Pt. 3: Portfolio - Dewobroto Adhiwignyo (2023)

THE

urban development

urban design

landscape design

architecture

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO

urban planning

INTER DISC CIP LINAR RIAN

ARCHI L-DES U-DES

North-West Elevation of the Great Synagogue Memorial 10

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South-East Elevation of the Great Synagogue Memorial 0m

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North-East Elevation of the Great Synagogue Memorial 0m

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Legend: 1. Art Gallery and Cultural Center 2. Cafe and Restaurant 3. Outdoor Terrace (as Public Space) 4. Storage 5. Ladies Toilet 6. Gents Toilet 7. Administration Room 8. Kitchen 9. Pump Room 10. Trafo and MDP Room 11. Green Roof (as Public Space) Ground-Floor Plan of the Vokiečių Gatvė Spinal Pavilion

Roof Plan of the Vokiečių Gatvė Spinal Pavilion

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Collective Memory of Historic Urban Traces, Morphology, and Identity in Urban Revitalization: Case Study of a Former Jewish Quarter | Vilnius, Lithuania DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Conceptual Diagram of the Vokiečių Gatvė Spinal Pavilion

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Key Plan

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Concept of Materials The Great Synagogue Memorial complex uses rustic cladding material for its facades in order to commemorate historical accidents by fire. It was the time when the synagogue was burned twice in the 16th century and the 18th century, respectively. Besides the rustic cladding material, ‘undressed’ concrete and teakwood with natural textures are used in the Great Synagogue Memorial complex, as well as in Vokiečių Gatvė Spinal Pavilion. Both are used as cladding materials for the wall and the floor.

Site Section C Material Scheme for the Great Synagogue Memorial Complex and the Vokiečių Gatvė Spinal Pavilion

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Building Function:

Residential Commercial/Business

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Residential Commercial/Business

Collective Memory of Historic Urban Traces, Morphology, and Identity in Urban Revitalization: Case Study of a Former Jewish Quarter | Vilnius, Lithuania

Building Function:

Building Function: Residential Commercial/Business

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Main Entrance to the Site of the Great Synagogue Memorial Complex

Murals on the Spinal Pavilion in Vokiečių Gatvė: The solid walls are a commemorative element toward a discriminative housing regulation in the past that Jewish residents had no rights to have windows facing the Vokiečių gatvė.

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Collective Memory of Historic Urban Traces, Morphology, and Identity in Urban Revitalization: Case Study of a Former Jewish Quarter | Vilnius, Lithuania

Landscape Design of the Park with a Public Sitting Space: Designed as a resting area as well as a communal space, integrated with the outdoor gallery.

Landscape Design of the Park with a Public Sitting Space: Designed as a resting area as well as a communal space, integrated with the outdoor gallery.

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Walls at the Outdoor Gallery as a Metaphor of the Wailing Wall (Western Wall/Al-Buraq Wall) in Jerusalem: Displaying visual narratives (photographs, drawings, and maps) alongside textual narratives about cultural and historical significance of the Jewish Quarter in Vilnius.

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Physical Model – Scale 1:500

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Collective Memory of Historic Urban Traces, Morphology, and Identity in Urban Revitalization: Case Study of a Former Jewish Quarter | Vilnius, Lithuania

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CORDAHI HOUSE OF CULTURE ARTS AND CULTURAL CENTER Alexandria, Egypt Site Location Fouad St. (Now: Gamal Abdel Nasser St.), Cordahi Complex and Cinemaplatz – Alexandria, Egypt Date September 2016 – January 2017 Phase/Status Proposal (Master’s Program 3rd Semester Project: Architecture in Historic Context) Category Individual Project Scale Medium Type Architecture Typology Adaptive-Reuse, Community Center, Cultural Space, Heritage Building, Medium-Rise, Mixed-Use, Public Building

Location of the Site in the City of Alexandria – Source: Developed by author(s) based on Google Earth [2017].

Institution(s) Alexandria University, Brandenburg University of Technology Tutor(s) Prof. Dr. Hatem A. El-Tawil Special Thanks to Dr. Ebtissam Mohamed Farid; Dr. Hebatalla F. Aboulfadl; Prof. Dr. Nevin Gharib; Dr. Zeyad El Sayad

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Task Transforming a complex of historic buildings into an arts and cultural center using an adaptive-reuse design method.

Description Located in the historic Fouad St. (Now: Gamal Abdel Nasser St.), the site is occupied by three existing historic buildings: 1) the Alexandria Opera House; 2) the Cordahi Building 1 (apartment), and 3) the Cinemaplatz building (former cinema). In this project, the Alexandria Opera House —which is well-preserved and well-maintained— remains unintervented.

Thus, the adaptive-reuse design intervention only implicates the Cordahi Building 1 and the Cinemaplatz building.

The existing condition of the Cordahi Building is deteriorating due to poor maintenance and service, while the Cinemaplatz building is almost fully abandoned in a terrible condition.

With the change of the two existing buildings’ typologies into an arts and cultural center typology, the inner structure of the Cordahi Building 1 is being transformed to suit the needs and purposes of the mentioned new typology. The main structure of the Cinemaplatz is demolished by only preserving its existing historical facades facing Fouad St. and Al-Naby Danyal St., to be further combined with the new additional building parts.

The main challenge that is faced on this adaptive-reuse project is the existence of many archaeological sites and excavations along with historic buildings around the site due to the historic importance of the district —especially in and around the Fouad St.— that has been developed since the Hellenistic period of Alexandria (as early as 331 BC). Therefore, this adaptive-reuse project must ‘obey’ the contexts of its surrounding heritages. This includes the landmark hierarchy of Alexandria Opera House as one of the city's most important active (fully-operating/functioning) historic landmarks today.

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Alexandria Opera House Cordahi Building 1 Cinemaplatz Building Cordahi Building 2

5. Building Designed by the Same Architect (Georges Parcq) in 1928 Borderline of the Site

Exsiting Block Plan – Source: Developed by author(s) based on Google Earth [2017].

The Site in One of the World’s Oldest Streets The Cordahi Complex, once owned by George Cordahi, was built between 1918 and 1921 on the location where the old Zizinia Theatre used to exist. Located in Fouad St., adjacent to the Cinemaplatz, the whole complex was designed by a French architect, Georges Parcq (1874–1939). The Cordahi Complex consists of the Alexandria Opera House (also known as Sayyid Darwish Theatre and formerly Mohamed Aly Theatre) and two apartment buildings (Cordahi Building 1 and 2).

Fouad St., named after King Fouad I (1868–1936), played a significant role in the planning of Alexandria. After the 1952 revolt, the street’s name was changed to El Horreya St., then to Gamal Abdel Nasser St. after the late president’s death (1970).

However, Alexandrians nowadays still address it as Fouad St., a European-style street which holds a great deal of the city’s history with a number of surviving notable landmarks.

Two Images at the Bottom of the Next Page Left: Human’s-Eye View Perspective of the Cinemaplatz Building and the Cordahi Buildings Taken from Fouad Street (1943) – Source: https://14weeksworthofsocks.com/ (Paula Sillars) [2018].

Right: Human’s-Eye View Perspective of the Cinemaplatz Building and the Cordahi Buildings Taken from Fouad Street (Existing Situation, 2016)

Cordahi House of Culture: Arts and Cultural Center | Alexandria, Egypt DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Human’s-Eye View Perspective of the Cinemaplatz Building and the Cordahi Building 1 Taken from Fouad Street (Proposed Adaptive-Reuse Design)

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Source: https://www.alamy.com/ [2018].

Source: http://english.ahram.org.eg/ [2018].

Source: Awad, Mohamed.

1991. Conservation & Rehabilitation of Alexandria’s City Center.

Alexandria, Egypt: Alexandria Preservation Trust (APT).

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Source: https://www.pinterest.com/ [2018].

Source: https://www.flickr.com/ [2018].

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Source: http://www.junetrop.com/ [2018].

Source: http://www.ephesustoursguide.com/ [2018].

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Source: https://makedonia-alexandros.blogspot.com/ [2018].

Source: https://www.amazon.com/ [2018].

Street Connectivity of Fouad Street

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Archeological Sites and Excavations of Historic Importance 1.

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Source: https://www.ebay.co.uk/ [2018].

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Source: https://www.pinterest.com/ [2018].

The Two Mausoleums Nabi Daniel Mosque Roman Theatre and Baths The Greco-Roman Museum 5. Attarine Mosque 6. Serapis Temple 7. Soma (Alexander the Great Presumed Burial Site) 8. Antique Tribunal (1882) 9. Gate of Rosetta (1882) 10. Dozen Cisterns Dating from the Islamic Period

Source: Awad, Mohamed.

1991. Conservation & Rehabilitation of Alexandria’s City Center.

Alexandria, Egypt: Alexandria Preservation Trust (APT).

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Source: https://www.flickr.com/ [2018].

Source: https://www.antilogvacations.com/ [2018].

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Cordahi House of Culture: Arts and Cultural Center | Alexandria, Egypt

Source: Awad, Mohamed.

1991. Conservation & Rehabilitation of Alexandria’s City Center.

Alexandria, Egypt: Alexandria Preservation Trust (APT).

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Source: http://sigmaproperties.net/ [2018].

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Building Styles Historic Revival Styles Neo-Classical Neo-Revival Neo-Romanesque Neo-Islamic II. Decorative Styles

III. Early Modern and International Styles

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Source: http://awad-associates.com/ [2018].

Source: http://awad-associates.com/ [2018].

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Source: http://awad-associates.com/ [2018].

Source: https://www.pinterest.com/ [2018].

Modern

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Other Styles

Art Deco Art Noveau

Cordahi Complex:

Cinemaplatz Building:

1a. Tunnel in the Cordahi Building 1 as the Main Entrance Path to the Alexandria Opera House 1b. Front Facade of the Alexandria Opera House 1c. Fisheye Aerial View of the Plaza Between the Cordahi Building 1 and the Alexandria Opera House 1d. North-Eastern Apartment Building (Cordahi Building 2) of the Cordahi Complex, Viewed from the Plaza 1e. Alley from Fouad St. Between the Cinemaplatz Building and the Cordahi Building 1

2. Roof of the Cinemaplatz Building, Viewed from the 3rd-Floor of the Cordahi Building 1

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Source: https://twitter.com/shibxa [2018].

Source: http://awad-associates.com/ [2018].

Other Buildings: 3a. Western Part of Banco di Roma (2017: National Bank of Egypt) 3b. Eastern Part of Banco di Roma (2017: National Bank of Egypt) 4. Mohamed Ali Club (2017: Alexandria Creativity Center) 5. Palazzina Aghion (2017: Office of Al-Ahram) 6. Cinema Amir 7. Villa Bassili (2017: Alexandria National Museum)

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Condition of the Abandoned Cinemaplatz Building – Source: Dr. Zeyad El Sayad

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Cordahi House of Culture: Arts and Cultural Center | Alexandria, Egypt

Conceptual Diagram of the Adaptive-Reuse Design Development

Key Plan for the Existing Condition of the Site

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Analysis of the Existing Circulation and the Physical-Spatial Condition of the Site

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Cordahi House of Culture: Arts and Cultural Center | Alexandria, Egypt Bird’s-Eye View Perspective

Site Section – Existing Condition of the Plaza in Front of the Alexandria Opera House

Guidelines and Principles

Site Section – Proposed Condition of the Plaza in Front of the Alexandria Opera House After the Adaptive-Reuse Design Intervention

This adaptive-reuse design enhances the hierarchy of the Alexandria Opera House as a heritage with the highest cultural and historical significance on the site. This aim is achieved by redefining the plaza's solid-void composition (horizontally and vertically) to generate a symmetrical-minded physical-spatial quality in responding to the symmetrical front facade of the opera house. On horizontal solid-void composition, the insignificant existing additional mass behind the Cordahi Building 1 is demolished. On vertical solid-void composition, the new building mass above the former Cinemaplatz main hall is levelling its height to the Cordahi Building 2. A commemorative steel structure imitating the exact size of the demolished Cinemaplatz main hall is also added as an urban reminder.

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Key Plan

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1. Elevator Hall 2. Janitor’s Room 3. Ladies Toilet 4. Gents Toilet 5. Reception Area 6. Food Court 7. Cafe/Resto: Kitchen & Pantry 8. Cafe/Resto: Serving Area 9. Lobby and Temporary Art Gallery 10. ATM Center 11. Praying Room (Mushalla) 12. Service Area: Staff/Employee’s Pantry 13. Service Area: Staff/Employee’s Locker Room 14. Art Gallery: Exhibition Hall 15. Souvenir & Gift Store: Display Area 16. Souvenir & Gift Store: Director’s Room 17. Souvenir & Gift Store: Storage 18. Panel & MDP Room 19. Pump Room 20. Trafo Room 21. Genset Room 22. Public Open Space (Plaza) 23. Multi-purpose Outdoor Space (Outdoor Performance Stage and Cinema) 24. Statue of Nubar Pasha 25. Alexandria Opera House / Sayyid Darwish Theatre

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26. Cordahi Building 2 (Mixed-Use Building: Residential & Commercial) 27. Mixed-Use Building: Residential & Commercial 28. Elementary School

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Main Entrance of the Alexandria Opera House Entrance to the Elementary School’s Site

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Cordahi House of Culture: Arts and Cultural Center | Alexandria, Egypt

Public Open Space (Plaza) Between the Cordahi Building 1 and the Alexandria Opera House

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Multi-purpose Outdoor Space (Outdoor Performance Stage)

Multi-purpose Outdoor Space (Outdoor Cinema)

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Elevator Hall Janitor’s Room Ladies Toilet Gents Toilet Musical Instrument Store: Display Area Musical Instrument Store: Administration Room 7. Musical Instrument Store: Director’s Room 8. Musical Instrument Store: Storage 9. Music & Film Store: Display Area 10. Music & Film Store: Administration Room 11. Music & Film Store: Director’s Room 12. Music & Film Store: Storage 13. Art Gallery: Exhibition Hall 14. Art Gallery: Administration Room 15. Art Gallery: Director’s Room 16. Art Gallery: Pantry 17. Art Gallery: Storage 17

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1. Elevator Hall 2. Janitor’s Room 3. Ladies Toilet 4. Gents Toilet 5. Green Roof 6. Book Store & Cafe: Display Area 7. Book Store & Cafe: Reading Lounge 8. Book Store & Cafe: Kitchen & Pantry 9. Music Studio: Sitting Lounge 10. Music Studio: Director’s Room 11. Music Studio: Recording Studio 1 (for Classical Music/Instruments) 12. Music Studio: Audio Mixing Room 13. Music Studio: Storage 14. Coworking Space: Working Lounge 15. Coworking Space: Administration Room 16. Coworking Space: Director’s Room 17. Coworking Space: Archive Room 18. Coworking Space: Meeting Room 19. Coworking Space: Multi-purpose Room 20. Coworking Space: Kitchen & Pantry

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1. Elevator Hall 2. Janitor’s Room 3. Ladies Toilet 4. Gents Toilet 5. Book Store & Cafe: Display Area 6. Book Store & Cafe: Administration Room 7. Book Store & Cafe: Director’s Room 8. Book Store & Cafe: Storage 9. Music Studio: Administration Room 10. Music Studio: Recording Studio 2 (for Modern Music/Instruments) 11. Music Studio: Audio Mixing Room 12. Performance Hall: Lobby 13. Performance Hall: Storage 14. Performance Hall: Stage 15. Performance Hall: Backstage 16. Performance Hall: Ladies Dressing Room 17. Performance Hall: Gents Dressing Room 18. Library: Reading Lounge 19. Library: Bookshelves Area 20. Library: Luggage Counter 21. Library: Information Center 22. Library: Administration Room 23. Library: Director’s Room 24. Library: Archive Room (for Library’s Office)

Cordahi House of Culture: Arts and Cultural Center | Alexandria, Egypt

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Elevator Hall Janitor’s Room Ladies Toilet Gents Toilet Workshop Space: Sitting Lounge Workshop Space: Workshop Room 1 Workshop Space: Workshop Room 2 Main Office of Cordahi House of Culture: Sitting Lounge 9. Main Office of Cordahi House of Culture: Pantry 10. Main Office of Cordahi House of Culture: Administration Room 11. Main Office of Cordahi House of Culture: Director’s Room 12. Performance Hall: Control Room 13. Performance Hall: Storage 14. Performance Hall: Stage 15. Library: Reading Lounge 16. Library: Bookshelves Area 17. Library: Computer Center 18. Library: Printshop & Photocopy Center 19. Library: Bookshelves Area 20. Library: Archive Room

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Elevator Hall Janitor’s Room Ladies Toilet Gents Toilet Green Roof Performance Hall: Control Room Performance Hall: Stage Lighting and Properties Area 8. Performance Hall: Stage Lighting Structure (Truss) 9. Library: Reading Lounge 10. Library: Bookshelves Area

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Legend: 1. Rooftop with Solar Panels 2. Glass Roof

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Cordahi House of Culture: Arts and Cultural Center | Alexandria, Egypt

Bridge as a Circulation Area, Connecting the Three Masses of the Building

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Void in the Adaptive-Reused Cinemaplatz Building

Elevator Hall in the Adaptive-Reused Cinemaplatz Building

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Site Sectional Perspective

Mixed-Use Building (Residential and Commercial)

Street Space

Public Open Space (Plaza)

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Concept and Development In the adaptive-reuse project, distinguishing between the old (existing) part and the new part of the building is essential, most notably when the old part is historical. In this project, this distinction issue is tackled by the use of contrasting colors and textures on the materials of building exteriors. The color pearl white on fine material textures is used on the whole exterior parts of the Cordahi Building 1 as well as on the preserved part of the Cinemaplatz building. On the other hand, darker colors (grey and dark grey) on robust material textures are gained through the use of ‘undressed’ concrete and stone cladding on the exterior walls of the new parts of the buildings.

The color pearl white on the old parts of the buildings is carried by the intention to match two other historic public arts and cultural buildings in Fouad St.: Mohamed Ali Club (Alexandria Creativity Center) and Villa Bassili (Alexandria National Museum), which their exterior walls are also painted in white.

The continuity of public space between the plaza in front of the Alexandria Opera House and the outdoor performance stage is carried out for the improvement of urban space quality on the site and its surrounding areas. This improvement is achieved through a holistic strategy of integrative urban space by considering the solid-void composition, the circulation axis, and the view axis. Moreover, the strategy is also based on commemorative elements of the demolished Cinemaplatz building.

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Multi-Purpose Outdoor Space (Outdoor Performance Stage and Cinema)

Diagram of Site Circulation and View Axes

Circulation Axis View Axis

Public Open Space (Plaza)

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Cordahi House of Culture: Arts and Cultural Center | Alexandria, Egypt

Vertical Circulation

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Horizontal Circulation

Diagram of Building Circulation Spaces

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Key Plan

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Context of the Surrounding Building Heights Contextual and harmonious physical-spatial quality with the surrounding buildings is one of the primary considerations in this adaptive-reuse project. Besides enhancing the hierarchy of the Alexandria Opera House through a symmetrical-minded physical-spatial quality at the Cordahi Building 1’s backyard (the urban plaza with the statue of Nubar Pasha), it is also necessary to carefully formulating the heights of the building front sides in Fouad St. This formulation is done with providing an excellent physical-spatial quality along the street space of Fouad St., as the street is a historic street with many beautiful historic buildings and cultural heritages.

As can be seen on Site Section A, the existing 5-storey building on the left adjacent to the former Cinemaplatz building is one storey lower than the existing 6-storey Cordahi Building 1. Hence, to level the building height adjacent to the left, the new building on the former Cinemaplatz site is designed as a 6-storey building, which its 6th-storey consists of two areas of green roof on the left and right wing of the building mass. Thus, the left and right wings of the new building rooftop are on the same floor level as its adjacent existing building rooftop on its left.

However, to create a harmonious continuity of building heights with the adjacent 6-storey Cordahi Building 1 on the right, ‘naked’ steel structures as artificial ceilings are constructed on both green roofs.

Therefore, those artificial ceilings act as the artificial rooftop of the new building, whose height is on the same level as the existing Cordahi Building 1 rooftop.

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Cordahi House of Culture: Arts and Cultural Center | Alexandria, Egypt

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Typology and Datum of the Existing Building Facades in Fouad St.

Typology and Datum of the Existing Building Facade

Existing Building Facade

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Cordahi House of Culture: Arts and Cultural Center | Alexandria, Egypt

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Key Plan for Typology and Datum of the Building Facades in Fouad St.

Typology and Datum of the Building Facades in the Adaptive-Reuse Architecture Project

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Context of the Surrounding Building Facades Typology and Datum As four of the five existing buildings (on and around the site) facing Fouad St. were designed by the same architect (Georges Parcq), it is not a coincidence that the four buildings have a similar pattern of the front facade typology and datum. However, despite the different building styles, the Cinemaplatz building —the only building that Georges Parcq did not design— also adopts a similar sense of pattern on its front facade typology and datum.

The discussed front facade typology and datum is the “Y-X-Y” rhyme, which means each building adopts a symmetrical front facade that consists of three parts: one middle/central part (X), flanked by two other parts (Y) flipped horizontally to one another on the left side and the right side.

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IZBAT BURJ RASHEED

URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE Rasheed, Egypt Site Location Settlement Area Around the Qaitbay Fort – Rasheed, Egypt Date March 2016 – August 2016

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Phase/Status Proposal (Master’s Program 2nd Semester Project: Urban Development) Category Group Project Project Team Anandit Sachdev, Dewobroto Adhiwignyo, Maggie L. Magar, Nourhan Abdel-Rahman, Pooja V. Prabhu Scale Extra Large Type Urban Development Typology Agriculture, Aquaculture, Coastal Community, Heritage, Informal Settlement, Local Economy, Regional Economy Institution(s) Cairo University, Brandenburg University of Technology Tutor(s) Dr. Nabeel M. Elhady, B.Arch., M.Sc.; Momen M. El-Husseiny, B.Arch., M.Sc., Ph.D. Special Thanks to Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, Egypt; Water Resources Research Institute, Egypt; Eng. Ahmed Eladawy; Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Frank Schwartze; Dr. Khalid Khair-Eldeen; Wael Gamal

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Task Documenting all research related to Izbat Burj Rasheed and climate change scenarios to provide a suitable urban development proposal at the national, delta, regional, and local levels.

Description The Nile Delta is facing severe threats relating to climate change scenarios. Research has predicted that by 2100, the northern delta will have to deal with a sea level rise of 70–100 cm and a 2.5 °C rise in mean temperature. The results of such slight shifts in climatic parameters will cause massive losses to human resources.

Such irreversible climatic conditions threaten numerous urban-rural settlements in the northern delta. One such settlement in the north of the delta, a kilometer away from the Mediterranean Sea, is Izbat Burj Rasheed, a sister village to the historic Rasheed settlement. The settlement has grown around the Qaitbay Fort, where the famous Rosetta Stone was discovered during the French occupation. The potential loss of heritage clubbed with failing economies in the face of climate change poses a threat not only to the people of the settlement but stand to disrupt more extensive economic and anthropological networks, both nationally and globally.

The final proposal aims to deal with highly sensitive issues that plague many facets of the settlement in a holistic way centered around the settlement's inhabitants.

The Site The settlement of Izbat Burj Rasheed lies on the northern delta, a kilometer away from the Mediterranean Sea. The settlement lies at the eastern fringe of the Beheria Governorate of the Nile Delta. The sister village to the historic Rasheed settlement is a comparatively newly found village which has grown around the Qaitbay Fort (previously known as the Julien Fort), where the famous Rosetta Stone was discovered during the French occupation. Today, the fort stands on the river edge in a dilapidated state with little to no historical or socio-cultural significance for the surrounding settlement.

The site area chosen in the settlement of Izbat Burj Rasheed is an immediate 2 x 0.9 km area around the Qaitbay Fort. This area is socially rich, even though historically dilapidated and dysfunctional.

An International City As an international city, Rosetta —Western pronunciation of “Rasheed”— is the main port on the western side of the Nile Delta after Alexandria. It was the primary western point of entry into Egypt throughout the Middle Ages and modern times because the Rosetta Branch of the Nile led directly to Cairo. It was also an important center for the distribution of exports from Egypt. The town was well-defended and the famous Julien Fort (now Qaitbay Fort) was constructed using stone from sites in the delta. A number of stone blocks, perhaps originally from Sais, can be seen embedded in the walls.

For this reason, the eminent Egyptologist Labib Habachi suggested that the Rosetta Stone found at the fort had originally been set up at Sais.

The Beheria Governorate is one of the prime governorates in the Nile Delta not only due to its location and connectivity with the rest of the country but also due to the activities and economies it contributes both nationally and internationally.

Out of the total, 87% of the land in the Beheria Governorate is agricultural land being used for the cultivation of both seasonal and perennial crops, such as sugarcane, fruits, vegetables, rice, wheat, maize, and clover.

In addition to agriculture, many farmers and locals also invest in secondary economic activities such as woodwork, fisheries, wage labour, etc. The area is also famous for its rice and palm cultivation. The most exported crop from the area is rice, palm, and clover. Being close to the Nile, the river still dominates the social life in the villages and settlements.

The shipping industry thrives in these parts and is closely supported by the fisheries and tourism industries.

Economic Activities and Lands in Kafr El Seikh and Beheria Governorate Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt – Governorate Areas.

The Nile NILE BASIN 2841 p/km2

The Greek historian Herodotus wrote, “Egypt was the gift of the Nile.” An unending source of sustenance, it played a crucial role in the development of Egyptian civilization. Silt deposits from the Nile made the surrounding land fertile because the river overflowed its banks annually. The ancient Egyptians cultivated and traded wheat, flax, papyrus, and other crops around the Nile. Wheat is a crucial crop in the famine-plagued Middle East. This trading system secured Egypt’s diplomatic relationships with other countries and contributed to economic stability. This river has had a crucial role to play in the development of the Egyptian civilization.

Izbat Burj Rasheed: Urban Development in the Face of Climate Change | Rasheed, Egypt

A City of National and Local Importance

Density by the Nile Valley Population density around the Nile is one of the highest compared to other river valleys worldwide.

Growth in Relation to Water Availability

Source: 900 km Nile City. 2010.

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

The population of Egypt is estimated to be around 9 million by the year 2025, whereas the water availability is estimated to be less than 1 m³ per capita.

This stark comparison gives a sense of the limited water resources Egypt is going to face in the near future.

The 2 x 0.9 km² Site, Settlement Area Around the Qaitbay Fort

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A. Rosetta Mouth – Source: Google Earth

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B. Cairo – Source: Google Earth [2016].

C. Aswan – Source: Google Earth [2016].

D. Lake Nasser – Source: Google Earth

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Aswan High Dam – Source: Google Earth [2016].

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Brick Factories – Source: Google Earth [2016].

Edfina Barrage – Source: Google Earth [2016].

Physical Interventions As discussed earlier, many physical interventions have been created to control the flow of the river to support agriculture and communities. On the other hand, many physical interventions are infrastructural and might be formal or informal. Starting in upper Egypt, the Aswan High Dam has directly influenced the water availability, land erosion and shoreline recess. Upstream, the Edfina barrage controls the water on the Rosetta branch of the Nile and provides water to all agricultural lands before the Nile meets the sea. In addition, shoreline protection methods have been added in the last decade to check the soil erosion caused by the sea and the Aswan High Dam. Furthermore, the informal brick factories on the Rosetta branch are an added intervention.

The factories are an informal secondary economy that uses the river's soil. These factories also use the river to transport raw and finished goods upstream and downstream.

Nile in Egypt – Source: Google Earth [2016].

Source: Eng. Ahmed Eladawy

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Soil Compositions and Soil Pollution – Salinity in the Delta

Metal Sedimentation Rasheed (East and West) contains the highest mean of toxic metal sedimentation amongst all Egyptian Mediterranean cities.

Metal sedimentation in Egyptian cities is the highest in the Mediterranean basin.

The settlement falls under the zones with highly saline soils, and this scenario is bound to worsen if it goes unchecked in the face of climate change, potentially damaging the ecosystem and the agricultural economy.

Source: ICLEI (Local Governments for Sustainability) World Congress 2014. Proceedings of the Resilient Cities. Bonn, Germany.

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Source: Naglaa Farag Soliman, et al. 2015.

Potential Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals in Sediments from the Mediterranean Coast. Alexandria, Egypt: Alexandria University.

The settlement falls in the region having a high area covered as a catchment area. Most of the other regions in the northern delta have similar topographical components.

Source: ICLEI (Local Governments for Sustainability) World Congress 2014. Proceedings of the Resilient Cities. Bonn, Germany.

The area around Izbat Burj Rasheed is abundant in rice cultivation. Around 50% of the agricultural land is occupied with rice cultivation, while the rest is wheat, palm, sugarcane, and other crops.

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Source: ICLEI (Local Governments for Sustainability) World Congress 2014. Proceedings of the Resilient Cities. Bonn, Germany.

Shoreline Advancement and Retreat Along Rosetta Promontory (1500–2005) From the 1500s to the 1900s, the delta kept expanding when the soil was deposited with the river. This situation changed rapidly in the 1900s when the river water started getting more controlled for human consumption and agricultural use. Until the early 1970s, the land at the Rosetta's mouth had recessed more than 3 km. This shoreline recession continued until 1995 when erosion prevention measures were implemented. Presently, even with the protection shoreline in place, the erosion continues. This shows the fragile relationship between the land and the water, mainly at the mouth of the tributary.

Regional Dead Zones Shoreline Advancement and Retreat Along Rosetta Promontory (1500–2005) – Source: Eng. Ahmed Eladawy

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Dead zones are hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas in the world’s

5%

The original soil composition is suitable for intensive agriculture. This stands to be effected by sea water intrusion, irrational utilization of agricultural lands, and other infrastructural problems such as water logging, salinization, and alkalization.

3%

11% 2%

92%

87%

8%

1% 1%

90%

Source: ICLEI (Local Governments for Sustainability) World Congress 2014. Proceedings of the Resilient Cities. Bonn, Germany.

Distribution of Families by Water Source (Within the Public Water Network)

Distribution of Families by Water Source (Outside the Public Water Network)

Distribution of Families

by Access to Sewage Network

Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

The delta aquifer has 300 billion m³ of water.

The current annual rate of groundwater withdrawal from the valley and the delta aquifers is 6.13 billion m³ per year. Almost thirty wells are located north of Mahmudia Canal, with a maximum depth of 40 m, although none is suitable for drinking.

Source: ICLEI (Local Governments for Sustainability) World Congress 2014. Proceedings of the Resilient Cities. Bonn, Germany.

Drainage and Wastewater Systems

Izbat Burj Rasheed: Urban Development in the Face of Climate Change | Rasheed, Egypt

Soil Compositions and Soil Pollution – Delta Aquifers

The number of Nile Delta branches was significant according to historic versions and maps from Herodotus (484–425 B.C.) to El-Idrisi (1099–1154 A.D.) This number ranged from 3 to 16 branches from the old Pleusiac branch (east) to the Canopic (west). These many branches have now been reduced to one (Rasheed) in the west, affecting the drainage and increasing the risk of flooding in case of rains, storms, and rising sea levels. The drainage system today is somewhat less developed. In some cases, fertile lands are not cultivated due to the lack of drains.

oceans and large lakes caused by excessive nutrient pollution from human activities and other factors deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water. Recorded low oxygen levels have led to reproductive problems in fish involving decreased size of reproductive organs, low egg counts, and lack of spawning. In a study of the Gulf killifish in three bays along the Gulf Coast, fish living in bays where the oxygen levels in the water dropped to 1 to 2 parts per million (ppm) for three or more hours per day were found to have smaller reproductive organs. The male gonads were 34 to 50% as large as males of similar size in bays with normal oxygen levels (6 to 8 ppm). Females were found to have ovaries that were half as large as those in normal oxygen levels. The number of eggs in females living in hypoxic waters was only one-seventh of the number of eggs in fish residing in normal oxygen levels. (Landry, et al., 2004)

Drainage and Fresh Water System Layout “The underground network of drainage pipes runs in a quasi-orthogonal arrangement irrespective of the property lines that divide the fields. Farmers pay 2200 LE per feddan for the drainage system installation and are compensated for land given up for the open drains. Evenly, spaces and perforated lateral pipes, 80 mm in diameter, lie 1.2 to 2 m under the ground and 30 to 60 apart. Collectors, 20 to 45 cm in diameter, connect the laterals to an open drain. Therefore, the open canals have 3 hierarchical levels.”

Source: ETH Basel, Summer Semester 2009 Student Work. 2009. The Nile Valley. Basel, Switzerland.

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Source: ICLEI (Local Governments for Sustainability) World Congress 2014. Proceedings of the Resilient Cities. Bonn, Germany.

Julien Fort with an Egyptian Boat – Source: Gravura, R. Phillips. 1803.

In: Wittman, William: “Travels in Turkey, Asia Minor, Syria, and across the desert into Egypt during the years 1799, 1800, and 1801, in company with the Turkish army and the British military mission.

To which are annexed, observations on the plague and the diseases prevalent in Turkey, and a meteorological journal.”

Riverfront Besides the Qaitbay Fort

River Navigation

River Navigation

Qaitbay Fort, Viewed from Riverfront Area

Fisheries

Fisheries

Inner Complex of the Qaitbay Fort

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Brick Factories

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History of the Qaitbay Fort

Local Tourism

Local Commerce

The Qaitbay Fort (previously known as the Julien Fort) is located on the left bank of the Nile, in the heart of the settlement of Izbat Burj Rasheed, about two kilometers north-east of Rasheed (Rosetta) on the north coast of Egypt. History goes back to a primitive fortification built in the 15th century by the forces of the Ottoman Empire, by determining the Mamluk sultan Qait Bey. In the context of Napoleon Bonaparte’s campaign in Egypt and Syria (1798–1801), French troops occupied the fort under the command of Lieutenant Pierre-François Bouchard on July 19, 1798, and it was then that the reconstructions of ancient fortification in ruins started. During these works, in the middle of the month, they found the famous Rosetta Stone (Courrier de l’Égypte, #37 (2 Fructidor year 7/1799) p. 3), which would later help Champollion to decipher hieroglyphs.

The fort was renamed “Julien Fort” in honor of Thomas Prosper Jullien, one of the camp aids of Napoleon. This fort, along with many others, constituted an important link in the French defensive line, the route to Cairo, closing access from the Mediterranean to the lower reaches of the Nile, being supported in this role by gunboats of the Navy, operating in that part of the river. During the Battle of Abu Qir, a part of the defense wall gave way on April 18, 1801, exposing the French defenders to the fire of Ottoman shooters. On April 19, the French garrison capitulated, opening the Nile to the British and the Ottoman forces.

Palm Cultivation

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Shipping Vessels

Source: Walsh, Thomas. 1803. “Journal of the late campaign in Egypt: including descriptions of que country, Gibraltar, Minorca, Malta, Marmorice, and Macri, with an appendix containing papers and official documents”, 118. T. Cadell and W. Davies.

Rural Riverbank Typologies

Promenade

Agricultural and Residential Areas

Shipdocks

Ship Docks

Fisheries

Fisheries

Mixed-Use Buildings (Residential and Commercial)

Residential Areas

Left: The settlement lacks community spaces along the river. A few cafes and shisha shops serve during the day that open toward the river and the settlement, although the river is littered with drainage, sewerage, and garbage, making it an undesirable space for the community. The main male-dominated space is the junction of roads in the market. On the other hand, the female-dominated spaces are usually the inner courts of an open space formed by a cluster of houses with indirect access. Both these typologies of space are disconnected from the river.

Right: A riverfront was sanctioned for the central city of Rosetta and has since been conceived. The more than 2 kilometers long riverfront doesn’t host many social activities in the morning, although it is abuzz in the evening.

Most of the riverbanks around Rasheed have sadly turned into dumping grounds for solid waste, although the practice has a historic component. — Quotation: “Waste has been dumped into the river for ages. The difference today is the sheer amount of refuse and its altered composition. In former times, the river was able to deal with the organic matter dumped into the waters, but plastics and metals overburden its self-regulating capacities.” – Source: ETH Basel, Summer Semester 2009 Student Work. 2009. The Nile Valley. Basel, Switzerland.

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Izbat Burj Rasheed: Urban Development in the Face of Climate Change | Rasheed, Egypt

Urban Riverbank Typologies

1818

Source: https://www.oldmapsonline.org/ [2016].

This map is a mosaic of 18 maps of the Nile River delta from the famous 47-sheet Carte topographique de l’Egypte.

The 47-sheet maps show the course of the Nile from its source to the Mediterranean in remarkable detail, with all names in French and Arabic. These maps remained the most accurate of the area until the British surveys of 1907.

1926

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The map from 1926 shows Rasheed's settlement evolving with the region's topography in close accordance with the number of forts in the Abu Qir Bay. The map also shows settlements on the eastern bank of the river as well as the water canal that feeds the settlement of Rasheed. This infrastructural spine has developed through the years.

The Qaitbay fort was the second one encountered while entering the Rosetta branch of the river. The fort has a clear line of sight to the river mouth.

Source: https://www.oldmapsonline.org/ [2016].

Overlaid Map – 1926 and 2016

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This map overlays the 1926 map with the present-day 2016 map.

It shows the shore line recess due to the accessive river water control.

Along with the shoreline changes, the change in the meandering river can also be clearly seen.

Source: https://www.oldmapsonline.org/ [2016].

Sister Settlement: Izbat Burj Rasheed – c. 1900

Source: https://www.oldmapsonline.org/ [2016].

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The map shows the first traces of the sister settlement (Izbat Burj Rasheed) near the Qaitbay fort. The settlement grew north primarily because of two reasons.

Firstly, the topography of the land. The settlement is located on a slightly elevated land. This elevation extends southward to Rasheed and beyond. Secondly, the fort attracted tourists, which became a potential settlement economy.

Settlement Around the Qaitbay Fort The total area in Rosetta (city and village combined) is around 50 km², while only around 5% of that area is built up. It is therefore interesting to note that most of the areas in and around the city of Rosetta are reserved for economic activities related to the ecology.

Total Area and Total Built-up Areas of Rosetta – Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

Topography of Rasheed The city of Rasheed is situated on a comparatively higher land. The high-lying areas are up to 5 m tall. The settlement is based on the higher land to prevent it from yearly floods.

This has been a common practice. The low-lying lands are reserved for farming and other agricultural practices. Many infrastructural pipelines also run through the low-lying areas.

National Human Development Index According to the UNDP’s 2015 report indicating the human development criteria, measurement benchmarks, and indices, the Arab states as a singular region are located amongst the lowest regions in the overall human development of its population. Egypt in particular is considered within the middle human

Izbat Burj Rasheed: Urban Development in the Face of Climate Change | Rasheed, Egypt

development category in various factors. However, several severe figures are related to Egypt’s development, such as the high percentage of the population living below income poverty line, the apparent inequality between the male and female GNI, as well as the high percentage of violence against women in the country (33.7%, which is amongst the highest figures worldwide).

Urban and Rural Demography of Egypt The CAPMAS for population and areas for Egypt states that 58% of Egypt’s population lives in rural areas. 98% of the population lives in the Nile Valley, including the Nile Delta. It is also interesting to note that the Nile Valley represents 4% of Egypt’s territory. Therefore, it is safe to assume that most of the rural areas in Egypt lie in the Nile Valley, especially the river delta.

National Human Development Index of Egypt – Source: UN Human Development Report. 2015.

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Urban and Rural Demography of Egypt – Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt – Population and Areas. Census 2006.

Urban and Rural Demography of Egypt – Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt – Population, Housing, and Establishments. Census 2006.

National Distribution of Formal and Informal Settlements – Source: 900 km Nile City. 2010.

Typical Evolution of a Village in Nile Valley

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Areas

Reverse Figure-Ground

Palm Trees

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Figure-Ground

Primary Path Secondary Path Tertiary Path

Riverline

Hierarchy of Mobility Paths Area of Public Space Dominated by Men Area of Public Space Dominated by Women

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Area of Public Space Dominated by Children

Building Heights

Public Spaces Active (Moving) Occupations Area of Settlement Dominated by Fishermen Area of Settlement Dominated by Brick Factory’s Employees Area of Settlement Dominated by Farmers Passive (Non-moving) Occupations Area of Settlement Dominated by Traders and Merchants Area of Settlement Dominated by Craftmen Paths of Mobility by Occupations Formal Path of Mobility of Fishermen Formal Path of Mobility of Brick Factory’s Employees Formal Path of Mobility of Farmers Informal Path of Mobility of Fishermen

Varying Densities

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Social Patterns

Informal Path of Mobility of Brick Factory’s Employees Informal Path of Mobility of Farmers

4%

Analysis of Economic Cycles in Izbat Burj Rasheed

1% 1% 1%

Izbat Burj Rasheed: Urban Development in the Face of Climate Change | Rasheed, Egypt

2% 3%

12%

5% 10% 6%

9%

7%

7%

11% 10%

11%

Distribution of Population by Age in Rasheed – Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

Work Categories in Rasheed – Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

The old structure in the settlement are constructed using wooden beams and supports for lintels together with bricks. In many structures, one can still find palm tree trunks being used as supporting beams and columns.

The locals have renovated Most of the structures as they saw fit. Depending on their financial status, the locals have either demolished the old structures to give way for new ones or added more floors to their existing structures. In many structures, one can see bricks with wooden lintels on the lower floors; and bricks, concrete beams, and lintels on the upper floor, suggesting retrofitting.

Many old structures that have been torn down have been replaced by modern bricks and perforated bricks, with abundant use of concrete as a structural support.

Lower-storey houses made out of fly ash bricks can be observed in many places. Since these bricks are not of superior quality, they are mostly used for constructing fences and small structures for storage.

DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

Building Conditions and Materials

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1%

1%

Mobility

19%

Even though the settlement has a population of more than 18,000 residents and is an important zone of economic production at the regional and national levels, the public sector networks have not been planned to accommodate the settlement. From the research carried out in the area, it was observed that all the transportation services that ply in the region are private sector services, thereby making mobility a local economy. Even the ferry system in the Nile has been capitalized on and has been established as a secondary economy.

2%

98%

79%

Type of Ownership for Residential Buildings – Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

8%

4%

In Izbat Burj Rasheed, since the distances are short, 55% of the people walk. The Tuk Tuk is the most preferred mode of transportation for the community after walking. There are many vehicles, most of which can be found around the main market square. Many other people use bicycles. Most car or truck users are traders who transport large sums of goods between villages. Since the community is well-knit and lacks a solid public infrastructure, many modes of transportation are interlinked and mixed for community usage. Many tuktuks can be seen plying to and from the school during school hours, while the cars and trucks are used likewise. Even though not abundant, the tractors are used mainly for transporting goods or are reserved for agricultural uses.

1% 3%

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6% 1%

Type of Ownership for Residential Buildings – Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

40% 44%

45%

48%

Distribution of Families by Number of Rooms in a Household – Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

Distribution of Individuals by Number of Rooms in a Household – Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

4% 1%

3% 1%

Modes of Transportation – Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

11%

8%

9.5%

81%

95%

82.5%

96%

Distribution of Families According to Types of Residence – Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

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8%

8%

3% 1% 3%2%

1%

Distribution of Individuals According to Types of Residence – Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

Dropout Rate from Primary Education by Gender – Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

3% 1%

4% 17%

42% 25% 19% 53% 2% 16%

Population Distribution by Occupation (≥ 15 Years Old) – Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

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Population Distribution by Marital Status and Gender (≥ 16 Years Old for Females; and ≥ 18 Years Old for Males) – Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

Socio-Economic Conditions – Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

Izbat Burj Rasheed: Urban Development in the Face of Climate Change | Rasheed, Egypt

SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) Analysis of the Qaitbay Fort

Main access from outside as tourism access posibility.

Less-functioned open space (courtyard) inside the fort.

Less-functioned mosque inside the fort.

The fort has a possibility to become a recognizable landmark.

Strategic location of the fort (connected to the main street and facing the Nile).

Access to the fort from the local settlement.

The Qaitbay Fort’s Potentials

The fort is located near the ship docks area.

“The fort constituted an important link in the French defensive line, closing access from the Mediterranean to the lower reaches of the Nile, being supported in this role by gunboats of the Navy, operating in that part of the river. When the British troops landed in the bay of Abu Qir (1 March 1801), the fort was garrisoned with 300 French soldiers, including a unit of veterans and another of the 61st half-brigade, supported by artillery.”

Source: Walsh, Thomas. 1803. “Journal of the late campaign in Egypt: including descriptions of que country, Gibraltar, Minorca, Malta, Marmorice, and Macri, with an appendix containing papers and official documents”, 118. T. Cadell and W. Davies.

Locations of Religious Institutions and Facilities (Mosque) – Marked in Red

Main Entrance of the Qaitbay Fort

Religious Institutions Three mosques are present on the site, which, compared to the number of inhabitants of the settlement (around 18,000 residents), is a high number of religious institutions in an area of 2 x 0.9 km2. The locals built the mosque inside the Qaitbay Fort as a regenerative measure. Two other mosques can be found on the central market spine of the settlement.

Qaitbay Fort and Tourism The Qaitbay Fort today stands as a lone underused landmark without any tourism and social activities. Even the settlement it stands in saw no use for the fort. The locals took the initiative of reviving the fort by putting an external function to it and building a mosque inside the fort's courtyard. The fort was renovated a few years ago, although it is considered an unsatisfactory attempt. Hence, offering a partial portrait of history through a thoughtful renovation and revitalization project should be aimed.

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Main entrance of the fort.

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Key Plan for Street Sections

Building Construction Development and Evolution

Principle of Construction Development – Source: 900 km Nile City. 2010.

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Evolution of Buildings in the Village – Source: 900 km Nile City. 2010.

Form Development of Typical Rural House – Source: 900 km Nile City. 2010.

Building Typologies The introduced typologies at the construction development and evolution is a characteristic feature in Egypt's Nile Valley informal urban sprawls. The area, height, and density within Izbat Burj Rasheed vary from one building to another and from one zone to another (as explained in the previous density analysis map). However, the pattern of construction development and evolution, as well as building strategies are quite constant and repetitive in the village.

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Agriculture and Land

Total Percentage of Cultivated Land in Egypt

Expanding Cultivated Areas

Informal Land Reclamation

Out of the total 3% arable area of Egypt, the highest agricultural production is attributed to the Delta, which also happens to be the most populated region in Egypt.

A lesser degree of mechanization causes lower agricultural productivity.

The process of land reclamation for cultivation purposes is a phenomenon that has been around for a while. The western delta and parts of the eastern delta have been reclaimed since 1952 and significant other reclamation projects are proposed at a national level until 2017.

An informal land reclamation process exists throughout the Nile Valley and even in some parts of the delta. It primarily deals with a few farmers making a piece of uncultivable land, otherwise, which is closely followed by a plea to the government to sell that piece of land for a cheaper rate in recognition of the efforts made by the farmers.

Profit making export commodities, such as fruits, vegetables, cut flowers, medicinal and aromatic plants should be supported and should phase out rice and sugarcane, since these are water intensive crops.

Arable Land, Suitable for Agriculture

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Non-Arable Land, Not Suitable for Agriculture

Source: ETH Basel, Summer Semester 2009 Student Work. 2009. The Nile Valley.

Basel, Switzerland.

Seasonal Cultivation

Reclamation Map 2017 National Development Map Project Until 2017. Total; 3,397,200 feddans to be reclaimed.

Source: ETH Basel, Summer Semester 2009 Student Work.

2009. The Nile Valley. Basel, Switzerland.

The main crops grown during the winter are wheat and clover. These and other crops compose about 70% of the total agricultural area. In the summer, maize, cotton, rice, and vegetables are grown on 75% of the agricultural land. On a national scale, the Beheria Governorate is a dominating rice cultivation area.

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Source: ETH Basel, Summer Semester 2009 Student Work. 2009. The Nile Valley.

Basel, Switzerland.

Agricultural Production Along the Nile – Source: ETH Basel, Summer Semester 2009 Student Work. 2009. The Nile Valley. Basel, Switzerland.

Scheme of Seasonal Cultivation Along the Nile – Source: ETH Basel, Summer Semester 2009 Student Work. 2009. The Nile Valley. Basel, Switzerland.

Subsidies

Rate of Land Reclamation

The government provides subsidies to farmers for their services. A farmer usually earns 50 to 100 EGP daily (including other daily wage jobs and agriculture). The government subsidizes seeds, oil, salt, bread, fertilizers, and other processed goods. A household is given a ration card, which can be used to get subsidized goods. However, there is a monthly limit to how many goods a household can acquire.

In government projects, the rate of reclaiming land for agriculture was around 20,000 feddans per year between 2000 and 2004.

Given a loss of agricultural land to urban expansion at an estimated rate of 30,000 feddans per year, the total area under cultivation has more or less remained constant.

Proposed Procedure for Informal Land Reclamation

140

Source: ETH Basel, Summer Semester 2009 Student Work. 2009. The Nile Valley.

Basel, Switzerland.

Much agricultural area in and around the settlement has been lost due to urbanization since 2003. Even though urbanization has brought attention to this settlement, it has had a negative impact on agricultural production. Over the past decade, a number of brick factories and fisheries also sprung up in and on the river banks. These secondary economies show a clear shift from agricultural practice.

Canals and Agricultural Lands A series of canals connect the western bank of the Nile around the Rasheed settlement to the Idku Lake. These canals irrigate the agricultural lands by providing water throughout the delta. The water finally leads to the Idku Lake, where it then flees into the sea.

Source: Google Maps [2016].

Agricultural Water Requirement How many feddans can be cultivated with the existing water resources?

Daily average of water consumption in Egypt for agricultural use: 6 mm / day * 4.2 = 25.2 m³ / feddan / day Sum of water resources in Egypt: 25.2 m³ / feddan / day * 300 days = 7560 / feddan / year Utilizing 85% of the 74.3 gm³ agriculture = 63.3 gm³ This amount may irrigate: 63.3 gm³ / 7560 m³ = 8.333 Mfeddans This is the already cultivated land in Egypt.

10 feddan is the limit.

To expand further into the desert: 1) modify their irrigation methods and save water as much as possible; and 2) start producing types of plants with high tolerance in salinity wind and waste water.

Source: ETH Basel, Summer Semester 2009 Student Work. 2009. The Nile Valley. Basel, Switzerland.

Size of a Plot of Agricultural Land – Feddan Size The land is typically measured in “feddan” (unit of measurement). One feddan equals 4200 m², which is approximately 60% of a football field.

A household usually owns around 3 to 5 feddans in this region.

Typology of Land and the Origin of Water The land parcels are divided into very long and narrow plots of agricultural land due to the feasibility of laying down infrastructure that connects the irrigation channels to the main canal.

The lateral pipes are laid in a quasi-orthogonal arrangement irrespective of the property lines that divide the fields. Hence, the open canals have hierarchical levels, and this pattern shapes the typology of land in this region. This also ensures that the water reaching the lands goes through no more than a three-level hierarchy. To conclude, the laid-out irrigation system is highly pragmatic.

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Source: Google Maps [2016].

Izbat Burj Rasheed: Urban Development in the Face of Climate Change | Rasheed, Egypt

Agriculture and Urbanization – The Growth of the Settlement

< 2%

Annual Rainfall River and Canal System Irrigation and Rainwater Supply Source: CAPMAS (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics), Egypt.

Irrigation and Rainwater Supply

Agricultural Drainage Water

Less than 2% of the agricultural water supply is provided by the annual rainfall in Egypt. Due to such low levels of precipitation, the agricultural practices are highly dependent on the river and the canal system. This is also the reason we can find many water control measures on the Nile River throughout the valley.

A number of agricultural drains upstream feed into the Rosetta branch of the river. This has led to more polluted water downstream of the Izbat Burj Rasheed, with excessive pH, NH₃, DO, and alkali levels. The water is polluted with physio-chemical parameters, while the soil is more polluted with traces of metal concentration. Furthermore, the organic fish feed increases the plankton and algae in the river.

With the rise of such organisms, the oxygen level in the river decreases, which leads to reduced fish production.

Annual Fresh Water Discharge The graph shows the annual fresh water discharge (km³) into the Mediterranean sea through the Rosetta branch between 1966– 1989. The freshwater discharge has considerably reduced since the building of a surplus barrages and dams on the river.

Source: EGSMA (The Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority), Egypt.

Production by Demand Industries

U-DEV

A usual fish tank in the Nile River is around 75 to 80 m² in the area. One fishery is usually formed by 5 to 6 such fish tanks. There are more than 200 such informal fisheries in the Nile River. Excessive fish farming is causing negative ecological impacts. The excessive fish farms give rise to a high number of algae and bacteria in the river, which deplete the oxygen level in the river. In February 2016, a massive amount of fish deaths were reported in the Nile all along the delta. These ecological impacts are bound to harm the economy and are surely unsustainable.

Source: Mohamed El Raey et al. 2005. Unstainable Management of Scarce Resources In the Coastal Zone, Study Report. Abu Qir, Egypt.

Annual Fresh Water Discharge (km³) Through the Rosetta Branch Between 1966–1989 – Source: EGSMA (The Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority), Egypt.

Aquaculture Aquaculture production has recorded a rapid growth in the last few years. Most farms with aquaculture are located in the delta region. This also allows them to close the gap between fish consumption and fish production in Egypt. The Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation plans to increase Egypt’s total fish production from 0.5 million to 1.5 million tonnes by 2017.

Employment Rates, 1996 – Source: Mohamed El Raey et al. 2005. Unstainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone, Study Report. Abu Qir, Egypt.

PROJ

Economic Analysis of Fish Farming in Beheria Governorate of Egypt – Source: Ahmed Nasrallah, 2006.

Various secondary and tertiary economic activities take place inside and around the village.

The brick factories on the river bank provide employment for a number of people. Many farmers work part-time in the brick factory. Some households have a wood workshop, an industry based on the wood obtained from the palm trees in the area. The women of the area sort out the wood and send it to the workshops, where it is processed into various products. Some other industries and occupations include metal workshops, agricultural traders, mechanics, technicians, etc.

Occupational Status in Rosetta – Source: Mohamed El Raey et al. 2005. Unstainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coagstal Zone, Study Report. Abu Qir Bay, Egypt.

Top: Economic Analysis of Fish Farming in Beheria Governorate of Egypt (Species of Fish) – Source: Ahmed Nasrallah, 2006.

Left: Amounts of Cultivated Fishes in Regions of Egypt (in Million Tons) – Source: ETH Basel, Summer Semester 2009 Student Work. 2009.

The Nile Valley. Basel, Switzerland.

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Diagram of Economic and Market Systems at the Global, National, and Local Levels

Fresh Water Discharge into the Mediterranean Sea

Projected Displacement of Population and Loss of Employment in Alexandria Governorate – Source: Mohamed El Raey et al. 2005. Unstainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone, Study Report. Abu Qir, Egypt.

Cumulative Impact Model of Mediterranean Sea

Climate Change on the Global Scale

Izbat Burj Rasheed: Urban Development in the Face of Climate Change | Rasheed, Egypt

Potential Loss of Areas, Population, and Land-Use in Alexandria Governorate – Source: Mohamed El Raey et al. 2005. Unstainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone, Study Report. Abu Qir, Egypt.

The cumulative impact model of the Mediterranian Sea shows northern parts of the Nile Delta as regions having a ‘very high’ cumulative impact in the face of climate change. This study, clubbed with the area’s salinity levels, does not present a nice picture of the future of the settlements facing the Mediterranean Sea. Therefore, it would be safe to say that the immediate settlements facing the sea should adapt sustainably to the projected climatic scenarios.

Mean Surface Salinity of Mediterranean Sea

Climate Change Issue As discussed earlier, the Nile Delta faces serious threats from changing climatic scenarios. Research has predicted that by the year 2100, the northern delta will have to deal with a sea level rise of at least 70–100 cm, along with a 2.5 °C rise in mean temperature. The results of such slight shifts in climatic parameters will cause massive losses to human resources. By the year 2100, the loss of urban clusters in the delta is predicted at 32%, while we stand to lose 52% of our present monuments, 25% of the palm tree cultivation, and 19% of agricultural land would be stretchable up to 40% in the worst case scenario. These radical changes in climatic conditions require immediate attention worldwide. So, adequate mitigatory and adaptation steps can be put in place.

Climate Change on the National and Regional Scales A similar impact assessment has been done at the national and regional levels for the Nile Valley and the Delta region. It has been found that the northern delta is a ‘very high risk’ zone due to its close proximity to the sea and the rising sea levels. These lead to rising salinity levels and drastic temperature changes.

It is projected that at a 58 cm sea level rise, the Northern Nile delta is expected to lose 26% inundated areas, 32% urban clusters, 52% monuments, 25% palm tree cultivations, 75% beaches, and 19% agricultural land. The exact figures rapidly multiply if the sea level rises 110 cm. In the later scenario, the delta loses 72% of inundated areas, 43% of urban clusters, 81% of monuments, 50% of palm tree cultivations, 100% of beaches, and around 40% of its agricultural land.

These statistics only cover the percentage of total production that will be hindered. The impact of such scenarios on human life is best left undebated.

Climate Change Scenarios While discussing the potential threats to the settlement of Izbat Burj Rasheed with the Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, it became apparent quickly that the interventions that the settlement might adapt will have to be based on scientific sea level rise and temperature rise scenarios for the settlement and the region. The Climate Change Research Institute provided this crucial data. A valid argument is formed after analyzing the climate change scenarios about the temperature shifts and the sea level rise. This gave the base to the interventions that are physically proposed for the adaptation of the settlement to tackle climate change.

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DEWOBROTO ADHIWIGNYO THE INTERDISCIPLINARIAN

The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most vulnerable areas to be affected in the face of climate change. Since it is shared by many countries and settlements around Africa and Europe, the Mediterranean Sea is a crucial ecosystem which will be affected adversely.