CHAPTER 5. CASE STUDIES

Studying related case study from all over the world to understand the area needed, enclosure style, how barriers created which are visually seamless, list of animal species and their placement in zoological parks and how visitors attracts towards park. This examples are taken where Sayaji baug zoo animals are present, so that comparison can be done.

List of case studies:

5.1 National Zoological Park, New Delhi (176 acre) 5.2 Nandankan Zoological Park (437 acre) 5.3 Indira Gandhi Zoological Park (625 acre) 5.4 San Diego Zoo, California (100 acre) 5.5 Singapore Zoo (Mandai Zoo), Singapore (69 acres)

5.1 NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK, NEW DELHI:

The National Zoological Park in New Delhi is one such unique park spread across an area 176 acre and based around the cultural landscape of the Old Fort. The campus of Delhi zoo not just consists of the infrastructure of animal enclosures, hospitals, offices, etc.

Climate:

The climate is semi-arid nature due to marked diurnal differences of temperatures and moderately low rainfall. Rainfall: Rains at Delhi are predominantly of showery type, Having an intensity of 41 to 50mm/hr. the highest annual rainfall recorded in Delhi has 1533 while the lowest recorded in 206 mm in 1868. Temperature: Heat during summer is intense and at time, temperature rises as high as 46 degree C during the month of June. Cold during December to February.

The zoo is home to several species of mammals, birds, and reptiles from around the world. As of 2018, there are 40 species of endangered animals under Schedule I and II categories; 35 species of animals under Schedule III and IV categories; and 29 species of exotic animals as specified under the Indian Wildlife (Protection). The Delhi zoo campus not only ensures infrastructural facilities for animal enclosures, hospitals, and offices but also harbors natural vegetation patches and wetlands, which are important habitats for the local flora and fauna. These natural areas provide various ecosystem services particularly to the zoo visitors and the city of Delhi at large.

There are 95 species of birds, and 12 species of reptiles in the zoo, 1959 animals and 127 species. A compilation of the floral species growing inside the zoo was 123 species of trees.

Enclosures style:

Birds and animals live in an environment that in many ways resemble their natural habitat. The National Zoological Park not only provides a home for endangered species, but also helps them to breed in captivity. Eventually they may once again thrive in the wild.

Barriers:

They have used dry moat, wet moat, hedge and railing for larger enclosures. Chimpanzee enclosure at National Zoological Park, New Delhi using water moat as a barrier.

Fig 5.1 Existing condition of national zoological park, New Delhi

MASTER PLAN OF NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK:

List to species: Mammals:

1. Antelope four horned (Tetracerus quadricornis) 2. Bear himalayan black (Ursus thibetanus) 3. Bear sloth (Melursus ursinus) 4. Black buck – Krishna mrig (Antilope cervicapra) 5. Black buck –Albino (Antilope cervicapra) 6. Cat jungle (Felis chaus) 7. Civet common plam- cat toddy (Paradoxurus hermaphrodites) 8. Civet indian small (Viverricula indica) 9. Deer brown antlered- Sangai (Rucervus eldi) 10. Deer hog (Axis porcincus) 11. Deer swamp- Barasingha (Rucervus duvauceli) 12. Elephant indian (Elephas maximus) 13. Fox common (Vulpes bengalensis) 14. Gaur- Indian bison (bos gaurus) 15. Jackal (Canis aureus) 16. Langur common (Presbytis entellus) 17. Leopard- Panther (Panthera pardus) 18. Lion indian (Panthera leo persica) 19. Macaque bonnet (Macaca radiate) 20. Macaque lion tailed (Macaca silenus) 21. Macaque rhesus (Macaca mulatta) 22. Rhinoveros indian one horned (Rhinoceros unicornis) 23. Tiger (Panthera tigris) 24. White tiger (Panthera tigris) 25. Wolf indian (Canis lupus pallipes) 26. Deer barking (Muntiacus muntjak) 27. Deer sambhar (Rusa unicolor) 28. Deer spotted- chital (Axis axis) 29. Goral (Naemorhaedus goral) 30. Hyaena stripped (Hyena hyaena) 31. Nilgai- Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) 32. Porcupine indian (Hystrix indica) 33. Baboon hamadrayas (Papio Hamadrys) 34. Deer sika (Cervus Nippon) 35. Elephant Africa (Loxodonta africana) 36. Hippoptamus (Hippopotamus amphibitus) 37. Jaguar (Panthera onca) 38. Loris slow pygmy (Nycticebus pygmaeus)

Reptile:

39. Cobra indian (Naja naja) 40. Crocodile long snouted- Gharial (Gaavialis gangeticus) 41. Crocodile marsh – Mugger (Crocodylus palustris) 42. Monitor lizard large Bengal (Varanus bengalensis) 43. Python indian –Rock (Puthon molurus) 44. Snake checkered keelback (Xenochrophis piscatar) 45. Snake rat/ Dhaman (Ptyas mucosus) 46. Snake diadem (Spalerosophis diadema) 47. Sand boa common (Gongylophis conicus) 48. Boa johns (Eryx johini) 49. Crocodile Siamese (Crocodylus siamensis) 50. Red eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta)

Birds:

51. Hornbill common grey (Ocyceros birostris) 52. Hornbill great indian (buceros bicornis) 53. Prefowl (pavo cristatus) 54. Peafowl white (Pavo crisatus) 55. Pheasant kalij (lopura lecucomelanos) 56. Spoonbill white (Platalea leucorodia) 57. Vulture egyptian (Neophron percnopterus) 58. Antelope four horned (Tetracerus quadricornis) 59. Heron grey (Aredea cinerea) 60. Ibis white (Threskiornis molucca) 61. Junglefowl red (Gallus gallus) 62. Kite brahminy (Haliastur indus) 63. Kite black (Milvus migrans) 64. Munia spotted (Lonchura punctulata) 65. Owl barn (Tyto alba) 66. Owl brown fish (Ketupa zeylonensis) 67. Owl indian greater horned (bubo virginianus) 68. Parakeet (Psittacula sp.) 69. Parakeet alexandrine (Psittacula eupatria) 70. Parakeet rose ringed (Psittacula kravmeri) 71. Partridge black (Francolinus francolinus) 72. Pelican grate white (pelecanus onocrotalus) 73. Stork painted (Mycteria leucocephala) 74. Budgeriger (Melopsittacus undulates) 75. Cockatiel (nymphicus hollandicus) 76. Cockatoo bare eyed (Cacatus sanguinea) 77. Emu common (Dromaius novaehallandiae) 78. Finch zebra Australian (Taeniopygea castanoitis) 79. Macaw Blue and yellow (Ara Ararauna) 80. Macaw Military (Ara militaris) 81. Parakeet sun (Aratinga solsitialis) 82. Parrot grey (Psittacus erithacus) 83. Pheasant edwards (Lophura edwardsi) 84. Pleasant golden (Chrysolophus pctus) 85. Pheasant lady amhereset (Chrysolophus amherstiae) 86. Pheasant silver (Lophura nycthemera) 87. Rhea greater (Rhea americana) 88. Swan black (Cygnus atratus)

The zoological park not only consists of enclosures for wild animals but also sustains a natural environment in its campus, which provides habitat for several free-ranging floral and faunal species. The wetlands in the park provide habitat to various wetland bird species such as 89. Cormorant (Microcarbo niger) 90. Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) 91. Spot billed duck (Anas poecilorhyncha) 92. Common teal (Anas crecca) 93. Painted Storks (Mycteria leucocephala) 94. Great white pelicans (Pelecanus onocrotalus)

5.2 NANDANKANAN ZOOLOGICAL PARK:

Nandankanan is built right inside the forest and set in a completely natural environment. The animals are housed in enclosures with greenery with a feel of real forest and live with no fear or apprehension of becoming the hunter's prey. Total area of zoological park is 1,080 acre.

There are 78 species of birds, 48 species of mammals, 29 species of reptiles and 6 species of amphibians.

Mission:

To achieve the distinction of an outstanding zoo through World Class Conservation, Education, Research and Exciting visitor experiences by connecting people to biodiversity conservation.

Exhibits style:

The zoological park houses wild animals giving with special emphasis on their ecology, behavioral biology, physiology and enrichment in a semi natural environment. The sylvan setup of the park provides many special features which attracts the visitors in large numbers.

Barriers:

Most of the animals of the zoo live in open, large moated areas surrounded by natural vegetation. This gives them a feeling of living close to their natural habitat. The zoo in enriched with 101 enclosures out of which 47 are open moated enclosures to house all the captive animals of Nandankanan.

Birds aviary:

These birds are housed in chain link covered enclosures of dimension depend on size and flying habit of the bird or birds to be kept. Glass windows are options for unobstructed viewing. Piano wire barrier can be tried for much better effect.

Special attractions:

The setup of the Park provides many special features which attracts the visitors in large numbers. • Boating • White tiger safari • Lion safari • Herbivore safari • Bear safari • Nocturnal Animal House • Reptile Park • A reptile park • Reptile Interpretation Centre • Aquarium • Interpretation Centre • Zoo museum • Amphibian enclosure • Walkthrough aviary

Fig 5.2 Existing condition of nandankanan zoological park

MASTER PLAN OF NANDANKANAN ZOOLOGICAL PARK:

List of species: Birds:

1. MYNAH HILL (Gracula religiosa) 2. PEAFOWL, INDIAN (Pavo cristatus) 3. SPOONBILL WHITE EURASIAN (Platalea leucorodia) 4. VULTURE CINEREOUS (Aegypius monachus) 5. VULTURE CINEREOUS (Aegypius monachus) 6. VULTURE WHITE BACKED (Gyps bengalensis) 7. KITE BRAMHINY (Haliastur indus) 8. KITE BLACK (Milvus migrans) 9. SHIKRA (Accipiter badius) 10. HORNBILL GREY (Ocyceros birostris) 11. BUDGERIGAR (Melopsittacus undulates) 12. COCKATIEL, WHITE/ CINAMON PEARS PIED (Nymphicus hollandicus) 13. COCKATOO, LESSER SULPHUR CRESTED (Cacatua slphurea) 14. COCKATOO, UMBRELLA SULPHUR CRESTED (Cacatua slphurea) 15. CONNURE BROWN THROATED (Eupsittula pertinax) 16. CONNURE JANDAYA (Aratinga jandaya) 17. CONURE SUN (Aratinga solstitialis) 18. CONURE PINE APPLE (Pyrrhura molinae molinae) 19. CONURE YELLOW SIDED (Pyrrhura molinae sordida) 20. CRANE SARUS (Grus antigone) 21. DOVE, EMERALD (Chalcophaps indica) 22. DOVE, SPOTTED (Spilopelia chinesis) 23. DOVE BARBARY (Streptopelia risoria) 24. DOVE, DIAMOND (Geopelia cuneata) 25. DOVE LAUGHING (Spilopelia senegalnesis) 26. DOVE, RING NECKED (Streptopelia capicola) 27. DUCK, MANDARIN (Aix galericulata) 28. EGRET CATTEL (Bubulcus ibis) 29. EGRET LARGE (Cosmerodius albus) 30. EGRET, LITTLE (Egretta garzetta) 31. EGRET, MEDIAN (Egretta intermedia) 32. EMU (Dromaius novaehollandiae) 33. FINCH, BENGALESE/ SOCIETY (Lonchura striata) 34. FINCH, LONG TAILED (Poephila cincta) 35. FINCH, STAR (Poephila ruficauda) 36. FINCH, ZEBRA (Poephila guttata) 37. HERON GREY (Ardea cinerea) 38. HERON, NIGHT (Nycticorax nycticorax) 39. IBIS, WHITE (Threskiornis aethiopica) 40. KOEL (Eudynamys scolopacea) 41. LORIKEET, BLUE FACED (Trichoglossus haematodus enetermedius) 42. LORIKEET, SWAINSON'S (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus) 43. LORRY YELLOW BACKED (Lorius garrulus flavopalliatus) 44. LOVE BIRD, FISCHERS (Agapornis fischeri) 45. LOVE BIRD, PEACH-FACED (Agapornis roseicollis) 46. LOVE BIRD, MASKED (Agapornis personatus) 47. MACAW, GREEN WINGED (Ara chloroptera) 48. MUNIA RED (Estrilda amandava) 49. MUNIA, BLACKHEADED (Lonchura malacca) 50. MUNIA, SPOTTED / NUTMEG MANNIKIN (Lonchura punctulata) 51. OSTRICH (Struthio camelus) 52. OWL, BARN (Tyto alba) 53. OWL, BROWN FISH (Bubo zeylonesis) 54. OWL, ORIENTAL SCOPS (Outs sunia) 55. PARAKEET, ALEXANDRINE (Psittacula eupatria) 56. PARAKEET, BLOSSOM HEADED (Psittacula cyanocephala) 57. PARAKEET, ROSE RING (Psittacula krameri) 58. PARROT AFRICAN GREY (Psittacus erithacus) 59. PELICAN GREY/SPOT BILLED (Pelecanus philippensis) 60. PELICAN ROSY/WHITE (Pelecanus onocrotalus)

Mammals:

1. ANTELOPE, FOUR HORNED/CHOWSINGHA (Tetraceros quadricomis) 2. BEAR, HIMALAYAN BLACK (Selenarctos thibetanus) 3. BEAR, SLOTH (Melursus ursinus) 4. BLACK BUCK / KRISHNA MRIG (Antilope cervicapra) 5. CAT, JUNGLE (Felis chaus) 6. CAT, LEOPARD (Prionailurus bengalensis) 7. CIVET, COMMON PALM / CAT TODDY (Paradoxurus hermaphrodites) 8. CIVET, SMALL INDIAN (Viverricula indica) 9. DEER, BROW ANTLERED / SANGAI (Cervus eldi) 10. DEER, MOUSE (Tragulus memmina) 11. DEER- SWAMP / BRASINGHA (Cervus duvauceli) 12. ELEPHANT, INDIAN (Elephas maximus) 13. GAUR (Bos Gaurus) 14. LEOPARD / PANTHER (Panthera pardus) 15. LION ASIATIC (Pantera leo persica) 16. MACAQUE, BONNET (Macaca radiate) 17. MACAQUE, RHESUS (Macaca mulatta) 18. PANGOLIN (Manis crassicaudata) 19. RATEL (Mellivora capensis) 20. SQUIRREL GIANT (Ratufa indica) 21. MANGOOSE COMMON (Herpestes edwardsi) 22. TIGER, BENGAL (Panthera tigris tigris) 23. NILGIRI LANGURE (Trachypithecus johnii ) 24. ASIATIC WILD DOG (Cuon alpinus) 25. ASSAM MACAQUE (Macaca assamensis) 26. INDIAN GREY WOLF (Canis lupus pallipes) 27. INDIAN FOX (Vulpes bengalensis) 28. BABOON, HAMADRYAS (Papio hamadryas) 29. CHIMPANZEE (Pan troglodytes) 30. DEER, BARKING-MUNTJAC (KAKKAR) (Muntiacus muntjak) 31. DEER, HOG (Axis porcinus) 32. DEER, SAMBAR (Cervus unicolor) 33. I.DEER, SPOTTED/ CHITAL(ZOO) (Axis axis) 34. II.DEER, SPOTTED/CHITAL(RBD) (Axis axis) 35. HARE INDIAN (Lepus nigricollis) 36. HIPPOPOTAMUS (Hippopotamus amphibious) 37. HYAENA, STRIPED (Hyaena hyaena) 38. GIANT FRUIT BAT (Pteropus giganteus) 39. JACKAL (Canis aureus) 40. LION HYBRID (Panthera leo) 41. LION AFRICAN (Panthera leo) 42. NILGAI-BLUE BULL (Boselaphus tragocamelus) 43. ORANG UTAN (Pongo pygmaeus) 44. PIG WILD/WILD BOAR (Sus scrofa) 45. PORCUPINE INDIAN (Hystrix indica) 46. BLACK-TUFTED MARMOSET (Callithrix penicillata) 47. TUFTED CAPUCHIN (Sapajus paella) 48. COMMON SQUIRREL MONKEY (Saimiri sciureus)

Reptiles:

1. COBRA, KING (Ophiophagus Hannah) 2. CROCODILE, LONG SNOUTED / GHARIAL (Gavialis gangeticus) 3. CROCODILE, MUGGER (Crocodilus palustris) 4. CROCODILE, SALT WATER (Crocodylus porosus) 5. MONITOR LIZARD, COMMON INDIAN (Varanus bengalensis) 6. MONITOR LIZARD, WATER (Varanus salvator) 7. PYTHON, BURMESE ROCK (Python molurus bivistatus) 8. SNAKE, RAT (Ptyas mucosus) 9. TURTLE, FRESH WATER / INDIAN FLAP -SHELL (Lissemys punctata punctate) 10. TURTLE, GANGES SOFT SHELL (Trionyx gangeticus ) 11. VIPER, RUSSEL’S (Vipera ruselli) 12. INDIAN CHAMELEON (Chameleon zeylanicus) 13. CROCODILE, MORELET’S (Crocodylus moreletii) 14. CUVIERS DWARF CAIMAN (Paleosuchus Palpebrosus) 15. TURTEL INDIAN TENT (Pangshura tentoria) 16. I.GREEN IGUANA (Iguana iguana) REDESIGNING SAYAJI BAUG ZOO, VADODARA

5.3 INDIRA GANDHI ZOOLOGICAL PARK:

Indira Gandhi Zoological Park is located amidst Seethakonda Reserve Forest covering an area of 625 acres in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh.

It is surrounded by beautiful and scenic hills of Eastern Ghats on three sides and Bay of Bengal on the fourth side. Being a Large category Zoo recognized by the Central Zoo Authority it houses 843 number of animals like mammals, carnivores, lesser carnivores, canids, ungulates, reptiles, birds and butterflies belonging to 123 species in a natural ambiance.

350 acres of plain area, 71Total no of animal houses, 15 acres area of natural water body. Birds get attracted to the serene environment of the water body. 50 acres area of sea shore plotted for Marine Land Complex. Successful and exclusive breeding Center for wild dogs A prestigious animal rescue center for Lions and tigers alone.

This place is also a home to many free ranging animals and birds owing to its existence in a forest area close to Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary.

Mission:

To develop self-sustaining, genetically and behaviorally viable populations of endangered animal species in order to use them as an ex-situ gene pool in long- term conservation and to seek the support of the visitors and public at large for the cause of wildlife conservation.

One of the interesting facts about this park is that it has been divided into separate sections like carnivores, primates, ungulates, mammals, and birds. This division makes it easier for visitors to visit each section according to their preferences.

Barriers:

Sambar enclosure using dry moat as a barrier. There is a section for butterflies and moths as well in this zoo but it is open only during the early hours of the day as butterflies and moths cannot fly during the late hours.

Fig 5.3 Existing condition of indira gandhi zoological park, Andhra Pradesh

MASTER PLAN OF INDRA GANDHI ZOOLOGICAL PARK:

List of species: Birds:

1. Rosy pelicans (Pelecanus onocrotales) 2. Grey Pelicans (Pelecanus philippensis) 3. Grey Herons (Ardea cinerea) 4. Painted storks (Mycteria leucocephala) 5. Adjutant storks (Leptoptilos dubius) 6. Red Jungle Fowls (Gallus gallus) 7. Grey Jungle Fowls (Gallus sonneratii) 8. White Ibis. (Threskiornis melanocephalus) 9. Scavanger Vulture (Neophron peronopterus) 10. Common Pariahkite (Milvus migrans) 11. White Cockatoos (Cacatua alba) 12. Sulphur Crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) 13. Goffins Cockatoos (Cacatua goffini) 14. Rose ringed Parakeet (Psitacula krameri) 15. Alexandrine Parakeet (Psittacula eupatria) 16. Hill Mynah (Gracula religiosa) 17. Common Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) 18. White Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) 19. Golden Pheasants (Chrysolophus pictus) 20. Silver Pheasants (Lophura nycthemera) 21. Red spur fowl (Galloperdix spadicea) 22. Lady Amhrest Pheasant (Chrysolophus amherstiae) 23. White bellied sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) 24. Budgerigar (Melopsittacusun dulatus) 25. Peach faced Love bird (Agapomis roseicollis) 26. Blue peach face love bird (Agapomis roseicollis) 27. Love Bird Yellow (Agapomis roseicollis) 28. Cockatails - White (Nymphicus hollandicus) 29. Cockatails - Grey (Nymphicus hollandicus) 30. Emerald parakeets (Psittacula calthropae) 31. Lutino parakeets (Nymphicus hollandicus) 32. Indian Great Horn Owl (Bubo bubo) 33. Barn Owl (Tyto alba) 34. Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) 35. Sun conure (Aratinga solstitialis solstitialis) 36. Jandya conure (Aratinga jandaya) 37. Ostrich (Struthio camelus) 38. Viloet Naped Lory (Lorius domicella) 39. Orange winged Amazon (Amazona amazonica) 40. Green winged Macaw (Ara chloropterus) 41. Blue Gold Macaw (Ara ararauna) 42. African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) 43. Golden Mantle Rosella (Platycercus eximius) 44. Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) 45. Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) 46. Grey Parakeet (Psittacus erithacus) 47. Eclectus Parakeet (Electus roratus)

Mammals:

1. Jackals (Canis aureus) 2. Hyenas (Hyaena hyaena) 3. Jungle Cat (Felis chaus) 4. Toddy cat (Viverricula hermaphodates) 5. Rusty Spotted Cat (Prionailurs rubiginosus) 6. Spotted Deers (Axis aixis) 7. Sambars (Cervus unicolor) 8. Nilgai (Boselaphus Tragocamleus) 9. Indian Gaurs (Bos gaurus) 10. Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) 11. Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious) 12. Chowsingha (Tetracerus quadricornis) 13. Barking Deers (Muntiacus muntjak) 14. Black Buck (Antilope cervicapra) 15. Hog deer (Axis porcinus) 16. Barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii) 17. Giraffe (Giraffa) 18. Chimpanzees (Pan) 19. Rhesus Monkeys (Macaque mulatla) 20. Bonnet Monkeys (Macaca radiate) 21. Stump Tail Monkeys (Macaca aretoides) 22. Ring tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta) 23. Marmoset (Callithris jacchus) 24. Sacred Baboons (Papio hamadyras) 25. Porcupines (Hystrix indica) 26. Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica)

Reptiles:

1. Estuarine Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) 2. Marsh Crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) 3. Gharials (Gavialis gangeticus) 4. Star Tortoises (Geochelone elegans) 5. Terrapines (Kachuga tecta) 6. Monitor Lizards (Varanus bengalensis) 7. Water Monitor Lizards (Varanus salvator) 8. Green Iguana (Iguana iguana)

5.4 SAN DIEGO ZOO, CALIFORNIA:

The 100-acre (40-hectare) Zoo is home to over 4,000 rare and endangered animals representing more than 800 species and subspecies, and a prominent botanical collection with more than 700,000 exotic plants. It is located just north of downtown San Diego in Balboa Park.

Mission:

The San Diego Zoo is a conservation, education, and recreation organization dedicated to the reproduction, protection, and exhibition of animals, plants, and their habitats.

The San Diego Zoo was a pioneer in the concept of open-air, cageless exhibits that re-create natural animal habitats. It is one of the few zoos in the world that houses, and successfully bred the giant panda, although the pandas have recently been repatriated to China.

Exhibit style:

Exhibits at the zoo are often designed around a particular habitat. The same exhibit may feature many different animals that can be found side by side in the wild, along with native plant life. Exhibits range from an African rain forest (featuring gorillas) to the Arctic taiga and tundra in the summertime (featuring polar bears). Some of the largest free-flight aviaries in existence are here, including the Owens Aviary and the Scripps Aviary. Many exhibits are "natural", with invisible wires and darkened blinds (to view birds), and accessible pools and open-air moats (for large mammals).

Attractions:

1. Gorilla Forest: Simulating the rainforests of central Africa, and opened in 1991, Gorilla

Tropics has an 8,000-square-foot (740 m2) enclosure for the eponymous species. The exhibit has waterfalls, a meadow, and tropical plants such as allspice, coral trees, and African tulip trees, as well as several species of bamboo. Guests can view the six western lowland gorillas from a viewing window, across a waterfall, and across a creek. 2. Polar Bears at Northern Frontier 3. Skyfari Aerial Tram 4. Koalas in the Outback 5. Elephant Odyssey: This 2.5-acre elephant habitat includes both African and Asian elephants in a natural, open area that gives them plenty of room to roam. Inside the Odyssey, you'll find the Elephant Care Center, where you can watch zookeepers providing routine care to the animals. 6. Giraffes in the Urban Jungle 7. Africa Rocks 8. Scripp's Aviary: Nestled inside the lush, African rainforest near the gorillas and pygmy hippos, more than 130 African native birds representing 35 different species inside this 80-foot-tall aviary. 9. Orangutans on the Orangutan Trail

Fig 5.4 Existing condition of san diego zoo, California

MASTER PLAN OF SAN DIEGO ZOO ZOOLOGICAL PARK:

5.5 SINGAPORE ZOO (Mandai Zoo), SINGAPORE:

The Singapore Zoo, formerly known as the Singapore Zoological Gardens or Mandai Zoo, occupies 28 hectares (69 acres) on the margins of Upper Seletar Reservoir within Singapore's heavily forested central catchment area.

Barriers:

Singapore Zoo displaying animals in naturalistic, 'open' exhibits with hidden barriers, moats, and glass between the animals and visitors. It houses the largest captive colony of orangutans in the world. Animals are kept in spacious, landscaped enclosures separated from the visitors by dry and wet moats. The moats are concealed with vegetation or dropped below the line of sight. Dangerous animals that can climb well are housed in landscaped glass-fronted enclosures. The zoo also offers various modes of rides available within the premises: trams, animals, boat, pony and horse carriage rides.

Exhibits style:

1. Treetops Trail The first exhibit at the very beginning of the zoo, the Treetops Trail is a boardwalk themed on a rainforest habitat and showcases wildlife on at different layers of the rainforest in a free range setting. Animals (Siamang Islands area): • Siamang • False gharial • Brown lemur(free-ranging) • Ring-tailed lemur(free-ranging) • White-faced saki(free-ranging) • Asian small-clawed otter • Animals (Bornean marsh Exhibit): • Giant Asian pond turtle • Proboscis monkey • Tiger barb • Indian muntjac • Painted terrapin • Hampala • Asian arowana • Clown loach

2. Gibbon Island This exhibit is made up of several small “islets” where some primates reside. It has two different areas in which the ones opposite Treetops trail lead to the main Gibbon Islands. Animals (opposite Otter exhibit): • Lowland anoa • Babirusa • Animals (main Gibbon Island): • Yellow-cheeked gibbon • Brown-headed spider monkey • Red ruffed lemur • Great white pelican

3. Wild Africa This exhibit features animals that hail from the continent Africa. Whereas most of the exhibits at the zoo which are tropical rainforest themed and densely vegetated, the exhibits in Wild Africa have very little shade. Animals: • African lion • Cheetah • African painted dog • Meerkat • Red river hog • Grevy’s zebra • Common ostrich • Southern white rhinoceros • Rothschild’s giraffe

4. Australasia Earlier called Australian Outback this exhibit underwent a long construction to display marsupials native to the Papua New Guinea region of Asia. The zoo’s Pygmy hippopotamuses reside very near this exhibit in an underwater-viewing gallery Animals (Australasia): • Eastern grey kangaroo • Red-necked wallaby • Goodfellow’s tree-kangaroo • Southern cassowary

5. Cat County Located at the end of Wild Africa, this exhibit features the lions from Wild Africa, the leopards Nuwa and Raja, and others. Animals: • African lion(Wild Africa) • Sri Lankan leopard • Fossa • Naked mole rat Animals (Pygmy hippo exhibit): • Pygmy hippopotamus • Vietnamese pond turtle • Chinese water dragon • Roti Island snake-necked turtle • Alligator snapping turtle • Alligator gar • Spotted gar • Many species of cichlids

6. Primate Kingdom A large number of the zoo’s large collections of primates are exhibited in the Primate Kingdom where the primates have their own islands surrounded by moat. The exhibit is themed in a free range rainforest setting and ginger, palms and wild grass have been planted to make the exhibits look dense and replicate their natural habitats. Animals: • Javan langur • Purple-faced langur • Red-shanked douc • Mantled guereza • Black-handed spider monkey • Ring-tailed lemur

7. Fragile Forest Fragile forest is one of the best exhibits at the zoo. The animals are in through various strata of the rainforests, like the forest floor, rainforest understory and canopy. Visitors can interact and get up close with denizens of tropical forest animals. At the beginning is an exhibit for various amphibians, followed by a butterfly aviary, then the main bio dome and finally a discovery outpost. Animals (Frog Station): • Amazon Milk Frog • River Toad • Big-headed turtle • Malayan horned frog • Tiger Salamander • Chinese crocodile lizard

Animals (biodome): • Ocellate river stingray • Spotted whistling duck • Lesser mouse-deer • Victoria crowned pigeon • Green iguana • Great argus pheasantLinnaeus’s two-toed sloth • Prevost’s squirrel • Pied imperial pigeon • Nicobar pigeon • Indochinese green magpie • Common green magpie • Wonga pigeon • Sulawesi ground dove • Zebra dove • Baer’s pochard • White-faced whistling duck • Wood duck • Pinon’s imperial pigeon • Pink-necked green pigeon • Bruce’s green pigeon • Red-billed blue magpie • Maranon pigeons and dozens of other bird species flying freely. • Golden lion

Fig 5.5 Existing condition of singapore zoo, Singapore

MASTER PLAN OF SINGAPORE ZOO:

LEARNINGS FROM THE CASE STUDIES:

1. The exhibit’s naturalistic style provides visitors with a high level of complexity and mystery, making the exhibit visually appealing. It gives the impression that visitors are in a forest.

2. It serves the objective of adopting a positive human-animal relationship.

3. The vegetation is appropriate, with a wide variety of trees, long grasses, and shrubs arranged at barriers.

4. Planting is used judiciously in the enclosure to create naturalistic habitat.

5. The barriers are designed in such a way they are not visually appear.

6. Naturalistic environment

7. Animals have enough space

8. Landscape immersion