A DISSERTATION REPORT - TO STUDY ABOUT THE TECHNIQUES IN THE INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

TO STUDY ABOUT THE TECHNIQUES IN THE INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE A DISSERTATION REPORT Submitted by,

DEVAROSHAN. A, 723818251013 In Partial fulfilment for the award of the degree Of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE IN ARCHITECTURE

SASI CREATIVE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, COIMBATORE – 641032 (Affiliated to Anna university, Chennai)

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

June 2022

SASI CREATIVE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE COIMBATORE-641 032 (Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this dissertation report titled “TO STUDY ABOUT THE TECHNIQUES IN THE INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE” is the Bonafide work of “DEVAROSHAN A” who carried out the dissertation work under my supervision.

(Asst. Prof. Matilda Correya)

(Prof. Gayathri Viswanathan)

SUPERVISOR

DIRECTOR

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

(COLLEGE SEAL)

ABSTRACT Industrial architecture was often regarded as engineered discipline but there are other aspects which are purely functional. The design of contemporary industrial structures lacked a deeper quality than being just variations on the big box type which was preferred for economy and efficiency but only to a limited extent able to respond to need of the users.so a new approach to industrial architecture design is a chance to reinvent the way industry and environment can interact in a positive way. With the beginning of industrial revolution, the process of manufacturing man made products started with the onset of industrial revolution. It was very new experience for architects and people from other disciplines who were involved in designing of these types of buildings. with the introduction of new construction materials and techniques the appearance of industrial buildings, like that of other type of structures was rapidly changing. This report is the study on those industrial revolution and its impact on industrial buildings over years and their evolution in appearance and function by means of developing contemporary building material and techniques. The method used in this research is based on literature review for collecting data and observation to identify and analyse the industrial architecture and its techniques.

[Contemporary Materials and Techniques in Industrial Architecture]

List of Figures Figure 1 Methodology Chart ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Figure 2 Peter behrens' AEG Turbine factory, Berlin, 1907 .............................................................................................. 10 Figure 3Walter Gropius and Adlof Meyer's Fagus............................................................................................................. 10 Figure 4 Interior of Urban Outfitters Headquarters, former Navy Yard in Philadelphia, USA ......................................... 13 Figure 5 Interior of residential Apartment in converted Printing Press factory, Barcelona .............................................. 14 Figure 6 the Arcelor Mittal Metal Foundation ................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 7 Vertical Section of the Arcelor Mittal Metal Foundation .................................................................................... 19 Figure 8 Pack Line Limited Building.................................................................................................................................. 19 Figure 9 Types of Skylights ................................................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 10 Aerial View Showing the Entire Structures of Sanand (by Ankit Jain) .............................................................. 25 Figure 11 The Structure also houses massive halls that can be repurposed to fit other purposes (by Ankit Jain) ............ 26 Figure 12 Aerial View of the Industrial development (by Ankit Jain) ................................................................................ 27 Figure 13 Roof Plan of Canteen ......................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 14 Floor plans: Canteen and recreation centre (by Ankit Jain) ............................................................................. 28 Figure 15 Plan, Sections, and Elevation: Arrival Building (by Ankit Jain) ....................................................................... 28 Figure 16 Sections and Elevation : Canteen and Recreation Centre (by Ankit Jain) ......................................................... 29 Figure 17 Plan and Sectional Elevation: Main Manufacturing Facility (by Ankit Jain).................................................... 29 Figure 18 Canteen area with passive and active ventilation systems ................................................................................. 30 Figure 19 View of the Manufacturing Facility (by Ankit Jain) ........................................................................................... 31 Figure 20 Canopy Styled Roofs (by Ankit Jain) .................................................................................................................. 32 Figure 21 Front Entrnace ................................................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 22 Walk Way That Are Sheltered by A White, Geometric Canopy Structure (by Ankit Jain) ................................. 33 Figure 23 Vaulted Clear Storey Windows Beneath the Roof & A Circular Staircase Placed at the centre of the Structure and its core facilitate the stack effect (by Ankit Jain) (by Ankit Jain) ................................................................................. 34 Figure 24 View of the Canteen Area, providing expansive external view to patrons inside (by Ankit Jain) ...................... 35 Figure 25 The Design Focuses on Employee Wellness amid a predominantly industrial setting(by Ankit Jain) ............... 36 Figure 26 View of the Canteen area, providing expansive external view to patrons inside (by Ankit Jain) ...................... 36 Figure 27 The building makes extensive use of exposed concrete to differentiate itself from from the more functional areas (by Ankit Jain) ........................................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 28 Ceiling View ....................................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 29 Canteen .............................................................................................................................................................. 38 Figure 30 The Manufacturing production facility in action (by Ankit Jain) ....................................................................... 39 Figure 31 View Inside Factory ........................................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 32 Industrial production Units ................................................................................................................................ 40 Figure 33 Factoy model by studio Saar .............................................................................................................................. 41 Figure 34 walk way tensile structure .................................................................................................................................. 41 Figure 35 The Sawtooth aesthetic is reinterpreted in this structure in a nod to older industrial structures (by Ankit Jain) ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 42

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Table of Contents 1.

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 4

2.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 5 2.1 AIM .............................................................................................................................................. 6 2.2 OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................................. 6 2.3 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 6

3.

LITERATURE STUDY ................................................................................................................. 7 3.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE ................................................ 8 3.2 THE HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE ................................ 8 3.2.1 EARLY DEVELOPMENTS – PRE – WORLD WAR I DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE ................................................................................................. 9 3.2.2 MODERN MOVEMENT AND INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE .................................. 10 3.2.3 INDUSTRY AFTER WORLD WAR II – RISE, DECLINE AND CONSEQUENCES .... 11 3.3 THE ORIGINS OF THE CONVERSION OF THE INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS ................... 13 3.4 THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON ARCHITECTURE ............................ 15 3.5 DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS .............................................. 15 3.5.1 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ............................................................................................ 16 3.5.2 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF MULTI-STOREY INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS ........ 17 3.5.3 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF SINGLE-STOREYED INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS . 20 3.5.4 CONTEMPORARY MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES ................................................ 22 3.5.5 BUILDING ENTRANCES ................................................................................................. 23 3.5.6 BUILDING ROOF TYPES ................................................................................................. 23

4.

CASE STUDY.............................................................................................................................. 24 4.1 THE CASE STUDY OF THE SANAND FACTORY OF THE STUDIO SAAR IN AHMEDABAD, INDIA................................................................................................................... 25 4.1.1 THE MODERN INDUSTRIAL FACTORY ...................................................................... 25 4.1.2 REIMAGNING FACTORY ARCHITECTURE ................................................................ 25 4.1.3 INCORPORATING GREENERY AND WATER HARVESTING INTO THE SCHEME ...................................................................................................................................................... 31

5.

ANALYSIS & INFERENCE ....................................................................................................... 43 5.1 INFERENCE .............................................................................................................................. 44

6.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................ 45

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1. INTRODUCTION

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1.1 INTRODUCTION Industrial architecture is the design of buildings and spaces within buildings to support of progress and power. It is a type of architecture design used in the construction of buildings in the industrial sector. Industrial architecture encompasses a range of buildings types and styles that mix functionality and design and can be found all over the industrialized world. Industrial Processes convert raw materials into a new or updated product in the most cost – effective, efficient and effective manner feasible without compromising employee safety or product quality. The industrial process is the motivating factor behind the design of the industrial facilities. Architects working in the industry understanding the industrial processes in order to build a facility that can optimize them. The main process is made up of smaller process or activities. the procedure can be linear or depends on a particular requirement.

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2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES

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[Contemporary Materials and Techniques in Industrial Architecture]

2.1 AIM To Analyse and Study about the techniques in the industrial buildings and their Architectural Function and Aspects.

2.2 OBJECTIVES • • • •

To understand elaborately about the industrial architecture and its origin.

To understand the design considerations of industrial architecture.

To analyse the use of materials and techniques in Industrial context.

To study and explore the impact of industrial architecture.

2.3 METHODOLOGY • Topic selection.

• Researching and understanding the concept related to the Industrial architecture.

• Framing Aim, Objectives, Methods, Scopes and Limitation.

• Understanding the basic terms and concepts through the Literature study of the historical and conversion of the industrial architecture.

• Analysing the case study of the Sanand factory of the Studio SAAR in the Ahmedabad, India.

• To conclude with the inference from the literature study and the case study of the Sanand factory of the Studio SAAR.

Selecting the Topic.

Researching and understanding.

Creating Aim & Objectives.

Introduction to Industrial architecture.

Concluding the Inference of the study.

Analysing the case study and literature study.

Case study of the Sanand factory.

Historical and Conversion of Industrial architecture.

Figure 1 Methodology Chart

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3. LITERATURE STUDY

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3.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE The design of industrial facilities is influenced by the industrial process.

Architects in this field must be familiar with industrial processes in order to build a facility that will optimize them. Smaller procedures or activities make up the overall process. The procedure might be either linear or based on a specific necessity. Raw materials are collected; materials are organized for production; raw materials are blended and turned into a finished product; the finished product is tested for quality; and finally, items are packaged and labelled before leaving the facility for delivery to a distribution location. A need-based layout takes into account all of the numerous process variants to create a plan that is both flexible and efficient.

The industry is evolving as a result of technological advancements such as robotics. Businesses can save money on labour by using robots to undertake activities that are either too dangerous or too exact for humans to accomplish economically, and they can also ensure greater quality. Breweries, distilleries, factories, assembly plants, packaging facilities, warehouses, medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and bio technology are examples of industrial buildings. Manufacturing plants, distribution centres, and research and testing facilities are all examples of manufacturing facilities.

Although the reasons for industry’s departing from cities and metropolitan areas vary, the decay of industry has resulted in similar problems and processes in the majority of cities around the world. The uninhabited land and dilapidated buildings they left behind pose a challenge to architects, planners, politicians, and everyone concerned about the vitality of their own cities. There are now decades of accomplishments, ranging from well – publicized projects to those only known by their immediate surroundings. Perhaps one of the most perplexing issues in determining how industrial site redevelopment differs between countries and regions, is the difference between developed and developing countries. Three powerful forces guiding development today – environmental concerns, renewed urban cores, and historic preservation – work together to redefine the post – industrial city, as can be seen in well successful projects.

3.2 THE HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE The two main goals of industrial architecture have always been efficiency and safety. The design of ware houses and factories was shaped by improved economy in turning raw materials into manufactured products and in the construction of the buildings themselves, as well as the prevention of fire and the resulting loss of life and materials. This

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[Contemporary Materials and Techniques in Industrial Architecture] study does not go into detail about the history of industrial architecture, but it will provide a brief overview.

3.2.1 EARLY DEVELOPMENTS – PRE – WORLD WAR I DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE Simple factory buildings from the late 1700s, predecessors of the factory environment, were straight forward timber or concrete block buildings with repeated forms and rhythmic openings, displaying the microbe of the industrial aesthetic and architecture.

These mills blend into the landscape as long buildings, their scale and materials having little impact on their surroundings. The mills centralized and obstructed the rivers and canals that fled the mill wheels that provided power to their machines.

These early mills reflected modern building technology and resolved fire and workplace safety concerns. In the days before electricity, the most important thing was to overflow the working space with as much light as possible. These buildings were long and narrow, with open and unobstructed interior spaces to accommodate as many machines and workers as possible. Their narrowness allowed light to enter their centres even while enabling machines on both sides of the building to be powered from a single central shaft running down the floor. Because of their utilitarian nature, early industrial structures were simple. As a result, they were low in the social and aesthetic hierarchy. Buildings have always been a representation of a user’s socio-economic status. While more ornament has been used in buildings of higher reputation, such as churches, public buildings, and royal buildings, service buildings have been strictly no – frills.

The majority of industrial buildings in the 19th century were multi-story constructions with brick or masonry bearing walls but also heavy timber structural frames to actually accomplish the greatest column-free interior spaces feasible. Their design features, as the ultimate utilitarian places, not only encouraged an efficient work process but also aimed to prevent fires. Due to the obviously wide spread fear of fire, insurance companies influenced much of the early architecture. They advised against interior wall coverings as well as ornament on building exteriors; they advocated for open, partition-free interiors to make firefighting easier; flat roofs were suggested over attics; large windows were encouraged to assist fire suppression; and a flat floor area should have been separated from interior stairs. The stair buildings that punctuated flat façades became a familiar building type as a result. Whenever ornament, if any, was located at the towers, which were sometimes capped with characteristic roof tops or cupolas to distinguish the owner’s identity.

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3.2.2 MODERN MOVEMENT AND INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE Architects and the guidance of early modern architecture were heavily influenced by industrial forms, materials and aesthetics. From Adolf loos’ speech against ornament to the Bauhaus design explorations and sleek lines of the international style to the explicit expression of construction elements in the work of Richard rogers and his partners, industry and its processes inspired and continue to engage the imagination of contemporary artists and architects. Undercoated flat surfaces, whether in concrete block, stone, or wood, express the simplicity of industrial architecture on the exterior. While these structures were clearly essential for the growth of industry, their designers were frequently anonymous, and they remained outside the scope of traditional architectural practise. Until the beginning of the century, architectural theory and styles were primarily focused on important civic and governance issues within the company, as well as private residences. As the complexity and importance of industrial uses grew, so did schools of design and architectural perspective to deal with the challenges that this growth framed.

Figure 2 Peter behrens' AEG Turbine factory, Berlin, 1907

Figure 3Walter Gropius and Adlof Meyer's Fagus Shoe Last factory, Alfred on the leine, 1911

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Architects carved paths toward defining the future by defining new forms for ever-changing factories, industrial storage, and transportation facilities. The factory was seen as a building type deserving of architectural treatment in the early 1900s, in order to improve good production, dignify the workplace, and forge corporate identities. The Deutscher Werkbund, which was founded to improve the quality and design of German manufactured goods and was originally based on craft and art, has produced many of Germany’s most influential architects, including Peter Behrens, Walter Gropius, and Mies Van der Rohe. Two influential industrial buildings designed by its members were the AEG Turbine Factory by Peter Behrens and the Fagus Shoe Last Factory by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer. The monumentality of Behrens’ AEG factory, which had been regarded as a “temple to industrial power”, was based on Neoclassical principles. Gropius and Meyer managed to avoid this masking of structure for the Fagus Factory, instead attempting to clearly express its materials, a key feature of the modern Movement aesthetic.

At the Bauhaus, studies were about how to respond to the requirements of an organization. Its influence can still be seen in designers’ responses to mass production of everyday products, despite the fact that it had several phases and its aesthetics approach was not monolithic. Its machine-celebrating spare lines and structural expression are still present in contemporary design discussions.

3.2.3 INDUSTRY AFTER WORLD WAR II – RISE, DECLINE AND CONSEQUENCES Intensively increased industrial investment at the end of World War II sparked the urban growth of industrial centres in the post – century, particularly in the late 1950s and early 1960s. As a result of the increase in business opportunities, the population of cities has grown, resulting in the expansion of housing areas, service areas, roads, and other infrastructural and communal facilities. This expansion, which was primarily focused on undeveloped land on the outskirts of cities, resulted in increased traffic and increased pressure on the road network, which has also been expanding.

This period’s architectural aesthetic is still influenced by the modern movement and the international style; there is extensive use of modern materials such as reinforced concrete, iron, and glass, as well as some entirely new ones such as asbestos, later plastic, and so on. Despite the fact that this period produced some outstanding architectural achievements, they have always struggled to be appreciated by the general public. The new materials, they have always struggled to be appreciated by the general public. The new materials, which were ostensibly permanent at the time, have poor resistance to the passage of time. However, the public’s worst enemy remains the indifference, if not outright contempt, that this architecture continues to elicit. This is due, in particular, to the banality of Bachelor of Architecture 2018 – 2023 [Dissertation]

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[Contemporary Materials and Techniques in Industrial Architecture] a large part of the production of the period, in which the examples of quality become lost.

This is due, in part, to the banality of much of the period’s production, in which the best examples of quality are lost.

A policy for the conservation and protection of major post war artworks is being developed across Europe and even beyond (Docomomo and other initiatives). The good reputation of owners who recognise the value of their assets is also a powerful driver for the preservation of architecture. The development of a realisation of the worth of these structures is critical in order to maintain the delicate balance that underpins their appeal. The future of post war industrial buildings was similar to that of other building structures of the time, but they were also afflicted by their long-term negative reputation as a building type.

However, the manufacturing heritage from this period is the greatest and most wide spread in the world, despite the fact that it is not properly perceived and valued. Many factors contributed to fundamental shifts in society and, as a result, shifts in industry and the organisational matrix of cities at the end of the 20th century.

Deindustrialization, as well as the share of the total workforce and total investments, indicated that industrial growth had decelerated significantly. Changes in the economy’s structure have resulted in a decrease in manufacturing employment, which has been compensated for by an increase in employment in services and other related industries.

Globalization and economic changes that have also influenced city structures are no longer limited to national and regional borders. Production facilities are being relocated in massive quantities to other areas that provide proper economic incentives, decreased production costs in the form of an inexpensive labour force, and lower tax rates. Shifts in business strategies, technological innovations, and new organisational and economic concepts lead to systemic concentration, efficient land use, and increased productivity, resulting in radical changes in space and facility organisation.

Complexes that were once on the outskirts of the city have become part of the urban city organisation as a result of urban growth (distributive warehouses, industrial buildings, infrastructural facilities…). As a result of new business concepts, user and citizen demands, these functions have been relocated to new areas outside of the city, leaving empty sites within the urban city core. Political changes and shifts in many countries’ political systems have resulted in significant changes, including industrial transformation, the decay of existing economies through transition processes, and the establishment of new factories.

These processes have resulted in the closure and destruction of factories and their properties, which are often resulted in the closure and destruction of factories and their properties, which are often located in strategic locations throughout cities. All of the conditions associated with them describe their objectivity; they exist in both developed countries.

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3.3 THE ORIGINS OF THE CONVERSION OF THE INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS Political changes and shifts in many countries’ political systems have led to significant changes, which include industrial transformation, the decay of existing economic and industrial subjects as a result of the country’s transition to a market-driven economy through transition processes and the establishment of new factories. These processes have resulted in the closure and destruction of industrial factories. These processes have resulted in the closure and destruction of industrial facilities and their properties, which are often located in strategic locations throughout cities. All of the conditions associated with them describe their objectivity; they exist in both developed and developing countries.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the reuse of old industrial buildings as housing in New England and Lower Manhattan, New York was a catalyst for industrial renovation. People, mostly artists, were drawn to the big interior spaces with large windows, which allowed them to settle down in formerly abandoned buildings while preserving a feeling of history through reuse and restoration. Urban pioneers living in lightly furnished lofts have been pushed by interior design and lifestyle periodicals. This trend had continued to the point where editors had even promoted “industrial chic” as an interior style that demonstrated how residents might include a touch of industrial grit and exposed materials into more classic residences, using exposed functional features as a symbol of industry.

Figure 4 Interior of Urban Outfitters Headquarters, former Navy Yard in Philadelphia, USA

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Figure 5 Interior of residential Apartment in converted Printing Press factory, Barcelona

The term “industrial aesthetics” refers to the explicit display of structural and mechanical characteristics, as well as the repurposing of industrial materials. From the clear expression of the reinforced concrete structure of the daylight factories to the exposed metal trusses of steel factory building structures and the early exhibition halls and transport hubs, industrial architecture and design glorified the economical use of materials and methods of construction that were often not hidden or partially obscured.

Currently, that aesthetic approach is being used in a variety of buildings, not only industries and ware houses. The aesthetic of structural elements, as well as building systems such as mechanical and electrical services, has been developed. When the nonindustrial centre Pompidou (R. Rogers & R. Piano,1977) opened in Paris, France, this style was strikingly displayed. The building of the centre Pompidou is all steel structure, ducts, and pipes, but is sometimes compared to the Eiffel Tower, which astonished many at the time because its construction was left exposed.

The building makes architecture out of industrial elements, though it is unclear how much of the structure and facilities are simply “uncovered” and how much exists for the overall effect and design. It is famous for its exterior escalator that climbs up the plaza façade and affords a magnificent view of Paris. Given the fact that this movement has been continuing on for decades, it shows no indications of slowing down. Indeed, factories are still being transformed for residential and industrial usage, with the beams and pipes exposed.

What began as a minor trend among designers looking for enormous studio space has now grown into a series of adaptations for various uses and scales. The value of these structures as living spaces has saved a significant portion of industrial architecture.

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3.4 THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON ARCHITECTURE The industrial revolution which began around 1760, resulted in massive changes at every level of society around the world. Due to the impact of the industrial revolution, more modern building materials were introduced, such as cast iron, steel, and glass, with which architects and engineers redistributed the concepts of function, scale, and form. Deformations caused by the impact of industrial revolutions became overwhelming in the second part of the 19th century. Many of them were astounded by the unsightly factory districts and worker’s housing, as well as the degeneration of public taste among the suddenly prosperous. Architects were only hired to provide the cultural veneer for the new modes of transit: tunnels, canals, trains, and bridges.

The magnificent tower of Alexandre Gustave Eiffel in Paris, built between 1887 and 1889, was a significant example of the company’s creative use of metal. By developing classical themes and varied forms, it was the most gifted architecture of the time that attempted to escape from their increasingly industrial environment. The two contrasting but brilliantly equal examples of the sumptuous Paris opera by Charles Garnier from 1867 to 1875 and Boston’s grandiose trinity church by henry Hobson Richardson from 1872 to 1877 were conceived examples of the sumptuous Paris Opera by Charles Garnier from 1861 to 1875 and Boston’s grandiose trinity church by henry Hobson Richardson from 1872 to 1877.

3.5 DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS Architectural design should strive to enhance neighbourhood character while also allowed for flexibility in order to prevent rigid conformity. While a wide range of design techniques can be used, the fundamental harmony of architecture must be achieved to improve the quality and attractiveness of the business environment. All aspects, such as buildings scale, materials, colours, roof styles, door and window openings, and details, should respond to practical architectural design and establish a consistent design statement.

To save natural resources, all structures should be energy-efficient.

Building masses must relate to a “human scale”, with materials and details appropriate to human height and providing visual interest. To prevent massive monolithic, box- like shapes buildings should be minimised in mass or articulated.

The elements of a well-designed industrial site should include: o

The noise- generating segment should be as far away from adjacent properties as practicable particularly in residential areas. Sound diffraction site access is controlled, with truck manoeuvring areas separated from normal vehicle traffic.

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[Contemporary Materials and Techniques in Industrial Architecture] o o o o

o

o

o

o

Worker parking and service facilities are positioned on the building’s flanks and or rear of the building.

Storage, work spaces, and mechanical equipment screening, as well as buffering of nearby land uses.

The main structure entry and landscape should be well designed.

Site elements, including buildings, parking, driveways, and outdoor activity areas, should be organised to illustrate the site’s aesthetically pleasing components (e.g., landscaping and outstanding architectural features) while concealing the less appealing features (e.g., service facilities, outside storage, equipment regions and garbage bins) through the placement and design of the building screen walls, and landscaping.

To provide proper separation between potentially conflicting land uses, enhanced landscaping, higher setbacks and appropriate sites should be used.

Noise-cancelling walls could be utilised when necessary. To reduce areas of potential vehicular conflict, especially between vehicle and trucks, the quality of site entry points should be kept to a minimum and placed as far away street crossing as practicable To emphasise site access points, aesthetic planting, low level architectural structures, monument-type inscriptions, and decorative asphalt should be added to main entries for cars, particularly visitors.

To the greatest extent practicable, cluster buildings can be used to avoid blocking views.

3.5.1 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN A structure’s architectural design must take into account a verity of factors, including the building’s functional usage, aesthetic design, and ‘fit’ within the context of contemporary construction. The criteria below will assist buildings in achieving the requirement quantity of design on all facades, avoiding blank or uninteresting facades, and providing suitable screening for equipment and refuse areas.

3.5.1.1 ARCHITECTURAL FORM AND DETAIL a) If the large-scale industrial structures are close to a residential zoning area, modern construction setback should be created to decrease the aesthetic appeal of the massive industrial structures. b) Structurers such as reveals, windows and openings, coloration, texture, and material should be included on the front street side facades of urban areas visible from a public street to add interest and reduce aesthetic mass.

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[Contemporary Materials and Techniques in Industrial Architecture] c) Using projections, recessed columns, roof trusses, or other design elements, basic structural entries should be easily identified and properly defined. d) Service and unloading doors should not be positioned adjacent to a public rightof-way on the front or street side facades.

3.5.2 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF MULTI-STOREY INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 3.5.2.1 MAIN FEATURES OF MULTI-STOREY INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS MAIN FEATURES: o The manufacturing process is divided into several stages. It should concentrate upon vertical industrial links between different levels, in addition to horizontal links. o Because of the roof size is fairly small, multi-story industrial buildings can increase land conservation, minimise basic engineering work, and shorten factory roads, tubes, and enclosure walls; and because the roof size is relatively insignificant, skylights are often not required. o The roof construction is simple, making it easy to remove runoff and snow, as well as providing high insulation. Beams, plates and columns are used to support the structure. The column grid is smaller, therefore manufacturing flexibility is limited. It is not well suited to high loads, huge equipment, or strong vibration, and a customised structure be employed

3.5.2.2 INFLUENCE OF OVERALL ARRANGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL FACES ON THE DESIGN OF MULTI-STOREY FACTORY BUILDINGS From Top to Bottom of technological process

This arrangement transports raw material to the top level, where they are processed according with technological process from top to bottom. Finally, the final products are removed as from lowest level. This layout is common in factories that operate using grainy and powder materials, such as milling plants.

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[Contemporary Materials and Techniques in Industrial Architecture] From Bottom to Top of technological process Raw materials are supplied from the bottom to the top level by stage, becoming final goods on the top floor, according to the technological procedure. There area two requirements from this procedure. Some technological processes necessitate working from the bottom up, such as the production off plate glass, which places the melting section on the bottom floor and produces the products upwards through a vertical roller path, where they naturally cool to form glass panels: some factory raw materials and equipment’s are heavy and must be moved by crane. Meanwhile, the manufacturing process enables or requires that these sections be located on the bottom floor also on the upper floors, resulting in a logical technological procedure from top to bottom.

3.5.2.3 FAÇADE DESIGN OF MULTI-STOREY INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS. Form composition should be the initial consideration in façade design. The purpose of constructing an industrial structure is to facilitate manufacturing. The interior productive features of a multi-storey industrial building are directly tied to its form com position. Various form composition is created by different manufacturing techniques and equipment.

Figure 6 the Arcelor Mittal Metal Foundation

The Arcelor Mittal Metal Foundation is shown in Figure (6). Its technical process is vertically organised, with raw materials being lifted to the top floor and processing down to the bottom to generate completed products. As a result, the structure has a stacked appearance. A vertical part of the building is seen in Figure (7). Equipment is lighter in some businesses, such as the light industry and the electron instrument industry. as a result, their Bachelor of Architecture 2018 – 2023 [Dissertation]

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[Contemporary Materials and Techniques in Industrial Architecture] technological setups are adaptable, and the venues are rarely already. These industries’ structures are usually regular and straightforward. Pack line Limited’s form composition is seen in figure (8).

Figure 7 Vertical Section of the Arcelor Mittal Metal Foundation

Form composition, in addition to meeting manufacturing requirements, employs general criteria to construct an integrated architectural complex that blends in with its surroundings. With the emphasis on the centre, the space composition should be simple to avoid monotony and dullness. Changes should be integrated into the overall design, and the building’s massing and form should complement the surroundings and topography.

Figure 8 Pack Line Limited Building

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3.5.3 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF SINGLE-STOREYED INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 3.5.3.1 MAIN FEATURES OF THE SINGLE-STOREYED INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS MAIN FEATURES: Single-storey industries have the following characteristics when compared to multi- storey industrial structures: o It can help in product processing, assembly, and transportation. o It makes full advantage of th foundation’s bearing capacity to support large scale-equipment and create4 heavy goods. The roof is use to provide natural illumination and ventilation. It is more convienent to expand and reconstruct. It can be used in a variety of industrial process and has a variety of applications.

Single-story industrial buildings have the following structural characteristics: o It features a taller ceiling and a larger width. Components have a high internal force and a big sectional dimension. The impacts of dynamic load should be factored into the structural design. o The load bearing columns are the most important components. o The basic load is substantial.

LAYOUT: LINE LAYOUT: Line layout is ideal for smaller workshops with lighter crane loads. Parallel spans can be used extensively in industrial structures using this layout. It has a simple structure and is straight forward to expand. With fewer spans, however, the floor may create a strip design with a wide outer wall surface, that would cost more than that in construction management.

HORIZONTAL LAYOUT: Horizontal layout is often utilised in automobile and tractor manufacturing workshops. Parallel spans are also used in the design. It has a simple structure and is straightforward to expand.

VERTICAL PATTERN: Despite the fact that the plane layout is more complicated due to vertical positions of spanning, it has benefits in medium and large industries due to the ease of processing setup and movement. It is also extensively used.

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[Contemporary Materials and Techniques in Industrial Architecture] DAYLIGHTING AND ILLUMINATION: Side window Lighting installs day lighting holes on the side’s walls, where stop lighting installs skylights on the roof. When the span is long and side window illumination is insufficient to cover the entire buildings lighting needs, the design should include some skylight on the roof, that is known as mixed lighting. A decent view of the outside, as well as a sense of changing time and weather, are important aspects of effective office design to consider.

TYPES OF SKYLIGHTS: Rectangle Skylight are created by vertically raising a portion of a roof along spans and installing a skylight mostly on vertical surface. It is the most prevalent type of skylight found in Chinese industrial structures. That has similar lighting characteristics as side window light and a medium brightness.

The inward tilt of two roof covering of a rectangular skylight creates an Mshape skylight. The tilting boosts the inner surface’s reflecting effect and can influence air flow. As a result, the M-shape sky lighting outperforms the rectangle skylight in terms of lighting and ventilation. Its structure, on the other hand, is, more intricate, necessitating internal roof drainage or a vertical gutter.

A sawtooth skylight is created by inserting a skylight between both the teeth of a sawtooth roof’s vertical surfaces. It can reflect the light because of the ceiling’s slanted surface. As a result, it has a higher lighting efficiency than a rectangle skylight. To allow for ventilation, the windows sash can be opened.

Horizontal sunken skylights are created by the height difference of two neighbouring roofing sheets that are positioned up and down on the truss structure. They are versatile and can be used to reduce the height of the building and simplifying the structure. It is inexpensive, yet it performs similarly to a rectangle skylight in terms of lighting efficiency.

Because the emissions route is short, there is enough room for a large air vent and a large ventilation volume.

Installing a lighting opening precisely on the roof panel creates a flat skylight.

The daylighting panel, day lighting dome, and day lighting band are the three types of apertures. Flat skylight can be used in a variety of configuration, including spot, piece, and band. it has a high illumination efficiency, a flexible arrangement, a simple structure, is easy to build, and is inexperience. There are, however, certain disadvantages: direct lighting causes glare; in areas with healing, the glass is prone to dew, resulting in water drops; the glass surface may be covered in dust or snow; the glass could fall and cause personal injury, Bachelor of Architecture 2018 – 2023 [Dissertation]

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[Contemporary Materials and Techniques in Industrial Architecture] necessitating the use of laminated safety glass in flat skylight; ventilation in flat skylights is possible but more expensive.

Figure 9 Types of Skylights

3.5.4 CONTEMPORARY MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES Exterior elements and colours should be architecturally pleasant, of excellent quality and complementary to the surrounding structures’ materials and colours. A development projects with many buildings should have buildings material that are compatible.

• A detailed material and colour plan should be developed for each site. In multi-building complexes, material and colour variants should be complementary and compatible between buildings.

• The material and colour of walls and landmark signs should complement the site’s principal structures.

• Factory-finished, stained, integrally coloured, or otherwise treated exterior materials are required. Factory glazed concrete masonry units; face brick; stone veneer; insulted glazing and framing systems; architectural pre-cast concrete; painted or stained site cast concrete; architectural concrete factory finished, standing seam metal roofing.

• Expansion joints, reveals, or variation in texture and colour should be used to break up large swaths of smooth material (e.g., concrete).

• To avoid glare impacts on adjacent public roadways and properties, broad expenses of reflecting surface and mirror-pane external walls may be prevented in some situations. Designers frequently examine other options, such as wood, to substitute high-reflective elements as the principal construction material in these circumstances. Graffiti-resistant coating should be applied to building walls that are prone to graffiti.

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[Contemporary Materials and Techniques in Industrial Architecture] • Bright, contrasting colours can only be used in small portions of the building. Bright colours should be used with caution because they can streak, fade, or cause glare. While modest or muted colours are preferred for the primary, overall colour, a warmer colour can be used for accent components like windows and door frames, as well as architectural details.

3.5.5 BUILDING ENTRANCES Main entrances to be plainly recognised from major drive ways and drop-offs; they should be easily recognizable and correspond to human scale. Building entrances, for example, should be designed to contrasted with the surrounding building plane; consider using shatter proof glass, decorated door, or repurposed elements to create a darkened impression. By switching materials handicapped-accessible without the usage of complicated ramp system. All entrances to the building must be well-lit. building entrance ways can be used as a passage from the structure to the land. To achieve this transition, use barriers, terraces, grading, and plant materials.

3.5.6 BUILDING ROOF TYPES Flat roofs, pitched roofs, bowstring roofs, sawtooth roofs, layered roofs, and other roof style are common on industrial structures. Ventilation, circulation, storm water, snow build-up, shielding, weight, cost, and aesthetics should be considered while choosing a roof. Foundries and steel works typically employ sawtooth or layered roofs to give better lighting, but industries that use bridge cranes typically use bowstring roofs that can support the cranes or roofs can conserve area for the sheer leg.

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4. CASE STUDY

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4.1 THE CASE STUDY OF THE SANAND FACTORY OF THE STUDIO SAAR IN AHMEDABAD, INDIA Sanand Factory, designed by Studio Saar in Gujarat, India, examines how a Factory may go beyond being environmentally sustainable to also being happier and more confident for its employees. On the location of a former lakebed, the new factory is being constructed. It has a seasonal Lake with varying depths depending on the season. Secure Meters, an electronics manufacturer that works in the automobile industry, also commissioned the facility.

Figure 10 Aerial View Showing the Entire Structures of Sanand (by Ankit Jain)

4.1.1 THE MODERN INDUSTRIAL FACTORY Secure Sanand was built in stages by Jonny Buckland and Ananya Singhal, architects and founding directors of Studio Saar, to allow manufacturing to begin in fewer than nine months. The architects sketched out the concept by developing an ambitious design that aim to establish an inclusive atmosphere for workers that promotes communication and collaboration while breaking down silos and combating the intense sense of hierarchy that is commonly prevalent in manufacturing workplaces.

4.1.2 REIMAGNING FACTORY ARCHITECTURE In Gujarat, a primary function industrial facility for electronics company secure meters has a unique architectural identity that combines ecological design with resident wellbeing.

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[Contemporary Materials and Techniques in Industrial Architecture] taking into account factors such as employee well-being and even recreation, an electronics manufacturing facility in an industrial town in Gujarat triumphs by purely taking account a a number of humanistic factors in addition to those. It is normal for an overwhelming size of operations and a fairly rigorous sense of a function over aesthetic to take over the design process in developments like these, imparting a minimalistic, utilitarian look from the start.

Secure Sanand, on the other hand, and admirably so, straddles the line between embodying a historical version of a formerly cruel building and inducing few provisions for its occupants along the war, adjusting to a different adverse Indian setting and climate. Secure Sanand carves its own path by veering away from a normal industrial identity, even if unwittingly, and focused instead on trying to break down scale without sacrificing function.

Figure 11 The Structure also houses massive halls that can be repurposed to fit other purposes (by Ankit Jain)

According to the design team of Indian architecture firm at studio Saar, the site’s master plan includes separate zones for manufacturing, staff recreation, and visitors, “breaking down silos and addressing the strong sense of hierarchy frequently prevalent in manufacturing work spaces”. The primary manufacturing facility, service bay, canteen and entertainment centre, and reception building are among the plants-built structures. While the production facility and utility bay are primarily functional, with several hints to a strong artistic sensibility of the industrial, the canteen and reception buildings leave more room for architectural expression, both in terms of form and spatiality.

The facility’s design and planning concepts also prioritise employee wellbeing, reflecting on the clients’ strong views and philosophy on the subject, with the same attention paid to operations.

The facility is built on a 25-acre site that has been repurposed and designated for industrial development.

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Figure 12 Aerial View of the Industrial development (by Ankit Jain)

It is split into three zones for • Manufacturing, • Employee recreation and • Visitors.

The facility has four buildings: • • • • •

A main manufacturing line, A utility bay, A canteen, Recreation centre and Recreation building.

Linking them are sheltered walkway covered with white and undulating, kite like fabric canopies that protect from the weather while doubling up as a wayfinding tool to guide users through the site.

Figure 13 Roof Plan of Canteen

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Figure 14 Floor plans: Canteen and recreation centre (by Ankit Jain)

The key manufacturing wings are designed with open-plan layouts to accommodate future work lines while also providing greater flexibility for the working population. A dominating white colour palette is used throughout the functional buildings, including the structure and surface materials, while the interiors are kept milder. The exterior language of the structures adopts a representation of the sawtooth roof, glazed in alternating to allow light streams to trickle into the interiors in a homage to early industrial architecture.

The same striations language on the rooftop, which houses solar panels that generate approximately half of the total energy requirement, is repeated on the facade as well.

Figure 15 Plan, Sections, and Elevation: Arrival Building (by Ankit Jain)

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In the hot and dry climate of Gujarat, an interconnected floor-cooling system focuses on creating a comfortable working environment for the residents, resulting in a highly efficient thermal and insulation environment for the building. Meanwhile, the entrance building is located next to the industrial facility. The receiving hub houses conference rooms, the APJ Abdul kalam training room, changing and locker facilities, and a medical centre, all of which are covered by a slanted open canopy that invites people within. That part was created by studio Saar to be open and inviting to anyone while also guaranteeing that only screened employees have access to the premises.

Figure 16 Sections and Elevation : Canteen and Recreation Centre (by Ankit Jain)

Figure 17 Plan and Sectional Elevation: Main Manufacturing Facility (by Ankit Jain)

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Meeting spaces, a training room, changing and locker facilities, and a medical facility are all included in the tourist centre. According to the architects, the structure was created to be nice and friendly to anyone. Only screened personnel, as is customary in production and research & development facilities, are allowed to enter the plant premises beyond the visiting centre.

The relaxation area and canteen are located in the heart of the complex and provide a laid-back vibe. It has a gym, a kitchen, an eating room, and a recreation area. The building is protected from the sun by wide cantilevers, and the air is conditioned by liquid cooled and circulated all through structure. To top it off, it has a 300-degree view of the trees in the area.

Figure 18 Canteen area with passive and active ventilation systems

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[Contemporary Materials and Techniques in Industrial Architecture] The canteen, in instance, was adapted to do is provide temporary worker lodging. To preserve employee health, a specific air conditioning system treated air using both passive or active ventilation systems.

The company converted the canteen to accommodate staff with temporary housing during the covid-19 outbreak, proving secure Sanand’s versatility. They were able to keep working and supporting their families as a result of this campaign. ‘The building’s design as a multifunctional hall allowed secure meters to create single accommodation units containing a bed, small storage unit, and power for charging electronic devices. through a bespoke ventilation system, the air was treated with both passive and active ventilation systems, meeting the highest air quality standards required for employee health during the pandemic1,’ explains studio Saar.

4.1.3 INCORPORATING GREENERY AND WATER HARVESTING INTO THE SCHEME Because of the possibility for flooding at the location, the development includes a seasonal lake that extends from a acre to three acres during the rainy season, allowing 100 percent of precipitation to collect on-site and be kept in the lake for longer periods of time.

Recharge wells surround the water body, progressively filtering water back to predetermined subsurface reserves.

Figure 19 View of the Manufacturing Facility (by Ankit Jain)

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[Contemporary Materials and Techniques in Industrial Architecture] Finally, the architects planted 600 new trees along the site's entrance and exit roads to ensure that workers travelling between work and home had a pleasant experience.

To maintain the ecosystem, existing trees that were home to a group of weaver birds were kept and given a good impression.

Figure 20 Canopy Styled Roofs (by Ankit Jain)

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[Contemporary Materials and Techniques in Industrial Architecture] Sanand Factory in India is topped by Studio Saar's fanned and sawtooth roofs.

The spaces of this factory by Studio Saar, which sits on a seasonal lake in Sanand, India, are protected by kite-like canopies and geometric roofing.

Sustainability was a major driver of the design, and materials were chosen to respond to the client’s needs while meeting sustainability goals. All major materials including cement, sand, steel was sourced from local sites while the cladding was sourced from Udaipur, where Secure Meters is headquartered. The scheme has been awarded the highest platinum rating by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC).

Figure 21 Front Entrnace

Figure 22 Walk Way That Are Sheltered by A White, Geometric Canopy Structure (by Ankit Jain)

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Figure 23 Vaulted Clear Storey Windows Beneath the Roof & A Circular Staircase Placed at the centre of the Structure and its core facilitate the stack effect (by Ankit Jain) (by Ankit Jain)

Meanwhile, solar panels meet around half of the total energy consumption, while sophisticated insulating and an incorporated floor-cooling system assist to naturally maintain the temperature inside.

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The general style of the complex is clean and utilitarian, emphasizing utility and hinting to its industrial application. Light is admitted in through swaths of windows, while white plaster surfaces, concrete, and grey natural stone round out a rather limited yet effective and relaxing material palette that complements the different applications held within. Inside, high ceilinged, light, open plan areas are a far cry from the traditional picture of a frantic industrial factory, bringing the architecture into the twenty-first century. sawtooth skylights have been used and it is created by inserting a skylight between both the teeth of a sawtooth roof’s vertical surfaces. It can reflect the light because of the ceiling’s slanted surface. As a result, it has a higher lighting efficiency than a rectangle skylight. To allow for ventilation, the windows sash can be opened.

Tension fabric canopies are a cost-efficient way to shade large, outdoor areas. They’re a great way to cool patios, walkways, pools etc.,

Figure 24 View of the Canteen Area, providing expansive external view to patrons inside (by Ankit Jain)

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Figure 25 The Design Focuses on Employee Wellness amid a predominantly industrial setting(by Ankit Jain)

Figure 26 View of the Canteen area, providing expansive external view to patrons inside (by Ankit Jain)

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Figure 27 The building makes extensive use of exposed concrete to differentiate itself from from the more functional areas (by Ankit Jain)

Vaulted ceilings are beneficial in their ability to create an airy feel in the space and make it actually look and feel more significant than it physically. Vaulted ceilings give the effect of open space. Even though the increased space exists overhead, a vaulted ceiling appears to add square footage. One of the most essential features of a vaulted ceiling is to increase the natural light. With multiple windows and doors, more light comes through. Hot air rises, so vaulted ceilings allow for venting unwanted hot air in the room.

Figure 28 Ceiling View

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Sanand factory by SAAR architects is a perfect example that’s been designed with materials and techniques suitable for contemporary industrial scenario with the effective usage of sawtooth roofs, vaulted windows, fanned roofs and fabric canopies.

Secure Sanand has been designed to create an uplifting work environment and promote staff wellbeing while reducing energy consumption with the usage of solar panels

Figure 29 Canteen

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Figure 30 The Manufacturing production facility in action (by Ankit Jain)

Figure 31 View Inside Factory

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Figure 32 Industrial production Units

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Figure 33 Factoy model by studio Saar

The client's needs and long-term goals were carefully considered when selecting the material palette. Cement, sand, and steel were all sourced locally, but the cladding came from Udaipur, Secure Meters' headquarters city.

Studio Saar has illustrated how industries can and should inspire creativity.

Secure Sanand provides individuals with fun places to work and places to visit.

Figure 34 walk way tensile structure

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Figure 35 The Sawtooth aesthetic is reinterpreted in this structure in a nod to older industrial structures (by Ankit Jain)

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5. ANALYSIS & INFERENCE

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5.1 INFERENCE ▪ Usage of contemporary techniques like incorporating tensile structures, different roof types and skylights to light up the vast working spaces in the industries etc., are the essential things to consider in industrial architecture design.

▪ All th elements like scale and anthropometry, materials, colours, roof styles, doors , window openings details should be responsive to functional architectural design to promote the quality of working environment and add a community character in the industries.

▪ The case study studied in this report touch on different aspects of using architectural quality to go further than the purely functional by including bioclimatic aspects, workplace design and urban and landscape integration.

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6. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ahuja, A. (2022, April 12). Studio Saar brings well-being to an industrial setting with their Secure Sanand facility. Retrieved 06 01, 2022, from https://www.stirworld.com/seefeatures-studio-saar-brings-well-being-to-an-industrial-setting-with-their-securesanand-facility Baragano, J. W. (2013). Industrial Building Planning and Design (Vol. 1). (L. Hanlin, Ed.) Hong kong, China: Design Media publishing Limited. Retrieved 06 01-17, 2022 Cowan, L. (2022, march 08). Climate-adaptive factory in india promotes employee wellness.

Retrieved 06 15, 2022, from https://inhabitat.com/climate-adaptive-factory-in-indiapromotes-employee-wellness/ Simin. (2022, feburary). Landscape office park india studio saar. Sanand Factory & Canteen by studio saar. Retrieved 06 14, 2022, from https://mooool.com/en/sanand-factoryand-canteen-by-studio-saar-completes-pioneering-factory-in-gujarat-india-studiosaar.html Stathaki, E. (2022, february 16). Studio Saar’s modern industrial facility in India reimagines factory architecture. Retrieved 06 14, 2022, from https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/secure-factory-studio-saar-sanand-india Zeitoun, L. (2022, february 20). studio saar completes industrial facility in india with sculptural white canopies. (L. Zeitoun, Ed.) Retrieved 06 16, 2022, from https://www.designboom.com/architecture/studio-saar-secure-sanand-factory-gujaratindia-02-20-2022/

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