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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) All of the following are associated with nucleic acid structure EXCEPT:
A) uracil.
B) ionic bonds.
C) phosphate.
D) hydrogen bonds.
E) ribose.
Answer: B
2) Which of the following is found at the 3' end of a DNA strand?
A) a hydrogen bond
B) a methyl group
C) histones
D) a phosphate group
E) a hydroxyl group
Answer: E
3) What is notable about the microbe Carsonella ruddii?
A) It is the only prokaryote that has a true nucleus.
B) It is the only prokaryote with a linear chromosome.
C) It is a diploid prokaryote.
D) It has no DNA.
E) It has the smallest known cellular genome.
Answer: E
4) Which of the following types of plasmids carry genes that protect bacteria from various antimicrobial drugs?
A) fertility factors
B) cryptic plasmids
C) bacteriocin factors
D) virulence factors
E) resistance factors
Answer: E
5) All of the following are associated with the packaging of eukaryotic chromosomes EXCEPT:
A) heterochromatin.
B) histones.
C) nucleosomes.
D) Okazaki fragments.
E) euchromatin.
Answer: D
6) All of the following are true statements concenrning plasmids EXCEPT:
A) They can replicate autonomously.
B) They are small circular molecules of DNA.
C) They carry genes that are required for growth and repair.
D) They can be found in bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.
E) They can carry genes that confer resistance against antibiotics.
Answer: C
7) DNA ligase
A) synthesizes short DNA molecules important for the function of DNA polymerase.
B) breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides.
C) seals gaps between DNA fragments.
D) proofreads DNA molecules.
E) assists in recognition of promoters during transcription.
Answer: C
8) All of the following statements concerning transcription in bacteria are true EXCEPT:
A) Sigma factors are parts of RNA polymerase that recognize promoter regions.
B) It occurs in the nucleoid region.
C) Termination is either self-induced or due to the presence of Rho protein.
D) A variety of sigma factors affect transcription.
E) The same RNA polymerase transcribes primer RNA, mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
Answer: E
9) Which of the following is involved in translation?
A) tRNA
B) mRNA
C) rRNA
D) Both A and C are correct.
E) A, B, and C are correct.
Answer: E
10) RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase differ from each other in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
A) type of nucleotides used.
B) efficiency of proofreading.
C) speed.
D) direction of polymerization.
E) dependence on helicase.
Answer: D
11) Which of the following is the strongest base pair?
A) adenine-uracil
B) adenine-guanine
C) adenine-thymine
D) cytosine-thymine
E) guanine-cytosine
Answer: E
12) Because a codon is a particular combination of three nucleotides, there are __________ possible combinations of the nucleotides A, C, G, and T.
A) 16 B) 4 C) 12 D) 32 E) 64
Answer: E
13) In addition to coding for the amino acid methionine, what function does the codon AUG serve?
A) start signal
B) recognition site for RNA polymerase
C) marker for introns
D) causes "wobble"
E) termination signal
Answer: A
14) Which of the following must be removed from an mRNA molecule before it can be translated in eukaryotes?
A) introns B) codons C) promoters D) exons E) anticodons
Answer: A
15) During translation, an mRNA codon will pass through which of the following sequences of tRNA binding sites on the ribosome?
A) A site, E site, P site
B) P site, A site, E site
C) P site, E site, A site
D) E site, P site, A site
E) A site, P site, E site
Answer: E
16) All of the following are true statements concerning eukaryotic transcription EXCEPT:
A) Multiple elongation factors are required.
B) A guanine is added to the 3' end and a poly A tail is added to the 5' end.
C) There are four different RNA polymerases.
D) Multiple transcription factors are required.
E) Transcription occurs in the nucleus, mitochondria, and in chloroplasts (if present).
Answer: B
17) Semiconservative DNA replication means that
A) the sequence of a DNA molecule is preserved as it is being replicated.
B) each daughter DNA molecule is composed of one original strand and one new strand.
C) each strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule is replicated differently.
D) nucleotides are constantly being recycled as cells make DNA.
E) the cell can proofread its newly synthesized DNA part of the time.
Answer: B
18) All of the following are characteristics of Okazaki fragments EXCEPT:
A) they make up the lagging strand of replicated DNA.
B) they are joined together by DNA ligase.
C) they begin with an RNA primer.
D) they are longer in eukaryotic cells.
E) they are checked for accuracy by DNA polymerase III.
Answer: D
19) Because of proofreading, what is the error rate associated with DNA replication?
A) 1 error in 1,000 bases
B) 1 error in 1 million bases
C) 1 error in 100,000 bases
D) 1 error in 1 billion bases
E) 1 error in 10 million bases
Answer: D
20) Which of the following processes is involved in the "central dogma" of genetics?
A) transcription
B) translation
C) DNA replication
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) A, B, and C are correct.
Answer: D
21) All of the following are characteristics of inducible operons EXCEPT:
A) they are often involved in anabolic pathways.
B) they are a way for bacterial cells to conserve energy.
C) they are active in the presence of an inducer.
D) they are normally inactive.
E) they involve a repressor.
Answer: A
22) Which of the following are considered frameshift mutations?
A) deletions
B) inversions
C) insertions
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) Both A and C are correct.
Answer: E
23) If the codon AAA is changed to UAA, it no longer codes for an amino acid; instead, it becomes a stop codon that signals translation termination in a protein. This is an example of a
A) nonsense mutation.
B) gross mutation.
C) missense mutation.
D) silent mutation.
E) frameshift mutation.
Answer: A
24) Nitrous acid causes which of the following types of mutations in a cell?
A) base-pair substitutions
B) frameshifts
C) chromosome breaks
D) base-pair deletions
E) pyrimidine dimers
Answer: A
25) Which of the following is classified as a frameshift mutagen?
A) acridine
B) ethidium bromide
C) benzopyrene
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) A, B, and C are correct.
Answer: E
26) Which of the following is a DNA repair enzyme activated by visible light?
A) primase
B) DNA photolyase
C) DNA ligase
D) bacteriocin
E) transposase
Answer: B
27) The Ames test proves that a chemical is
A) mutagenic in humans.
B) carcinogenic.
C) carcinogenic in Salmonella
D) carcinogenic in humans.
E) mutagenic in Salmonella.
Answer: E
28) Horizontal gene transfer
A) typically is a rare event.
B) involves the transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell.
C) occurs only between cells of the same species.
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) A, B, and C are correct.
Answer: D
29) In the process of transformation,
A) cells lose part of their DNA and enter a dormant state.
B) DNA “jumps” from one location in the genome to another.
C) cells take up DNA from their environment.
D) DNA is transferred from one cell to another by a virus.
E) DNA is transferred between cells via a pilus.
Answer: C
30) In conjugation, F cells
A) can transfer DNA only to other F cells.
B) contain an F plasmid.
C) contain "jumping genes."
D) do not have conjugation pili.
E) serve as recipient cells.
Answer: B
31) Another term for the palindromic sequence found at the ends of transposons is a(n)
A) transposase.
B) inverted repeat.
C) complex transposon.
D) bacteriophage.
E) insertion sequence.
Answer: B
32) Why is Taq polymerase used in PCR?
A) It resists the high temperatures of PCR better than other polymerases.
B) It can unwind DNA from associated histones.
C) It makes DNA more quickly than other types of polymerases.
D) It makes fewer mistakes than other types of polymerases.
E) It corrects frameshift mutations as it replicates DNA.
Answer: A
33) Genes are active in a region of the eukaryotic chromosome called
A) euchromatin.
B) heterochromatin.
C) the nucleoid.
D) the plasmid.
E) the histone.
Answer: A
34) The energy required for DNA replication comes from:
A) triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides.
B) RNA primer.
C) DNA ligase.
D) DNA polymerase.
E) the leading strand.
Answer: A
35) How does short interference RNA (siRNA) work?
A) It binds to a repressor protein, which in turn inactivates a gene.
B) It converts heterochromatin to euchromatin.
C) It binds to ribosomes and prevents tRNA molecules from attaching.
D) It binds to and inactivates a target nucleic acid sequence.
E) It creates frameshift mutations that produce nonfunctional versions of proteins.
Answer: D
MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
Match the term on the left with the appropriate genetic process on the right:
36) Promoter Answer: C
37) Codon Answer: A
38) Origin Answer: B
39) Rho Answer: C
40) Lagging strand Answer: B
41) "Wobble" Answer: A
42) fMet Answer: A
43) Sigma factor Answer: C
44) Primase Answer: B
45) E site Answer: A
replication
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
46) Prokaryotic cells are diploid. Answer: True False
47) Prokaryotes have multiple types of DNA polymerase. Answer: True False
48) The most common type of mutation is a point mutation. Answer: True False
49) Most bacteria have a natural ability to take up DNA from their environment. Answer: True False
A) Translation B) DNA50) The structure of DNA explains both its ability to encode genetic information and the way in which it is copied during cell reproduction.
Answer: True False
51) DNA, which is positively charged, wraps around negatively charged histones as part of the packaging of eukaryotic chromosomes.
Answer: True False
52) Bidirectional replication means that each strand of a DNA molecule is replicated in the opposite direction from the other.
Answer: True False
53) The SOS response is a DNA repair mechanism that responds to extreme DNA damage.
Answer: True False
54) In generalized transduction, viruses carry random DNA sequences from one cell to another.
Answer: True False
55) Positive selection methods work by eliminating cells with wild-type phenotypes, leaving only mutants.
Answer: True False
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
56) A(n) __________ is a specific sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein or an RNA molecule.
Answer: gene
57) Tightly packed regions of a eukaryotic chromosome are called __________.
Answer: heterochromatin
58) Cells that are able to perform transformation are said to be __________.
Answer: competent
59) A(n) __________ is a mutant organism that has different nutritional requirements than the original wild-type organism.
Answer: auxotroph
60) "Jumping genes" that can move from one location to another in an organism's genome are called __________.
Answer: transposons
61) 5'-bromouracil mimics the chemical structure of thymine, making it a(n) __________.
Answer: nucleoside analog
62) If the codon AUG, coding for methionine, were mutated to AAG, coding for lysine, this would be an example of a(n) __________ mutation.
Answer: missense
63) The __________ of a transfer RNA molecule is complementary to a codon in a messenger RNA molecule.
Answer: anticodon
64) During translation, the growing polypeptide is positioned in the __________ of the ribosome.
Answer: P site
65) dATP and dCTP are examples of __________, the building blocks of DNA molecules. Answer: triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides
66) The point at which a DNA double helix is "unzipped" is the __________.
Answer: replication fork
67) The __________ is the DNA strand that is synthesized continuously during DNA replication.
Answer: leading strand
68) The term __________ refers to the physical features and traits of an organism.
Answer: phenotype
69) RNA polymerase initiates transcription by recognizing specific nucleotide sequences called __________.
Answer: promoters
70) __________ RNA molecules contain both introns and exons.
Answer: Pre-messenger
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
71) Describe the basic similarities and differences between DNA replication and transcription.
Answer: DNA replication and transcription are similar processes in that they both involve the production of molecules of nucleic acids using a preexisting template. Therefore, they both involve the polymerization of nucleotides to create long chains, as well as utilizing complementary base-pairing rules to create the nucleotide sequence of the new molecule based on the sequence of the template. Additionally, these chains of nucleotides are synthesized in the same direction, 5' to 3', regardless of the type of nucleic acid being produced. However, there are a number of differences between these two processes as well. The product of DNA replication is an exact, complete DNA copy of an entire DNA molecule that will be passed on to the offspring of the cell producing it. The product of transcription is an RNA copy of a limited region (a gene) of a DNA molecule. Furthermore, this RNA molecule may not be an exact copy of the gene because transcription is more prone to errors than DNA replication is. The RNA molecules produced during transcription are used within the cell that produces them, to provide information for the synthesis of proteins during translation.
72) Describe the various types of nucleic acids that are typically found in cells.
Answer: All cells possess one or more DNA molecules that serve as the genetic blueprint of the cell; these molecules are generally referred to as chromosomes. Prokaryotic chromosomes differ from eukaryotic chromosomes in their number and physical shape. Eukaryotic chromosomes tend to be more complex in their organization, involving specialized packaging proteins called histones. Eukaryotic cells also tend to contain more chromosomes than prokaryotes, which have no more than two chromosomes. In addition, all cells contain additional nucleic acid in the form of various types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, primer RNA, si RNA, RNAi, and rRNA), used to assist in the cell's genetic processes. Most cells contain other types of nucleic acid as well, such as plasmids or the DNA found in organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Plasmids are a common form of prokaryotic DNA that confer a variety of special abilities to the cell, depending on the specific genes carried by the plasmid. Some eukaryotic cells may also contain plasmids. The DNA of eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts is used to partially control the activities of these organelles in conjunction with genes found in the cell's nucleus.
73) How does DNA directly and indirectly control all the activities of a cell?
Answer: Through the concept of the central dogma of genetics, DNA contains information that can be used to make RNA molecules (transcription), which in turn contain information that can be used in the synthesis of proteins (translation). Proteins contribute to the traits of the cell in two major ways. First, many cellular proteins are used to build various structures of the cell, thus contributing directly to the shape and function of the cell. Second, a large number of proteins produced in the cell are enzymes, controlling all the major metabolic functions of the cell, including the synthesis of other molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Thus, a cell's entire collection of genes, known as its genotype, determines the cell's physical characteristics, or phenotype.
74) Compare and contrast the lactose operon with the tryptophan operon.
Answer: The lactose and the tryptophan operons have certain features in common. They both contain a set of genes dedicated to a common purpose (such as the catabolism of lactose by the genes of the lactose operon) and regulatory elements such as a promoter and an operator. Each of these operons makes use of a repressor protein as well, which binds to the operator region and alters the activity of the operon. However, the lactose operon is classified as an inducible operon, which means it requires an inducer (lactose itself) in order to be activated; in the absence of the inducer, the repressor protein shuts down the operon. On the other hand, the tryptophan operon is a repressible operon, which requires a corepressor (tryptophan itself) in order to activate the repressor and shut down the operon; otherwise, the operon is fully functional. In both types of operons, the molecule either catabolized (in the case of lactose) or synthesized (in the case of tryptophan) is an important component of the regulation of the operon. In this way, the cell maintains precise control over these genetic pathways, and does not spend time and energy making enzymes that are not needed for example, making enzymes to catabolize lactose when no lactose is present.
75) A point mutation can be completely harmless, or it can result in the death of a cell or organism. Explain why these types of mutations can have such varying effects.
Answer: A point mutation is a single base change in the nucleotide sequence of a cell's genome. The location of the mutation is important to its effect. Point mutations in noncoding regions of the genome are usually harmless. Even in coding regions, point mutations can be harmless if they result in silent mutations. Silent mutations preserve the sense of the amino acid code because of the concept of "wobble," in which two codons can code for the same amino acid by varying only at the third base of the codon. If the point mutation has occurred at this third base, then the amino acid sequence of the protein will remain unchanged. Point mutations occurring at the first or second base of the codon are almost always much more serious because they change the sense of the codon, to a completely different amino acid, a type of point mutation known as a missense mutation. (The only exception to this is if the new amino acid is chemically similar to the previous amino acid, which usually causes little or no change in the overall structure or function of the protein.) Finally, one of the most serious types of point mutations is a nonsense mutation, in which the codon has been changed to a stop codon. These types of mutations result in the abnormal termination of a protein sequence. In all these cases, if the protein affected by the mutation is an enzyme or some other vital protein required for proper cellular function, then the cell and/or organism may die as a result of these relatively simple mutations.