Anthropology appreciating human diversity 15th edition kottak test bank

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Chapter 7 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. Primatology helps anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of hominids and untangle issues of human nature and the origins of culture. Of particular relevance to these types of questions are two kinds of primates:

A. those with whom we share the least number of homologies, and those with whom we share the most analogies.

B. those that are in the tribe hominini, and those in the family hominidae.

C. those whose ecological adaptations are similar to our own (terrestrial monkeys and apes), and those most closely related to us, the great apes (chimpanzees and gorillas).

D. catarrhines and platyrrhines.

E. Gigantopithecus and Pierolapithecus.

2. Which of the following is an example of an analogy?

A. the mammary glands of dogs and the mammary glands of cats B. similarities in chromosomal DNA between apes and humans C. pentadactyly (having five digits on the hands and feet) among baboons and macaques D. dolphin fins and fish fins E. bony eye sockets in chimps and similar structures in gorillas 3. What is the term for a trait that organisms have jointly inherited from a common ancestor?

A. analogy B. homology C. phenotype D. allele E. meiosis 4. Common ancestry isn't the only reason for similarities between species. Similar traits can also arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways. This process is known as

A. gene flow.

B. genetic evolution.

C. molecular convergence.

D. homology.

E. convergent evolution.

5. What is a taxonomy?

A. an adaptive trait due to convergent evolution B. a classification scheme where organisms are assigned to categories C. a trait inherited from a common ancestor D. a set of selective forces enacted on one lineage E. a way to define an organism's repertoire of social behaviors 6. Which of the following are most closely related to chimpanzees?

A. humans B. gibbons C. lemurs D. siamangs E. orangutans 7. The tribe hominini consists of

A. all the human species that ever existed (including extinct ones), excluding chimps and gorillas.

B. what scientists used to refer to as hominoids 20 years ago.

C. all bipedal primates that are represented in living species today.

D. all of the great apes.

E. all primates that share a genetic relationship with humans.

8. Which of the following is NOT a hominoid?

A. gibbon B. lemur C. Homo sapiens D. orangutan E. siamang 9. Which of the following is NOT one of the general primate tendencies discussed in the textbook?

A. relatively large brain size B. aquatic lifestyle C. five-fingered hands D. small litter size E. stereoscopic vision

10. Which of the following primate traits are believed to have been selected for life in trees?

A. fewer offspring and bipedalism B. meat eating and aggression C. larger females and gentle males D. fingernails (instead of claws) and soft fingertips E. stereoscopic vision and an opposable thumb 11. Which of the following is NOT an adaptive trend in anthropoids?

A. stereoscopic vision B. enhanced sense of touch C. grasping hands and feet D. decreased sociality E. increased brain complexity 12. Which of the following is shared by all anthropoids?

A. the ability to knuckle-walk and carry tools B. bipedalism and one offspring born at a time C. prehensile tails D. a decrease in the size of canines and an increase in the size of molars E. stereoscopic vision 13. Ancient anthropoids began to have fewer offspring that required longer and more attentive care.

What did this select for?

A. pair bonding, which resembles the nuclear family, among 90 percent of present-day anthropoids B. a greater capacity for brachiation C. a greater reliance on nuts and tubers D. increased reliance on life in trees, which protected the young from predators E. increased social complexity 14. Which of the following is not considered an anthropoid trend?

A. a shift from a moist muzzle and tactile hairs to fingers as the primary organs of touch B. the evolution of a complicated visual system C. an increase of cranial capacity relative to body size D. an increase in hearing capacity at the expense of smell E. a decrease in litter size

15. Which of the following was NOT one of the trends that distinguished anthropoids from other primates?

A. a shift from reliance on smell to reliance on sight B. improved stereoscopic and color vision C. increased reliance on smell D. a tendency toward being active during the day E. none of these; all were part of the anthropoid revolution 16. New World monkeys are the only anthropoids that

A. have rough patches of skin on the buttocks.

B. exhibit sexual dimorphism.

C. have prehensile tails.

D. are capable of brachiation.

E. have orthograde posture.

17. Which of the following primates is arboreal, active during the day, and has a prehensile tail?

A. prosimian B. a New World monkey C. an Old World monkey D. a gibbon E. extinct 18. Platyrrhines are to catarrhines as

A. terrestrial is to arboreal.

B. Old World monkeys are to New World monkeys.

C. New World monkeys are to Old World monkeys.

D. brachiators are to nonbrachiators.

E. prosimians are to anthropoids.

19. Which of the following statements about orangutans is true?

A. The large size of the orangutan protects it from extinction.

B. Orangutans are the most sociable primates.

C. As is typical of arboreal species, the orangutan exhibits little sexual dimorphism.

D. Orangutans are less arboreal than gorillas.

E. Orangutans used to live over much of Asia but now are found only on two islands in Indonesia.

20. Bonobos, which belong to the same genus as chimpanzees, are exceptional among primates because of

A. their ability to withstand the pressures of deforestation.

B. their male-centered communities.

C. the frequency with which they have sex, a behavior associated with conflict avoidance.

D. their marked sexual dimorphism.

E. their cannibalism.

21. Which of the following is NOT a threat to endangered primates?

A. interspecies conflict B. deforestation C. capture for laboratory testing D. capture for pets E. poachers 22. Behavioral ecology studies the evolutionary basis of social behavior. What is one of the discipline's main assumptions?

A. Phenotype is the overwhelming result of genotype.

B. The genetic features of any species reflect a long history of differential reproductive success (that is, natural selection).

C. Natural selection best translates to "survival of the fittest."

D. There is no distinction between individual and inclusive fitness.

E. Individual fitness among hominins is measured differently than in other nonhuman primate species.

23. How is individual fitness measured?

A. With techniques developed for anthropometry.

B. By the number of direct descendants an individual has.

C. By maximum lung capacity.

D. By the amount of genetic diversity in a breeding population.

E. By the gene an individual shares with relatives.

24. In terms of numbers and range, what is the most successful living hominoid species?

A. gorilla B. Homo sapiens C. baboon D. gibbon E. chimpanzee 25. What are the eras of ancient, middle, and recent life, respectively?

A. Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic B. Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic C. Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary D. Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Recent E. Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian 26. Which of the following suggests that primates became primates by adapting to life in the trees?

A. visual predation hypothesis B. terrestrial theory C. deciduous hypothesis D. mixed diet hypothesis E. arboreal theory 27. A tiny euprimate skull found recently in China confirms that

A. our earliest ancestors were nocturnal, like Asian tarsiers.

B. euprimates were the first primates to live in the Paleozoic.

C. primates were already geographically widespread by 55 m.y.a., and their common ancestor must have evolved earlier than previously believed.

D. larger euprimates lived only in Europe.

E. the specimens previously thought to be euprimates from Europe and North Africa were actually mislabeled.

28. Which of the following statements about the Oligocene epoch is NOT true?

A. Hominins first appear during this epoch.

B. It belongs to the Tertiary period.

C. This period dates to 38-23 m.y.a.

D. It was a time of major geological and climatic change.

E. Most of what we know about primates from this period comes from fossils found in the Fayum.

29. When do the first hominoid fossils appear?

A. Oligocene B. Miocene C. Pliocene D. Pleistocene E. Holocene 30. Which of the following statements about Proconsul is NOT true?

A. It was the most abundant and successful of the anthropoids during the early Miocene.

B. It is probably the last common ancestor shared by Old World monkeys and apes.

C. It was a carnivore.

D. It had marked sexual dimorphism.

E. It lacked the capacity for brachiation.

31. In primate evolution, in which of the following epochs did prosimians dominate?

A. Miocene (24-5 m.y.a.)

B. Paleocene (65-54 m.y.a.)

C. Oligocene (34-23 m.y.a.)

D. Eocene (54-34 m.y.a.)

E. Pliocene (5-2 m.y.a.)

32. What species coexisted with Homo erectus in Asia?

A. Afropithecus B. Pierolapithecus C. Gigantopithecus D. Sivapithecus E. Dryopithecus 33. Based on scientific theories of evolution, humans are not descended from gorillas or chimps.

Rather,

A. they are descended from gorillas.

B. they are descended from chimps.

C. it is the other way around: gorillas and chimps are descended from humans.

D. humans and African apes share a common ancestor.

E. humans are descended from Adam and Eve.

34. Primatology is relevant only to applied anthropologists concerned about deforestation and poaching.

True

False

35. Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily, Hominoidea.

True

False

36. When scientists use the word hominid today, they mean pretty much the same thing as when they used this word 20 twenty years ago.

True

False

37. Homologies are similarities between two species that have been jointly inherited from a common ancestor.

True

False

38. Analogies are similarities that are shared by organisms that belong to the same genus.

True

False

39. All primates share a common arboreal heritage.

True

False

40. Opposable thumbs evolved as early primates adapted to terrestrial life.

True

False

41. Because primates are highly social animals, they provide less care to offspring over a shorter period of time.

True

False

42. Prosimians are found only in Madagascar.

True

False

43. Platyrrhines are New World monkeys.

True

False

44. Most New World monkeys have a tendency to use orthograde posture.

True

False

45. Old World monkeys include both arboreal and terrestrial species.

True

False

46. Like apes and hominids, Old World monkeys have stereoscopic and full color vision.

True

False

47. Sexual dimorphism tends to be more pronounced in terrestrial primate species.

True

False

48. Because they are predominantly terrestrial, gorillas exhibit only minor sexual dimorphism.

True

False

49. Chimpanzees' social networks involve complex systems of dominance relationships.

True

False

50. We live in the Cenozoic era.

True

False

51. According to the arboreal theory, primates became primates by adapting to life in the savanna.

True

False

52. It was during the Oligocene that anthropoids became the most numerous of the primates.

True

False

53. Discuss two cases of confirmed or possible convergent evolution between different primate species, indicating similarities and differences in natural selective forces and means of adaptation.

54. Phylogenetically, who are our closest relatives? What evidence is used to support this relationship?

55. Describe the features that Old World monkeys, apes, and humans have in common that confirm they share more recent common ancestry with each other than they do with New World monkeys and prosimians.

56. Primates are among the most endangered of Earth's creatures, and anthropologists who study them have played key roles in efforts to save them. What threats do primates face? In terms of expanding anthropological knowledge, why is it important to conserve our nearest relatives?

57. What are the general trends in hominoid evolution during the Miocene? What derived hominoid traits appeared during this time?

58. Review this chapter and answer the following questions: What are the parts of the skeleton that seem to be more commonly found as fossils? What are the anatomical clues that these fossils provide to help scientists address questions about hominin origins?

Chapter 7 Key 1.

Primatology helps anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of hominids and untangle issues of human nature and the origins of culture. Of particular relevance to these types of questions are two kinds of primates:

A. those with whom we share the least number of homologies, and those with whom we share the most analogies.

B. those that are in the tribe hominini, and those in the family hominidae.

C. those whose ecological adaptations are similar to our own (terrestrial monkeys and apes), and those most closely related to us, the great apes (chimpanzees and gorillas).

D. catarrhines and platyrrhines.

E. Gigantopithecus and Pierolapithecus.

Kottak - Chapter 07 #1

2.

Which of the following is an example of an analogy?

A. the mammary glands of dogs and the mammary glands of cats B. similarities in chromosomal DNA between apes and humans C. pentadactyly (having five digits on the hands and feet) among baboons and macaques D. dolphin fins and fish fins E. bony eye sockets in chimps and similar structures in gorillas Kottak - Chapter 07 #2

3.

What is the term for a trait that organisms have jointly inherited from a common ancestor?

A. analogy B. homology C. phenotype D. allele E. meiosis Kottak - Chapter 07 #3

4.

Common ancestry isn't the only reason for similarities between species. Similar traits can also arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways. This process is known as

A. gene flow.

B. genetic evolution.

C. molecular convergence.

D. homology.

E. convergent evolution.

Kottak - Chapter 07 #4

5.

What is a taxonomy?

A. an adaptive trait due to convergent evolution B. a classification scheme where organisms are assigned to categories C. a trait inherited from a common ancestor D. a set of selective forces enacted on one lineage E. a way to define an organism's repertoire of social behaviors Kottak - Chapter 07 #5

6.

Which of the following are most closely related to chimpanzees?

A. humans B. gibbons C. lemurs D. siamangs E. orangutans Kottak - Chapter 07 #6

7.

The tribe hominini consists of

A. all the human species that ever existed (including extinct ones), excluding chimps and gorillas.

B. what scientists used to refer to as hominoids 20 years ago.

C. all bipedal primates that are represented in living species today.

D. all of the great apes.

E. all primates that share a genetic relationship with humans.

Kottak - Chapter 07 #7

8.

Which of the following is NOT a hominoid?

A. gibbon B. lemur C. Homo sapiens D. orangutan E. siamang Kottak - Chapter 07 #8

9.

Which of the following is NOT one of the general primate tendencies discussed in the textbook?

A. relatively large brain size B. aquatic lifestyle C. five-fingered hands D. small litter size E. stereoscopic vision Kottak - Chapter 07 #9

10.

Which of the following primate traits are believed to have been selected for life in trees?

A. fewer offspring and bipedalism B. meat eating and aggression C. larger females and gentle males D. fingernails (instead of claws) and soft fingertips E. stereoscopic vision and an opposable thumb Kottak - Chapter 07 #10

11.

Which of the following is NOT an adaptive trend in anthropoids?

A. stereoscopic vision B. enhanced sense of touch C. grasping hands and feet D. decreased sociality E. increased brain complexity Kottak - Chapter 07 #11

12.

Which of the following is shared by all anthropoids?

A. the ability to knuckle-walk and carry tools B. bipedalism and one offspring born at a time C. prehensile tails D. a decrease in the size of canines and an increase in the size of molars E. stereoscopic vision Kottak - Chapter 07 #12

13.

Ancient anthropoids began to have fewer offspring that required longer and more attentive care. What did this select for?

A. pair bonding, which resembles the nuclear family, among 90 percent of present-day anthropoids B. a greater capacity for brachiation C. a greater reliance on nuts and tubers D. increased reliance on life in trees, which protected the young from predators E. increased social complexity Kottak - Chapter 07 #13

14.

Which of the following is not considered an anthropoid trend?

A. a shift from a moist muzzle and tactile hairs to fingers as the primary organs of touch B. the evolution of a complicated visual system C. an increase of cranial capacity relative to body size D. an increase in hearing capacity at the expense of smell E. a decrease in litter size Kottak - Chapter 07 #14

15.

Which of the following was NOT one of the trends that distinguished anthropoids from other primates?

A. a shift from reliance on smell to reliance on sight B. improved stereoscopic and color vision C. increased reliance on smell D. a tendency toward being active during the day E. none of these; all were part of the anthropoid revolution Kottak - Chapter 07 #15

16.

New World monkeys are the only anthropoids that

A. have rough patches of skin on the buttocks.

B. exhibit sexual dimorphism.

C. have prehensile tails.

D. are capable of brachiation.

E. have orthograde posture.

Kottak - Chapter 07 #16

17.

Which of the following primates is arboreal, active during the day, and has a prehensile tail?

A. prosimian B. a New World monkey C. an Old World monkey D. a gibbon E. extinct Kottak - Chapter 07 #17

18.

Platyrrhines are to catarrhines as

A. terrestrial is to arboreal.

B. Old World monkeys are to New World monkeys.

C. New World monkeys are to Old World monkeys.

D. brachiators are to nonbrachiators.

E. prosimians are to anthropoids.

Kottak - Chapter 07 #18

19.

Which of the following statements about orangutans is true?

A. The large size of the orangutan protects it from extinction.

B. Orangutans are the most sociable primates.

C. As is typical of arboreal species, the orangutan exhibits little sexual dimorphism.

D. Orangutans are less arboreal than gorillas.

E. Orangutans used to live over much of Asia but now are found only on two islands in Indonesia.

Kottak - Chapter 07 #19

20.

Bonobos, which belong to the same genus as chimpanzees, are exceptional among primates because of

A. their ability to withstand the pressures of deforestation.

B. their male-centered communities.

C. the frequency with which they have sex, a behavior associated with conflict avoidance.

D. their marked sexual dimorphism.

E. their cannibalism.

Kottak - Chapter 07 #20

21.

Which of the following is NOT a threat to endangered primates?

A. interspecies conflict B. deforestation C. capture for laboratory testing D. capture for pets E. poachers Kottak - Chapter 07 #21

22.

Behavioral ecology studies the evolutionary basis of social behavior. What is one of the discipline's main assumptions?

A. Phenotype is the overwhelming result of genotype.

B. The genetic features of any species reflect a long history of differential reproductive success (that is, natural selection).

C. Natural selection best translates to "survival of the fittest."

D. There is no distinction between individual and inclusive fitness.

E. Individual fitness among hominins is measured differently than in other nonhuman primate species.

Kottak - Chapter 07 #22

23.

How is individual fitness measured?

A. With techniques developed for anthropometry.

B. By the number of direct descendants an individual has.

C. By maximum lung capacity.

D. By the amount of genetic diversity in a breeding population.

E. By the gene an individual shares with relatives.

Kottak - Chapter 07 #23

24.

In terms of numbers and range, what is the most successful living hominoid species?

A. gorilla B. Homo sapiens C. baboon D. gibbon E. chimpanzee Kottak - Chapter 07 #24

25.

What are the eras of ancient, middle, and recent life, respectively?

A. Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic B. Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic C. Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary D. Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Recent E. Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian Kottak - Chapter 07 #25

26.

Which of the following suggests that primates became primates by adapting to life in the trees?

A. visual predation hypothesis B. terrestrial theory C. deciduous hypothesis D. mixed diet hypothesis E. arboreal theory Kottak - Chapter 07 #26

27.

A tiny euprimate skull found recently in China confirms that

A. our earliest ancestors were nocturnal, like Asian tarsiers.

B. euprimates were the first primates to live in the Paleozoic.

C. primates were already geographically widespread by 55 m.y.a., and their common ancestor must have evolved earlier than previously believed.

D. larger euprimates lived only in Europe.

E. the specimens previously thought to be euprimates from Europe and North Africa were actually mislabeled.

Kottak - Chapter 07 #27

28.

Which of the following statements about the Oligocene epoch is NOT true?

A. Hominins first appear during this epoch.

B. It belongs to the Tertiary period.

C. This period dates to 38-23 m.y.a.

D. It was a time of major geological and climatic change.

E. Most of what we know about primates from this period comes from fossils found in the Fayum.

Kottak - Chapter 07 #28

29.

When do the first hominoid fossils appear?

A. Oligocene B. Miocene C. Pliocene D. Pleistocene E. Holocene Kottak - Chapter 07 #29

30.

Which of the following statements about Proconsul is NOT true?

A. It was the most abundant and successful of the anthropoids during the early Miocene.

B. It is probably the last common ancestor shared by Old World monkeys and apes.

C. It was a carnivore.

D. It had marked sexual dimorphism.

E. It lacked the capacity for brachiation.

Kottak - Chapter 07 #30

31.

In primate evolution, in which of the following epochs did prosimians dominate?

A. Miocene (24-5 m.y.a.)

B. Paleocene (65-54 m.y.a.)

C. Oligocene (34-23 m.y.a.)

D. Eocene (54-34 m.y.a.)

E. Pliocene (5-2 m.y.a.)

Kottak - Chapter 07 #31

32.

What species coexisted with Homo erectus in Asia?

A. Afropithecus B. Pierolapithecus C. Gigantopithecus D. Sivapithecus E. Dryopithecus Kottak - Chapter 07 #32

33.

Based on scientific theories of evolution, humans are not descended from gorillas or chimps.

Rather,

A. they are descended from gorillas.

B. they are descended from chimps.

C. it is the other way around: gorillas and chimps are descended from humans.

D. humans and African apes share a common ancestor.

E. humans are descended from Adam and Eve. Kottak - Chapter 07 #33

34.

Primatology is relevant only to applied anthropologists concerned about deforestation and poaching.

FALSE Kottak - Chapter 07 #34

35.

Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily, Hominoidea.

TRUE Kottak - Chapter 07 #35

36.

When scientists use the word hominid today, they mean pretty much the same thing as when they used this word 20 twenty years ago.

FALSE Kottak - Chapter 07 #36

37.

Homologies are similarities between two species that have been jointly inherited from a common ancestor.

TRUE Kottak - Chapter 07 #37

38.

Analogies are similarities that are shared by organisms that belong to the same genus.

FALSE Kottak - Chapter 07 #38

39.

All primates share a common arboreal heritage.

TRUE Kottak - Chapter 07 #39

40.

Opposable thumbs evolved as early primates adapted to terrestrial life.

FALSE Kottak - Chapter 07 #40

41.

Because primates are highly social animals, they provide less care to offspring over a shorter period of time.

FALSE Kottak - Chapter 07 #41

42.

Prosimians are found only in Madagascar.

FALSE Kottak - Chapter 07 #42

43.

Platyrrhines are New World monkeys.

TRUE Kottak - Chapter 07 #43

44.

Most New World monkeys have a tendency to use orthograde posture.

FALSE Kottak - Chapter 07 #44

45.

Old World monkeys include both arboreal and terrestrial species.

TRUE Kottak - Chapter 07 #45

46.

Like apes and hominids, Old World monkeys have stereoscopic and full color vision.

TRUE Kottak - Chapter 07 #46

47.

Sexual dimorphism tends to be more pronounced in terrestrial primate species.

TRUE Kottak - Chapter 07 #47

48.

Because they are predominantly terrestrial, gorillas exhibit only minor sexual dimorphism.

FALSE Kottak - Chapter 07 #48

49.

Chimpanzees' social networks involve complex systems of dominance relationships.

TRUE Kottak - Chapter 07 #49

50.

We live in the Cenozoic era.

TRUE Kottak - Chapter 07 #50

51.

According to the arboreal theory, primates became primates by adapting to life in the savanna.

FALSE Kottak - Chapter 07 #51

52.

It was during the Oligocene that anthropoids became the most numerous of the primates.

TRUE Kottak - Chapter 07 #52

53.

Discuss two cases of confirmed or possible convergent evolution between different primate species, indicating similarities and differences in natural selective forces and means of adaptation.

Answer will vary

Kottak - Chapter 07 #53

54.

Phylogenetically, who are our closest relatives? What evidence is used to support this relationship?

Answer will vary

Kottak - Chapter 07 #54

55.

Describe the features that Old World monkeys, apes, and humans have in common that confirm they share more recent common ancestry with each other than they do with New World monkeys and prosimians.

Answer will vary

Kottak - Chapter 07 #55

56.

Primates are among the most endangered of Earth's creatures, and anthropologists who study them have played key roles in efforts to save them. What threats do primates face? In terms of expanding anthropological knowledge, why is it important to conserve our nearest relatives?

Answer will vary

Kottak - Chapter 07 #56

57.

What are the general trends in hominoid evolution during the Miocene? What derived hominoid traits appeared during this time?

Answer will vary

Kottak - Chapter 07 #57

58.

Review this chapter and answer the following questions: What are the parts of the skeleton that seem to be more commonly found as fossils? What are the anatomical clues that these fossils provide to help scientists address questions about hominin origins?

Answer will vary

Kottak - Chapter 07 #58

Chapter 7 Summary Category Kottak - Chapter 07

# of Questions 58