should also be aware of the activities that can lead to the destruction of coral reefs. I will list some of these below and encourage you to do additional reading on the topic.

Nutrient pollution Sedimentation Overexploitation by fishermen Fishing methods The effect of disease Chemical spills Unsustainable recreational use of reefs Global warming Hurricanes

(Source: General Geography in Diagrams - R. B. Bunett

As indicated in the previous lesson, another aspect of the specific objective for this topic is that you should be aware of the types of coral reefs in the Caribbean. These are:

FRINGING REEF The fringing reef, formed by corals and other calcareous organisms growing on the bed of the shallow seas round a continent or island, lies near the shore. It consists of a low platform separated from the landmass by a narrow lagoon. The surface of the platform is usually flat or slightly concave and its outer edge drops away steeply to the surrounding sea floor. The corals grow outwards from the shore to a depth of about 5.5km, and upwards to low water level, so that the edge of the platform lies at approximately the 5.5km line.

ATOLL This is circular, ring-like or horse-shoe in shape, comprising several islands and enclosing a lagoon.

The reefs are built around the rim of a sunken volcanic cone or guyots. Guyots are flat-topped, circular mountains rising from the sea floor. The atoll comprises an (i) outer or seaward reef (ii) an inner or lagoon section. Atolls are widespread in The Bahamas and off the Belizean coast, for example around Turneffe Islands.

(Source: New Caribbean Geography - Vohn A. M. Rahil) PATCH REEFS are also found in the Caribbean.

These are isolated boulders of coral that form in shallow water in irregular patches on the sea bed.

As the outer corals grow most freely, they may reach the surface first, leaving a shallow channel or lagoon between the platform and the land. The fringing reef is the most common type in the Caribbean, in countries like Jamaica, Barbados, Tobago and Antigua. Jamaica has an almost continuous fringing reef along its western, northern and eastern coastlines.

Take some time in learning to do diagrams of the different types of reefs. Questions in the past have asked for both descriptions and diagrams of each reef.

STUDY TIP: Set a goal for each subject, whatever is realistic for you.

REFERENCES General Geography in Diagrams - R. B. Bunett New Caribbean Geography - Vohn A. M. Rahil Geography for CSEC - Jeanette Ottley et al The Contemporary Caribbbean - Robert B. Potter et al Geography for CSEC - Nelson Thornes The Caribbean Environment for CXC Geography - Mark Wilson (Source: General Geography in Diagrams - R. B. Bunett)

Marjorie Henry is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

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yl:history DEBBION HYMAN

Contributor

T

HE FRENCH Caribbean took another alternative to independence. In 1946, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Guyana became overseas departments of France.

A prefect replaced the governor in each territory who, because of the distance from Paris, held more power than his metropolitan counterparts did. They were to receive the same rights and benefits as the 90 departments in France itself.

The prefect had specific responsibilities such as sanitation, road and bridge maintenance, health care and education.

In the Caribbean departments, the prefects had extra powers such as control of the armed forces.

Assimilation

OPPOSING FACTIONS With the creation of overseas departments in 1946, many political parties were formed to fight for seats in the general councils and the assembly in Paris. On the one hand, some groups were in favour of departmentalisation as they had no problems with rule from France. The whites and coloureds were most in favour of this. On the other hand, some persons wished for selfgovernment or autonomy. They felt that France had too much control over the territories and they were not developing a local identity. The system allowed only 16

The greatest benefit of assimilation was that persons in the overseas department had representatives in the general council or National Assembly in France. This allowed them to feel they had a say in the political life of the country.

Citizens were entitled to social security payments in conditions of illness and unemployment.

PROBLEMS WITH ASSIMILATION Though there was satisfaction with elements of assimilation, there were challenges with the system. The issues included: Seasonal unemployment – primarily due to the tourist trade.

Low wages There was little exploitation of the natural resources in the colonies. For example, French Guiana did not make much use of its bauxite reserves Growing discontent with the council

The persons in the overseas departments were given many rights as they could elect deputies to sit in the French Assembly and Senate. This meant they were directly represented and they could lobby for laws/policies beneficial to persons living in the overseas departments. They also elected local general councils which were given increased powers in the 1960s. From 1960, French laws intended to apply to the overseas departments had first to be sent to their councils for consideration.

As the same time, the councils were given the right to put their own proposals for laws to the central government in Paris. Overseas councils were also given wider control over the spending of government investment funds.

Prior to assimilation these islands had a governor and a general council. The governor represented the interest of France and the council represented the interest of the locals. Under departmental status, the governor was replaced by a prefect. The general council was retained, but it was powerless as key sectors that were previously under its portfolio, (for example finance) were removed.

A lot of money was also injected into the tourism industry and seaports so that trade could develop.

The structure of departmentalisation was modified in 1954 with the following changes. There were changes with political administration, economic policies and social policies. Specific bodies were created to deal with the overseas departments and power was redistributed to allow a greater level of local involvement in decision making.

Christopher Byfield , director of Red Amber Green and Jeanette Lewis, public relations manager at Flow, show their appreciation for local film at the launch of the 2012 Reggae Film Festival on Wednesday, April 18 at the gardens of The Jamaica Pegasus hotel. Flow partnered with the organizers of the event that showcases films in which Jamaica’s reggae music culture is displayed, documented and memorialised in features, documentaries and short films, animation and music videos. The partnership is another in a series of initiatives undertaken by Flow to support Jamaican culture and arts.

for French values and, in reality, they were Caribbean people. Many accepted assimilation by 1946, however, as the territories were experiencing financial difficulties as a result of the decline in sugar prices – being a department of France they would not have assumed financial autonomy. As a consequence, they received subsidies and aid from France.

The Second World War served as another impetus for the territories to accept assimilation as during the war the colonies were cut off from France. The council assumed greater autonomy in the running of the affairs of the colonies.

BENEFITS OF ASSIMILATION Assimilation did provide benefits for people living in these colonies. This was reflected in many of the social programmes undertaken by the French.

Some benefits the colonists experienced included: Funds from the French treasury were sent directly to the colonies. The funds were used to improve roads, health services and schools. Enrollment catapulted once the French started putting funds into the system.

Funds were also used to start

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massive housing programmes for middle- and lower-income families.

The government also bought unused land to redistribute to families that were landless. For example, in Guadeloupe, 5,000 hectares were subdivided into farms for 1,193 families.

Products produced in the overseas department could enter European countries at very low duties. This would be as if it were produced in France itself.

This showed that France was able to secure preferential duties for its colonies.

In France, in 1958, a secretary general was created and he was given the responsibility of administering the overseas department. The secretary general was assisted by an interministerial committee of the overseas departments. In 1960, the powers of the prefect and the council were also increased. Thus, there was a greater input from individuals more knowledgeable in local affairs.

In 1961, there was the passing of the agrarian law, in 1963 the equalisation of family allowance, and in 1965 the equalisation of wages with those earned in France. Thus, some attempt was made to make living standards in the departments more in line with those of France. The results created social and economic growth but the unemployment and underemployment figures remained high. Dependence in France continued with the economy of the departments becoming increasingly tied to France.

Debbion Hyman teaches at St Hugh’s High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

yl:information technology

Information processing G NATALEE A. JOHNSON

Contributor

OOD DAY, students. This is lesson 33 in our series of lessons.

In this week’s lesson, we will be looking at the sources of data and the methods of verification and validation of data.

SOURCES OF DATA SOURCE DOCUMENTS Data that is stored in a particular database or information system will need to be accurate, up to date, structured in a way that makes it possible to search for specific data and stored on a suitable storage medium.

selected types of data can be processed by such machines. The multiple-choice papers you would have shaded for an e-learning examination or mock examination would be examples of machinereadable documents. At a point-of-sale terminal, when a particular item is swiped by a bar code reader, the bar codes printed on the product are also said to be machine-readable.

A source document is any document where its content (data that has been captured) is keyed in by an employee into a computer system.

Data can be ascertained by two means: by machine or human-readable documents. When the necessary data has been entered on a form, for example, a questionnaire, it is normally keyed into a computer system for future use and update.

I forgot my password to myf acebook account.

TYPOGRAPHICAL ERROR TRANSPOSITION ERRORS These are errors made when numbers or characters are placed in the wrong order. An example of this could be when we are typing a date of birth for someone who was born on the 12th of September 1998 and you typed 09/12/98 instead of the 12/09/98.

EXAMPLE 2 I swa my favourite movie today.

HUMAN-READABLE DOCUMENTS These are documents that are normally filled out by humans and can be read by humans. This document is usually built and structured to facilitate the filling out of data by hand. Acquiring data by this means can prove to be challenging for several reasons. The person filling out the document may misunderstand the questions asked, his/her hand writing may be difficult to read and understand, and there is also the possibility of someone leaving out some sections of the document.

Some of these problems could be alleviated by instructing the individual to write using capital letters and/or having a series of boxes placed on the document to allow for the separation of letters or numbers.

Such documents can be seen at the bank for making cash deposits, where you have to write the account number in subsequent boxes, or when you fill out the form to collect money from a Western Union agency.

EXAMPLE 2

TRANSPOSITION ERROR Some errors can also be considered to be deliberate where errors are made by humans intentionally for personal gain or just to create disruption. For example, someone may falsify a document to gain acceptance in an institution or for a scholarship.

TURNAROUND DOCUMENTS A turnaround document is considered to be both a human-readable and machine-readable document as a machine creates the document and the human will add information to it. The data added can be further treated as new data to be keyed back into the system. In addition, the data keyed into the system can be further processed or updated by the system. Examples of such documents include your utility bills and prescription forms where you are expected to sign and return to the respective entities.

There are two ways of preventing errors made by humans and they are data verification and data validation. Data verification is a process carried out by humans, whereas data validation is an automatic process carried out by software.

We have come to the end of this lesson. Remember that if you fail to prepare, you should prepare to fail.

Natalee A. Johnson teaches at Ardenne High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

METHODS OF VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION OF DATA Before we examine the different methods of verification and validation of data, we need to examine some errors that may occur during the entry of data into a computer system or the sending of data.

TRANSMISSION ERRORS This is when data received by a computer or system is not the same as what was sent by another computer, which could be as a result of an electrical fault or faulty cabling, as well as the computer used to send the data.

EXAMPLE MACHINE-READABLE DOCUMENTS This type of document is one such means of alleviating some of the challenges of human-readable documents where, instead of filling out the data by hand, the form is marked by some means. A particular scanner or reader is usually used to scan the document and identify the marks made by the human. The drawback to this, however, is only

yyyyyoooo

is transferred as x&*`^$yyoo

TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS These are errors made typically by humans when we are typing data.

This can also be said to be an accidental error (errors that are not made on purpose). For example, typing in a wrong date of birth.

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Contributed They may be among the world’s top-10 fastest men alive but on Thursday, April 19, Yohan Blake (left) and Asafa Powell (right), both LIME ambassadors, slowed the pace to endorse LIME’s support and sponsorship of the Penn Relays at the company’ s office in Kingston with Managing Director Gary Sinclair.

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yl:english language

Poetry analysis NATASHA THOMAS-FRANCIS

Contributor

H

ELLO, ALL! You are now sprinting towards the finish line in your preparation for the English language examination. For many athletes, this is the point in the race at which they give all they have to cross the line in fine style.

However, I wish to remind you that the race is not for the swift. Unlike in competitive races, the race of CXC allows for more than one winner. There are enough grade one medals to be distributed to all those who work for it.

In last week’s lesson, I gave you tips on how to approach the comprehension of prose passages.

This week we will be examining another type of comprehension stimulus. Exploring a poem is a wonderful experience; language is brought alive through the choice of words that the poet uses. The poetry question on Paper 01 or 02 of the English A examination is another way in which your comprehension may be tested.

yl:literature

In the exam, you should not attempt to answer the questions after just one reading of the poem.

Your first reading of the poem will introduce you to the main ideas or theme(s) in the poem. Your second reading should provide you with the feelings and emotions (tone and mood) in the poem. Finally, your third reading will show you the images and other devices the poet uses to appeal to the reader. It is normally after this reading that you are able to fully experience the poem through your senses.

Consider the following guideline as you analyse a poem:

UNDERSTAND WHAT THE POEM IS ABOUT In order to understand what is taking place in the poem, you should ask yourself the question: ‘What is this poem about?’ Generally speaking, a poem may cover some aspect of at least one of the following themes: o People (how they behave) o Life (how it is lived; one’s attitude to it) o Death (how it occurs; one’s attitude to it) o Love (for people and things) o Man’s treatment of/attitude towards nature

LOOK FOR MEANINGS BELOW THE SURFACE You should ‘read between the lines’. The language that the poet uses will be loaded with meanings that are not always literal.

LOCATE THE USE OF IMAGERY IN THE POEM Imagery is what you can picture in the poem.

Locating the imagery is done through your senses (sight, touch, taste, hearing and smelling).

LOOK FOR PARTICULAR WORDS AND PHRASES AND EXAMINE THEIR EFFECT Normally, the exam will require you to explain or examine the effectiveness of words or phrases in the poem. You would need to say how these

EXPLORE POETIC DEVICES USED BY THE POET Some of the devices with which you should be familiar are: Metaphor - An implied comparison between two things.

Simile - A direct comparison between two things expressed by the use of ‘like’ or ‘as’.

Personification - Human attributes being given to inanimate objects or to something that is not human.

Onomatopoeia - The use of words whose sounds suggest their meanings. (Eg buzz, sizzle, hiss, boom).

Alliteration - The repetition of speech sounds at the beginning of words. (Eg If you slip, you slide).

Euphemism - A mild or vague expression substituted for one thought to be too harsh or direct. (Eg Pass away for die.)

Repetition - A device in which a word or phrase is repeated for emphasis.

IDENTIFY THE TONE AND MOOD OF THE POEM

Tone is the persona’s or poet’s attitude towards a subject/issue. It is created by the deliberate use of language. Tone conveys the overall attitude, spirit or character of a piece of writing. In poetry, you can use the following words to describe the tone: happy, pleasurable, reassuring, angry, frustrated, sad, impatient, fearful, anxious, enthusiastic, sarcastic.

As he looks through the window he begins to pick out contrasts that characterise the island and to realise that for some who live there it is not the paradise that he expects it to be. Instead of a warm welcome, it is US patrol cars that move across the runway.

This makes it obvious that no unauthorised person could hope to enter the country from this airport. Do note the contrast that is drawn between the ‘lethargic’ baggage handler’s or insultingly ‘boys’ of Antigua and those with ‘fierce efficiency’ at this port. Even as he criticises something here he, perhaps without even meaning to do so, points to a belittling difference between the other Caribbean islands and the one that is connected to the USA.

‘West Indies, USA’ BERYL CLARKE

Contributor

A

T THE end of our last lesson, we were left to consider whether the speaker’s (representing the group of travelers) wish was fulfilled in Puerto Rico. For us to come to a satisfactory conclusion we need to examine the succeeding verses of West Indies, USA. The plane lands in verse three and we get the feeling that the speaker is not impressed with the dull way, though meant to reassure, in which the pilot informs his passengers that they cannot disembark. It is not a promising introduction to what he expects to be a good time.

He immediately changes his attitude, his tune and accuses the American government of setting up the regulations to prevent blacks who are hopeless from living in Puerto Rico. Do you see the irony he expresses in this verse and the first and second lines of the following one? He makes reference to the motto on the Statue of Liberty which is at the entrance to the New York Harbour. This statue, a gift from France, is supposed to signify that the USA welcomes immigrants. However, what the speaker is telling us is that in actual fact the USA tries to keep out those who wish to enter and find prosperity in the country. Furthermore, in order to guarantee this serious steps, ‘the barbed/ electric fence around America’s backyard and claim that vaunted sanctuary’, are taken to prevent Puerto Rico from being used as a back door to the USA.

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words/phrases make whatever is being described more vivid.

They soon take off again and not unnaturally he watches the life below him and continues to note, as he had done earlier, that this is not a perfect place. Now he sees the busy streets as well as the evidence of poverty coexisting with wealth–the apartment complexes with the zinc shanties close by and the shiny Cadillacs that move swiftly and effortlessly past the push carts. It is then that he accepts that all that ‘glitters is not gold’ or, plainly put, what seems attractive from afar may turn out not to be so.

This poem suggests that all is not well in this country. There are social inequalities and while it may seem better than the other islands mentioned, it has its own problems. The fact that the appearance of San Juan reminds him of a broken and twisted TV set is an unhappy one, for it suggests something that is not working

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Poets can signal or evoke a particular mood by conscious and careful choice and arrangements of words. The mood is the effect that the poem has on the reader. The main difference between tone and mood is that the latter is related to how the reader feels about the issues raised in the poem, while the former is related to how the persona or poet feels.

Words to describe mood include: happy, sombre, lively, nostalgic, light-hearted, pensive, reflective.

GIVE A PERSONAL RESPONSE TO THE POEM Sometimes a question may require you to explain something in your own words. This is where your personal response is relevant. However, be careful to use evidence from the poem to support your ideas.

If you follow this guideline, you should have very little difficulty understanding and responding to any poem.

In next week’s lesson we will look at a poem and use the guide to analyse it. Until then I want you to choose a poem from your textbook or magazine and use the guide to understand it. I also want you to be inspired by an object or event in your life and try to write poetically about it. Share your thoughts with your peers and teacher.

Have a productive week!

Natasha Thomas-Francis teaches at Glenmuir High School.

Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

and useless. In addition, he closes on a note that tells us although there are signs of wealth and progress – bright cars, microchips – there are also the seeds of peril - sharp and jagged and dangerous.

The stanza in which the speaker gives us this view is the last and very brief one. It brings the whole to a sudden end, thus forcing us to focus on it. In so doing, we are reminded of the difference in the attitude he had towards the island before he got there and the one he feels as he leaves, when he notes that there are those who see and know of the wealth and the progress that they do not have.

Written in free verse, West Indies, USA neither has a regular rhyme scheme nor a set metric pattern as it reflects the movement over the Caribbean Sea. Perhaps too, it represents the layout of the islands in the sea. The lines vary in length and while verses one, two and four have six lines, three and five have seven, and six has only two, again showing that this is not a rigidly organized work.

Also, do not ignore how the short last line of each verse is then followed by the short first line of the next verse. There are allusions such as ‘Uncle Sam’, ‘maverick’ and ‘Dallas’ that convey special information that add to the speaker’s intent. You are to find the metaphors and similes in this poem and figure out their purpose.

Keep your eyes on your goals and God bless!

Beryl Clarke is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

yl:mathematics CLEMENT RADCLIFFE

Contributor

I

HAVE chosen to review statistics with you this week. Statistics, at this level, may be summarised as: Collection of data Presentation of data Analysis of data

COLLECTION OF DATA The usual methods are: a) Experiment – measuring or counting b) Research c) Interviews

METHODS OF PRESENTATION

Statistics This information is represented by vertical bars; all are of equal width and are joined side by side.

Both axes must be carefully labelled and the appropriate scales used. If a scale is given, it must be used exactly.

The frequency is always represented on the vertical axis.

The frequency of each observation or variable is proportional to the height of the bar.

Be sure that you are familiar with the principle of boundary values.

The methods which are usually used are:

BAR CHART

Data is represented by rectangular bars of equal width.

The bars are separated.

The area of each bar is proportional to the quantity represented.

EXAMPLE

You are urged, when constructing the histogram, to avoid the following common errors: a) Separating the bars b) Incorrectly labelling the horizontal axis (scores) c) Confusing the histogram with other methods of presentation, for example, bar graph or frequency polygon.

Represent the following modes of transportation on a bar graph The following is an example of the use of the histogram to represent Mode of Transportation Number of Persons the results of a math test.

Bus 840 Private 320 EXAMPLE Other 1,560 The following scores were obtained by 40 students who sat a maths TOTAL 2,720 test. Use a histogram to represent the results.

5,4,0,1,6,5,7,5,9,2,1,8,4,4,3,2,7,8,5,5,4,7,4,6,3,1,3,4,5,7,6,5,8,3,5,7, 3,9,4,6 The above data should be summarized in the frequency table as follows: Score 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Frequency 1 3 2 5 7 8 4 5 3 2 It is always necessary to construct the frequency table if it is not given.

Please note: The table indicates that one student earned 0, three

students earned 1 mark, two students earned two marks, five students earned three marks and so on.

POINTS TO NOTE

In the above example, it is more convenient to form a tally table in determining the frequency table.

The scores above are discrete values and represent the values of the respective bars.

The scores may be in the form of grouped data and hence each bar represents a range of values.

The method required to construct a histogram for grouped data is similar to that for discrete data.

The information given above is illustrated in the following homework: 1) Express the following scores in a frequency table and plot the histogram. 22, 15, 0, 22, 11, 9, 0, 14, 20, 9, 16, 5, 11, 24, 16, 5, 11, 24, 5, 5, 22, 15, 9, 9, 11 2) The table below shows the number of inches of rainfall which fell over a period of time.

Inches of Rainfall 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 Number of days 5 8 3 1 2 1 Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 5 inches on the x axis, and 1 cm to represent 1 day on the y axis, construct the histogram to represent the dat.

Have a very good week.

Clement Radcliffe is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

PIE CHART The circle is divided into sectors, the size of each sector being proportional to the quantities represented.

EXAMPLE Represent the modes of transportation given above on a pie chart. o Eg Bus = 840 x 360 = 111 2720

HISTOGRAM Points to note This is used when the data is presented in terms of frequency.

RUDOLPH BROWN/PHOTOGRAPHER Scotiabank employees were well represented at the launch of the Jamaica Open polo tournament at Constant Spring Road, St Andrew, last week. From left are Paula Brown, financial adviser; Nadia Jervis, relationship manager of Scotia Private Client; Elaine Paul and Heather Walker-Boyd.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MAY 1-7, 2012

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yl:principles of accounts

Theory of double entry ROXANNE WRIGHT

THIS WEEK’S PRESENTATION

Contributor

BEFORE GOING into this week’s topic, please note the solution to the question that I gave last week.

SOLUTION REASONING:

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WORKED EXAMPLE State the word or words to complete the sentences below. Write your answer in the form of a list against the appropriate letter:

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MAY 1-7, 2012

yl:principles of business YVONNE HARVEY

Contributor

H

ELLO ALL my hard-working students. We are really progressing with marketing, so much so that you will be pleased to know that after this lesson there is just one more lesson on marketing. I hope you will enjoy this lesson.

FORMS OF TRANSPORT Transportation is that productive service which deals with movement of commodities (indirect service) and people (direct service) from one geographical location to another. It can also be described as a means of contact between two or more points by providing a service.

THE IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION Transport is a form of communication, a means of contact between two distant points, eg manufacturer and wholesaler.

Without transport, most commercial activities would be impossible. Transport carries raw materials from where they are found and food from where it is grown to the factory. It then carries the manufactured goods from the factory to the shops where consumers are able to buy them.

It is, therefore, an important aspect of distribution.

An efficient transport system reduces the amount of capital tied up in stocks, because new supplies can be obtained quickly.

Forms of transport important form of land transport in the Caribbean. It is used by buses, trucks, taxis, cars, bicycles and so on. In the Caribbean, road transport is fairly well developed, especially within cities and towns.

ADVANTAGES Very flexible in that road vehicles can go almost anywhere and carry almost any type of load Quicker for short journeys Door-to-door service can be provided It is reliable as goods are under the control of a van or truck driver until delivered to the buyer Relatively cheap over short distances Relatively safe for goods since there is little handling and stealing is, therefore, cut down Provides tourists with more opportunity for sightseeing

Can reach places that cannot be reached by other forms of transport Suitable for speedy, direct delivery of perishable goods Other forms of transport rely on road transport to connect with terminals such as airports, train stations and docks It is less tied to a rigid timetable than railways

DISADVANTAGES Creates traffic congestion and causes traffic accidents Pollution of air from vehicles in traffic congestions Expensive to operate in large, congested cities Affected by adverse weather conditions Loads are limited in size and weight Some roads are unsuitable for large vehicles

Slower than railway over long distances Tax on vehicles, insurance and fuel costs must be incorporated into production costs which are sometimes passed on to the consumer

A common use of railroads in our region is to transport raw materials such as bauxite from the point of extraction to the point of refinement, manufacture or export, for example, bauxite for export.

ADVANTAGES

More comfortable and easier for passenger travel than road transport Faster than road on long distances Less labour-intensive than road transport Especially suited for containers More economical in fuel use than road transport Cheaper for consumers Schedules reliable (in some countries)

RAIL TRANSPORT Rail transport has never been very important in the Caribbean. The use of rail for transporting people has actually declined in popularity in the region. The railway for carrying passengers in Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad and Guyana has been closed down because it was losing too much money. In industrialised countries where people sometimes travel hundreds of miles daily to and from work, the rail system is still very important.

There are no subways, super express trains or mass public railways in the Caribbean, because apart from Guyana

It makes local, regional and international trade possible, an example of international trade is bananas from the Caribbean to the European market.

DISADVANTAGES

Routes are determined by railway lines and stations which limit where the train can go Equipment and maintenance costs are very high Relies on road transport for trans-shipments Less economical than road movement for short journeys

PIPELINES These allow the transport of commodities without using a vehicle.

Gas, oil and water may be transported.

These can be carried in large, regular quantities over a fixed route. Trinidad and Tobago, especially, finds the need for extensive use of pipelines (oil).

ADVANTAGES

Goods are able to reach the right place at the right time and in the right condition.

Cheaper for consumers Cheaper for transporting oil, water and gas

It takes people to and from their place of work.

DISADVANTAGES

Pipes are expensive to lay down and maintain Broken lines can lead to leakages and waste of resources Inflexible as pipelines are not easily moved

It is important in tourism since it takes people to and from places of attraction.

It provides employment in the form of drivers, sidemen, etc.

Next week’s lesson will discuss air and water transport. The following week you will be tested on marketing, so begin your revision early. Bye-bye for now.

METHODS/TYPES OF TRANSPORT (METHODS OF CARRIAGE) Land, Air and Water (a) LAND 1. Road transport is the most

and Belize, we do not have great distances to cover. In some islands, however, railways are used for sightseeing by tourists, for example, the Appleton Express.

Members of the Cornwall College debate team who nabbed first prize in the Half Moon Earth Day Symposium.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MAY 1-7, 2012

Yvonne Harvey teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

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yl:social studies

Regional integration MAUREEN CAMPBELL

Contributor

THERE ARE BASIC FACTORS THAT PROMOTE REGIONAL INTEGRATION: 1. The geographic proximity, as all Caribbean countries lie in or on the Caribbean Sea. 2. Similar physical features such as climate, soil, rock and landforms.

3. Historical experience which includes colonialism, descendants of migrants, enslavement of indigenous Indians and Africans.

4. The relatively high degree of social, cultural and religious homogeneity.

5. Common political ideology, economic, social issues and security interaction.

6. The effects of globalisation, trade liberalisation and trading blocs. This has opened up the region to multinational companies and competition in trading.

7. The region is vulnerable to economic problems and to natural disasters such as hurricanes, flooding, droughts and earthquakes.

OUR ROLE As individual citizens, business organisations and government we all have a role to play in regional integration.

THIS IS POSSIBLE AS WE:

FACTORS THAT HINDER REGIONAL INTEGRATION 1. There is a grave disparity in resource allocation and differences in stages of growth and development as perceived in the Caribbean.

2. There is competition for the location of industries in the Caribbean. We are unable to pull together to build infrastructure such as a smelter which would greatly enhance the infrastructural facilities to produce alumina.

3. There is population pressure against scarce resources in the region.

4. There is no common strategy or general model for the development of the region.

5. There is unequal distribution of resources in the region and there is a lack of diversification in the production of goods.

6. There is insularity and a great influence in some islands by multinational corporations.

7. There are low levels of foreign exchange available in the region and constant devaluation of the dollar in some countries.

a. Invest in local and regional business and always strive to buy our local goods so we can help in the economic growth of the region.

We must constantly be informed of the various ways in which we can work together for our mutual benefits. This may be achieved by showing solidarity and mutual support towards regional fellow citizens. b. As businessmen and woman we must strive to improve competitions and increase the range and the quality of our goods and services. We should also endeavour to provide opportunities for investment and employment as much as possible. c. Our governments must be vigilant, transparent, accountable, educating the citizens about the objectives and benefits of regional integration. The enacting of enabling legislations, harmonisation of policies and honouring of protocol will go a long way in enhancing integration in the region.

ACTIVITY

BENEFITS OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION 1. It should result in cooperation between member states which should greatly increase development in the region, as in unity there is strength.

2. There will be an increase in market size. We will be able as a group to bargain more (voice) in the international market. This will also increase levels of international competitiveness.

3. Free movement of goods, labour and capital within the region which will help to enhance growth.

4. It is believed that this will help in decreasing unemployment and underemployment in the region.

5. This unity should also serve to improve the quality of life within countries and give the region a better response to economic implications such as those of globalisation and trade liberalisation.

1. As the minister of information write a speech giving three reasons regional integration is necessary, then outline four factors each for the promotion and hindering of regional integration in the Caribbean.

Suggest three ways in which the business organisation in your country can help to enhance/promote regional integration. Explain your answer.

Maureen Campbell teaches at St Hugh’s High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

Complete the following table showing areas of regional cooperation:

WINSTON SILL/FREELANCE PHOTOGRAPHER

From left: Sheldon Shepherd, Yakub Grant (manager), Everaldo Creary, Christopher Gordon and O’Neil Peart of No-Maddz make their presence felt at the showing of ‘Marley - A Difinitive Story’, at Emancipation Park on Thursday,April 19.

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YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MAY 1-7, 2012