Listening to Empower Change

LISTENING TO EMPOWER CHANGE Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana

THE EXCHANGE INISHOWEN RESEARCH REPORT www.exchangeinishowen.ie

If you walk in our shoes, maybe you’d UNDERSTAND. -Irish Traveller, Buncrana

LISTENING TO EMPOWER CHANGE Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana THE EXCHANGE INISHOWEN RESEARCH REPORT: In this research we listen to newer members of our community to identify gaps in our understanding of their lived experience, to understand felt needs, to assess the effectiveness of existing efforts to promote integration and to gather their ideas for further integration. We consider the views, experiences and attitudes of the majority population towards newcomers into our community.

Research for research sake has little value. Our hope is that this study will empower change as we listen well and consider how we can work together to build a more integrated and inclusive community.

By Ruth Garvey-Williams June 2021

© The Exchange Inishowen CLG All rights reserved www.exchangeinishowen.ie Founded in 2013, the Exchange Inishowen is a charity, which exists to benefit the community in Buncrana and across the wider Inishowen peninsula by: Providing a voluntary-run community centre Promoting innovation, cooperation and collaboration between community groups and social entrepreneurs for the wellbeing of our community.

The Exchange is a Registered Charity in the Republic of Ireland Castle Ave, Ardaravan, Buncrana, Co. Donegal, Ireland

FOREWORD As the co-chairpersons of Donegal Intercultural Platform, we would like to warmly welcome this participative research initiative undertaken by The Exchange Inishowen with the financial support of the Community Integration Fund 2020 administered by the Department of Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth.

The Intercultural Platform believes this report reflects the importance that The Exchange Inishowen places on combating racism and exclusion in their work and that they took an interactive, supportive, action-research approach to producing this study.

This report has been produced against the backdrop of social, economic and demographic change in Inishowen, the county and the country. In a world where issues like ethnic-based discrimination and racism is apparent, is being identified and challenged and where popular support for movements like Black Lives Matter is growing. This timely report comes into the public domain at a time when Donegal County Council (with the active support of the Intercultural Platform and Inishowen Development Partnership) is well advanced in its work to develop an Intercultural Inclusion Strategy for Migrants and members of Black and Minority Ethnic communities. Furthermore, The Intercultural Platform, Donegal Travellers Project and DLDC will shortly commence a new county-wide project called ThinkEquality (funded through Rethink Ireland by the Irish Government, the Dormant Account Fund and Philanthropic donations) that will work over the next three years to embed Equality, Diverstity Awareness and Positive Duty practice in agencies, organisations and communities across Donegal. This report will directly feed into and inform the development of these initiatives and we really welcome that.

As we are enduring the realities of living with the COVID pandemic - we saw how the health crisis highlighted the discrimination and structural inequalities in our society where members of Black and Minority Ethnic Communities including Travellers and Roma were disproportionally impacted. This report will contribute to challenging those inequalities.

Finally, we want to welcome the recognition that racism and discrimination exists in Inishowen, the county and the world - and the positive responses reflected in the recommendations made by the researchers to challenge and combat racism. Well done in planning, undertaking and reporting the findings of this research, now the challenge will be to act on the recommendations and we in the Intercultural Platform will do what we can to support The Exchange Inishowen in that work.

THOIBA AHMED & PAUL KERNAN CO-CHAIRPERSONS DONEGAL INTERCULTURAL PLATFORM JULY 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS 07

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Exploring issues of racism and inclusion in Buncrana.

EXPERIENCES OF RACISM, EXCLUSION AND DISCRIMINATION Findings from our online survey and in-depth interviews.

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INTRODUCTION

BARRIERS AND OBSTACLES TO INCLUSION AND INTEGRATION Insights exploring the challenges facing individuals as they seek to engage with the community.

Understanding the aims, background and methodology of this study.

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KEY FINDINGS Highlights from both quantitative and qualitative data.

ATTITUDES TO SOCIAL INCLUSION AND COMMUNITY INTEGRATION Findings from our online survey and insights from interviewees.

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IMPRESSIONS OF BUNCRANA White Irish and Minority Ethnic residents share impressions and experiences.

IDEAS FOR COMMUNITY INTEGRATION Responses from across the community to inform future action.

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IDENTITY AND BELONGING Factors that aid or hinder integration into the community.

RECOMMENDATIONS Suggestions for the way forward as Buncrana seeks to mature as a multi-ethnic community.

A NNUA L RE PO RT 2017

For most people of colour, like myself, we want to feel like we are included, that we are not looked at as if something is strange but we are just like everybody else. We are all humans. We breath the same air.

- Interview #3

LISTENING TO EMPOWER CHANGE Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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In this research, we gathered quantitative and qualitative data on issues of racism and inclusion in Buncrana from 151 people.

In-depth interviews with ten individuals from minority ethnic communities gave voice to powerful insights into their experiences of life in Buncrana and their suggestions for ways support integration. Focus groups were hindered by Covid restrictions but two focus groups with young people added significantly to the understanding of issues and opinions of teenagers. The findings highlight challenges around belonging, inclusion, agency and identity. This report will provide direction to the community sector, and prompt us to reflect on whether our current approaches are effective in promoting social integration.

We gathered responses from 130 individuals in an online survey and interviewed ten individuals from diverse minority ethnic backgrounds. One of the recurring themes was a sense of gratitude newcomers feel at being able to find a home in Buncrana.

Many have made great efforts to adapt and fit in to the local community. Others are navigating significant barriers of language, culture and religion to find their place.

The majority ethnic population and minority ethnic communities are in agreement about the beauty of Buncrana’s natural landscape and the warmth and friendliness of the vast majority of people. Our survey respondents described Buncrana as Friendly (68%), Safe (49%) and Welcoming (46%). Similarly both white Irish and ethnic minorities share the same frustrations with lack public transport, lack of amenities and the challenges in finding employment.

IDENTITY & BELONGING These findings demonstrate the desire of minority ethnic communities to fit in and to become part of the community but some have found this easier than others. 35% of Black, Asian, Mixed Race and Irish Travellers in Buncrana do not feel part of the community. There was agreement both in interviews and in our online survey that it takes time and those who have lived in Buncrana for more than 10 years are more likely to feel a sense of belonging.

It is important to note that 25% of white Irish residents also do not feel part of the community (with comments indicating issues of sexuality, religion or disability as contributing to a sense of exclusion). Significantly, people of “Any other White background” have the greatest sense of belonging - with 92% saying they feel part of the community. Those

with a local connection (for example through marriage) are most likely to be integrated into the community.

Younger people in particular have often struggled with the complex issues of identity, especially those who would identify as Irish and yet have not been accepted as Irish because of their skin colour.

RACISM, DISCRIMINATION & OBSTALES Although often demonstrating a hesitancy to criticise or appear negative, many interviewees have experienced verbal abuse and racist remarks and discrimination. 12.5% of survey respondents In general our findings both in the survey, interviews and in our focus groups showed that the experience of Black, Asian, Mixed Race and Irish Travellers in Buncrana is significantly worse than minorities who are white with 29% of survey

respondents having experienced racism in the last six months. This appears particularly prevalent among younger people and those growing up in Buncrana have found this extremely painful. While limited in frequency, three survey respondents have experience physical attacks and four respondents have experienced attacks on property that appear to be racially motivated.

Interviewees and survey respondents highlighted experiences of discrimination, racism and micro aggressions that exist across in education, training and adult education, in interactions with statutory services and in everyday interactions in workplaces, shops and housing estates. Many need to overcome additional obstacles of language, prejudice and fear while some face barriers to integration such as religious and cultural differences. One insightful comment on the survey from a white Irish person pointed out, “Some people are more capable of integration than others. I do feel the community could do more.”

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ATTITUDES While a minority of white Irish people in Buncrana feel resistant to or threatened by outsiders, in general, the majority population is open and desiring to welcome newcomers. A feeling that they “don’t know how” sometimes hinders this desire.

Several said there were not opportunities to connect and engage with ethnic minorities, which has been exacerbated by the pandemic.

Two standout findings from our research were the strong marjority of people who agreed that ethnic diversity enriches a community 57.5% and who said they would like to see much more social inclusion 62%.

Our interviewees all agreed that the pandemic has added to the sense of isolation and disconnect many have felt and hindered efforts at integration.

Young people in our focus groups evidenced a strong desire for integration and fair treatment of minority ethnic communities along with a sense of indignation at racism they observe. Many however, would be hesitant to intervene if they see racism taking place out of fear of reprisals or making things worse.

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IDEAS FOR COMMUNITY INTEGRATION There was a wealth of response to questions around how to connect and engage with one another. This rich input, if we are open to it, can shape how we grow as a multi-ethnic community.

Suggestions include: • • • • • • • • • •

Opportunities to learn about different Cultures Education Volunteering Cultural Celebrations Cooking Demonstrations or Multi-Cultural Food Events Workshops and Activities Opportunities for Language Learning and English Conversation Markets, Fairs or Cultural Festivals Better Communication

Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana

RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations emerge from the findings in this study and are explored in greater detail in section 4.0 Buncrana is a friendly, welcoming and safe place for the majority of people but we now need to make the move towards greater inclusion and integration of minority ethnic communities fostering strong respectful relationships with one another. This research demonstrates powerfully is that people from ethnic minorities desire to be accepted and valued and to make their own unique contribution to the wellbeing and flourishing of Buncrana as a vibrant, multi-ethnic community. Education and opportunities to learn will be vital in the fight against the small minority of those deliberately engaged in racist behaviour and to eliminate micro aggressions or systemic discrimination in everyday interactions in schools, businesses, workplaces and statutory services.

Intentional Education and Training to support better understand of racism and integration in schools and adult education and in the wider community.

Encourage diverse participation in community events and programmes by working intentionally to invite and include minority ethnic communities.

Facilitate Volunteering as a way for newer members of the community to build relationships and to engage in meaningful activities.

Create opportunities for English language conversation to support more formal language learning provision.

Celebrate Culture by including and encouraging participation in existing festivals and considering how to share and celebrate different cultural expressions with the wider population.

Improve Advertising and Communication of Events and Programmes to ensure all members of the community are aware of what is happening and know how to get involved.

Create a Community Forum as a safe space for people to engage with public representatives and community leaders on issues of concern.

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1.0

INTRODUCTION

1.1 FOCUS OF THIS STUDY This report documents the perspectives of minority ethnic people in Buncrana and gathers input from a wider cross-section of the community.

Our aim was to: To identify the experience of and issues facing people from minority ethnic communities in Buncrana To identify attitudes of the majority white Irish community towards minority ethnic communities and towards the concepts of social integration To gather ideas and input from across the community on how we better promote integration and inclusion of newcomers into the town.

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11 1.2 WHY DO WE NEED THIS RESEARCH? According to “Strategic Strengths and Future Strategic Direction of Buncrana” - a 2020 study commissioned by Donegal County Council, Buncrana’s population has been growing steadily and consistently for 100 years. Today, the town’s population (Buncrana Urban and Buncrana Rural) stands at 7,232 - almost twice the population of the town in 1966. Thus, in 50 years, Buncrana’s population has almost doubled. Over the past two decades, Buncrana has experienced an increase in the diversity of its population. Twenty years ago, the proportion of Buncrana’s resident population born outside Ireland and the UK was under 2%.

In the 2011 census, Non-Irish nationals accounted for 11.8 per cent of the population of Buncrana compared with a national average figure of 12.0 per cent. UK nationals (288) were the largest group, followed by Polish (233).

Our findings in 2021 show that 55% of respondents from a minority ethnic background have lived in Buncrana for less than 10 years. This includes a significant number of people who have arrived in the area as part of the refugee resettlement programme. Such dramatic changes in a relatively short time inevitably brings both advantages and challenges for the majority population and for newcomers alike.

1.3 METHODOLOGY Ten in-depth interviews formed the core of the research exploring people's experiences of living in Buncrana with verbatim transcripts taken by the author. One interview was conducted by another Exchange volunteer and recorded with permission from the interviewee. This recording was then transcribed by the author.

With varying degrees of Covid restrictions hindering our efforts these were conducted as a combination of telephone and in-person interviews. Efforts were made to ensure a diversity of ages, ethnicities and backgrounds.

An online survey gathered anonymous contributions from 130 people from a broad range of backgrounds giving both quantitative and qualitative data including people whose first lan-

guage is not English (this was achieved by providing a translated version of the survey in Polish and Arabic).

With the restrictions on gatherings due to Covid-19, it was not possible to organise focus groups as was originally intended, especially given some of the challenges of language, isolation and limited access to technology among some ethnic minorities. However, towards the end of the research period, it was possible to run two focus groups with young people from a local youth group.

1.4 ETHICS STATEMENT This study was conducted by a volunteer researcher on behalf of The Exchange Inishowen.

All efforts were made to ensure the highest ethical standards for both the gathering, analysis and reporting of data. All participants did so voluntarily. The online survey was conducted anonymously and responses analysed using summary data to ensure qualitative comments were not linked to any individual respondent.

Interview participants did so on a voluntary basis with consent confirmed in advance and also at the time of the interview. The participants were briefed as to the purpose of the study and the way in which findings would be used. They were all assured of anonymity. The author is aware that the issue of anonymity is particularly sensitive because Buncrana is a small town with a small percentage of people from minority ethnic communities. In this report, quotes from interviewees are identified by interview number and efforts have been taken to provide greater anonymity by substituting generic identifiers for named specifics (such as the name or descriptor of a place or person) - these are demarcated with square brackets within the direct quote.

All raw data is stored on a password-protected computer and is only accessed by the researcher. Graphic designers involved in visualizing the findings were only given summary data reports to work from. Similarly responses from the focus group are not linked with any individual teenager and any identifiers have been removed or replaced (as above).

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1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY Embarking on a research study in the middle of a pandemic proved problematic in the extreme.

With the limitations on meeting together and the challenges of language and other barriers, many of our planned activities had to be altered.

This meant we were not able to run the focus groups we had intended to run. We were also limited in being able to facilitate responses from the smaller ethnic minority groups that we had intended to target with in person support and printed surveys to overcome language barriers and other obstacles to engagement. This resulted in a smaller sampling of views from ethnic minorities than we had originally hoped for although we were still able to gather around 40 responses online and a further 10 detailed interviews.

denominations, 5.5% Muslim, 2% Other Religions and 19% No Religion.

The interviews featured eight women and two men aged between 16 and 60 including two Africans, three Asians, one Irish Traveller, three people from central and Eastern Europe and one Irish parent of mixed race children. The religious make up included four Catholics, two Pentecostals, two Muslims, one Hindu and one atheist.

Eleven white Irish teenagers from a local youth group took part in two small focus groups.

HOW LONG HAVE YOU LIVED IN BUNCRANA?

As small, localised study this does give important insights but by no means claims to be a comprehensive exploration of the issues concerned.

Given the constraints with which we were working, we do feel however, that the research does provide a significant contribution to our understanding and can guide strategy as we move forward.

1.6 DEMOGRAPHICS The online survey, gathered responses from 130 individuals of whom 76% were female. There was a broad cross section of ages represented but the majority of respondents were aged between 31 and 60 (14% were under 30 and 10% were over 60).

36% have lived in Buncrana all their life and another 22% for more than 20 years. 17% had lived in Buncrana for between 10 and 20 years. The remaining 25% have lived in Buncrana for less than 10 years.

11%

17%

36%

22%

All My Life

10 - 20 years

More than 20 years

5- 10 years

ARE YOU?

Of the 130 respondents, 69% were White Irish and 18% were “any other White background” including British / Northern Irish and Eastern Europeans (eight people completed the survey in Polish). Black, Asian, Irish Traveller and Mixed Race respondents represented the remaining 13% of answers.

Religious affiliation demonstrated a significant shift from past census findings with 64% Roman Catholic, 9% Church of Ireland or Other Christian

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Female

Male

Prefer Not To Say

Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana

HOW OLD ARE YOU? 31 - 60 Under 30 Over 60

ETHNICITY? White Irish 69% Any other white background 18% White Irish Traveller 1.5% Black or Black Irish 3% Asian or Asian Irish 4% Other or Mixed 5%

RELIGION? Catholic 64.5% Any other Christian 9.5% Muslim 5.5% Hindu 1.5% No Religion 19%

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A NNUA L RE PO RT 2017

To me people in Buncrana are lovely people - very friendly and very helpful.

This is an absolutely fantastic community.

- Interview #6

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2.0 KEY FINDINGS

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LISTENING TO EMPOWER CHANGE

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2.1 IMPRESSIONS OF BUNCRANA Significantly, white Irish respondents and those from minority ethnic communities on the online survey used similar descriptions of Buncrana: Friendly (68%), Safe (49%), Welcoming (46%), Caring (24%) and Open (20%)

HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE BUNCRANA? 68%

15% 8%

8%

Suspicious

Exclusive

49%

Welcoming

Safe

23%

9%

Closed

Inclusive

These types of descriptors were common in the interviews with many praising the friendliness of people they meet and their gratitude at the welcome they have received from the majority of people.

"People are friendly here. In the big city, people do not talk to each other. There is not so much social network" -Interview #8 "Now we are happy in Buncrana and delighted.

If they say we should move, we would not want to go" -Interview #4

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18%

47%

Open

Caring

Friendly

The nuance of interviews and online comments, however, demonstrates that the overwhelming friendly reception does not necessarily translate into deeper connections. Buncrana may be welcoming to newcomers but it is not fully inclusive. Online comments describe the community as “cliquish” "People are very friendly but it is a gradual process to get into inner circles as an outsider coming in" -Online comment

Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana

A minority of respondents to the online survey (less than 10%) described the town as Closed, Exclusive and Suspicious. Notably these included some white respondents as well as those from minority ethnic communities.

Similarly a number of the interviewees felt Buncrana was a difficult place for outsiders, particularly in comparison with more multi-cultural areas such as Letterkenny or Derry.

WHAT DO YOU LIKE BEST ABOUT BUNCRANA? (TOP THREE) 91%

51%

52%

"[Buncrana] is a “no-go” area for outsiders" -Interview #1 "When I moved here first, I wasn’t welcome.

Nobody talked to me or said hello" -Interview #2

WHAT PEOPLE LIKE BEST AND LEAST Many online comments supported the idea of getting to know one another in an informal setting while learning or sharing a skill - some of those mentioned include: craft workshops, knitting groups, jewellery making, art workshops, etc. where different people could meet and get to know one another.

In the online survey, the overwhelming majority of people of all backgrounds point to the scenery and natural beauty as the thing they like best about Buncrana with proximity to Derry and the local people also featuring highly. There was similar consensus about what people like least: Lack of Employment Opportunities, Lack of Public Transport and Lack of Sports and Leisure Facilities.

These findings echo that of other reports such as “Strategic Strengths and Future Strategic Director of Buncrana” 2020 commissioned by Donegal County Council. This report identified the feeling of safety (highlighted above) and the natural space as local assets with public transport, parking and lack of amenities as areas of concern.

People

Proximity Beautiful to Derry/ Scenery Letterkenny

"I love that I live so close to nature. This is a welcome change. There is so much space. Where we live is walking distance to everywhere. It is amazing" -Interview #9 "Buncrana is good. I like it. I like the fresh air and the nice view. You can go for a walk" -Interview #8

WHAT DO YOU LIKE LEAST ABOUT BUNCRANA? (TOP THREE) LACK OF:

69% 42%

Sports or leisure activties

51%

Public Employment Transport Opportunities

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2.2 IDENTITY AND BELONGING Identity and belonging were key themes emerging from this study. For those arriving in Buncrana from outside, the findings identify several factors that aid integration into the community as well as areas that hinder community integration. However, it is also important to note that even some white Irish people who have lived in Buncrana all their lives do not feel a sense of belonging in the community.

2.2.1 DO YOU FEEL PART OF THE COMMUNITY? "Very much so! [Buncrana is] a very close and inclusive place" -Online comment The online survey revealed that 76% of White Irish respondents feel part of the local community and this rises to more than 80% of those who have lived in Buncrana all their lives or for more than 20 years. Comments suggest inter-sectionality with religion, relationships, physical or intellectual disability and sexuality playing a role in whether people feel a sense of acceptance "While I have not felt any personal attacks on myself I have however witnessed others subjected to unethical behaviour. Name calling and lack of respect for LGBTI+ members in particular" -Online comment

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"Consider access to all areas for the physically challenged as well as celebration of ethnic minority culture" -Online comment

Significantly, people of “Any other white background” (a category which includes Northern Irish, British and European residents) have the greatest sense of belonging - with 92% saying they feel part of the community.

Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana

People who are Black, Asian, Irish Traveller or of Mixed Ethnicity are least likely to feel part of the community according to the survey findings and this was highlighted in the interviews. While praising people’s kindness and welcome, several interviewees described a sense of loneliness and social isolation that did not indicate full integration or inclusion into the community "Yes [I feel part of the community] but it took many years and hard work and a lot of letting go" -Online comment "Everybody is nice to us because they know that we are coming from a war zone" -Interview #4 "My child said, “I don’t know what it is about Ireland. I watch Niall McConnell interviews and it makes me feel out of place. Even though I know I was born here and my [parent] is Irish, I feel like I am not at home here. I know that people like me aren’t wanted" -Interview #5 "I am from [Asia] and there are not many [Asians] here. I have an Irish friend but my community is not here. Most contacts are through my children.

People come in the shop and interact with me or outside the school but not socially. We are not going in the houses but we see each other in the street or at the school" -Interview #8

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2.2.2 FITTING IN Many of the interviewees highlighted the chalenge of integration and this was backed up by comments on the online survey. Most significantly, it was two interviewees who were married to a Buncrana people who found it easiest to fit in. Eastern European interviewees pointed out that having a white skin made it much easier. With the exception of Irish Travellers, those with white skin, local relatives, fluent English and who are Catholics were most likely to feel a sense of belonging in Buncrana.

Others made a significant effort to integrate either by changing things about themselves, joining local groups or volunteering in the community. One interviewee felt strongly that it was the responsibility of newcomers to do the work of integration. The hindrances to integration and inclusion are explored in more detail in 2.4.

"I think there are a lot of established “clicks” (stet) or groups here. Which means someone who wants to join or someone who has moved here finds it hard to integrate" -Online comment "I have been living here my whole life. All my friends live here and that is a good thing. Mostly people are really nice. Some people act indifferent to others. Some act mean. There is a branch of Irish people who know everyone and they are friends with each other. They are more accepting of people who are fully Irish. If you are new here, it would help if you were related to someone."

-Interview #10 "I was not welcome when I moved here first 13 years ago because I was classed as an outsider. Nobody talked to me or said hello.

Things changed when I started volunteering in the community and the locals got to know me" -Interview #2 "I felt I had to change my image to fit in and to feel loved and to feel like I was part of things. I began to dress [differently]. Instead of feeling I was the centre of attention with everybody judging me, I changed to be the centre of

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attention because I was really cool. I really enjoyed it. I felt like I was the centre of attention in a good way. But I was hiding my true self in order to fit in" -Interview #10 "[My partner] has loads of friends and... introduced me. I found people very friendly. I did not have to go on my own and start introducing myself. At the start, we had a big party, so I met lots of [my partner’s] friends. This broke the ice. If you want to stay here, you need to be proactive. Nobody has an obligation for your happiness. You need to do it yourself. I put myself out there. I went to the gym. I volunteered and Imet lots of nice people. I went for yoga class. I wentto local pubs. (I was so surprised with how many pubs there are.) I was intrigued by everything."

-Interview #10 "It definitely made it easier to be married to a local. [My partner’s] family was very welcoming.

Almost half the town is a relative. I immediately got connected with a lot of people. I never felt any aloofness. I felt immediately at home. It wasn’t much of a shock for me. Buncrana reminded me of where I grew up. Everybody knew everybody. You can just come in the door and visit" -Interview #10

Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana

2.2.3 WHO AM I? "It’s important to know that becoming an Irish citizen does not mean giving up your identity from your homeland. It is an integral part of who you are and how you have come to be here today.

We want you to share your culture, traditions and stories with us.

Over time they will become part of the fabric of our society and we will be richer for it" -Minister for Justice, Heather Humphries to all new Irish citizens.

35% of our online survey respondents felt it was important for migrants to be able to keep their language and culture while 14% felt people who come to Ireland should adapt to Irish culture.

Interviewees frequently mentioned the question of identity. Many feel caught between two identities or struggle with the question, “Who is Irish?” or “Who am I?” Even those with Irish citizenship do not always feel accepted. Being able to self-identify was important to a number of interviewees.

"My child asked, “What am I?” I said, “You are Irish.” My child replied, “How can I be. They hate me because they think I’m not Irish. They hate me for wanting to be. I told them, “I’m from here. I was born in Letterkenny. I have an Irish passport and birth cert.” One boy said, “That doesn’t make you Irish.” My child said, “I love the other side of my culture but how can I prove that I’m Irish?"

-Interview #4

"Yes, I am not from Ireland but it doesn’t mean that I am less than the Irish" -Interview #7 "I am white and people look at me and think I am one of them. Whenever I meet a new person, if I am speaking English, I would say I am Irish because it is easier that way. I think people should keep their own culture but it is harder these days because I’ve lived here so long. I’m adapting to my Irish culture. Which is sad because I wish my children could experience [Easter European] culture too" -Interview #10

2.2.4 FRIENDSHIP DO YOU HAVE ANY CLOSE FRIENDS WHO DO NOT SHARE YOUR ETHNICITY? WHITE IRISH 48% No 12% Yes a lot 40% Yes a few

ANY OTHER WHITE BACKGROUND 52% Yes a lot 9% No

"I am an Irish citizen and I am contributing. This is my second home. This is my country and I want to give to my country" -Interview #2 "People are still calling Travellers “gypsies.” They think that is our name but we are Irish Travellers.

People don’t know that there is a difference. To me a gypsy would be a Roma rather than the Irish Traveller" -Interview #1 "I think [Eastern Europeans] and Irish are quite similar. We have very similar diet and similar work ethic, humour and view of life" -Interview #5

39% Yes a few

BLACK OR MINORITY ETHNIC

47% No 23% Yes a lot 29% Yes a few

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2.3 EXPERIENCES OF RACISM, EXCLUSION AND DISCRIMINATION It might seem it's a joke to everybody else but it is hurtful.

- Interview #5

The online survey asked whether respondents had experienced racism or discrimination in the last six months. When we compare white Irish with all other respondents there is a marked difference.

WHAVE YOU EXPERIENCED RACISM? WHITE IRISH 8% YES

"Some people are really lovely but I feel that I avoid approaching strangers because some of them can be racist" -Online comment "I have never had an experience of being dicriminated against or abused verbally" -Interview #9

92% NO

ALL OTHERS (INCLUDING OTHER WHITE)

27.5% YES 72.5% NO

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The majority of interviewees had experienced some kind of racism or discrimination with the worst and most persistent incidents being described by those who were Irish Travellers, Black or Mixed Race

"It is not that bad for me. Walking down the street, I don’t look that different. Some people would be kind of mean. It is mostly name-calling but it has not happened in a while" -Interview #10 "You hear kids as young as three and four coming out with the word “tinker”. It has to be said somewhere in order for them to pick it up.

People don’t realise that is really offensive" -Interview #1 "It doesn’t matter how thick skinned or how strong you are, it still hurts especially if the people in charge aren't doing anything about it" -Interview #2

Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana

"My kids are suffering because of something they cannot and don’t want to change, because of who they are. [One of my children told me], “Being black is such hard work in this town. [A schoolchild] screamed in my face, ‘You are black; you are not like us.’ When someone says a racial slur, people look at me to see if it is acceptable. The ‘n' word seems to be an every day occurrence.

It is not my job to tell them what they can and cannot say or what is offensive. The whole world was talking about George Floyd. They know what words are acceptable. It is not my job to police other people’s words" -Interview #5 The most common incidents of racism in Buncrana are verbal abuse and inappropriate ‘jokes’.

However, a number of people have experienced attacks on their property &/or physical violence "When I was out [in town] a group of young adult men were speeding past us and shouted the “N” word" -Focus Group Comment "The amount of jokes and inappropriate language we hear is a lot. It is not funny. I have seen it against Asian people, stretching their eyes and making fun of Asian languages" -Focus Group Comment "I don’t mean to sound grim but [racism] won’t go away. It is deeply rooted. Racism isn’t a thing you are born with, it is taught. I wish I could say that there is a guaranteed way to get rid of it. It sounds depressing" -Focus Group Comment

2.3.1 RACISM IN EDUCATION The interviews indicated that ethnic minority schoolchildren in Buncrana face racism and discrimination on a regular basis. Interviewees recounted incidents of racial abuse, bullying, discrimination and micro-aggressions that hindered their (or their children’s) ability to learn in a safe environment. Our focus groups confirmed that use of the “n” word is commo place among young people and all of the participants were familiar with racial slurs particularly those used towards Black, Asian or Traveller people.

"When [my child] started secondary school young people the same age would say very racist [things]. [My child] would laugh it off but would come home and be upset. Teachers would say, “It is only a joke” but that is subtle racism. For a younger person to feel part of a group, they have to put up with insults and racist comments" -Interview #2 "The first day we arrived our class tutor intr duced me to the class and assigned me to a guy who became one of my close friends to show me around the school. The teachers were very riendly. Some students were okay and some were obviously looking at me in a strange way Considering at the time, [how few] coloured people were in the school, we were the centre of attention. That was difficult at the start. Everyone was looking at you as you were walking through the corridor. There were kids pointing in a way it made me feel uncomfortable. On several occasions I would have some students within the school would call me names, using vulgar laguage in a very racist way. I just had to learn to go past that and try to stay focused on my studies. Of course some people would do it in a way that was indirect. Some people just look at you or avoid you or laugh. For whatever reason you could feel like people are looking at you in that way because of your colour."

-Interview #3

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"Education is very poor for a Traveller. There are a lot of old Travellers who cannot read or write Growing up, the teacher had a separate row forTravellers to sit. She didn’t care if we did homwork. She told me I had a low IQ and I was not encouraged to learn. When we moved to Letterkenny, we went to secondary school there.

We had a lovely teacher who started to get us grinds and I found out I was very good at maths. I could have gone somewhere with my maths skills but with that lifestyle, I didn’t have the opportunities or the encouragement. It makes you feel really low and that sticks in your head.

When you get older you think, that teacher said I’d never get anywhere. Now my first child is dong the Leaving Cert. We learnt from our own experience and want to push our children forward. I tell [my child], “Your education is very, very important.

-Interview #1 "A teacher said, “People will have their opinions.”

We are not talking about a difference of opinion; we are talking about racism. The idea seemed to be that it is my job [as a parent] to make my child tough and resilient against racism, instead of tackling the racism itself."

-Interview #5

"In Dublin we always did training, workshops. I missed it. So I asked are there any courses or meetings or anything I could do? They told me to give them their telephone number and they would get in touch but nobody ever called."

-Interview #7 "I think the message is not getting across because I’ve not heard of any courses being run that we’d be welcome to go to. Sometimes we would be afraid to go somewhere new in case we get refused again. We feel like we would not be welcome" -Interview #1

"If I were of a different race, I would rather not be noticed. If I was going to a new school, I would not want to be treated differently. I would want to feel included but not singled out."

-Focus Group Comment

2.3.3 ACCESS TO SERVICES, HOUSING OR EMPLOYMENT A number of interviewees encountered significant difficulties in accessing services and in navigating bureaucracy with statutory bodies. There were several examples of people being asked repeatedly for documentation and encountering long delays. Form filling is a particular problem for anyone who is not a first-language English speaker. Some had experienced problems with inadequate housing and while this is a problem across the board in Buncrana, they felt at a significant disadvantage because of their ethnicity. The experience of some interviewees also demonstrate the challenges encountered in seeking to enter the labour market.

"It is also important for schools and faculty to acknowledge racism and be able to call it out.

Too often they ignore it. I think that teachers and students should be able to call out racism."

-Focus Group Comment

“I don’t want my kids to be growing up in a town where they feel like they can’t be themselves.

Even applying for houses or jobs or anything like that, a Traveller is up against the barrier" -Interview #1

2.2.2 RACISM IN TRAINING AND ADULT EDUCATION

“We are living in a rented house and it is very small. I don’t like big cities but it is very hard to find a [suitable] house here, especially now. We pay the rent every month. Working and paying rent takes up all our time.”

-Interview #8

"Our children are half Irish so they are not as obviously foreign. They don’t really look different and have never experienced racism" -Interview #9

"When I did courses, in different places, I could see I was sitting there and trying to talk and

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answer and it was like I was invisible. Even the facilitator wouldn’t pay attention to me. The people didn’t talk to me at all. You can feel that you are not welcome. Even the facilitators, they did not help. It was very much the cold shoulder" -Interview #2

Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana

"I don’t understand [an official] who was working there. I pray to be able to talk to them face to face. The struggle they put me through. I was crying for a month. They told me I had lied. I had to go through so much mentally & emotionally.

I provided everything they asked for but even when I was asking for help, I did not get any helpful information. We are voiceless. Someone is higher up and more powerful than us. They know you are foreigner. You are alone. They can say whatever they want. They told me they didnot receive the papers that we had delivered to them. I provided all the documentation but I am still waiting for answers [months later]" -Interview #7

This same interviewee explained how raising incidents of racism towards their child had resulted in people shifting the blame onto the child or making excuses for the perpetrator

"I was doing a course in Derry and needed to do a work placement. I had heard from friends that [one particular place] was looking for people. So I went to this place with my passport and documents but the person there was very cold and told me, “We are not looking for anybody.” I felt that she didn’t want me there because of my black face" -Interview #2

"The implication was it was [my child’s] fault for being very academic and quiet in class. I know [my child] is academic that doesn’t mean people can racially abuse [them]. The reason [my child] doesn’t talk is to try to make [themselves] as small as possible so [they will be left alone].

I sympathise with perpetrators who are having problems at home but my child still needs to be safe and included" -Interview #5

"The implication was it was [my child’s] fault for being very academic and quiet in class. I know my child] is academic that doesn’t mean people can racially abuse [them]. The reason [my child] doesn’t talk is to try to make [themselves] as small as possible so [they will be left alone].

I sympathise with perpetrators who are having problems at home but my child still needs to be safe and included" -Interview #2

2.3.1 MICRO-AGGRESSIONS & VICTIM BLAMING One interviewee highlighted the challenges of repeated, small incidents or micro-aggressions experienced by their family.

A micro-aggression is defined as indirect, subtle, or unintentional dicrimination against members of a marginalised group.

"There are people who are so lovely. You are standing in a supermarket queue and they really think it is acceptable to talk about the colour of my kids’ skin. They don’t think there is anything wrong with what they are saying. Someone else said, “Whenever your baby is born, you will take [him or her] down to my grandchildren so they can look, because they have never seen a black baby before.” This is my baby, not a puppy. This person thought there was nothing wrong. We need to teach empathy" -Interview #2

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2.4 BARRIERS AND OBSTACLES TO INCLUSION AND INTEGRATION Almost two thirds (62%) of respondents to the online survey said they would like to see more social inclusion in Buncrana but there was an acknowledgement that a number of barriers and obstacles exist. Many of these were highlighted by the interviewees providing greater insight into how these barriers affect their ability to engage with the wider community.

"The language barrier is a real problem for us adults but our children are fine. If we had the language our life would be much better.

Especially going to the doctor, filling in forms and things like that are very difficult without an interpreter" -Interview #4 8% of our survey identified language barriers as a real problem for social integration and our interviewees shared more deeply about the challenges they have encountered as a result of the language barrier. It is clear that school age children and young people arriving in Buncrana from elsewhere learn English much faster than adults. Stay-at-home mothers appear to have the greatest difficulty in learning English, especially where other factors of social exclsion are present (such as religious or culture values that limit interaction outside the home).

For those growing up here, some find it difficult to maintain their mother tongue. Language learning was significantly hindered during locdown with English language classes cancelled. Although much has now moved oline, many are still finding it difficult to engage.

Access to interpreters is particularly limited Arabic translation was available through the

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Refugee Resettlement Programme, which came to an end on April 30 2021. Now the only Arabic translation through volunteers with limited availability.

One family have adopted English as their shared language in the home to ensure their children are fluent and because the mother and father each come from different countries "The language is so important. When I moved... I was watching English soaps and wanted to learn all I could. I think first of all you have to have your own initiative to want to improve your English. If you find a friendly family or something that you like to go to (even to the library) you can meet people there or go for a walk with a friend.

I would be [trying to help] a woman from [Asia] but she has very little English and it is difficult to communicate" -Interview #6 "I think public notices or info signs on buildings should be in different languages e.g. at the medical centre, Garda stations, schools and even shops" -Online Survey Comment

Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana

"When I came to Ireland 2009, I didn’t speak any English. I was working in a restaurant as a diswasher. I realised that without English, I’m just like a baby. I had to learn. I went to the library. I made a notebook in which I could write down the most important things (words). I had that with me 24/7. This was how I learnt" -Interview #7 "[We need to] make sure adult immigrants are given adequate English language classes so they can better understand the environment they live in. It will help them integrate and socialise more in their new area" -Online Survey Comment "Knowing your own language fluently helps with your identity otherwise you are going to be washed from your culture. My first language was [Eastern European] but now I know more English because I’ve lived here for almost all of my life" -Interview #10

2.4.2 PREJUDICE AND STEREOTYPES While emphasising the welcome they have received from many people in Buncrana, a number of interviewees also highlighted the challenges they have faced with prejudice and stereotypes.

For some their concerns are reinforced by negative experiences. Others lack confidence to try to integrate because of the fear of what they might encounter.

"It is really hard when people tell you you’re are not Irish. People say, “Your people come here to take advantage of the system.” Yet my dad has had a job all my life" -Interview #5

people do not want you there. They are good people but it is just the way they are. They don’t want somebody strange" -Interview #2 "Whenever you are trying to do something or to get involved in something, there is this automatic thought, ‘I’m judged already. I’m not going to be included because I’m black. They won’t appreciate my input. They would rather have somebody who is white" -Interview #3 "I feel settled people don't know about Travellers or have a bad perception about Travellers.

There is a huge stigma around Travellers (that they steal or don’t want to work, etc.). It seems to be that all Travellers are painted with same brush. Yet there is diversity within the Traveller community" -Online Survey Comment

2.4.2 TRAUMA AND FEAR Some migrants also face internal barriers to integration owing to the experiences that first brought them to Ireland. Trauma and fear hinder their ability to engage with the wider population and this is particularly evident in those who have arrived as refugees or asylum seekers.

"We spent six months in [a Direct Provision Centre]. Coming here was difficult after everything we had gone through already. You are going to a place where you don’t know anything or anybody. I didn’t know my neighbours. I had a lot of fear. We did not know anyone. There was a lot of fear" -Interview #4

' It is hard for the Travellers to mix with the Settled Community. The first barrier would be the stereotypes."

-Interview #1 "There are barriers. [Some people] do not want you to be part of anything. They do not think you are good enough or valued enough. They see me as less. For a person from different ethnicity, you have to be thick skinned to go into the community. You have to be strong because

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2.4.4 RELIGION In a predominantly Catholic town, religion can either be an aid or a hindrance to social integration. For the 40% of interviewees who are Catholic there was an immediate point of connection with the majority population. While still facing some challenges, those from other Christian denominations have still found ways to practice their faith and make connections with others particularly as Buncrana’s churches have developed a strongly ecumenical ethos “I was very active in the parish [where I grew up] and a good few of my connections would be related to parish life [in Buncrana. I would be in a prayer group and in [a local] choir."

-Interview #9 “I come from a strong Christian background and strong faith. My family would pray a lot and my mother taught us how to have a strong faith.

Sometime I found it very awkward when they went to a mass or when someone died. We were kind of expected to go to these. Sometimes we were trying to figure out whether to go or no. My mother encouraged me to pray and stand strong in my own beliefs. I don’t necessarily have to do what they do.”

-Interview #3 Those from a Muslim background face the greatest difficulties without easy access to a mosque and whose dietary restrictions are not catered for in local shops in Buncrana. While wanting to take part in local events and festivals, dietary requirements (such as Halal meat and the prohibition on alcohol) mean Muslims can feel unable to participate. Significantly some interviewees, focus group members and survey respondents seemed sensitive to this challenge and took time to highlight the needs of the Muslim community, even though not Muslims themselves. The challenges for Muslim families were exacerbated during lockdown restrictions.

"For the Muslim families in Buncrana there is no place for example like a mosque to study religion, to learn Arabic or to pray."

-Online Survey Comment

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"[Because we are Muslim] the difficult thing is that all the men have to go to Letterkenny or Derry to pray. It is far away and transport is an issue. When it was lockdown, they could not go o the mosque because of Covid. If there are no places of worship here in Buncrana for us, it is difficult..

-Interview #4 "I feel like it is hard for Muslims and people from other religions. They should add more Halal shops and be more culturally accepting. A mosque. There are only really Catholic or Protestant churches, which is kind of sad."

-Interview #10 "I have a friend who is Muslim. Their nearest mosque is in Letterkenny. It is not accessible.

They have to drive 45 minutes to practice their religion in a religions space. They're not thought about" -Focus Group Comment "In a few months time it is the Eid celebration.

If we can have a party here to celebrate for all the [Muslims] that would be wonderful. [We have had] too many Eids here in Ireland that don’t feel like Eid because we have nowhere to gather and celebrate" -Interview #10

Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana

2.4.5 KNOWLEDGE AND KNOW-HOW One barrier that also offers hope and potential for the future is in the area of knowledge and know-how. In our online survey 27% of people affirmed, “I'd like to interact with people from other cultures but don't know how.” This finding was affirmed in online comments and by one interviewee "I'd like to be involved in reaching out to new residents and help them integrate into our Community' -Online Survey Comment "You always want to do the right thing but sometimes it is scary [to think about intervening when racism is happening]. I would not necessarily shout. I wouldn’t want to make it worse" -Focus Group Comment "It would be good if there is a group to welcome newcomers. I’ve seen a few [newcomers] in town but I never have any chance of actually meeting them to talk to them. I do not know where they live. If there was a group of people who make an effort to try and visit and make people feel welcome and invite them to a gathering with some of the local people. I’m sure a lot of local people here would be willing to come and meet these new people. People are the same whatever colour they are. Sometimes small towns can be narrow-minded too because this is all they have seen in their lives. It is the fear of the new and unknown. They do not know and so they are afraid. People’s story can change that. We don’t know how blessed we are. We complain about the weather but it would be great if people could have more understanding of the plight of the ethnic minorities and refugees, to have more compassion and empathy" -Interview #2

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2.5 ATTITUDES TO SOCIAL INCLUSION AND COMMUNITY INTEGRATION Sometimes small towns can be narrow-minded too because this is all they have seen in their lives.

It is the fear of the new and unknown.

- Interview #9

Online survey respondents were asked about their views of social integration and inclusion by ticking the statements that best reflect their views. The most popular response (almost two thirds) was a desire to see more social inclusion.

One in five people (21%) feel happy with the way things are but this drops to 17% of those from Black and Minority Ethnic Backgrounds. While there was some agreement, in this section there was also significant divergence of opinion with white Irish and people of “any other white background” more likely to have a positive view of the status quo.

BUNCRANA'S AN INCLUSIVE COMMUNITY -22.5% "I believe Buncrana is very inclusive. Newcomers are treated very fairly and given every opportunity both in education and the worplace" -Online comment MINORITIES FEEL EXCLUDED IN BUNCRANA -17% "[Look at] what happened in Moville a few years

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ago with the hotel getting burned down. There is a fear of change and this needs to be addressed, which starts from kindergarten up" -Online comment "[We need to] recognise our privilege. It is important to recognise how good we have it in a predominantly white place and how excluded people of colour feel. Have empathy" -Focus Group Comment I WOULD LIKE TO SEE MUCH MORE SOCIAL INCLUSION -62% "I'd like to be involved in reaching out to new residents and help them integrate into our community" -Online Comment I AM HAPPY WITH THE WAY THINGS ARE -22% "It's fine as it is. People are friendly and welcoming. The whole point of coming to Ireland is to experience Irish culture not to change it."

-Online Survey Comment

Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana

One interviewee whose personal experience has been positive also acknowledged that not everyone is welcomed the same way. While not coming from a white Irish perspective, this interviewee sought to understand why some find it hard to embrace newcomers: People are the same whatever colour they are.

Sometimes small towns can be narrow-minded too because this is all they have seen in their lives. It is the fear of the new and unknown. They do not know and so they are afraid. People’s story can change that. We don’t know how blessed we are. We complain about the weather but it would be great if people could have more understanding of the plight of the ethnic minorities and refugees. To have more compassion and empathy -Interview #9

IT IS IMPORTANT FOR MIGRANTS TO KEEP THEIR OWN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE -33% "I believe that everyone should keep their own culture as much as possible but also respect that of the area they choose to live" -Online Survey Comment I WOULD PREFER TO SEE LESS IMMIGRATION -5.3% " I think Irish culture should not have to be diluted with new people coming in from other countries" -Online Survey Comment

ETHNIC DIVERSITY ENRICHES A COMMUNITY -57.5% "I love to be integrating with people from all over the world. I believe we need to be an open minded and treat everyone equally" -Online Survey Comment One interviewee expanded on the benefits both individually and corporately of valuing and respecting different cultures and how it works both ways.

"I would love to see Buncrana people encouraging difference, encouraging people from different backgrounds to be part of the community and welcoming them. It will enrich the town because a person from a different background will bring in their language, their culture, their way of life, their food. If the Irish people do not engage, they will miss out. It is very good for the community to include people from different backgrounds. I have learnt a lot from this culture. It is working both ways."

-Interview #5 PEOPLE LIVING IN IRELAND SHOULD ADAPT TO IRISH CULTURE -16%

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If people would learn to look at each other beyond the colour of a skin and know the person.

There are a lot of good-hearted people who could make an impact on changing communities and transforming lives.

- Interview #3

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Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana

3.0

IDEAS FOR COMMUNITY INTEGRATION One of the key aims of this research was to gather ideas for greater community and social integration from the people most likely to be affected by isolation and exclusion. Clearly conducting research in the midst of the pandemic was not ideal in this respect, either in terms of opportunities for focus group gatherings etc. or in terms of people’s confidence in being able to implement positive ideas. However both the online survey and the interviewees did provide a rich dataset of comments and suggestions.

These were analysed and grouped according to key themes.

3.1 LEARNING ABOUT DIFFERENT CULTURES Both in the online comments and the interviews, many people suggested events and programmes to help people understand cultural differences "Why not have a story time where everyone is able to share their background, where they come from, what is significant about their country and what they miss. Everyone will feel welcomed and appreciated they will know they matter and can be involved in the community where they live. Irish people could share they own story and background and what is the significant about their. Information is key!"

-Online comment

"Have nights where local people from other cultures do a presentation of their way of life so we can see these people are just like us, even if there is a language barrier" -Online comment "Organise events that would allow non-Irish people to share/teach their culture/traditions" -Online comment

3.2 EDUCATION Online comments repeatedly referred to the need for education at all levels to dispel myths, prejudices and stereotypes.

"There are a lot of good things in the Traveller culture. We are quite good at being there for each other. Even if we are not family, we can all come together. We are good at arts and crafts.

It would be great for Settled people to learn more about the Traveller culture" -Interview #1

"Maybe we would also need some kind of information evening for local people, to let them know when new people are coming and help them to understand. There are common misunderstandings like people are coming to ‘take our jobs" -Online comment

"[We need to] give people a deeper understanding of different cultures. The problems stem from ignorance. They are not really taught about different cultures. Africans [for example] come from backgrounds where we embrace family not just in terms of your relatives. There is a great sense of friendliness, respect and honouring people. In African culture, I would call you “my auntie” - a great sense of respect. It would be great if people could welcome that, learn from it and not to look at it as a strange thing. Understanding more about the culture people come from is a way of showing respect and inclusion" -Interview #3

Work with young people in schools to teach them about different cultures and if they were taught out-dated segregating views from their parents or older generations, learn how to question them -Online comment "Education of young people is key I believe, for long-term results although great progress is already underway:" -Online comment "Run anti-racism workshops (within schools and the public)" -Online comment

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3.3 VOLUNTEERING Several interviewees found opportunities for integration through volunteering with local projects. One highlighted the two-fold benefits of “giving back” to the local community while also building friendships and making connections.

"I moved here and at the beginning I didn’t know anybody. I wasn’t connected to the community. I started looking for places to go and help. I started volunteering to get out of the house and be part of the community. I felt better about myself when I was volunteering. Over the years people started to talk to me" -Interview #2 3.4 CULTURAL CELEBRATIONS In the interviews, a number of people mentioned the importance of cultural celebrations and being able to share these with those outside their own ethnicities. Some types of events might lend themselves to mutual celebration, while others (for example Eid for the Muslims or a national day for some Eastern Europeans) could be an opportunity for local people to join and celebrate alongside their neighbours from other cultures.

Many ethnic minorities would like to share in and celebrate alongside their Irish neighbours for St. Patrick’s Day but feel hesitant - they are waiting to be invited.

For a celebration: "it would be great to be able to celebrate everyone’s background. The only thing [for us] is that there is no alcohol or anything that we cannot eat. If it is any celebration that we can take part, we will come to it if you invite us. It is good for us to celebrate and to mix with each other" -Interview #4 "I think that would be a perfect way to [celebrate different cultures would be by encouraging people to participate in St. Patrick’s Day. People would be interested if they were invited.

I remember, one time when we used to live in Letterkenny, they had a St. Patrick’s Day Parade.

We were there with a group of African guys so we played drums and marched in the parade. It was a great way to get involved and to participate" -Interview #3

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"In June, we celebrate [our independence] and it is a really big deal. We dance and celebrate.

We gather together with all of our friends [from our country]. We celebrate and sing our cultural songs. It is a big deal" -Interview #10

"We have a large Polish community. Maybe celebrate their culture with baking or a national day" -Online comment.

3.5 COOKING DEMONSTRATIONS OR MULTI CULTURAL FOOD EVENTS Online comments and interviews repeatedly suggested gatherings where people could experience food from different cultures or watching cooking demonstrations. One interviewee offered to do a demonstration of food from her culture.

"We could do a cooking class where we can get involved the whole family the children also! I did this in Dublin and we were integrating with people from all over the world. Every week someone else came and shared their recipes" -Online comment.

"Have cultural food tasting events" -Online comment 3.6 WORKSHOP & ACTIVITIES Many online comments supported the idea of getting to know one another in an informal setting while learning or sharing a skill - some of those mentioned include: craft workshops, knitting groups, jewellery making, art workshops, etc. where different people could meet and get to know one another.

"Activities are a great way of learning about each other's culture e.g. cooking, crafting, music - where language is less of a barrier. In an informal setting there is less fear of making a mistake and offending people" -Online comment 3.7 OPPORTUNITIES FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING AND ENGLISH CONVERSATION Interviews highlighted the challenge of language learning as a barrier to integration and multiple online comments highlighted the need for English Language classes and opportunities for English conversation for people whose first language is not English.

"Make sure adult immigrants are given adequate English language classes so they can better understand the environment they live in. It will help them integrate and socialise more in their new area" -Online comment

Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana

Have spaces, like this, for people to meet and share and make friends. So they can relate to one another and feel welcome

3.8 BECOME ALLIES For those who have experienced the greatest level of exclusion, there was a plea for the majority population to become allies and facilitate integration and inclusion

3.3 VOLUNTEERING There were several suggestions of cultural events involving market stalls or similar ways of displaying the variety of cultures and backgrounds in Buncrana.

"[White people] can use their privilege in a positive way to support people from different minority. That is powerful and important."

-Interview #2

"I would love to see markets whereby every culture in Buncrana could get involved and share food and drink from their cultures, and customers could purchase items. For example, in the style of the Derry Christmas markets with a festival atmosphere where all different cultures are catered for" -Online comment

3.2 JUST BE TOGETHER Online comments repeatedly suggested the need for opportunities to be together in an informal and relaxed space in order to get to know one another and break down barriers. This was backed up by on interviewee who had experienced something similar whilst living in another country.

"We had a BBQ and invited our friends from different parts of the city: some wealthy, some poor. We didn’t treat them any differently. They all mixed and they all got along. It would never have occurred to them to spend time with one another. They came in and discovered they have a whole lot more in common than they thought" -Interview #5 "There are very few opportunities to meet people, more so over the last year, which makes it more difficult for the future integration" -Online comment "Have spaces, like this, for people to meet and share and make friends. So they can relate to one another and feel welcome" -Focus Group Comment

"Perhaps a multicultural fair or market with representative stalls of different cultures which exist in Buncrana. Locals could try foodstuffs and ask questions. A public location may entice those less likely to voluntarily attend such an event" -Online comment

3.11 BETTER COMMUNICATION A number of comments both online and in interviews, highlighted the need for more effective communication channels. Interviewees frequently commented on not knowing about courses or events or not feeling welcome to engage with those they have heard about "There's a lot going on but it's often poorly advertised" -Online comment "There were [events] going on but nobody told me about them. I never heard anything about them."

-Interview #7

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The unexamined life is not worth living.

- Socrates

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Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana

4.0

RECOMMENDATIONS “Listening to Empower Change” was an opportunity for us to listen to different members of our community on issues of racism and social inclusion. It has provided insights into both the lived experiences of minority ethnic communities and the attitudes of people across Buncrana with regards to integration.

The findings suggest many possible ways forward as Buncrana seeks to grow and mature as a multi-cultural community. It is important to affirm and build on Buncrana’s strengths as a friendly, safe and welcoming community while being willing at the same time to acknowledge where negative behaviours have, at times, been tolerated or overlooked.

Using community development principles of working with (not for) minority ethnic communities, there is potential to strengthen integration and continue to eliminate the negatives of disrespect, racism and discrimination that have at times caused hurt and offense to some members of our community.

Reflecting on these findings and particularly on the perspectives, ideas and suggestions of our interviewees, we would recommend the following actions as we seek to build a flourishing multi-cultural community in Buncrana. Clearly in the middle of a pandemic, some suggestions may not be possible or may need to be started as online activities

4.1 INTENTIONAL EDUCATION & TRAINING Consider how to engage with young people about racism and discrimination in schools and how to bring this education to the wider community. While it can be difficult to bring about change in people’s attitudes, consider interactive training methods to facilitate empathy and self-awareness in these matters. Find ways of engaging the strong sense of justice among many articulate young people to help advocate for a safer, more respectful and inclusive culture in schools as well as in the society at large. It is important to bear in mind the inter-sectionality of different types of discrimination and exclusion, which also affect the white majority population (e.g. physical and intellectual disability, gender, sexuality and religion).

4.3 FACILITATE VOLUNTEERING Provide specific opportunities for ethnic minority communities to volunteer with local groups (e.g.

Tidy Towns, Insight Inishowen, etc.) and if necessary, training for those groups to welcome and include new members.

4..4 CREATE OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE CONVERSATION With the language barrier proving to be one of the greatest challenges facing newer ethnic minorities in Buncrana, community responses could be developed to help individuals and families to practice their English and grow in fluency. Consider small group interactions that are culturally sensitive and targeted at those who are least likely to have strong English skills (e.g. stay-athome mothers and older people).

4.2 ENCOURAGE DIVERSE PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY EVENTS AND PROGRAMMES Eliminating obstacles to participation and providing clear invitations are important. Consider organising events or activities with the expressed intention of enabling different cultural and ethnic groups to meet and interact e.g. craft workshops, cooking demonstrations, etc. This links with 4.8 in terms of improving communication.

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4.5 CELEBRATE CULTURE Consider incorporating diversity and cultural celebrations into existing local festivals such as the St. Patrick’s Day, Feel Good Fortnight, the Amazing Grace Festival and others. Consider ideas such as food tasting, storytelling, art, national dress, dance and music as a way of sharing and diversity and providing opportunities for different groups to engage with one another. In these matters, representatives from ethnic minority communities may be open to leading or organising specific events or programmes, joining planning groups or making suggestions for how to do this. Many have skills that they would be keen to contribute..

4.6 MPROVE ADVERTISING & COMMUNICATION OF EVENTS & PROGRAMMES Look at how events and programmes are advertised and consider ways of improving communication with those who a less likely to hear about opportunities “through the grapevine” One option here would be to consider identifying local “ambassadors” who would work to disseminate information across certain groupings and to leverage language classes, religious gatherings and schools to reach those who may not otherwise feel welcome to community events.

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4.7 COMMUNITY FORUM Would it be possible to opportunities for people in all sectors of the community to meet and talk with local politicians and other community leaders in a safe space? “Question and Answer” sessions could help people understand public policy or raise concerns, tackle more sensitive subjects or ask questions about local issues. Careful facilitation could ensure such discussions are conducting in a respectful way. For example, the Muslim community would be grateful for the chance to explore the possibility of having a mosque in Inishowen along with public representatives and local community leaders.

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LISTENING TO EMPOWER CHANGE Exploring Racism and Inclusion in Buncrana

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The author would like to thank all the participants for generously sharing their time and perspectives.

We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Community Integration Fund 2020 administered by the Department of Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth that supported us in carrying out this research, which also involved a contribution of more than 35 volunteer hours on the part of The Exchange team.

The author would also like to express thanks to the Donegal Intercultural Platform, the Donegal Travellers Project and the Refugee Resettlement Programme for their help and advice in developing the survey questions, to Inishowen Development Partnership and Inishowen Social Prescribing for support and encouragement and to the individual translators / interpreters who enabled us to overcome language barriers.

First published in 2021.

© The Exchange Inishowen CLG All rights reserved

RUTH GARVEY-WILLIAMS AUTHOR