The Bitter Pill

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Authors:

Lucia Faggion

Chiara Gagliardi

Chiara Pirotta

Mariasilvia Poltronieri

Francesco Saponaro

Faculty: Paolo Ciuccarelli Marco Fattore Stefano Mandato Donato Ricci

Teaching assistants: Azzi Matteo Mauri Michele Pini Azzurra Uboldi Giorgio

3

I wouldn’t know. My parents never talked to me. That’s why I am now a dad. A Teen dad*

* Source: articles.chicagotribune.com

“

What is the most helpful thing my parents told me about sex?

INDEX 1 | INTRODUCTION

7

What’s emergency contraception? Emergency contraceptive methods From emergency contraception to morning after pill From morning after pill to PBOS Focus on the U.S.A PBOS debate PBOS regulamentation Protocol

11 12 13 14 17 20 22 23

2 | WHAT - from statement to debate

29

PBOS topics Question research Glossary

33 36 39

3 | WHO - from debate to actors

45

Provider and stand points Actors structure Actors First Results Voices Terms frequency Active-passive actors Actors quotations Opinions Analysis Images by Google Image People common faces The avarage woman Institutional faces

49 51 52 64 66 69 74 78 82 88 90 91 92

4 | HOW - from actors to networks

95

Media provider presence 100 Providers network 102 Providers network analysis 103 Stand points network 106 Stand points network analysis 107 5

INDEX 109 5 | WHERE - from network to cosmos 114 116 118

Taxonomy Semantic proximity to the PBOS debate Related controversies in the world

123 6 | WHEN - from cosmos to cosmopolitics 127 128 130

Timeline comparison PBOS timeline PBOS geographical interest over time

133

7 | CONCLUSIONS

137 8 | APPENDIX 140 154 166 172

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General queries Age queries @]RPV¹P NPa\_` ^bR_VR` Google faces

1 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION What’s emergency contraception? Emergency contraceptive methods From emergency contraception to morning after pill From morning after pill to PBOS Focus on the U.S.A PBOS debate PBOS regulamentation Protocol

What’s emergency contraception?

Emergency  contraception,  or  post-coital  contraception,  refers  to  all  those  contraception  methods  that  can  be  used  to  prevent  pregnancy  within  few  days  after  intercourse.  It  is  meant  for  emergency  use  and  it  is  therefore  RĂ&#x;RPaVcR dVaUV[ N `U\_a ]R_V\Q \S aVZR NSaR_ b[]_\aRPaRQ intercourse,  contraceptive  failure  or  misuse  (such  as  forgotten  pills  or  torn  condoms),  rape  or  coerced  sex.  Emergency  contraception  works  only  before  the  ovum  is  released  from  the  ovary  and  the  sperm  fertilizes  the  ovum.  Emergency  contraceptive  pills  cannot  interrupt  an  established  pregnancy  or  harm  a  developing  embryo  or  fetus.  Any  woman  of  reproductive  age  may  need  emergency  contraception  at  some  point  to  avoid  an  unwanted  pregnancy. There  are  two  methods  of  emergency  contraception:  emergency  contraception  pills  (ECPs)  and  copper-bearing  intrauterine  devices  (IUDs).  There  are  aU_RR QVĂ&#x;R_R[a af]R` \S RZR_TR[Pf P\[traceptive  pills  (better  know  as  â€œmorning  after  pillsâ€?)  NcNVYNOYR N_\b[Q aUR d\_YQ AUR š_`a af]R \S RZR_TR[Pf contraceptive  pill  contains  a  hormone  called  progestin.  The  progestin-only  method  uses  the  progestin  levonorgestrel  in  a  dose  of  1.5  mg,  either  as  two  750  ¾g  doses  12  hours  apart,  or  more  recently  as  a  single  dose.  There  N_R QVĂ&#x;R_R[a O_N[Q` \S aUV` ]VYY =_\TR`aV[ \[Yf RZR_TR[cy  contraceptive  pills  prevent  pregnancy  by  preventing  or  delaying  ovulation.  They  may  also  work  to  prevent  fertilization  of  an  egg  Of NĂ&#x;RPaV[T aUR PR_cVPNY ZbPb` \_ aUR NOVYVaf \S `]R_Z to  bind  to  the  egg.  These  contraceptive  pills  are  not  effective  once  the  process  of  implantation  has  begun,  and  aURf dVYY [\a PNb`R NO\_aV\[ b[QR_ N `PVR[aVšPNYYf aR`aed  poin  of  view.  The  second  type  of  emergency  contraceptive  pill  contains  ulipristal  acetate,  and  is  available  only  with  prescription  in  the  United  States  (sold  as  Ella)  and  Europe  (sold  as  EllaOne).  It  has  been  found  to  be  UVTUYf RĂ&#x;RPaVcR N[Q dRYY a\YR_NaRQ 6a PN[ OR aNXR[ b] a\ " days  after  unprotected  sex. Â

viz 1 Previous  page  |  How  emergency  contraceptive  methods  operate

i YN`a QNf S\_ R P RĂ&#x;RPaVcR[R``

The  third  type  of  emergency  contraceptive  pill  (Yuzpe  regimen)  uses  both  the  hormones  progestin  and  estrogen,  taken  as  two  doses  at  a  12-hour  interval.  This  meth\Q V` [\d ORYVRcRQ a\ OR YR`` RĂ&#x;RPaVcR N[Q YR`` dRYY a\YR_ated  than  the  progestin-only  method.   The  copper-bearing  IUD,  as  an  emergency  contraceptive,  Zb`a OR V[`R_aRQ dVaUV[ šcR QNf` \S b[]_\aRPaRQ V[aR_course.  This  may  be  an  ideal  contraceptive  for  a  woman  dU\ V` U\]V[T S\_ N[ \[T\V[T UVTUYf RĂ&#x;RPaVcR P\[a_NPR]tive  method.  This  method  primarily  prevents  fertilization  by  causing  a  chemical  change  that  damages  sperm  and  egg  before  they  can  meet.  It  should  never  be  used  if  a  woman  is  already  pregnant. Source:  WHO,  EC  Princeton,  Wikipedia

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Emergency contraceptive methods

IUDs Ella One

emergency contraception Ella

ulipristal acetate

ECPs

Yuzpe regimen

progestin-only

Levonelle

Escapelle

viz 2 Structure of emergeny conraceptive methods

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Norlevo

Plan B

Plan B One Step

Postinor-2

From emergency contraception to morning after pill

language: ENG location: USA domain: .com

language: ENG location: UK domain: .uk

language: ITA location: ITALY domain: .it

BOOTS EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | 108

NORLEVO | 68

PLAN B ONE STEP | 144

SALUTE | 62 EHC | 82 EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | 52

DRUG ADMINISTRATION | 112 HEALTH CENTRE | 64

CONTRACCEZIONE | 52 NEXT CHOICE | 64

IUD | 54 IUD | 52

POLICY | 62

CONTRACEPTION | 48 HIV | 40 MORNING AFTER PILL | 44

FERTILITY REGULATION | 60

PILLOLA | 30 HIV | 38 VITA | 26

ECPS | 56 MORNING AFTER PILL | 52 HIV | 50 HUMAN SERVICES | 44 PLANNED PARENTHOOD | 40 EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | 40

NEXT CHOICE | 36

YUZPE | 24

EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | 32

FDA | 24

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHCARE | 28

BIOETICA | 22

PLAN B ONE-STEP | 24

SANITÀ | 20

TRANSMITTED INFECTION | 24

DONNE | 18

SEXUAL HEALTH | 20 ELLAONE | 20 LEVONELLE | 18 PHARMACIES | 18

LEVONELLE | 18 RU486 | 16

REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | 40 EC PILLS | 36 FDA | 34 HEALTH ORGANIZATION | 32

viz 3 E.C. terms frequency for the abouve mentioned countries

6[ V[cR`aVTNaV[T \b_ aURZR \b_ ¹_`a `aR] P\[`aV`aRQ V[ P_RNaV[T N P\_]b` \S b_Y` for the queries ‘emergency contraception’, ‘contraccezione d’emergenza’ and ‘notfall-kontrazeption’. We searched each query in each language relative domain (.com, .uk, .it). The following passage was to use the Issue Discovery tool a\ ¹[Q \ba aUR most commonly used words for each query. After a work of cleaning in order to eliminate non-relevant terms, we created a cloud composed with the most largely used words using a tool called Tag Cloud Generator. We have thus discovered that the most used words are names \S `]RPV¹P O_N[Q` \_ N_R _RYNaRQ a\ Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY 6a²` PYRN_ aUNa dUR[ aNYXV[T NO\ba 2ZR_TR[Pf 0\[a_NPR]aV\[ we can conveniently refer to the morning after pill. 13

From morning after pill to PBOS

But  is  Emergency  Contraception  controversial?  We  tried  to  start  answering  this  question  inspecting  its  world  from  the  repsective  Wikipedia  page  and  we  noticed  that  aUR ! \S aUR a\]VP` N_R NO\ba ÂŻB @ YRTNY N[Q RaUVPNY P\[a_\cR_`VR`°.  The  graph  shows  this  disproportion  in  respect  to  other  issues  and  underlines  the  complexity  and  the  variety  of  U.S.  legal  and  ethical  controversies.  It’s  relevant  to  highlight  that  the  whole  part  that  concerns  with  U.S.  legal  and  ethical  controversies  talks  about  the  recent  debate  on  Plan  B  One-Step. 14

viz 4 Wikimindmap | Wikipedia links of “emergency contraception” page

15

From morning after pill to PBOS viz 5

Plan  B  One-Step

ABOUT Â CONTROVERSY

Norlevo

NOT  ABOUT  CONTROVERSY Boots  emergency  contraceptive

We  noticed  that  Plan  B  One-Step  is  the  most  used  word  in  matter  of  Emergency  Contraception,  relatively  to  the  tag  cloud  for  .com  domain.  We  therefore  decided  to  investigate  if  the  Plan  B  One-Step  debate  is  more  controversial  and  Z\_R QV`Pb``RQ aUN[ aUR š_`a Z\`a b`RQ d\_Q` \S aUR \aUR_ Q\ZNV[` DR `RN_PURQ RNPU aR_Z V[ aUR _R`]RPaVcR Q\ZNV[ N[Q dR N[NYVgRQ aUR š_`a " ^bR_VR` S\_ RNPU aR_Z The  graph  shows  that  Plan  B  One-Step  theme  is  more  related  to  controversial  aspects,  instead  of  the  words  Norlevo  or  boots  emergency  contraceptive  that,  even  if  very  used  in  the  Emergency  Contraception  theme,  have  a  very  low  percentage  of  subjects  of  debate. Â

viz 6

A  further  proof  of  the  great  interest  about  the  Plan  B  One  Step  came  to  us  searching  the  word  morning  after  pill  in  Google  Trends.  We  saw  that,  even  if  the  research  peak  points  for  this  query  are  in  other  countries  (like  Zimbawe  or  Trinidad  and  Tobago),  searches  from  this  countries  refer  to  articles  about  events  that  happened  in  the  USA.  And  all  these  articles  are  about  Plan  B  One-Step  and  the  reforms  related  to  it. 16

Focus on the U.S.A.

According  to  the  results  that  we  collcted  up  to  the  present,  we  decided  to  focus  on  the  Plan  B  One-Step  debate  in  United  States.  We  found  that  the  story  of  Emergency  Contraception  in  the  United  States  has  been  always  controversial  throughout  the  years,  considering  the  UVTU aNe \S b[dN[aRQ pregnancies  in  the  country. Â

48% of  pregnancies are  unintended (mistimed+unwanted)

19% viz 7 Intended  preg. Mistimed  preg. Unwanted  preg.

52% 29%

7$

1,9$

for  unintended  pregnancies

for  family planning

According  to  the  Guttmacher  Institute,  a  research  organization  about  sexual  and  reproductive  health  and  rights,   48%  of  the  6.7  million  annual  pregnancies  in  the  United  States  are  unintended  for  women  aged  15-44. AUV` _NaR V` `VT[VšPN[aYf UVTUR_ aUN[ aUR _NaR V[ ZN[f other  developed  countries;  furthermore  this  trend  has  slightly  increased  from  2001  and  continues  to  grow.  Moreover,  In  2012,  there  were  29.4  births  (the  actual  value  is  305,420  babies  )  for  every  1,000  adolescent  females  aged  15-19  (HHS  data).  Nearly  89%  of  these  births  occurred  outside  of  marriage  or  longterm  relationships.  The  success  an  American  woman  reaches  in  avoiding  unintended  pregnancies  depends  on  the  access  to  family  planning  services  and  on  a  variety  of  socioeconomic  factors,  including  what  state  she  lives  in.  Unintended  pregnancies  are  higher  and  rising  among  low-income  women  and  these  births  brings  tremendous  costs  to  already  struggling  families.  The  impact  on  the  public  spending  is  also  notable:  twothirds  of  unintended  pregnancies  are  generally  paid  by  public  insurance  programs  and  $1.9  billion  in  spending  on  public  family  planning  centers  resulted  in  $7  billion  in  gross  savings  from  helping  women  avoid  unintended  pregnancies  and  births.  It’s  also  important  to  considered  that  only  the  5%  of  unintended  pregnancies  were  conceived  by  women  who  use  birth  control  consistently.  These  factors  explain  why  B@. N_R V[ aUR ObYY²` RfR \S the  Emergency  Contraception  issue.  The  Plan  B  OneStep  debate  UN` _RPR[aYf V[P_RN`RQ aUR b_TR[Pf \S š[QV[T a  suitable  solution  to  the  problem.  The  aim  of  this  research  is  therefore  to  deal  with  current  controversies  about  ECPs  availability,  focusing  on  USA  because: ¡  USA  have  a  truly  high  tax  of  unintended  pregnancies;

viz 5 Previous  page  |  Controversial  and  not  controversial  aspects  of  the  three  most  frequent  terms  (see  viz.3)

viz 6 Previous  page  |  Plan  B  One  Step  Google  [Rd` V[ _RYNaV\[ a\ aUR ZR[aV\[RQ QVĂœR_R[a P\b[a_VR`

viz 7 Above  |  Pregnancies  percentage  by  intention  status  in  USA

¡  USA  are  all  along  the  leading  country  in  economics  and  culture; ¡  USA  has  recently  (April  5,  2013)  enacted  an  order  which  YVSa` N[f NTR  and  sale  restrictions  on  Plan  B  One-Step  and  its  generic  versions,  within  30  days; Âź B@. N_R cR_f _VPU \S QVĂ&#x;R_R[a _RYVTV\b` RaU[VP N[Q PbYtural  entities,  and  it’s  therefore  the  center  encounter-  PYN`U \S QVĂ&#x;R_R[a ]\V[a` \S cVRd NO\ba N[f ZNaaR_ 17

Focus on the U.S.A.

RATE (per 1,000 women aged 15-44)

18

viz 8 Unintended pregnancies rate in USA by country * source: Guttmacher Institute

19

PBOS debate

viz 9 Plan  B  one  Step  reforms  time  line  focused  on  restriction  changes

A  great  deal  of  controversy  accompanied  the  FDA  approval  of  over-the-counter  (OTC)  access  to  Plan  B  OneStep.  Supporters  of  over-the-counter  access  believe  that  easier  access  will  reduce  unintended  pregnancy  and  abortion  rates;  some  abortion  opponents  believe  that  EC  itself  is  a  form  of  abortion.  The  American  Medical  Association,  the  American  Academy  of  Family  Physicians,  the  American  College  of  Obstetricians  and  Gynecologists,  the  American  Academy  of  Pediatrics,  and  other  leading  U.S.  medical  organizations  all  supported  OTC  access.  An  advisory  committee   recommended  FDA  that  Plan  B  One-Step  be  made  available  over-the-counter  V[ 6[ !,  the  FDA  refused  the  advisory  board’s  recommendation  and  prohibited  over-the-counter  sale,  citing  20

V[`bĂ PVR[a RcVQR[PR aUNa 20=` P\bYQ OR b`RQ `NSRYf Of adolescents  without  medical  supervision.  6[ ",  Susan  F.  Wood,  assistant  FDA  commissioner  for  women’s  health  and  director  of  the  <Ă?PR \S D\ZR[²` Health,  resigned  to  protest  the  FDA’s  delay.  6[ #,  the  FDA  approved  over-the-counter  access  to  Plan  B  for  women  18  years  of  age  and  older.  6[ .]_VY &,  the  FDA  followed  the  ruling  of  a  New  York  Federal  District  Court  and  loosened  the  restrictions  to  allow  Duramed  Pharmaceuticals  to  provide  Plan  B  without  a  prescription  to  17-year-olds.  6[ ,  the  Food  and  Drug  Administration  granted  its  approval  for  making  the  birth  control,  which  comes  in  one-  and  two-dose  forms,   available  over-the-counter,  but   that  decision  was  overruled  by  Health  and  Human Â

Services (HHS) Secretary Kathleen Sebelius, who expressed concerns that girls as young as 11 would be able to purchase the product without a prescription. HHS placed an age restriction on the emergency contraceptive, requiring anyone under age 17 to have a prescription while allowing older women unrestricted access. <[ .]_VY " , District Judge Edward Korman in Brooklyn overturned the decision, saying it was made in ²QPS UPXcW P]S X\_a^_Ta _^[XcXRP[ X]¾dT]RT ³ In response, the FDA decided to allow Plan B One-step, the single dose version, to be sold over-the-counter to anyone aged 15 and older without a prescription. Generic one-pill levonorgestrel emergency contraceptives and all two-pill levonorgestrel emergency contraceptives will remain restricted to sale. <[ :Nf , the Obama administration U.S. De-

partment of Justice said it would appeal Judge Korman’s decision and pending the appeal asked him to stay his order for the FDA to approve levonorgestrel emergency contraceptives for OTC sale without prescription or age restriction by :Nf # . Korman refused to reverse his ruling, and in June, the Department of Justice dropped an initial plan to appeal, making it possible for Plan B One-Step to be sold in pharmacies, without a prescription and without any age restrictions. Emergency contraception costs coverage will also beP\ZR RßRPaVcRYf NPaVcaR S_\Z 7N[bN_f ! dVaUV[ aUR =NaVR[a =_\aRPaV\[ N[Q .ß\_QNOYR 0N_R .Pa ORaaR_ X[\d[ as “Obamacare”). In any case, the debate does not only involve legislative and political matters, so the controversy continues. 21

PBOS regulamentation

;\a NYY B@ `aNaR` U\dRcR_ UNcR NQ\]aRQ aUR _RTbYNaV\[ V[ aUR `NZR dNf (states  have  the  right  to  apply  fedR_NY _RS\_Z` QVĂ&#x;R_R[aYf `V[PR aURV_ YNd` N[Q _RTbYNaV\[` N_R [\a aUR `NZR RcR_fdUR_R For  example,  last  May,  Oklahoma  enacted  a  law  that  requires  people  under  the  age  of  17  to  obtain  a  prescription  in  order  to  purchase  Plan  B  One-Step  â€”  a  direct  violation  of  the  FDA’s  current  federal  policy.  The  Oklahoma  Coalition  for  Reproductive  Justice  sued  the  Oklahoma  State  Board  of  Pharmacy  and  Oklahoma  Attorney  General  Scott  Pruitt  on  Aug.  8,  claiming  the  law  violated  Oklahoma’s  constitution  and  put  up  barriers  for  women  who  wanted  to  use  legal  contraception.

Source:  Guttmacher  Institute,  State  policies  in  brief:  Emergency  Contraception,  April  2013

Both  an  emergency  room  mandate  to  provide  EC  to  sexual  assault  survivors  upon  request  and  allowance  of  pharmacists  to  dispence  EC  without  a  prescription  to  women  of  all  ages Emergency  room  mandate  to  provide  EC  to  sexual  assault  survivors  upon  request Allowance  of  pharmacists  to  dispence  EC  without  a  prescription  to  women  of  all  ages Other

22

viz 10 E.C.  laws  by  country  in  April  2013 *  source:  Guttmacher  Institute,  State  policies  in  brief:  Emergency  Contraception

Protocol | Step 1

WHAT | FROM STATEMENT TO DEBATE The initial general queries are ¯]YN[ O \[R `aR]° and ¯]YN[ O \[R `aR]° QRONaR which helped us to get a ¹_`a P\[a_\cR_`f P\[aRea cV`V\[( NSaR_ N Google reserch N[Q aNTTV[T PYRN[V[T ]_\PR`` dR P\bYQ QR¹[R N `]RPV¹P question research: “When young is too young to get morning after pill?” 23

Protocol | Step 2

24

WHO | FROM DEBATE TO ACTORS The  second  corpus  of  urls  comes  from  other  3  queries  about  age  limitation ¯]YN[ O \[R `aR]° [\ YVZVa`;  ¯]YN[ O \[R `aR]° NTR \_ NTR YVZVa \_ _VTUa NTR \_ age  restriction; ¯]YN[ O \[R `aR]° _R`]\[`VOVYVaf;  So  we  used  these  queries  for  three  parallel  research,  through  Google  Web,  Google  Images  and  Google  Images  dVaU SNPR` šYaR_ After  the  visualization  and  analysis  of  these  results  we  decided  to  create  other  more  `]RPVšP ^bR_VR` dVaU physical  actors  inside  to  understand  better  their  opinions:  ¯]YN[ O \[R `aR]° ]N_R[aNY V[c\YcRZR[a \_ ]N_R[a`;  ¯]YN[ O \[R `aR]° _R`a_VPaV\[ N[Q _RYVTV\[;  ¯]YN[ O \[R `aR]° `PVR[PR \]V[V\[;  ¯]YN[ O \[R `aR]° aRR[NTR_` _RNPaV\[; ¯]YN[ O \[R `aR]° d\ZR[ \]V[V\[ \_ ]\V[a \S cVRd. We  obtained  a  92  urls  corpus  and  we  proceded  with  a  semantic  analysis  to  understand  direct  opinions  of  physical  actors. 25

Protocol | Step 3

HOW | FROM ACTORS TO NETWORKS After knowing the PBOS debate actors we proceded to see their relations through Gephi networks; aUR ¹_`a \[R P\Z]_RUR[Q` NYY ]_\cVQR_ N[Q `aN[Q ]\V[a actors and the second step was to clean it removing media because of their mostly neutral stand point. So we realized other two networks by providers and position and analysed them. 26

Protocol | Step 4

WHERE | FROM NETWORKS TO COSMOS To create a context around our controvery and its related debate we genereted two QVßR_R[a aNe\[\ZVR` starting from wikipedia links and from our corpus of urls. At the same time we proceded with a localized search for connected controversies in the world. 27

Protocol | Step 5

WHEN | FROM COSMOS TO COSMOPOLITICS The last step of our research consisted in a chronological view of the Plan B One-Step debate development starting from a contrast between emergency contraception and Plan B One Step and then analysing the geographical changes over the same period of time. 28

2 WHAT

FROM STATEMENT TO DEBATE PBOS topics Question research Glossary

From statement to debate

The Plan B One-Step debate features After the focus from generic emergency contraception to Plan b one-step Debate in the USA, it’s now important to have a wider view on its features and topics in order a\ ObVYQ aUR P\[a_\cR_`f N[NYf`V` ]_\PR`` N[Q a\ QR¹[R aUR `]RPV¹P _R`RN_PU ^bR`aV\[ 3\_ aUV` _RN`\[ aUR ¹_`a `aR] V` a\ explore the web with Google (advanced research), as everybody would do and the result is more various than we could attend.

Struments: ANALYSIS TOOLS Excel SEARCH TOOLS Google | Google Scraper VISUALIZATION TOOLS Raw.densitydesign | Adobe Illustrator

PBOS topics

The debate around Plan B One-Step is very multifaceted. It does not only concern with just one topic, but touches many critical points. Questions around Plan B One-Step have to do with RaUVPNY ]\YVaVPNY RP\[\ZVPNY N[Q `\cial subjects. We started to investigate the complexity of our debate building a corpus of b_Y` for the queries “plan b one step” and “plan b one step” debate. We proceeded with a manual work of topics tagging.

1st

corpus “plan b one step” · “plan b one step” debate

6% 6%

viz 11

8% Age Generic OTC Prescription

80%

The issue of each url was decided on the basis of the page content. We continued analyzing if each topic was a matter of debate or not. We immediately noticed that in " a\]VP` about Plan B One Step, just \S aURZ dR_R b[P\[a_\cR_`VNY. We decided to not considered those ulrs, so, after this step, we had a total P\_]b` \S % b_Y` NO\ba P\[a_\cR_`VNY themes. Clustering the remaining urls in sets divided by topics led us to discover that there was a particularly problematic issue: 37 in 80 urls, in fact, concerned the debate about [\ YVZVaNaV\[` S\_ aUR ]VYY. Analyzing urls relative to the “no limit” topic, we found that this issue shows an inside thematic subdivision too. The debate about no limitations for Plan B One-Step is divided into 4 sub-themes and the most struggled of them is linked to questions about age restrictions for the pill. AUNa P\[¹_ZRQ \b_ `b]]\`VaV\[' aUR P\[a_\cR_`f \[ =YN[ B One Step is alive and throbbing not just because of the approval for over the counter sale with no prescription, but, after the recent statement that permits the disa_VObaV\[ dVaU\ba NTR _R`a_VPaV\[ for age-limit removal above all. Because the Plan B One-Step debate rotates around the age restriction matter, our following step consisted in examining the problem deeply.

2nd corpus

“plan b one step” no limits · “plan b one step” responsibility · “plan b one step” age OR age limit OR right age OR age rescrition

We focused on age limit creating N P\_]b` \S b_Y` ]R_ ^bR_f, by searching “plan b one step” no limits, “plan b one step” responsibility and “plan b one step” age OR age limit OR right age OR age restriction (Google.com.) After a work of cleaning to eliminate non pertinent urls, \b_ P\_]b` dN` ¹[NYYf P\Z]\`RQ \S 177 urls. The large presence of media in the debate immediately emerged, and their position is more turned toward the neutral side of the controversy.

viz 11 Percentage of “no limit” issue topics

33

34

viz 12 3\PNYVgNaV\[ º\d \[ ¯NTR°a\]VP about Plan B One Step

35

36

Considering the grown perplexity about no age restrictions for the pill sell, and all doubts, appeals, requests and protests concerning its righteousness about letting young people buy the it autonomously, our question research is:

When young is too young ¯ a\ TRa Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY, ° 37

38

Glossary

ABORTION

ly  expressed  as  the  percentage  of  women  who  become  ]_RT[N[a b`V[T N TVcR[ ZRaU\Q Qb_V[T aUR š_`a fRN_ N[Q Abortion  is  the  termination  of  pregnancy  by  the  removal  sometimes  as  a  lifetime  failure  rate  among  methods  with  or  expulsion  from  the  uterus  of  a  fetus  or  embryo  pri- UVTU RĂ&#x;RPaVcR[R`` `bPU N` abONY YVTNaV\[ or  to  viability.  An  abortion  can  occur  spontaneously,  in  which  case  it  is  usually  called  a  miscarriage,  or  it  can  be  purposely  induced.  The  term  abortion  most  commonly  COITUS INTERRUPTUS refers  to  the  induced  abortion  of  a  human  pregnancy.  Coitus  interruptus,  also  known  as  the  rejected  sexual  intercourse,  withdrawal  or  pull-out  method,  is  a  method  of  ADMINISTRATION birth-control  in  which  a  man,  during  intercourse  withdraws  his  penis  from  a  woman’s  vagina  prior  to  orgasm  The  term  administration,  as  used  in  the  context  of  gov- (and  ejaculation). R_[ZR[a QVĂ&#x;R_` NPP\_QV[T a\ jurisdiction.  In  American  usage,  the  term  refers  to  the  executive  branch  under  N `]RPVšP ]_R`VQR[a  (or  governor,  mayor,  or  other  local  CONCEPTION executive),  for  example:  â€œThe  Barack  Obama  administration.â€?  The  term  conception  commonly  refers  to  fertilisation,  which  is  the  successful  fusion  of  gametes  to  form  a  new  organism.  Its  use  conception  by  some  to  refer  to  implanAGE LIMIT tation  makes  it  a  subject  of  semantic  arguments  about  the  beginning  of  pregnancy,  typically  in  the  context  of  An  age  limit  is  the  oldest  or  youngest  age  at  which  a  per- the  abortion  debate. son  is  allowed  under  particular  regulations  to  do  something  or  holding  some  position.  In  some  cases  there  is  a  minimum  age  limit. CONDOM A  condom  is  a  barrier  device  commonly  used  during  sexual  intercourse  to  reduce  the  probability  of  pregnancy  and  spreading  sexually  transmitted  diseases  such  as  In  law,  an  appeal  is  a  process  for  requesting  a  formal  HIV.  As  a  method  of  birth  control,  male  condoms  have  PUN[TR a\ N[ \Ă PVNY QRPV`V\[ aUR NQcN[aNTR \S \Ă&#x;R_V[T protection  against  sexually  transmitted  diseases. APPEAL

APPROVED DRUG COSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION An  approved  drug  is  a  preparation  that  has  been  validated  for  a  therapeutic  use  by  a  ruling  authority  of  a  government.  In  the  United  States,  the  FDA  approves  drugs.  Before  a  drug  can  be  prescribed,  it  must  undergo  the  FDA’s  approval  process. Â

The  conscientious  objection  is  an  appeal  to  conscience  in  refusing  to  do,  or  seeking  exemption  from,  acts  that  threaten  a  person’s  sense  of  integrity.  Patients  as  well  as  physicians  and  nurses  may  appeal  to  conscience  in  refusing  treatment  or  procedures.  It’s  called  also  conscientious  refusal.

BIRTH CONTROL Birth  control,  also  known  as  contraception  and  fertility  control,  are  methods  or  devices  used  to  prevent  pregnancy.  Planning,  provision  and  use  of  birth  control  is  called  family  planning.  Safe  sex,  such  as  the  use  of  male  or  female  condoms,  can  also  help  prevent  sexually  transmitted  infections.  Birth  control  methods  include  barrier  methods,  hormonal  birth  control,  intrauterine  devices  (IUDs),  sterilization,  and  behavioral  methods.  They  are  used  before  or  Qb_V[T `Re dUVYR RZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aVcR` N_R RĂ&#x;RPaVcR S\_ b] a\ N SRd QNf` NSaR_ `Re 2Ă&#x;RPaVcR[R`` V` TR[R_NY-

DRUG ABUSE Substance  abuse,  also  known  as  drug  abuse,  is  a  patterned  use  of  a  substance  (drug)  in  which  the  user  consumes  the  substance  in  amounts  or  with  methods  which  are  harmful  to  themselves  or  others. Â

ELLA PILL Ella  is  an  emergency  contraceptive  pill  containing  30  mg  39

Glossary

of  ulipristal  acetate,  a  progesterone  receptor  modulator.  FAMILY PLANNING 6a V` RĂ&#x;RPaVcR S\_ b] a\ " QNf` NSaR_ b[]_\aRPaRQ `Re Ella  is  sold  by  prescription  only.  It  is  sold  in  Europe  under  Family  planning  is  the  planning  of  when  to  have  children  the  name  Ella  One. and  the  use  of  birth  control  and  other  techniques  to  implement  such  plans.  Other  techniques  commonly  used  include  sexuality  education,  prevention  and  management  of  sexually  transmitted  infections,  pre-conception  EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION counseling  and  management,  and  infertility  manageEmergency  contraception  (EC),  or  emergency  postcoital  ment.  contraception,  are  birth  control  measures  that,  if  taken  Family  planning  is  sometimes  used  as  a  synonym  for  the  use  of  birth  control,  however,  it  often  includes  a  wide  vaafter  sexual  intercourse,  may  prevent  pregnancy.  riety  of  methods,  and  practices  that  are  not  birth  control.  Forms  of  EC  include:  emergency  contraceptive  pills  (ECPs)—sometimes  It  is  most  usually  applied  to  a  female-male  couple  who  simply  referred  to  the  â€œmorning  after  pillâ€?—  that  are  wish  to  limit  the  number  of  children  they  have  and/or  to  drugs  intended  to  disrupt  or  delay  ovulation  or  fertili- control  the  timing  of  pregnancy.  Family  planning  may  zation,  which  are  necessary  for  pregnancy  (contracep- encompass  sterilization,  as  well  as  abortion.  tives)  and  intrauterine  devices  (IUDs)—usually  used  Family  planning `R_cVPR` N_R QRš[RQ N` “educational,  as  a  primary  contraceptive  method,  but  sometimes  used  comprehensive  medical  or  social  activities  which  enable  individuals,  including  minors,  to  determine  as  emergency  contraception.  freely  the  number  and  spacing  of  their  children  and  to  select  the  means  by  which  this  may  be  achieved.â€? EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS Emergency  contraceptive  pills  are  pills  that  may  contain  higher  doses  of  the  same  hormones  (estrogens,  progestins,  or  both)  found  in  regular  combined  oral  contraceptive  pills.  Taken  afterunprotected  sexual  intercourse  or  contraceptive  failure,  such  higher  doses  may  prevent  pregnancy  from  occurring.  There  are  three  kinds  of  emergency  contraceptive  pill.  The  progestin-only  method  uses  the  progestin  levonorgestrel  in  a  dose  of  1.5  mg,  either  as  two  750  ¾g  doses  12  hours  apart,  or  more  recently  as  a  single  dose.  The  combined  or  Yuzpe  regimen  uses  large  doses  of  both  estrogen  and  progestin,  taken  as  two  doses  at  a  12hour  interval.  Ulipristal  acetate  (known  as  Ella  in  the  US  and  Ella  One  in  Europe)  was  approved  as  an  ECP  in  Europe  in  early  2009  and  in  the  US  in  August  2010.  It  works  for  up  to  120  hours  after  intercourse.  It’s  a  selective  progesterone  receptor  modulator  and  it  prevents  pregnancy  by  delaying  or  inhibiting  ovulation  and  inhibiting  follicle  rupture.

HORMONE A  hormone  is  a  class  of  regulatory  biochemicals  produced  V[ ]N_aVPbYN_ ]N_a` \S \_TN[V`Z` Of `]RPVšP PRYY` TYN[Q` and/or  tissues  and  then  transported  by  the  bloodstream  a\ \aUR_ ]N_a` \S aUR O\Qf dVaU aUR V[aR[a \S V[ºbR[PV[T N variety  of  physiological  and  behavioral  activities,  such  as  the  processes  of  digestion,  metabolism,  growth,  reproduction,  and  mood  control.  Cells  respond  to  a  hormone  dUR[ aURf Re]_R`` N `]RPVšP _RPR]a\_ S\_ aUNa hormone.  The  hormone  binds  to  the  receptor  protein,  resulting  in  the  activation  of  a  signal  transduction  mechanism  that  bYaVZNaRYf YRNQ` a\ PRYY af]R `]RPVšP _R`]\[`R`

IDS An  identity  document  (also  called  a  ]VRPR \S VQR[aVšPNaV\[ or  ID,  or  colloquially   paper)  is  a  type  of  document  which  may  be  used  to  cR_VSf aUR N`]RPa \S N ]R_`\[²` ]R_sonalidentity. Â

ESTROGEN IMPLANTATION Oestrogens  or  estrogens  are  a  group  of  compounds  named  for  their  importance  in  both  menstrual  and  estrous  reproductive  cycles.  They  are  the  primary  female  sex  hormones.  Natural  estrogens  are  steroid  hormones,  while  some  synthetic  ones  are  non-steroidal.  Estrogens  are  used  as  part  of  some  oral  contraceptives,  in  estrogen  replacement  therapy  for  postmenopausal  women,  and  in  hormone  replacement  therapy  for  trans  women.  40

In  humans  implantation  is  the  very  early  stage  of  pregnancy  at  which  aUR RZO_f\ NQUR_R` a\ aUR dNYY \S aUR uterus.  At  this  stage  of  prenatal  development,  the  embryo  is  a  blastocyst.  It  is  by  this  adhesion  that  the  foetus  receives  oxygen  and  nutrients  from  the  mother  to  be  able  to  grow.  In  humans,  implantation  of  a  fertilized  ovum  is  most  likely  to  occur  about  9  days  after  ovulation,  ranging  between  6  and  12  days.

INTENDED PREGNANCIES

MEDICAL PREVENTION

Intended  pregnancies  include  births  that  were  want- Preventive  healthcare  or  preventive  care  consists  of  RQ Na aUR aVZR \S P\[PR]aV\[.  Births  that  were  wanted  measures  taken  to  prevent  diseases  (or  injuries)  rather  at  the  time  of  conception  are  those  resulting  from  preg- than  curing  them  or  treating  their  symptoms.  nancies  that  happened  at  the  right  time,  later  than  wanted,  or  those  answering  â€œdidn’t  care.â€?  MORNING AFTER PILL INTRAUTERINE DEVICE

Emergency  contraceptive  pills  are  often  called  â€œmorning  after  pillsâ€?  and  sometimes  even  â€œday  after  pillsâ€?  because  The  current  intrauterine  devices  (IUD)  are  small  devic- are  used  NSaR_ `Re a\ ]_RcR[a ]_RT[N[Pf.  es,  often  â€˜T’-shaped,  often  containing  either  copper  or  It  should  be  taken  as  soon  as  possible  after  the  unprolevonorgestrel,  which  are  inserted  into  the  uterus.  They  tected  sex. are  one  form  of  long-acting  reversible  contraception  dUVPU N_R aUR Z\`a RĂ&#x;RPaVcR af]R` \S _RcR_`VOYR OV_aU control.  As  alternative  to  emergency  contraceptive  NEXT CHOICE PILL pills,  it  can  be  used  up  to  5  days  after  unprotected  intercourse  to  prevent  pregnancy.  Next  Choice  One  Dose  is  an  emergency  birth  control.  Insertion  of  an  IUD V` Z\_R RĂ&#x;RPaVcR aUN[ b`R \S Emer- It  is  a  single  dose  of  levonorgestrel  and  can  help  prevent  gency  Contraceptive  Pills  -  pregnancy  rates  when  used  as  pregnancy  if  it  is  taken  within  72  hours  (3  days)  after  unemergency  contraception  are  the  same  as  with  normal  protected  sex  or  contraceptive  failure.  IUD  use.  IUDs  may  be  left  in  place  following  the  subse- Next  Choice  One  Dose  is  aUR TR[R_VP cR_`V\[ \S  Plan  B  quent  menstruation  to  provide  ongoing  contraception  One-Step  and  contains  the  same  active  ingredient.  Next  (3–10  years  depending  upon  type). Choice  One  Dose  works  mainly  by  stopping  the  release  of  an  egg  from  the  ovary.  It  is  possible  that  levonorgestrel  tablet  may  also  work  by  preventing  fertilization  of  an  egg  LEVONORGESTREL or  by  preventing  attachment  to  the  uterus.  Levonorgestrel  (or  l-norgestrel  or  D-norgestrel)  (Plan  B,  Next  Choice,  Postinor,  and  others)  is  a  second  generation  synthetic  progestogen  used  as  an  active  ingredient  in  some  hormonal  contraceptives,  including  combined  oral  contraceptive  pills,  progestogen  only  pills,  emergency  contraceptive  pills,  intrauterine  systems,  contraceptive  implants,  and  hormone  replacement  therapy.  Levonorgestrel  is  used  in  emergency  contraceptive  pills  (ECPs),  both  in  a  combined  Yuzpe  regimen  which  includes  estrogen,  and  as  a  levonorgestrel-only  method.  The  levonorgestrel-only  method  uses  levonorgestrel  1.5  mg  (as  a  single  dose  or  as  two  .75  mg  doses  12  hours  apart)  taken  within  3  days  of  unprotected  sex,  with  one  study  indicating  that  beginning  as  late  as  120  hours  (5  QNf` NSaR_ V[aR_P\b_`R P\bYQ OR RĂ&#x;RPaVcR The  primary  mechanism  of  action  of  levonorgestrel  as  a  progestogen-only  emergency  contraceptive  pill  is  to  prevent  fertilization  by  inhibition  of  ovulation.  The  International  Federation  of  Gynecology  and  Obstetrics  (FIGO)  has  issued  a  statement  that:  â€œreview  of  the  evidence  suggests  that  LNG  [levonorgestreol]  ECPs  cannot  prevent  implantation  of  a  fertilized  egg.  Language  on  implantation  should  not  be  included  in  LNG  ECP  product  labeling.â€?

OBAMACARE The  =NaVR[a =_\aRPaV\[ N[Q .Ăœ\_QNOYR 0N_R .Pa ==.0. ,  commonly  called  the  .Ăœ\_QNOYR 0N_R .Pa .0.  or  Obamacare,  is  a  B[VaRQ @aNaR` SRQR_NY `aNabaR  signed  into  law  by  President  Barack  Obama  on  March  23,  2010.  Together  with  the  Health  Care  and  Education  Reconciliation  Act Va _R]_R`R[a` aUR Z\`a `VT[VšPN[a regulato_f \cR_UNbY \S aUR B @ URNYaUPN_R `f`aRZ  since  the  passage  of  Medicare  and  Medicaid  in  1965.  The  ACA  was  enacted  with  the  goals  of  increasing  the  quality  and  affordability  of  health  insurance,  lowering  the  uninsured  rate  by  expanding  public  and  private  insurance  coverage,  and  reducing  the  costs  of  healthcare  for  individuals  and  the  government.  It  introduced  a  number  of  mechanisms  ZRN[a a\ V[P_RN`R P\cR_NTR N[Q NĂ&#x;\_QNOVYVaf AUR YNd also  requires  insurance  companies  to  cover  all  applicants  dVaUV[ [Rd ZV[VZbZ `aN[QN_Q` N[Q \Ă&#x;R_ aUR `NZR _NaR` regardless  of  pre-existing  conditions  or  sex.  Additional  reforms  aimed  to  reduce  costs  and  improve  healthcare  outcomes  by  shifting  the  system  towards  quality  over  quantity  through  increased  competition,  regulation,  and  incentives  to  streamline  the  delivery  of  healthcare.  Since  the  ruling,  the  law  and  its  implementation  continue  to  face  challenges  in  Congress  and  federal  courts,  and  from  certain  state  governments,  conservative  advocacy  groups,  and  some  small  business  organizations. 41

Glossary

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

PHARMD

Oral  contraceptives  (birth  control  pills)  are  medications  that  prevent  pregnancy.  They  are  ZRaU\Q` \S OV_aU P\[a_\Y.  Oral  contraceptives  are  hormonal  preparations  that  may  contain  combinations  of  the  hormones  estrogen  and  progestin  or  progestin  alone. Â

A  Doctor  of  Pharmacy  (Pharm.D.)  is  N ]_\SR``V\[NY Q\Ptor  degree  in  pharmacy 6[ `\ZR P\b[a_VR` Va V` N š_`a professional  degree,  and  a  prerequisite  for  licensing  to  exercise  the  profession  of  Pharmacist.

PLAN B ONE STEP PILL | PBOS OVER THE COUNTER DRUGS

Plan  B  One-Step  is  the  š_`a RZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aVcR FDA  approved  to  be  available  in  the  aisle.   It  is  used  to  prevent  pregnancy  after  unprotected  sex  or  failure  of  other  forms  of  birth  control.  Plan  B  One-Step  tablets  contain  levonorgestrel,  a  female  hormone  that  prevents  ovulation.  Plan  B  One  Step  and  Plan  B  are  chemically  identical  and  UNcR aUR `NZR RĂ PNPf _NaR /\aU Plan  B  and  Plan  B  OneStep  provide  1.5  mg  of  levonorgestrel.  Plan  B  One-Step  has  the  whole  dose  in  a  single  pill.  Plan  B  puts  half  the  dose  in  each  pill. Â

Over-the-counter  (OTC)  drugs  are  medicines  sold  directly  to  a  consumer  without  a  prescription  from  a  healthcare  professional,  as  compared  to  prescription  drugs,  which  may  be  sold  only  to  consumers  possessing  a  valid  prescription.  In  many  countries,  OTC  drugs  are  selected  by  a  regulatory  agency  to  ensure  that  they  are  ingredients  that  are  `NSR N[Q RĂ&#x;RPaVcR dUR[ b`RQ dVaU\ba N ]Uf`VPVN[²` PN_R The  term  over-the-counter  may  be  somewhat  counterintuitive,  since,  in  many  countries,  these  drugs  are  often  located  on  the  shelves  of  stores  like  any  other  packaged  product.  In  contrast,  prescription  drugs  are  almost  al- PLAN B PILL ways  passed  over  a  counter  from  the  pharmacist  to  the  customer. Plan  B  is  a  type  of  emergency  contraceptive  pill.  Each  tablet  contains  0.75  mg  of  Levonorgestrel—the  same  ingredient  commonly  found  in  birth  control  pills.  OVULATION Plan  B  can  prevent  pregnancy  if  taken  within  72  hours  of  unprotected  sex. Ovulation  is  the  phase  of  a  female’s  menstrual  cycle  in  which  a  partially  mature  ovum  is  released  from  the  ovarian  follicles  into  the  oviduct.  In  humans,  ovulation  oc- POST-COITAL curs  about  midway  through  the  menstrual  cycle,  after  the  follicular  phase.  The  term  post-coital  is  generally  referred  or  related  to  The  few  days  surrounding  ovulation  (from  approximate- the  period  after  sexual  intercourse. ly  days  10  to  18  of  a  28  day  cycle),  constitute  the  most  SR_aVYR ]UN`R.  After  ovulation,  during  the  luteal  phase,  the  egg  will  be  available  to  be  fertilized  by  sperm. PREGNANCY PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT Parental  involvement  is  the  YRcRY \S ]N_aVPV]NaV\[ aUNa N ]N_R[a UN` V[ aURV_ PUVYQ²` RQbPNaV\[ N[Q YVSR.  Exercising  â€œparental  control  and  responsibilityâ€?  means  that  the  parents  display  a  strong  interest  in  the  proper  rearing  of  the  child,  supervise  the  child’s  activities,  participate  in  the  important  decisions  about  the  child’s  physical  needs  and  mental  development  and  measurably  control  the  child’s  upbringing  and  development.  Parental  consent  laws  (also  known  as  parental  involvement  or  ]N_R[aNY [\aVšPNaV\[ YNd`)  in  some  countries  require  aUNa \[R \_ Z\_R ]N_R[a` P\[`R[a a\ \_ OR [\aVšRQ ORS\_R their  minor  child  can  legally  engage  in  certain  activities. Â

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Pregnancy  is  the  fertilization  and  development  of  one  or  Z\_R \Ă&#x;`]_V[T X[\d[ N` N[ RZO_f\ \_ SRab` V[ N d\Zan’s  uterus.

PRESCRIPTION DRUG A  prescription  drug  (also  prescription  medication  or  prescription  medicine)  is  a  licensed  medicine  that  is  regulated  by  legislation  to  require  a  medical  prescription  before  it  can  be  obtained.  The  term  is  used  to  distinguish  it  from  over-the-counter  drugs  which  can  be  obtained  without  a  prescription. Â

PRO-CHOICE

present  at  other  phases  of  the  estrous  and  menstrual  cycles.High-dosemegestrol  acetate  is  used  to  treat  anorexPro-choice  is  a  standpoint  supporting  a  woman  should  ia,  cachexia,  and  AIDS-related  wasting. have  the  legal  right  to  elective  abortion,  meaning  the  right  to  terminate  her  pregnancy.  It’s  opposed  to  pro-life  opinions. PROGESTOGEN-ONLY PILL

Pro-life  is  a  standpoint  opposing  on  moral  or  sectarian  grounds  elective  abortion  and  usually  supporting  its  legal  prohibition  or  restriction.  It  mostly  belongs  to  religious  organizations.  Advocates  generally  argue  that  the  UbZN[ SRab`  (and  in  most  cases  the  human  embryo)  is  a  person  and  therefore  has  a  right  to  life.  Some  anti-abortion  activists  allow  it  for  exceptional  circumstances  such  as  incest,  rape,  severe  fetal  defects  or  when  the  woman’s  health  is  at  risk.

Progestogen-only  pills  or  progestin-only  pills  (POP)  are  contraceptive  pills  that  contain  only  synthetic  progestogens  (progestins)  and  do  not  contain  estrogen.  They  are  colloquially  known  as  mini  pills.  Although  such  pills  are  sometimes  called  Progesterone-Only  Pills,  they  do  not  actually  contain  progesterone,  but  one  of  several  chemically  related  compounds;  and  there  are  a  number  of  progestogen-only  contraceptive  formulations.  The  mechanism  of  action  of  progestogen-only  contraceptives  depends  on  the  progestogen  activity  and  dose.  AUR aUR\_RaVPNY RĂ PNPf V` `VZVYN_ a\ aUNa \S aUR combined  oral  contraceptive  pill  (COCP). Â

PROGESTERONE

RAPE

Progesterone  also  known  as  P4  (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione)  is  a  C-21  steroid  hormone  involved  in  the  female  menstrual  cycle,  pregnancy(supports  gestation)  and  embryogenesis  of  humans  and  other  species.  Progesterone  belongs  to  a  class  of  hormones  called  progestogens,  and  is  the  major  naturally  occurring  human  progestogen.

Rape  is  a  af]R \S `RebNY N``NbYa  usually  involving  sexual  intercourse,  which  is  initiated  by  one  or  more  persons  against  another  person  without  that  person’s  consent.  The  act  may  be  carried  out  by  physical  force,  coercion,  abuse  of  authority  or  against  a  person  who  is  incapable  of  valid  consent,  such  as  one  who  is  unconscious,  incapacitated,  or  below  the  legal  age  of  consent.  The  term  rape  is  sometimes  used  interchangeably  with  the  term  sexual  assault.

PRO-LIFE

PROGESTIN A  progestin  is  a  synthetic  progestogen  that  has  progesaNaV\[NY RĂ&#x;RPa` `VZVYN_ a\ ]_\TR`aR_\[R AUR ad\ Z\`a common  uses  of  progestins  are  for  hormonal  contraception  (either  alone  or  with  an  estrogen),  and  to  prevent  endometrial  hyperplasia  from  unopposed  estrogen  in  hormone  replacement  therapy.  Progestins  are  also  used  to  treat  secondary  amenorrhea,  dysfunctional  uterine  bleeding  and  endometriosis,  and  as  palliative  treatment  of  endometrial  cancer,  renal  cell  carcinoma,  breast  cancer,  and  prostate  cancer.  High-dosemegestrol  acetate  is  used  to  treat  anorexia,  cachexia,  and  AIDS-related  wasting.

PROGESTOGEN Progestogens  (also  sometimes  spelled  progestagens  or  gestagens)  are  a  T_\b] \S U\_Z\[R`  including  progesterone.  The  progestogens N_R \[R \S aUR šcR ZNW\_ classes  of  steroid  hormones,  in  addition  to  theestrogens,  androgens,  mineralocorticoids,  and  glucocorticoids.  Progestogens  are  named  for  their  function  in  maintaining  pregnancy  (pro-gestational),  although  they  are  also Â

REPRODUCTIVE AGE Reproductive  age  is  the  age  or  stage  when  an  organism  can  reproduce.  RU-486 Mifepristone  (or  RU-486)  is  a  progesterone  receptor  antagonist  used  as  an  NO\_aVSNPVR[a V[ aUR š_`a Z\[aU` \S pregnancy,  and  in  smaller  doses  as  anemergency  contraceptive.   During  early  trials,  it  was  known  as  RU-38486  or  simply  RU-486,  its  designation  at  the  Roussel  Uclaf  company,  which  designed  the  drug. SEX EDUCATION Sex  education  is  instruction  on  issues  relating  to  human  sexuality,  including  human  sexual  anatomy,  sexual  reproduction,  sexual  activity,reproductive  health,  emotional  relations,  reproductive  rights  and  responsibilities,  abstinence,  and  birth  control.  Common  avenues  for  sex  43

Glossary

education  are  parents  or  caregivers,  formal  school  pro- tive  methods.  Being  informed  about  contraceptives  can  grams,  and  public  health  campaigns. help  prevent  pregnancies.  Unintended  pregnancies  may  also  be  the  result  of  lack  of  knowledge  by  sexually  active  people.  Pregnancies  may  also  result  from  rape  or  various  other  forms  of  forced  or  unwanted  sex.  Unintended  pregSEXUAL ABUSE nancies  are  the  main  reason  for  induced  abortions,  but  Sexual  abuse,  also  referred  to  as  molestation,  is  S\_P- not  all  unintended  pregnancies  result  in  abortions  or  uning  undesired  sexual  behavior  by  one  person  upon  wanted  children.  Unintended  pregnancy  has  been  linked  another.  When  that  force  is  immediate,  of  short  dura- to  numerous  maternal  and  child  health  problems. tion,  or  infrequent,  it  is  called  sexual  assault AUR \Ă&#x;R[Qer  is  referred  to  as  a  sexual  abuser  or  (often  pejoratively)  molester.  The  term  also  covers  any  behavior  by  any  adult  UTERUS towards  a  child  to  stimulate  either  the  adult  or  child  sexually.  When  the  victim  is  younger  than  the  age  of  con- The  uterus  or  womb  is  a  major  female  hormone-responsent,  it  is  referred  to  as  child  sexual  abuse. sive  reproductivesex  organ  of  most  mammals  including  humans.  It  is  within  the  uterus  that  the  fetusdevelops  during  gestation. SEXUAL ASSAULT Sexual  assault  is  any  involuntary  sexual  act  in  which  YO a  person  is  threatened,  coerced,  or  forced  to  engage  against  their  will,  or  any  sexual  touching  of  a  person  who  Short  form  for  â€œyears  old.â€? has  not  consented.  This  includes  rape  (such  as  forced  vaginal,  anal  or  oral  penetration),  T_\]V[T S\_PRQXV``V[T PUVYQ `RebNY NOb`R \_ aUR a\_ab_R \S aUR cVPaVZ in  a  sexual  manner.

SEXUALLY TRASMITTED DISEASE Sexually  transmitted  diseases  (STD),  also  referred  to  as  sexually  transmitted  infections  (STI)  and  venereal  diseases  ( VD) N_R VYY[R``R` aUNa UNcR N `VT[VšPN[a ]_\ONOVYity  of  transmission  between  humans  by  means  of  sexual  behavior,  including  vaginal  intercourse,anal  sex  and  oral  sex.  Healthcare  professionals  suggest  safer  sex,  such  as  the  b`R \S P\[Q\Z`,  as  the  most  reliable  dNf \S QRcreasing  the  risk  of  contracting  sexually  transmitted  diseases  during  sexual  activity

SIDE EFFECT In  medicine,  a  `VQR RĂœRPa V` N[ RĂ&#x;RPa dURaUR_ aUR_N]Rbtic  or  adverse,  that  is  secondary  to  the  one  intended;  although  the  term  is  predominantly  employed  to  describe  NQcR_`R RĂ&#x;RPa` Va PN[ NY`\ N]]Yf a\ OR[RšPVNY Oba uninaR[QRQ P\[`R^bR[PR` \S aUR b`R \S N Q_bT.

UNINTENDED PREGNANCIES Unintended  pregnancies  are  pregnancies  that  are  mistimed,  unplanned  or  unwanted  at  the  time  of  conception.  Unintended  pregnancy  mainly  results  from  the  lack  \S V[P\[`V`aR[a \_ V[P\__RPa b`R \S RĂ&#x;RPaVcR P\[a_NPR]44

Source: Â EC Â Princeton, Â Wikipedia, Â Medicinenet.com, Â Medical-dictionary.com, Â Collinsdictionary.com

3 WHO

FROM DEBATE TO ACTORS Provider and stand points Actors structure Actors First Results Voices Terms frequency Active-passive actors Actors quotations Opinions Analysis Images by Google Image People common faces The avarage woman Institutional faces

From debate to actors

Searching actors in the debate Our question research focuses deeply on the age limit matter. In this step, through queries based on age limitation of Plan B One-Step dR ¹_`a V[cR`aVTNaRQ dUVPU players emerge from our debate. It’s important to understand relations beetween them, on the basis of features of the actors and their standpoints. Another deeper focus it was done to analyze the c\VPR \S `]RPV¹PNY NPa\_` about PBOS age limitation. It helped us to comprehend the dynamics based on peculiar aspects and opinions of our categories in the debate. We also believed useful to carry out a parallel search on Google images to analyze how, on the basis of age limitation queries, our controversy is visually represented. . Z\_R `]RPV¹P _R`RN_PU `RYRPaV[T aUR ¯SNPR`° \]aV\[` \S Google images search tools, helped us to focus on physVPNY NPa\_` \S aUR QRONaR, so that we could achieve, through an images overlay, the representative appeareance of each actor.

Struments: ANALYSIS TOOLS Excel | Sven SEARCH TOOLS Google | Google images | Google Scraper VISUALIZATION TOOLS Raw.densitydesign | Gephi | Adobe Illustrator | Adobe Photoshop

Providers and stand points

2nd corpus

“plan b one step” no limits · “plan b one step” responsibility · “plan b one step” age OR age limit OR right age OR age rescrition

177 urls

We manually analysed each url, checking the “about” section to understand what actors stand behind each domain and attend to the debate. We appointed a category to each url, eventually obtaining a division in 10 categories. In the institutions category we grouped all institutional and governmental organizations or websites, while in the drugstores and pharmacies class we included all drug shop online, pharmaceutical industries and pharmaceutical magazines or informative websites. Health involves healthcare blogs and magazines and medical associations and websites. The mass-media class comprises magazines, web tv, radio stations and online newspapers. Religious institutions, organizations, magazines and blogs were enclosed in the religious groups category, while scienaV¹P ZNTNgV[R` OY\T` \_TN[VgNaV\[` N[Q V[`aVabaV\[ N[Q also research programs websites are part of the scientific communities group. With the women class we meant feminine associations or institutions and women’s blogs, forums and magazines, whereas the teenagers one includes teen blogs, magazines and forums. Parents & family involves parental associations, magazines, blogs and forums. In the category named others we included all isolated urls. We believed to be fundamental considering the standpoint of each provider in order to understand its placement in the controversy. The standpoints have been evaluated on the basis of the \_VR[aNaV\[ ]_\ \_ NTNV[`a NTR _R`a_VPaV\[` S\_ aUR pill. The large presence of mass-media in the debate immediately emerged, and their position is more turned toward the mixed side of the controversy. When we analyzed urls on the basis of providers and position, we noticed a wide presence of quoted physical actors speaking in the discussion. We decided to drew up a list of our actors and immedeately to categorize them. We pulled out a list of actors, distributed in PNaRT\_VR`. Considering their voice is foundamental to understand the complexity of opinions about Plan B One-Step age limitation. The actors involved in the debate are diverse and varied; \S P\b_`R Va V` TVcR[ ]YR[af \S `]NPR a\ \àPVNY c\VPR` R`pecially in journalistic articles, but it is also important to consider the voices of minor and lesser-known players belonging to a relevant category in the dispute. Among the actors, health and istitutions are the categories with the largest numbers of players quoted, followed by women and drugstores and pharmacies. Parents and teenagers U\YQ N cR_f Z\QR_NaR NZ\b[a \S `]RPV¹P ]R_sons cited but they refer to the category in general. 49

DRUGSTORES AND PHARMACIES

AGAINST

HEALTH

AGAINST ORIENTED

INSTITUTIONS

NEUTRAL

MASS-MEDIA

PRO ORIENTED

OTHERS

PRO

PARENTS AND FAMILY

RELIGIOUS GROUPS

SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITIES

TEENAGERS

WOMEN

50

Actors structure

0

actors

AUR ¹_`a `aR] \S \b_ N[NYf`V` P\[`V`aRQ V[ _RP\_QV[T aUR amount of organizations and individuals (male or female) in each category to obtain an overview about our actors architecture, that will be developed in detail along the following pages. It seemed important to us to divided the actors between women and men, to investigate their relevance in the debate. It emerged how, as proof of the SRZNYR character of the theme, the amount of women is predominant. Nevertheless, there is a small presence of male speaking actors too. Furthermore, the visualization allows us to note that, among categories, Parents & family and Teenagers don’t present physical actors involved in the debate.

teenagers · parents & family

DRUGSTORES AND PHARMACIES

HEALTH

INSTITUTIONS

MASS-MEDIA

OTHERS

RELIGIOUS GROUPS

SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITIES

WOMEN

viz 13 Organization and physical actors (gender categorized) percentage

1 organization 1 male actor 1 female actor

51

Actors | DRUGSTORES AND PHARMACIES

CVS CAREMARK CORPORATION American drug retailing company with a U.S. pharmacy chain. The pharmacy services business is headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. The company was #13 in the 2013 Fortune 500 list of the largest companies in the U.S., and is the largest company that has operations solely in the United States.

PHARMACISTS FOR LIFE INTERNATIONAL (PFLI) International pro-life organization advocating the rights of pharmacists who _RSb`R a\ ¹YY \_ QV`]R[`R ]_R`P_V]aV\[` S\_ N_aV¹PVNY U\_Z\[NY \_ RZR_TR[Pf contraception to “protect the rights of employees who hold religious beliefs”.

TEVA PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES LTD. International pharmaceutical company headquartered in Israel. It specializes in generic and proprietary pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical ingredients. It is the largest generic drug manufacturer in the world and one of the 15 largest pharmaceutical companies worldwide.

WALGREEN COMPANY (WALGREENS) The largest drug retailing chain in the United States. Walgreens provides access to consumer goods and services, plus pharmacy, health and wellness services in the United States through its retail drugstores.

WOODCOCK, JANET Director of the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research at the Food and Drug Administration.

Minors: BERNDT, MARTIN Vice President & General Manager, U.S. Brand Pharmaceuticals, Teva Women’s Health, Inc. BRADLEY, DENISE Teva Vice President Americas Corporate Communications. BRAUER, KAREN President of Pharmacists for Life International. CASTLE, CAROLYN CVS Caremark Corporation Vice President and Corporate Communications. COHN, JIM Senior Manager and Media Relations at Walgreens. LEVINE, JEREMY President and CEO of Teva Pharmaceutical Industries between May 2012 and October 2013. 52

Actors | HEALTH

AMERICAN CONGRESS OF OBSTETRICIANS AND GYNECOLOGISTS (ACOG) Professional association of medical doctors specializing in obstetrics and gynecology in the United States.

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS (AAP) American professional association of pediatricians devoted to the health and well being of infants, children, adolescents and young adults.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION (ASEC) Voluntary collaboration of organizations that aims to improve women’s access to emergency contraception in the U.S.

BREUNER, CORA Member of the Division of Adolescent Medicine and the Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Department at Seattle Children’s Hospital.

HARPER, CYNTHIA Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences at Univesity of California and Faculty member of the Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health.

HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (HHS) Also known as the Health Department, it is a cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. Its motto is “Improving the health, safety, and well-being of America”.

PLANNED PARENTHOOD FEDERATION OF AMERICA (PPFA) 0\ZZ\[Yf `U\_aR[RQ a\ =YN[[RQ =N_R[aU\\Q Va V` N [\[ ]_\¹a \_TN[VgNaV\[ providing reproductive health and maternal and child health services. Planned Parenthood is the largest U.S. provider of reproductive health services, including cancer screening, HIV screening and counseling, contraception, and abortion. 53

Actors | HEALTH

RICHARDS, CECILE

American  activist  and  has  been  the  president  of  the  Planned  Parenthood  Federation  of  America  since  2006.  She  is  a  member  of  the  Democratic  Party.

Minors: ALBERT, BILL 03< \S AUR ;NaV\[NY 0NZ]NVT[ a\ =_RcR[a ARR[ N[Q B[]YN[[RQ =_RT[N[Pf N ]_VcNaR [\[ ]_\ša V[VaVNaVcR that  focuses  on  preventing  both  teen  pregnancy  and  unplanned  pregnancy  among  single,  young  adults. ARONS, JESSICA President  and  CEO  of  the  Reproductive  Health  Technologies  Project.  Prior  to  joining  RHTP,  she  served  as  the  Director  of  the  Women’s  Health  &  Rights  program  at  the  Center  for  American  Progress. CALLEN, EMILY North  Carolina  Field  Coordinator  of  Planned  Parenthood  (PPFA) Health  Systems  Action  Fund. HAGER, DAVID .ZR_VPN[ ]Uf`VPVN[ dVaU N ZRQVPNY O\N_Q PR_aVšPNaV\[ V[ \O`aRa_VP` N[Q Tf[RP\Y\Tf . YRNQV[T P\[`R_cNaVcR 0U_V`aVN[ voice  on  women’s  health  and  sexuality. LIVSEY, KAE Assistant  Professor  at  the  School  of  Nurcing  of  University  of  North  Carolina. MARNI, NICHOLAS /\N_Q PR_aVšRQ ]Uf`VPVN[ V[ =\_a`Z\abU @UR `]RPVNYVgR` V[ 6[aR_[NY :RQVPV[R MCINERNY, THOMAS Pediatrician  and  President  of  the  American  Academy  of  Pediatrics  (AAP). MOORE, KIRSTEN Member  of  the  Reproductive  Health  Technologies  Project. NUCATOLA, DEBORAH Planned  Parenthood  Federation  of  America  Senior  Director  of  Medical  Services. RICKELMAN,  JULIE Member  of  the  Center  for  Reproductive  Rights  (CRR). RODRIGUEZ, LUPE 1V_RPa\_ \S =bOYVP .Ă&#x;NV_` \S =YN[[RQ =N_R[aU\\Q :N_ :\[aR SEARS, JIM EmmyÂŽ  -nominated  co-host  of  the  award-winning  talk  show  The  Doctors. 1_ @RN_` V` N O\N_Q PR_aVšRQ ]RQVNa_VPVN[ WOOD, SUSAN Director  of  the  Jacobs  Institute  of  Women’s  Health  at  the  George  Washington  University  School  of  Public  Health.  She  resigned  on  principle  from  the  FDA  over  delays  in  making  emergency  contraception  available  over  the  counter.

54

Actors | INSTITUTIONS

CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH (CDER) A  division  of  the  U.S.  Food  and  Drug  Administration  (FDA)  that  makes  surethat  `NSR N[Q RĂ&#x;RPaVcR Q_bT` N_R NcNVYNOYR a\ VZ]_\cR aUR URNYaU \S ]R\]YR in  the  United  States  and  regulates  over-the-counter  and  prescription  drugs,  including  biological  therapeutics  and  generic  drugs.

HAMBURG, MARGARET American  physician  and  medical/public  health  administrator  currently  serving  as  Commissioner  of  the  U.S.  Food  and  Drug  Administration.

KORMAN, EDWARD A  United  States  district  judge  serving  on  the  United  States  District  Court  for  the  Eastern  District  of  New  York,  in  Brooklyn,  NY. Â

MURRAY, PATTY Senior  United  States  Senator  from  Washington and  a  member  of  the  Democratic  Party.

OBAMA, BARACK The  44th  and  current  President  of  the  United  States, aUR š_`a .S_VPN[ .ZR_VPN[ a\ U\YQ aUR \à PR

SEBELIUS, KATHLEEN American  politician  who  has  served  as  the  21st  United  States  Secretary  of  Health  and  Human  Services  since  2009.  Despite  her  pro-choice  view, in  December  2011,  Sebelius  overruled  the  FDA’s  recommendation  on  making  the  Plan  B  One-Step  available  over  the  counter  for  females  under  the  age  of  17.  President  Obama  said  that  the  decision  was  Sebelius’s,  not  his. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (DOJ) U.S.  federal  executive  department  responsible  for  the  enforcement  of  the  law  and  administration  of  justice,  equivalent  to  the  justice  or  interior  ministries  of  other  countries.

55

Actors | INSTITUTIONS

U.S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) Agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and OTC pharmaceutical drugs, vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation and cosmetics. WOODCOCK, JANET Director of the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research at the Food and Drug Administration.

Minors: AMANAT, FRANKLIN Senior Counsel for the U.S. Department of Justice. PRICE, ALLISON Spokeswoman of the U.S. Department of Justice. VERHEYDEN-HILLIARD, MARA Co-founder and Executive Director of The Partnership for Civil Justice Fund and co-chair of the Guild’s national Mass Defense Committee.

56

Actors | RELIGIOUS GROUPS

CATHOLIC LEAGUE FOR RELIGIOUS AND CIVIL RIGHTS (CL)  American  Catholic  anti-defamation  and  civil  rights  organization.  The  Catholic  League  states  that  it  â€œdefends  the  right  of  Catholics  â€“  lay  and  clergy  alike  â€“  to  participate  in  American  public  life  without  defamation  or  discriminationâ€?.

FAMILY RESEARCH COUNCIL (FRC) American  conservative  Christian  group  which  promotes  what  it  considers  to  be  traditional  family  values,  by  advocating  and  lobbying  for  socially  conservative  policies;  it  opposes  and  lobbies  against  LGBT  rights,  abortion,  divorce,  embryonic  stem-cell  research  and  pornography.

HIGGINS, ANNA Member  of  the  Family  Research  Council. She  is  the  Senior  Fellow  for  Life  Studies,  where  she  focuses  on  sanctity of  life  issues,  ranging  from  conception  to  end  of  life  care.

NATIONAL CATHOLIC BIOETHICS CENTER (NCBC) Organization  which  conducts  research,  consultation,  publishing  and  education  to  promote  human  dignity  in  health  care  and  the  life  sciences,  and  which  derives  its  message  directly  from  the  teachings  of  the  Catholic  Church.

SUSAN B. ANTHONY LIST (SBA List) ;\[ ]_\ša \_TN[VgNaV\[ aUNa `RRX` a\ RYVZV[NaR NO\_aV\[ V[ aUR B @ by  supporting  pro-life  politicians.

U.S. CONFERENCE OF CATHOLIC BISHOPS (USCCB) The  episcopal  conference  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States.

Minors: DONOHUE, BILL Anti-gay  activist  and  current  Presidentof  the  Catholic  League  for  Religious  and  Civil  Rights  in   the  United  States. MCQUADE, DEIRDRE Director  of  Planning  and  Information  for  the  Pro-Life  Secretariat  of  the  United  States  Conference  Catholic  Bishops.  57

Actors | MASS-MEDIA

BOYCHUK, BEN Associate editor for City Journal, writing on education and California politics; columnist for the Sacramento Bee and ScrippsHoward

MATHIS, JOEL Associate Editor at PhillyMag.com, contributor at Macworld and columnist for McClatchy Tribune News Service.

Minors: INGRAHAM, LAURA ANNE American radio talk show host, best-selling author and conservative political commentator.

58

Actors | OTHERS

MARCH FOR LIFE EDUCATION AND DEFENSE FUND (MFL) Organization that organizes The March for Life, an annual pro-life rally protesting abortion.

Minors: MONAHAN, JEANNE President of March For Life (MFL) Education and Defense Fund.

59

Actors | SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITIES

ASHTON, JENNIFER Physician, author and television medical contributor.

Minors: BEAZLEY, DEBORAH Professor at West Virginia University’s Carruth Center for Psychological and Psychiatric Services. BURNS, GENE Social Relations and Policy Professor at University of Pennsylvania; UV` _R`RN_PU V[PYbQR` _R]_\QbPaVcR ]\YVaVP` aUR ]\YVaVP` \S _RYVTV\[ Z\_NY P\[ºVPa N[Q `\PVNY Z\cRZR[a` CLELAND, KELLY . _R`RN_PUR_ dVaU aUR <àPR \S =\]bYNaV\[ ?R`RN_PU Na =_V[PRa\[ B[VcR_`Vaf dU\ ]bOOYVPNaRQ V[ “Emergency contraception: The story of a global reproductive health technology”. TRUSSELL, JAMES =_\SR``\_ \S 2P\[\ZVP` N[Q =bOYVP .ßNV_` N[Q 3NPbYaf .``\PVNaR \S aUR <àPR \S =\]bYNaV\[ ?R`RN_PU at Princeton University.

60

Actors | WOMEN

CENTER FOR REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS (CRR) Global  reproductive  rights  organization  that  uses  constitutional  and  international  law  to  secure  women’s  right  to  an  abortion  in  over  45  countries. Â

CONCERNED WOMEN FOR AMERICA (CWA) A  conservative  Christian  women’s  activist  group  in  the  United  States. CWA  opposes  abortion,  sex  education,  embryonic  stem  cell  research,  pornography  and  feminism.  CWA  does  not  oppose  contraception. Â

COSTELLO, ANDREA =N_a[R_`UV] S\_ 0VcVY 7b`aVPR 3b[Q @R[V\_ @aNĂ&#x; .aa\_[Rf N[Q YRNQ Naa\_[Rf S\_ aUR ;NaV\[NY D\ZR[²` 9VOR_NaV\[ =YNV[aVĂ&#x;` Â

CREPPS, JANET Senior  Counsel  in  the  U.S.  Legal  Program  of  CRR

GREENBERGER, MARCIA Founder  and  Co-President  of  the  National  Women’s  Law  Center.

NANCE, PENNY CEO  of  the  Concerned  Women  for  America.

NARAL PRO-CHOICE AMERICA (NARAL) American  organization  that  engages  in  political  action  to  oppose  restrictions  on  abortion  and  expand  access  to  contraceptive/abortive  methods.

61

Actors | WOMEN

NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN (NOW) The  largest  feminist  organization  in  USA. Its  motto  is  â€œTaking  Action  for  Women’s  Equality  Since  1966â€?

NATIONAL WOMEN’S HEALTH NETWORK (NWNH) ;\[ ]_\ša d\ZR[²` URNYaU NQc\PNPf \_TN[VgNaV\[( Va` ZV``V\[ V` a\ TVcR d\ZR[ a  greater  voice  within  the  healthcare  system.

NATIONAL WOMEN’S LIBERATION (NWL) 3RZV[V`a T_\b] S\_ d\ZR[ dU\ dN[a` a\ šTUa ONPX NTNV[`a ZNYR `b]_RZNPf and  win  more  freedom  for  women.

NATIONAL WOMEN’S LAW CENTER (NWLC) ;\[ ]_\ša \_TN[VgNaV\[ AU_\bTU YVaVTNaV\[ N[Q ]\YVPf V[VaVNaVcR` aUR 0R[aR_ strives  to  improve  the  lives  of  women  and  their  families  in  the  areas  of  health,  employment,  family  economic  security,  and  education.

NORTHUP, NANCY President  of  the  Center  for  Reproductive  Rights.

TUMMINO, ANNIE merican  activist  and  has  been  the  president  of  the  Planned  Parenthood  Federation  of  America  since  2006.  She  is  a  member  of  the  Democratic  Party.

Minors: CROUSE, JANICE SHAW The  head  of  Concerned  Women  for  America.  She’s  a  recognized  authority  on  national  and  international  cultural,  children’s  and  women’s  concerns. 62

Actors | WOMEN

GRIEBSCH, LINDA Executive Director of Feminist Health Center of Portsmouth. HOGUE, ILYSE A social change practitioner, media analyst online engagement expert and the president of NARAL Pro-Choice America. ISELI, CHRIS Center for Reproductive Rights Director of Communications. LEVIN, SHARON Director of federal reproductive health policy at the National Women’s Law Center in Washington D.C. O’NEILL, TERRY American feminist, civil rights attorney, and professor. She is president of the National Organization for Women PEARSON, CYNTHIA Executive Director of National Women’s Health Network and Treasurer of the National Breast Cancer Coalition.

63

First results

M

H

W

O

D

R

P

I

S

T

115

18

10

9

8

8

4

2

1

1

13

7

91

39

26

1

2

3

4

5

Actors relation dynamics After  the  manual  tagging  of  each  actor  on  the  bases  \S ]_\cVQR_ af]R N[Q `aN[Q ]\V[a aUV` º\d `U\d` š_`a quantity  results  and  how  provider  actors  conntect  with  ]\`VaV\[ NPa\_` .a N š_`a TYN[PR Va²` [\aVPRNOYR aUR ]_Rdominance  of  Medias  that  move  mostly  to  the  neutral  64

position ( `\ aUR [Rea `aR] `U\d[ V[ aUR `RP\[Q Âş\d NYY\d` a\ \O`R_cR N QVĂ&#x;R_R[a `VabNaV\[ \OaNV[RQ NSaR_ _Rmoving  media  providers.  Now  the  Health  provider  is  the  greatest  category  and  the  mixed  position  drastically  drops  from  91  to  15  providers.

H

W

O

D

R

P

I

S

T

18

10

9

8

8

4

2

1

1

11

6

15

15

14

1

2

3

4

5

viz 14 | 15 Flow from provider to stand point actors with (viz.14) and without (viz.15) media

Against Against oriented Neutral Pro oriented Pro

1 2 3 4 5

Health Others Religious groups Institutions Women Drugstores & Pharmacies Parents & Family Teenagers @PVR[aV¹P 0\ZZb[VaVR`

H O R I W D P T S 65

Voices

We then proceded with a semantic analysis of actors opinion through their quotations inside texts and, using Sven tool, through words frequence by provider. Here there are some main actors quotes found in our urls corpus.

“ Not only are the drugs dangerous for those who consume them, but the so called emergency contraceptives can kill an already conceived human person in its earliest stages. ” Matthew Cortina, AAL (American Life League) christianpost.com | December 7, 2011

“ LIFE IS WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU ARE BUSY MAKING OTHER PLAN. ” John Lennon

66

“ Criticized that decision as overtly political and ordered the administration to make the contraceptive widely available .” Edward Korman, U.S. district court judge

“ Calling Plan B an abortion pill is more than just a propagandistic exaggeration, because there actually is something called an abortion pill, and confusing the two is dangerous. ” Tommy Christopher mediaite.com | January 3rd, 2012

“ TEENS NEED PERENTAL INVOLVEMENT, NOT PLAN B. ” Sarah Torre The Heritage | May 1, 2013

67

Voices

“Over-the-counter access to emergency contraceptive products has the potential to further decrease the rate of unintended pregnancies in the United States.” Dr. Janet Woodcock(FDA)

“ ... is to continue inserting politics into a process where it doesn’t belong, and to subject women’s healthcare to an absurd game of hoop-jumping that other kinds of medicine would never have to endure. ” Nora Caplan-Bricker newrepublic.com | June 11, 2013

“ As the father of two daughters, I think it is important for us to make sure that we apply some common sense to various rules when it comes to over-the-counter medicine. ” President Barack Obama

68

Terms frequency

176 txt

177 šYR`

1

]QS

15 terms

Another  way  through  which  investigate  relations  between  our  providers  is  to  consider  the  entire  corpus  of  texts  and  analyze  the  Z\`a S_R^bR[a aR_Z`.  This  step NYY\dRQ b` a\ ]R_PR]a QVĂ&#x;R_R[PR` ORadRR[ NPa\_` \[ aUR ON`V` \S aUR aR_Z` b`R DR V[VaVNYYf QVĂ&#x;R_R[aVated  the  corpus  considering  the  provider  of  each  text,  `\ N` a\ UVTUYVTUa aURV_ `RZN[aVP `VZVYN_VaVR` N[Q QVĂ&#x;R_ences.  The  second  step  consisted  in  doing  the  same  work  but  analyzing  texts  taking  into  consideration  writers  position  in  the  debate,  to  understand  what  terms  are  more  used  by  who  is  against  no  age  limit  and  so  on. In  the  š_`a cV`bNYVgNaV\[,  the  result  is  very  varied  and  unexpected:  the  word  Life,  for  example,  is  widely  used  by  religious  groups,  woman,  parents  and  family  and  teenagers,  de`]VaR aUR ]_\cVQR_` QVĂ&#x;R_R[PR` \S _RN`\[`  Another  relevant  result  is  that  the  term  Emergency  Contraception P\[a_N_f a\ Re]RPaNaV\[` V` `VT[VšPN[aYf b`RQ Of ÂŻARR[NTR_`° ÂŻ6[`aVabaV\[`° N[Q ÂŻ@PVR[aVšP communitiesâ€?  but  few  times  by  â€œDrugstores  and  pharmaciesâ€?.  The  mainly  used  word  by  this  last  mentioned  group  is  Law. Also  in  the `RP\[Q T_N]U which  is  based  on  an  analysis  of  standpoints,  it  is  easy  to  see  how  a  word  like  life  is  unexpectedly  used  mainly  by  against  and  against  oriented  position  asby  pro  ones,  similarly  like  the  word  woman,  placed  on  the  standpoints  extremities.

69

Terms frequency

PARENTS & FAMILY

70

RELIGIOUS GROUPS

WOMEN

HEALTH

viz 16 Terms frequency by providers

presence in texts corpus

MEDIA

SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITIES

INSTITUTIONS

OTHER

DRUGSTORES & PHARMACIES

TEENS

71

Terms frequency

AGAINST

72

AGAINST ORIENTED

viz 17 Terms frequency by stand points

presence in texts corpus

NEUTRAL

PRO ORIENTED

PRO

73

Active-passive actors

In this visualization, developed with Gephi software, it is possible to compare active and passive actors, where by “active” we mean actors who speak through direct ^b\aR` in the whole corpus of texts while by “passive” we mean the mere presence of their name (simply counted using a word counting tool for each useful term). After assigning two variables, namely size for activeness and centrality for their name presence, we built the graphic of this page through which we are able to visualize the roles of actor. DR PN[ QR¹[R U\d `\ZR NPa\_` Z\_R \_ YR`` aNXR ]N_a in the debate and by which one or by what mix of the two variables we set. We can see that actors can gain importance and closeness to the debate by both their cited presence and their voice or only by one of them. The relevant cases are those of teenagers and women, the physical actors around which the whole controversy moves -since we are talking about Plan B One-Step liberalization for women of all ages- who are among less actives; on the other hand institutions are both central and active. The underlying chart shows the exact quantities of activeness and presence.

O U GROUPS E RELIGIOUS

viz 18 Actors importance in the debate

74

MASS MEDIA MA

Plan B One-Step debate

N & PARENTS AM FAMILY EN WOMEN & T D DRUGSTORE M PHARMACIES P

ON TIT INSTITUTIONS TEENAGERS TEENAGER

TI SCIENTIFIC S S U C COMMUNITIES HEALTH

75

Active-passive actors

viz 19 Presence and direct quotes actors comparison

Health Others Religious groups Institutions Women Drugstores & Pharmacies Parents & Family Teenagers @PVR[aV¹P 0\ZZb[VaVR`

76

In  order  to  develop  the  viz.18  of  pages  74-75  we  analysed  our  urls  corpus  and  tagged  the  present  quotations  of  each  actor  to  investigate  how  our  actors  are  cited.   We  began  by  analyzing  how  many  quotes  of  each  actor  are  reported  by  our  providers.  Making  a  matrix  seemed  the  most  optimal  visualization  to  us  because  it  allows  to  immediately  notice  frequency  QVĂ&#x;R_R[PR` ORadRR[ ]_\cVQR_` N[Q aUR _RYNaV\[`UV] with  our  actors;  furthermore  the  color  shade  permits  to  understand  the  quantity  of  quotes  per  actor  and  relation  a\ aUR \aUR_` a\\ DR P_RNaRQ N `]RPVšP ZNa_Ve S\_ RNPU actor  category  (viz.20,  page  78-81). From  our  analysis  we  also  noticed  that  many  â€œfulcrumâ€?  actors,  those  around  which  the  whole  controversy  moves  (namely  women  and  teenagers  for  example)  are  not  actively  present  in  the  debate  for  they  are  only  mentioned  by  others.  We  wanted  to  show  these  discrepancy  between  discussing  and  mentionedonly  actors  by  comparing  the  amount  of  quotes  previously  analysed  with  the  number  of  presence  of   actors  name  by  simply  counting  actors  names  presence  in  every  web  page  of  our  corpus. 77

Actors quotations

viz 20 Actors direct quotes for each provider

78

0-5 6-10 11-19 20-29 >30

Health Others Religious groups Institutions Women Drugstores & Pharmacies Parents & Family Teenagers @PVR[aV¹P 0\ZZb[VaVR`

H O R I W D P T S

79

Actors quotations

viz 21 Actors direct quotes for each stand points

80

0-5 6-10 11-19 20-29 >30

Against Against  oriented Neutral Pro  oriented Pro

1 2 3 4 5

81

Opinions Analysis

After  developing  a  further  urls  corpus,  `]RPVšPYf  made   to  get  the  voice  and  opinion  of  those  actors  whose  voice  is  not  directly  shown   within  our  initial  corpus,  namely  women,  teenagers,  parents  and  religious  groups,  we  analysed  their  ]\V[a \S cVRd  through  their  quotations  so  that  we  were  able  to  build  a  `R_VR` \S ZNa_VeR`  (viz.23,  in  the  following  pages)  in  which  we  compare  the  opinions  of  the  whole  set  of  actors  of  our  controversy.  In  these  matrixes  we  summarized  the  stand  points  of  all  categories  through  those  of  the  main  actors  of  each  one  of  them,  that  is  we  used  the  opinions  of  actors  that  largely  condense  those  of  the  others  of  the  same  category  (for  example,  the  voice  of  all  actors  of  the  FDA  are  under  FDA  only). Charts  have  been  divided  into  eight  groups,  each  one  showing  a  particular  topic  debated.  Whitin  them,  we  marked  wheter  an  actor  uses  a  position  in  a  pro-oriented  or  against-oriented  position  using  ad\ QVĂ&#x;R_R[a P\Y\_`

92 urls

SPECIFICAL QUERIES: “plan  b  one  stepâ€?  parental  involvement  or  parents ¡ “plan  b  one  stepâ€?  restriction  and  religion ¡ “plan  b  one  stepâ€?  science  opinion ¡ “plan  b  one  stepâ€?  teenagers  reaction ¡ “plan  b  one  stepâ€?  women  opinion  or  point  of  view

Later  we  used  the  positions  we  recorded  to  create  the  visualization  in  this  page,  thanks  to  what   we  can  have  an  overall  view   of  actors  orientation  toward  the  utter  liberalization  of  PBOS  for  all  ages  topic. Each  square  in  the  matrixes  was  converted  into  a  dash  of  the  same  color  and  was  oriented  toward  left  or  right  \S N šeRQ ^bN[aVaf \S QRT_RR` NPP\_QV[T a\ aURV_ ]\`VaV\[ respectively  against-oriented  and  pro-oriented.  Each  dash  will  therefore  incrementally  or  decrementally  rotate  to   one  direction  or  the  other  in  relations  with  the  opinions  contained  in  each  category,  and  showing  them  alltogether  at  one  glance. Thanks  to  this  visualization  we  can  have  a  wuick  glance  to  the  overall  tendece  of  pro  or  against  point  of  view  of  every  category;  we  can  easily  see  how  religious  groups  are  the  group  of  actors  that  mostly  moves  toward  an  against  orientation  ,  contrary  the  most  pro  one  is  the  one  of  health.  As  we  expected  the  institutions  one  is  generally  in  the  middle  with  many  variations  due  to  the  different  balacing  opinions  of  opposite  political  strenghts.

QUOTATIONS OF THE CONTROVERSY Institutions

82

POSITION OF SUB-CATEGORY QUOTATIONS

INSTITUTIONS

viz 22 Actors orientation toward the debated issue

83

Opinions Analysis

viz 23 Detailed visualization of actors orientation (viz.22, pag.83)

84

85

86

PBOS LIBERALIZATION AND ETHIC

1

The utter liberalization of PBOS raised debates on ethical issues, morality, taboos and social behaviours mainly among teenagers and expecially young women. The discussion is about the risks of lowering their values and enhancing sexual cults among those who should be protected from irresponsible and dangerous behaviours. PBOS LIBERALIZATION AND HEALTH

2

The utter liberalization of PBOS raised debates on health issues such as side RßRPa` and wheter this pill represents a real threat now that it is so largely available to everyone. The discussion is also on medical involvement into women and expecially teenagers decisions on such critical topics. PBOS LIBERALIZATION AND PERCEIVED BARRIERS

3

The utter liberalization of PBOS raised debates around issues related to the [Rd af]R \S ON__VR_` it generated; As a matter of facts, now that this morning after pill has no former distribution barriers, moral objection \S aUR ]VYY ]_\cVQR_` YVXR ]UN_ZNPV`a` \_ Q_bT `a\_R PYR_X` Na QVßR_R[a QRT_RR` represent a new obstacle to obtain it. PBOS LIBERALIZATION AS AN ULTIMATE SOLUTION

4

The utter liberalization of PBOS raised debates about the baVYVaf \S aUV` pill and its _\YR S\_ V[a\ `\PVRaf. Actors debate on wheter it will represent a solution to solve many social problems such as high rate unintended pregnancies among teens or if the right solution should come afterward, working on spreading education and awareness about reproduction topics. PBOS LIBERALIZATION AND SAFETY ISSUES

5

The utter liberalization of PBOS raised debates around its safety of use without prescription and therefore without any medical suppor. Actors argue on wether users of any age and extraction will be able to understand how to use it avoiding risks and without abusing it. PBOS LIBERALIZATION AND TEENAGERS

6

The utter liberalization of PBOS raised debates around possible consequences on teenagers and their ]R_PR]aV\[ \S `RebNYVaf. The argument is on how teenagers percept the removal of any restricition in relation on how they live the whole situation of emergency contraception. PBOS LIBERALIZATION AND RELATED CONTROVERSIES

7

The utter liberalization of PBOS raised debates about what the controversy is actually related to - economical or political issues - and what topics it is directly linked with. As a matter of facts, some actors feel that the controversy ismore debated on other levels rather than the mere ethical one. PBOS LIBERALIZATION AND THE PREGNANCY ISSUE

8

The utter liberalization of PBOS raised debates around the pregnancy issue and if this reform will solve its related issues.

87

Images by Google image

We  then  proceded  with  a  parallel  research  through  images  to  see  if   the  obtained  results  were  the  same  as  the  web  research.  This  means  that  since  we  got  a  ZNW\_Vaf \S [Rba_NY ]\sition  websites  (media)  we  wanted  to  see  how  the  topic  is  shown  by  images. We  therefore  made  a  research  using  Google  images  with  our  three  age-queries  and,  after  manually  tagging  categories   (pills/packaging,  faces  and  other)  and  content  cleaning  by  pertinence,  we  can  see,  in  the  next  page  (viz.26)  ,  the  relative  percentages  of  each  one  of  them. Through  this  step  we  were  able  to  see  a  prevalence  of  ]VYY ]NPXNTV[T VZNTR` (67%)  that  are  mainly  neutral  N[Q \OWRPaVcR N[Q dR [\aVPRQ aUNa aUV` _R`bYa ^bVaR _RÂşRPa` aUR ]_RcV\b` dRO _R`bYa` V[ dUVPU [Rba_NY position  were  prevalent.   The  second  largest  group  of  images  was  of  some  of  our  physical  actors  so,  for  the  following  step,  we  used  the  4\\TYR 6ZNTR` SNPR šYaR_  in  order  to  obtain  pictures  of  actors  faces  only. After  obtaining  this  new  `Ra \S ]VPab_R`,  we  noticed  a  sharp  division  of  them  into  famous  people  (55%)  and  common  people  (45%) DR aUR_RS\_R QRPVQRQ a\ š_`a V[vestigate  which  renowned  personalities  mostly  emerge  in  Google  images,  grouping  photos  by  identity.  Suddenly  we  concentrated  on  the  other  half  of  our  archive  to  understand  if  there  is  a  prevalence  of  female  or  male  pictures,  and,  after  knowing  aUR ]_RQ\ZV[N[PR \S d\Zen,  we  proceeded  analyzing  which  category  of  them  is  the  most  present. Thanks  to  this  analysis,  we  noticed  that  the  majority  of  them  was  made  of  women  (catalogue  pictures)  and  SRd \aUR_ V[`aVabaV\[NY PUN_NPaR_`  for  this  reason  we  decided  to  concentrate  on  how  these  actors  are  shown  -  their  main  physical  features  such  as  gender,  color  skin,  age  etc.-  and  what  they  communicate  through  both  these  characteristics  and  their  attitude. For  this  purpose  we  merged  the  pictures \S QVĂ&#x;R_R[a categories  to  obtain  an  average  image  of  each  type  of  NPa\_ N[Q b]\[ aUV` dR P\bYQ ON`R \b_ š[NY N[NYf`V` The  average  woman  is  mulatto,  with  brown  hair,  young  and  with  serene  expression. <b_ V`aVabaV\[NY šTb_R` N_R =_R`VQR[a <ONZN aUR 3RQR_NY Judge  Edward  Korman  and  the  HHS  Secretary  Katleen  Sebelius.  We  then  made  a  brief  analysis  of  their  avarage  expression  and  the  result  is  overwhelm  for  Obama,  satisfaction  for  Korman,  concern  for  Sebelious.

45%

55%

famous  people

common  people

Obama Sebelius Korman Others

viz 24 Famous  actors  percentage

Catalogue  pictures Journalists Health  providers ?RYVTV\b` šTb_R`

viz 25 Common  women  percentage

viz 26 Images categories percentage

67% PILLS AND PACKAGING

16% ACTORS

13% OTHER

5% CLEANED 89

People common faces

viz 27 Female and male images percentage among common people pictures

91% WOMEN

9% MEN

viz 28

Considering only common people and excluding all those V[`aVabaV\[NY ¹Tb_R` aNYXV[T V[ aUR QRONaR Va RZR_TRQ aUNa the 91% of other pictures are women photos (viz.27). That is a proof of the fact that, despite the our debate interests various groups of people and doesn’t cover just a single question, it remains a matter strictly related to the feminine sphere. We therefore decided to analyze how a woman is represented in the debate, leaving out all the other categories of women (journalists, health providers and religious ¹Tb_R` ORPNb`R aURV_ b`R \S \àPVNY ]_\¹YR ]VPab_R` _RYevant in no way to understand the representative female of our controversy. Merging all female faces, the average woman is mulatto, with brown hair, young and with serene expression. It’s important to consider that the 40% of all unintended pregnanciesoccurred to women who were both unmarried and in their twenties and are widely spread among colored people (viz.28). Non-Hispanic black and Hispanic women accounted for 53% in accidental pregnancies (thenationalcampaign. org, 2012). These higher unintended pregnancy rates reºRPa aUR ]N_aVPbYN_ QVàPbYaVR` aUNa ZN[f d\ZR[ V[ ZVnority communities face in accessing high-quality contraceptive services and in using their chosen method of OV_aU P\[a_\Y P\[`V`aR[aYf N[Q RßRPaVcRYf \cR_ Y\[T ]R_Vods of time. 90

Unintended pregnancies per 1000 women (aged 15-44) by race

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

white women hispanic women black women

The average woman

viz 29 Analysis of physiognomy and expressivity on women pictures

SKIN COLOR 60%

12%

28%

32%

31%

37%

HAIRS COLOR

SERENITY AGE Child 12%

Teen 50%

Woman 38%

51 PICTURES

91

Institutional faces | Barack Obama

EXPRESSION OVERWHELM

27 PICTURES

viz 30 Analysis of expressivity on President Barack Obama

92

Institutional faces | Edward Korman

EXPRESSION SATISFACTION

7 PICTURES

viz 31 Analysis of expressivity on federal judge Edward Korman

93

Institutional faces | Kathleen Sebelius

EXPRESSION CONCERN

17 PICTURES

viz 32 Analysis of expressivity on HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius

94

4 HOW

FROM ACTORS TO NETWORKS Media provider presence Providers network Providers network analysis Stand points network Stand points network analysis

From actors to networks

Connections between actors Now that we know which are the actors of the Plan B One-Step debate and we understood which are active and passive ones, it’s possible to create a network of relations between them. Visualize links among actors helps to comprehend how much each actor refers to another and which are the most quoted sites between all. DR ¹_`a RePa_NPaRQ N YV`a \S & YV[X` from the 176 initial urls (one level of link profundity) but we needed a deeper level of investigation because of the scarcity of mutual relations.

158 sites

For this reason, the following step consisted in creating another list, starting from the previous one, of %# YV[X`. (two levels of link profundity) Eventually we have a corpus of "% dRO`VaR` dVaU $# links between them.

Struments:

376 links

ANALYSIS TOOLS Excel RESEARCH TOOLS Link Ripper VISUALIZATION TOOLS Gephi | Raw.densitydesign | Adobe Illustrator

@N_NU 8YVß

* Source: newsweek.com

“

The story of emergency contraceptives has more twists and turns than a season of Gossip Girl

Media provider presence

viz 33 Gephi tool Network with all provider Nodes rank: 8-40 DRVTUa V[ºbR[PR'

100

The  network  of  links  between  providers  of  our  controversy  shows  a  clear  predominance  of  media,  that  remain  neutral  for  the  most  part. Â

MASS-MEDIA PRESENCE PERCENTAGE

MASS-MEDIA NEUTRAL STAND POINT PERCENTAGE

39%

41%

For  this  reason  they  can’t  be  considered  out-and-out  active  actors  as  the  others,  since  they  basically  report  news  without  a  particular  point  of  view  and  since  they  aURf ZNV[Yf YRa V[`aVabaV\[NY šTb_R` \[Yf a\ aNYX aU_\bTU them.  We  thought  that  only  parting   them  from  our  analysis  will  make  it  possible  to  see  deeper  dynamics  and  relationships  between  actors  that  are  more  activiely  expressing  their  positions  toward  the  topic. The  content  of  media  web  pages  was  however  not  deletRQ ORS\_R š_`a N[NYf`V[T Va N[Q aNTTV[T Va` P\[aR[a .` N matter  of  facts,  as  we  have  seen  in  previous  steps  of  our  research,  we  used  media  providers  content  to  comprehend  and  visualize  opinions  of  the  institutional  actors  and  of  all  those  who  directly  speak  through  media  domains.

mass media

mass media

The Mass-Media stand point 101

Providers network

viz 34 Gephi tool Network without media provider Nodes rank: 8-40 DRVTUa V[ºbR[PR'

102

Health Others Religious groups Institutions Women Drugstores & Pharmacies Parents & Family Teenagers @PVR[aV¹P 0\ZZb[VaVR`

31% 16% 14% 11% 10% 8% 4% 3% 2%

H O R I W D P T S

Providers network analysis

viz 35 connection between outlinks providers ( from the initial urls) and inlinks providers

outlinks

inlinks

H H

I O

W

D

R

R

D

O

I

W

P

S P T

T

Actors relation dynamics This is the network we obtained after removing media provider from the original one. It is easy to notice how health providers and institutions become the central focus: observing the links coming \ba S_\Z \b_ $# b_Y` \b_ ¹_`a NTR ^bR_VR` _R`bYa N[Q their trend behaviour we see that health providers are the most numerous websites, both out-going and in-going. Even more interesting is the fact that institutional websites number, originally relatively not really present, grows consistently with the in-links from pro-

viders of all the other categories (5x increment.) The above mentioned providers can therefore be considered central in our controversy since they containt the major quantity of on/out links and other actors are all connect with them (viz. 36, next page). It is also interesting to see that the foundamental actors around which all issues of our controversy are raised, namely women, parents and teenagers, (see viz.14-15 at page 64) are numerically minor and apparently marginal. 103

Providers network analysis

outlinks

HEALTH

INSTITUTIONS

inlinks

41

31

5

OTHERS

13 7

WOMEN

12 5

RELIGIOUS GROUPS

7 8

DRUGSTORES & PHARMACIES

6 10

25

4

1

PARENTS & FAMILY

4x

TEENAGERS

4x

11

SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITIES

4x

0 1

104

viz 36

decrement

Increment for each provider from outlinks to inlinks.Categories “Parents & Family”, ¯ARR[NTR_`° N[Q ¯@PVR[aV¹P P\ZZb[VaVR`° needed a zoom(4x) because of their small sizes.

increment

0,8

5

0,5

0,4 1,15 1,6

inlinks outlinks

0,25

0

1

105

Stand points network

viz 37 Gephi tool Sand point network without media provider Nodes rank: 8-40 DRVTUa V[ºbR[PR'

106

Against Against oriented Neutral Pro oriented Pro

14% 4% 25% 25% 31%

1 2 3 4 5

Stand points network analysis

viz 38 Connection between outlinks stand points ( from the initial urls) and inlinks stand points

inlinks

outlinks

1 1

2

2 3 3

4 4

5 5

Stand point relation dynamics The network of the previous page (viz.37) shows the connections between actors positions so how they relate to each other considering their position toward the issue. After removing media providers, the remaining pro/ against actors show us how pro and pro-oriented ones represent the majority of nodes.

WITH MEDIA PROVIDER

WITHOUT MEDIA PROVIDER

* refered to viz.5

* refered to viz.1

Against

13%

14%

Against Oriented

8%

4%

Neutral

32%

25%

Pro Oriented

27%

25%

Pro

21%

31%

STAND POINT ACTORS

107

Stand points network analysis

viz 39 Connection between outlinks and inlinks groups of stand points

13%

88%

25%

75%

65%

35%

6[ aUV` `RP\[Q º\d dR NY`\ grouped all nodes with the same position, removing loop links, to see in what quantity each category connects with a category of the same or opposite position. It’s interesting to see how links go mostly to pro positions in general and that actors tend to move towards opposed positions. 108

Against + Against Oriented Neutral Pro + Pro Oriented

5 WHERE

FROM NETWORKS TO COSMOS Taxonomy Semantic proximity to the PBOS debate Related controversies in the world

From network to cosmos

Position of our debate and related themes In this step, we wanted to observe the landscape surrounding the Plan B One Step controversy, both from a conceptual point of view and a geographical one. Starting from a semantic analysis dR ObVYa b] N ¹_`a taxonomy of our debate to show how our debate connects with the more general one of emergency contraception. This scheme came to light from a crossed research between www.wikipedia.org (searching our topic and related ones) and themes emerged and developed from the analysis of our corpus of urls. This scheme was useful to us to contestualize our debated issues in respect with relevant society rather aspects than our actors only.

Struments: SEARCH TOOLS Google | Wikipedia | Issue discovery ANALYSIS TOOLS Link Ripper

* feministnotions.com | May 14, 2013

“

If he [Obama], like Sebelius, is worried about the fact that 11 year olds could potentially buy contraceptives without parental consent, they can already do that. There is currently no age restrictions on condoms or spermicides, so anyone of any age can purchase contraceptives.*

Taxonomy

viz 40 EC Wikipedia page & urls corpus analysis

Health Others Religious groups Institutions Women Drugstores & Pharmacies Parents & Family Teenagers @PVR[aV¹P 0\ZZb[VaVR`

114

In  this  taxonomic  visualization  we  wanted  to  show  how   the  debated  issues  of  our  controversy  evolve  from  the  base  broader  one,  that  is  emergency  contraception.  AUR _\\a` \S \b_ `]RPVšP QRONaR \[ =/<@ N[Q aUR _RZ\cal  of  any  restriction  have  origins  from  yet  argued  themes   within  the  emergency  contraception  topic.  AUR`R aURZR` _RSR_ a\ `\ZR `]RPVšP `\PVRaNY N`]RPa` N[Q namely  politics,  economy,  culture  and  medicine.  The  debates  regarding  emergency  contraception  leave  singularly  from  each  aspect  or  from  more  of  them  at  once.  Through  the  lens  of  PBOS  last  reform,  all  these  are Â

Z\_R `]RPVšPNYYf _R QRš[RQ N[Q O_\NQR[RQ This  graphic  is  divided  into  two  macro  areas  which,  in  ab_[ N_R Sb_aUR_ `]YVa V[ ad\ \aUR_ `RPaV\[`' aUR š_`a ]N_a (left)  contains  societal  aspects  to  which  EC  debates  refer  to  and  how  they  relate  each  other;  the  second  part  _VTUa `U\d` =/<@ `]RPVšP QRONaR` N[Q aU\`R `]RPVšcally  about  age  restricions  removal  are  highlighted. This  basic  representation  allows  to  reconduct  issues  of  \b_ `]RPVšP QRONaR dVaU aU\`R \S RZR_TR[Pb P\[a_NPR]tion  and  to  the  starting  societal  spheres. 115

Semantic proximity to the PBOS debate

viz 41 Urls corpus analysis and themes level of closness to PBOS issue

LEVEL OF CLOSENESS: Plan B One Step

116

1461 times

Level 1

from 300 to 1000 times

Level 4

from 30 to 50 times

Level 2

from 100 to 300 times

Level 5

from 10 to 30 times

Level 3

from 50 to 100 times

Level 6

from 5 to 10 times

A second visualization allow us to look at those themes uniquely emerged from our corpus of urls and at their proximity to our debate. Reading our texts corpus, we noticed that the debate isn’t isolated but it concernes other emergency contraception issues. This step allowed us to understand the dynamics of these connections. So, starting from an analysis of terms frequency thanks to Issue Discovery tool, outnumber topics emerged. We cleaned the aR_Z` S_R^bR[Pf, excluding not relevant ones and searching synonims of main terms in our texts, including in a unique category all synonims that could be

conceptually grouped into a single thematic. On the basis of their frequency (how many times a theme is repeated in our corpus), we decided levels of semantic closeness to the Plan B One Step debate. Looking at the visualization, it’s possible to see, as we expected, that the closest themes generally concern contraception questions. Sexual prevention, unintended pregnancy ( intending the high rate of this issue in the USA) and parents control have a lot to do with Plan B One Step too, while social and political issues as drugs abuse are less relevant.

THEMES CLUSTERING BY SYNONIMS:

EC:

Unintended pregnancies: - emergency contraceptive - emergency contraception - EC

Contraceptive methods: - birth control - condom - pre-sex contraceptive

=\YVaVPNY V[ºbR[PR'

- unintended pregnancies - unwanted pregnancies - unplanned pregnancies

]\YVaVPNY V[ºbR[PR - political decision - political pressure - politically motivated

Morning after pill: - morning after pill - map - day after pill

Sexual assault: - rape / rapist - sexual abuse - violence - abusive relationship

Reproductive rights: Health: - health - healthcare

- women’s reproductive rights - reproductive freedom

Abstinence: - abstinence - sex abstinence

Abort: - abort / abortion

Prevention: - prevention - sexual prevention

Education: - sex education - sexual education - patient education - consumer education

Parents control: - parent - parents control - parental involvement - parental knowledge - parental consent - parental guidance - parental responsibility

Sexually transmitted infections

Drug abuse: - drug abuse - pill abuse

Social issues: - social / society - social matter

Moral issues: - moral / immoral - values - ethic - moral objection

IUD

Ella Obamacare RU 486 117

Related controversies in the world

ALASKA | CANADA ABORTION BEGINNING OF PREGNANCY

USA ABORTION BEGINNING OF PREGNANCY PLANNED PARENTHOOD SEX EDUCATION AND ABSTINENCE SCHOOL-BASED HEALTH CENTERS AKIN CONTROVERSY RUSH LIMBAUGH–SANDRA FLUKE

MEXICO | HONDURAS | ECUADOR BRAZIL | CILE | ARGENTINA ABORTION BEGINNING OF PREGNANCY

Another investigation from a geographical point of view permits to understand where other controversies about Emergency Contraception are placed in the world. We searched “emergency contraception controversies” in Wikipedia and it gave back a list of related articles. It emerged that the abortion controversy and the debate about the beginning of pregnancy are the most discussed and the wide number of controversies about EC in the United States catches the eye. 118

viz 42 PBOS related controversie in the world

SPAIN | UK | FRANCE | ITALY | POLAND ABORTION BEGINNING OF PREGNANCY

IRELAND ABORTION BEGINNING OF PREGNANCY OUR LADY OF LOURDES HOSPITAL

NIGERIA | SOUTH AFRICA | KENYA INDIA | SOUTH COREA ABORTION BEGINNING OF PREGNANCY

PHILIPPINES ABORTION BEGINNING OF PREGNANCY RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ACT (2012)

source: wikipedia

119

Related controversies in the world

ABORTION DEBATE

PLANNED PARENTHOOD CONTROVERSY

The  abortion  debate  refers  to  the  ongoing  controversy  surrounding  the  moral  and  legal  status  of  abortion.  The  two  main  groups  involved  in  this  debate  are  the  ¯]_\ PU\VPR°  movement  (emphasizing  the  right  of  women  to  choose  whether  they  wish  to  bring  an  embryo  or  fetus  to  term)  and  the  self-described  ¯]_\ YVSR°  movement  (emphasizing  the  right  of  the  embryo  or  fetus  to  be  born).

Planned  Parenthood  has  occupied  a  central  position  in  the  abortion  debate  in  the  U.S.,  and  has  been  among  the  most  prominent  targets  of  U.S.  pro-life  activists.  Republicans  have  attempted  since  the  1980s  to  defund  the  organization  and  anti-abortion  activists  dispute  the  evidence  that  greater  access  to  contraceptives  reduces  abortions.  Periodically  pro-life  activists  have  tried  to  demonstrate  that  Planned  Parenthood  does  not  follow  applicable  state  or  federal  laws.  Planned  Parenthood  health  centers  have  been  accused   of  posing  minors  as  victims  of  statuAKIN CONTROVERSY a\_f _N]R dU\ d\bYQ [RRQ ]N_R[aNY [\aVšPNaV\[ S\_ NO\_tion,  racists  seeking  to  earmark  donations  for  abortions  Todd  Akin,  a  long-time  anti-abortion  activist,  on  Aufor  black  women  to  abort  black  babies,  or  pimps  who  gust  19,  said  that  victims  of  what  he  termed  â€œlegitimate  want  abortions  for  child  prostitutes.  In  2011,  a  series  of  rapeâ€?  rarely  become  pregnant.  controversial  video  raised  dedbate  between  Live  Action   The  term  ¯YRTVaVZNaR _N]R°  was  assumed  to  imply  and  Planned  Parenthood  about  these  issues. that  some  types  of  rape  are  legitimate,  or  alternatively  that  rape  victims  are  likely  to  be  lying.  Akin’s  words  were  based  on  long-discredited  pseudoscience;  experts  said  aUR PYNVZ` YNPXRQ N[f ZRQVPNY cNYVQVaf @R[V\_ šTb_R` V[ RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ACT (2012) DEBATE both  parties  condemned  Akin’s  remarks.

BEGINNING OF PREGNANCY CONTROVERSY Controversy  over  the  beginning  of  pregnancy  usually  occurs  in  the  context  of  the  abortion  debate.  Depending  on  when   pregnancy  is  considered  to  begin,  some  methods  of  OV_aU P\[a_\Y \_ V[SR_aVYVaf a_RNaZR[a  might  be  considered  abortifacient.  The  controversy  is  considered  to  be  not  only  primarily  N `PVR[aVšP V``bR Oba NY`\ N YV[TbV`aVP `\PVNY ZRQVPNY ]\YVaVPNY N[Q QRš[VaV\[NY ^bR`aV\[ about  the  beginning  of  life.

OUR LADY OF LOURDES HOSPITAL DEBATE Our  Lady  of  Lourdes  is  a  public  hospital   founded  by  the  Medical  Missionaries  of  Mary.  The  Catholic  ethos  of  the  Medical  Missionaries  of  Mary  has  been  blamed  for  some  controversial  practices  in  relation  to  abortion  and  contraception.  In  1983,  after  Sheila  Hodgers,  an  Irish  housewife,  died  of  cancer  days  after  giving  birth,  an  article  in  The  Irish  Times  alleged  that  anti-cancer  medication  and  painkillers  were  withheld  to  protect  her  foetus.  The  hospital  was  the  last  in  Ireland  which  performed  symphysiotomy  (widening  of  the  pelvis  during  childbirth).

120

The  Responsible  Parenthood  and  Reproductive  Health  Act  of  2012  is  a  law  in  the  Philippines,  which  guarantees  universal  access  to  methods  on  contraception,  fertility  control,  sexual  education,  and  maternal  care.  There  is  great  debate  on  its  mandate  that  the  Philippine  government  and  the  private  sector  will  fund  and  undertake  widespread  distribution  of  family  planning  devices  such  as  condoms,  birth  control  pills,  and  IUDs,  as  the  government  continues  to  disseminate  information  on  their  use  through  all  health  care  centers.  The  head  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  the  Philippines,  Archbishop  Luis  Antonio  Tagle  opposes  the  Reproductive  Health  Bill,  along  with  abortion  and  contraception.  Because  81%  of  Philippinos  are  Catholics,  the  Catholic  Church ReR_a` N `a_\[T V[ºbR[PR V[ ]bOYVP N[Q moral  life.  Its  staunch  opposition  to  the  bill  has  drawn  the  controversy  among  non-Catholics  and  Catholics  alike  who  support  the  bill  whereby  many  invoke  the  principle  of  separation  of  church  and  state.  The  national  debate  is  seen  as  part  of  a  wider  culture  war.

RUSH LIMBAUGH–SANDRA FLUKE CONTROVERSY On  February  29,  2012,  the  American  conservative  talkshow  hosted  Rush  Limbaugh’s  remarks  about  contraceptive  mandates  included  statements  labeling  Georgetown  University  Law  Center  student  Sandra  Fluke,  expert  on  the  new  Administration  rules  on  Conscience  Clause  exceptions  in  health  care,  as  a  â€œslutâ€?  and  â€œprostituteâ€?.  Limbaugh  was  commenting  on  Fluke’s  speech  in  support  of  mandating  insurance  coverage  for  contraceptives.

SEX EDUCATION AND ABSTINENCE CONTROVERSY AUR QRONaR aNYX` NO\ba QVĂ&#x;R_R[PR ORadRR[ aUR`R ad\ N]proaches  and  their  impact  on  teen  behavior.  Proponents  of  comprehensive  sex  education  argue  that  sexual  behavior  after  puberty  is  a  given,  and  it  is  therefore  crucial  to  provide  information  about  the  risks  and  how  they  can  be  minimized;  they  also  claim  that  denying  teens  such  factual  information  leads  to  unwanted  pregnancies  and  STIs.  To  date,  no  published  studies  of  abstinence-only  proT_NZ` UNcR S\b[Q P\[`V`aR[a N[Q `VT[VšPN[a ]_\T_NZ RĂ&#x;RPa` \[ QRYNfV[T aUR \[`Ra \S V[aR_P\b_`R .O`aVnence-only  advocates   that  studies  have  demonstrated  ]\`VaVcR RĂ&#x;RPa`

SCHOOL-BASED HEALTH CENTERS DEBATE School-based  health  centers  are  an  important  source  of  counseling  and  medical  care  for  low-income  and  uninsured  youth.  Controversy  over  family  planning  services  impacted  many  centers  that  remain  limited  in  their  ability  to  meet  the  needs  of  sexually  active  teens  by  dispensing  contraceptives  to  them  on-site.  In  recent  years  SBHCs  have  begun  requiring  parents  to  sign  written  consents  for  their  kids  to  receive  the  full  array  of  services.

121

6 WHEN

FROM COSMOS TO COSMOPOLITICS Timeline comparison PBOS timeline PBOS geographical interest over time

From cosmos to cosmopolitics

How is the web debate evolving over time? In this part of the protocol we considered the Plan B One-Step controversy in the course of time. So far, we showed how the debate unfolded while we were researching; now, we’re going to expound how web users’ behaviour changes in response to events. Thanks to Google trends tool and our knowledge of the topic we were able to see if crucial events that then led to the emergence of controversial issues, corresponded with a boost of web researches (so what we can consider and call interst) of the same topics.

Struments: SEARCH TOOLS Google | Google Trends VISUALIZATION TOOLS Adobe Illustrator

Timeline comparison

It’s  easy  to  understand  that  a  contemporary  debate  -  like  Plan  B  One  Step  debate  -  cannot  be  observed  at  only  from  a  single  moment  in  time.  Involved  actors  and  reYNaRQ RcR[a` PN[ `a_\[TYf V[ÂşbR[PR aUR QRONaR ]NaaR_[ that  changes  quickly  and  continuously.  This  is  the  reason  why  we  undertook  an  investigation  which  includes  a  Y\[T _RSR_R[PR ]R_V\Q.  We  supposed  that  query  search  data  can  be  a  good  approximation  of  the  web  debate  about  Plan  B  One-Step  and  emergency  contraception  in  general,  particularly  along  the  last  9  years  -  S_\Z " a\  -  during  which  decisions  about  the  pill  strongly  arouse  public  opinion  all  over  the  United  States.

31st QRPRZOR_

Google  Trends data  collection  day

Looking  at  the  timelines  reported  below  and  obtained  with  Google  trends,  it  is  interesting  to  notice  how   emergency  contraception,  Plan  B  One  Step  curves  are  strongYf QVĂ&#x;R_R[a 1b_V[T aUR š_`a " fRN_` $ & aUR QRbate  is  totally  focused  on  emergency  contraception,  but  since  the  moment  in  which  the  morning  after  pill  became  available  over-the-counter  for  women  ages  17  and  more,  Plan  B  One-Step  query  trend  grows.  Despite  Plan  B  One-Step  can  be  considered  as  a  small  part  of  the  bigger  emergency  contraception  topic,  it  incited  a  large  debate  on  the  web,  and  we  can  see  how  its  ^bR_f a_R[Q QRš[VaVcRYf T\R` ORf\[Q emergency  contraception  curve,  after  april  2013,  when  Judge  Korman  overturns  Sebelius’  decision  to  have  age  limits.

viz 43 “emergency  contraceptionâ€?   and  â€œplan  b  one  stepâ€?  trends  comparison

“Plan  B  One  Stepâ€? “Emergency  Contraceptionâ€?

100

80

60

40

20

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014 127

PBOS timeline

A

.bTb`a % &

B

The FDA approves Next Choice, a generic version of Plan B. Next Choice is also available over-the-counter for women ages 17 and older and with a prescription for anyone younger.

3RO_bN_f

ARcN ¹YR` N[ N]]YVPNaV\[ dVaU aUR FDA to move Plan B from “dual label” status (which requires it to be sold under over-thecounter and prescription-drug regulations) to a full over-thecounter status without age limit.

C

1RPRZOR_ $

FDA is set to approve OTC status for Plan B with no age restriction based on the studies submitted by Teva but this action was overruled by the Secretary of HHS Kathleen Sebelius.

100

80 A

B

60

40

20

2010 128

2011

viz 44 “plan b one step” time development

D

3RO_bN_f

The Center for Reproductive Rights re-opens their lawsuit against the FDA for its restrictions against morning after drugs. This time, they also add Sebelius as a defendant for her overruling on the FDA’s decision to make Plan B available over-the-counter in 2011.

C

2012

E

F

.]_VY "

Judge Korman overturns Sebelius’ decision to have age limits for getting Plan B without a prescription. Korman says the ruling was made in ‘bad faith and VZ]_\]R_ ]\YVaVPNY V[ºbR[PR².

D

E

2013

7b[R

FDA approves Plan B One-Step for unrestricted sale on the shelf.

F

2014 129

PBOS geographical interest over time

2011

2011

JAN | JUL

JUL | DEC

New  York Texas California

New  York Texas California

As  we  saw  in  previous  steps  of  the  protocol,  AUR B[VaRQ @aNaR` \S .ZR_VPa  are  the  place  in  which  â€œPlan  B  One  Stepâ€?  controversy  takes  place.  These  visualizations  want  to  indicate  where  and  how  much  the  debate  is  incited  the  most,  through  Google  searches V[ QVĂ&#x;R_R[a fRN_` N[Q QVĂ&#x;R_R[a B@ _RTV\[` It  occurred  that  states  that  mainly  research  this  topic  are  four:  0NYVS\_[VN 3Y\_VQN ;Rd F\_X AReN`. California  allows  pharmacists  to  initiate  emergency  contraception  drug  therapy  if  they  are  working  in  collaboration  with  a  physician,  and/or  after  they  have  completed  a  training  program  in  emergency  contraception;  California,  New  York  and  Texas  have  all  enacted  legislation  requiring  hospitals  or  health  care  facilities  to  provide  information  about  and/or  initiate  emergency  contraception  therapy  to  women  who  have  been  sexually  assaulted;  Florida  states  that  physicians  or  other  people  may  not  be  held  liable  for  refusing  to  dispense  contraceptive  or  family  planning  devices,  services  or  information.  (ncsl.org) 130

0

100 0-100 numbers represent search interest relative to the highest point on the chart.

2012

2012

JAN | JUL

JUL | DEC

Texas New York California

New York Florida Texas California

California New York Florida Texas

New York California Texas Florida

2013

2013

JUL | DEC

JUN | JUL

viz 45 “plan b one step” time development in USA by country

131

7 CONCLUSIONS

Conclusions

A multifaceted and current debate The  last  purpose  of  this  report  is  to  be  able  to  examine  a  phenomenon  in  its  entirety  and  to  look  to  a  controversy,  like  emergency  contraception  one  ,  as  a  complex  and  prismatic  debate,  soaked  of  countless  details. From  this  accurate  analysis,  maybe  it’s  possible  to  draw  N[f `VT[VšPN[a P\[PYb`V\[`'   USA  are  the  leading  State  about  emergency  contraception  debate.  Because  of  their  recent  and  quick  legislations  changes,  USA  have  become  the  center  of  a  heated  discussion  all  around  the  world;  an  another  reason  for  this  is  that  â€˜Plan  B  One  Step’  exclusivity  could  be  correYNaRQ a\ ]\YVaVPVN[ N[Q [\a `PVR[aVšP QRPV`V\[`   Plan  B  One  Step  debate  is  N ZNaaR_ \S RcR_f\[R,  especially  concerning  age  limitation  because  of  all  the  interest  growing  about  teen  pregnancies  and  the  hypothetical  risks  of  the  pill.  It’s  remarkable  how  actors  related  to  other  disputes,  like  abortion  or  the  beginning  of  pregnancy,  give  their  opinion  in  our  debate  precisely  about  of  its  multifaceted  and  current  aspects.    Our  controversy  doesn’t  pertain  only  emergency  contraception  issues,  but  has  to  do  with  other  themes  like  sexual  education,  prevention  or  parents  control  that  NĂ&#x;RPa` NYY N`]RPa`  of  the  controversy  creating  further  discussions.   Mass  media  play  a  key  role  in  a  controversy,  especially  when  regarding  facts  are  very  recent,  and  it’s  easy  to  face  them  in  the  form  of  news.  It’s  important  to  understand  how  medias  can  cover  controversy  true  characters’  voices,  such  as  in  this  case  women,  teenagers  and  parents.  This  is  the  reason  why  we  sometimes  chose  to  overlook  media  in  favour  of  emerging  concealed  opinions  and  this  YRa b` QV`P\cR_ `VT[VšPN[a QRaNVY` \S aUR QRONaR   Web  is  a  murky  network  when  you  want  to  unwind  a  controversy,  because  people  continuously  adds  and  delete  contents  and  personal  opinions.  It’s  a  curious  fact  that  â€˜Plan  B  One  Step’  interest  trend  curve  is  slowly  going  beyond  â€˜Emergency  Contraception’  one:  a  smaller  issue  has  become  more  searched  and  discussed  than  a  global  one. Age  limits  keeps  on  being  a  prickly  matter  regarding  emergency  contraception,  and  this  report  doesn’t  want  to  give  any  precise  answer,  but  it  just  wants  to  show  the  V``bR S_\Z N[f QVĂ&#x;R_R[a ]R_`]RPaVcR`

135

8 APPENDIX

APPENDIX General queries Age queries @]RPV¹P NPa\_` ^bR_VR` 4\\TYR SNPR`

Appendix

The rough side of the debate 6[ aUV` YN`a ]N_a \S aUR _R]\_a dR P\YYRPaRQ `b]]\_aV[T ZNaR_VNY` aUNa ]R_ZVaaRQ b` a\ QRR]Yf N[NYfgR \b_ P\[a_\cR_`f DR _R]\_aRQ \[Yf `\ZR ORPNb`R \S aUR UbTR NZ\b[a \S \b_ Q\PbZR[a` 6[ aUR S\YY\dV[T ]NTR` f\b dVYY ¹[Q \b_ ON`VP _R`RN_PU ¹YR`' QVßR_R[a aNOYR` \S b_Y` P_RNaRQ dVaU 2ePRY QVcVQRQ NPP\_QV[TYf dVaU RNPU T_\b] \S ^bR_VR` TR[R_NY ^bR_VR` NTR ^bR_VR` N[Q `]RPV¹P NPa\_` ^bR_VR` N[Q aNTTRQ Of ]_\cVQR_ N[Q `aN[Q]\V[a AUR `RP\[Q ]N_a V` P\Z]\`RQ \S NYY ]VPab_R` Rea_NPaRQ S_\Z 4\\TYR 6ZNTR \_TN[VgRQ Of _N[XV[T N[Q QVcVQRQ Of ^bR_VR` dVaU N [Rea S\Pb` \[ aUR NZ\b[a \S SNZ\b` N[Q P\ZZ\[ ]R\]YR VZNTR`

Struments: ANALYSIS TOOLS Excel SEARCH TOOLS Google Image

139

GENERAL QUERIES | Table 1

“plan  b  one  stepâ€?  |  â€œplan  b  one  stepâ€?  debate

URL http://www.planbonestep.com/ http://www.planbonestep.com/faqs.aspx http://www.planbonestep.com/coupon.aspx http://www.drugs.com/plan-b-one-step.html  Uaa]' ddd _eYV`a P\Z ]YN[ O \[R `aR] `VQR RĂ&#x;RPa` Q_bT PR[aR_ UaZ http://women.webmd.com/guide/plan-b http://www.cbsnews.com/news/fda-approves-over-the-counter-sales-of-plan-b-one-step-for-all-ages/ http://www.amazon.com/Emergency-Contraceptive-purchase-without-prescription/dp/B003FBI8WS http://ec.princeton.edu/pills/plan-bonestep.html http://healthland.time.com/2013/08/01/plan-b-one-step-now-for-sale-what-you-should-know/ http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=a5e522b5-bc59-4010-a658-6e0c0884b234 http://www.goodrx.com/plan-b-one-step http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm350230.htm http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm358082.htm http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/262347.php http://contraception.about.com/od/emergencycontraception/ht/buyplanbonestep.htm http://www.nbcnews.com/health/fda-approves-plan-b-one-step-girls-15-older-without-6C9698067 http://www.cvs.com/shop/product-detail/Plan-B-One-Step-Emergency-Contraceptive?skuId=876669 http://abclocal.go.com/ktrk/story?section=news/health&id=9339667 http://reference.medscape.com/drug/plan-b-levonorgestrel-oral-342781 Uaa]' ddd [OP[Rd` P\Z URNYaU Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY ZNf OR YR`` RĂ&#x;RPaVcR URNcVR_ d\ZR[ 1 #""& http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/25/health/emergency-contraceptives-weight http://bedsider.org/features/285 http://www.empr.com/plan-b-one-step/drug/3401/ http://goo.gl/AnAT3w http://goo.gl/CUU5rB http://www.oahupregnancycenter.com/Educational_Resources/Plan_B_One-Step/index.html http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2013/11/plan-b-morning-after-pill-weight-limit-pounds Uaa]' OV_aU P\[a_\Y ]VYY` š[QaUROR`a P\Z ^ %! ! DU\ ZNXR` aUR =YN[ / <[R @aR] OV_aU P\[a_\Y ]VYY http://shop.riteaid.com/Plan-One-Step-Emergency-Contraceptive-1ct/dp/B00EIQUH5A http://www.babymed.com/contraception/plan-b-one-step-emergency-contraception 140

QUERY

PROVIDER

POSITION

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3

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W

4

“plan b one step”

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3

“plan b one step”

O

3

“plan b one step”

D

3

“plan b one step”

W

4 141

GENERAL QUERIES | Table 1

“plan b one step” | “plan b one step” debate

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QUERY

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GENERAL QUERIES | Table 1

“plan b one step” | “plan b one step” debate

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Uaa]' ddd ![Rd` P\Z `a\_f !#!" Y\PNY ]UN_ZNPVR` _RSb`R a\ ]ba ]YN[ O \[R `aR] \[ `a\_R `URYcR` 144

QUERY

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POSITION

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145

GENERAL QUERIES | Table 1

“plan b one step” | “plan b one step” debate

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GENERAL QUERIES | Table 1

“plan b one step” | “plan b one step” debate

URL Uaa]' ddd []_ \_T OY\T` URNYaU ! " $# ""%! SRQR_NY WbQTR `a_VXR` Q\d[ _R`a_VPaV\[` \[ ]YN[ O Uaa]' T\\ TY :[>Y Uaa]' ddd dN`UV[Ta\[aVZR` P\Z [Rd` QRP WbQTR` _bYV[T [\a N[ R[Q a\ ]YN[ O QRONaR Uaa]' T\\ TY U@> Z/ Uaa]' Q_bT`a\_R[Rd` P\Z N_aVPYR SQN YNd OY\T _RPR[a ]YN[ O \[R `aR] N]]_\cNY ZNf _RVT[VaR `VZbYaN[R\b` _e \aP QRONaR Uaa]' ddd bcb_RcVRd P\Z % RZON__N``ZR[a ]YN[ O ]VYY Uaa]' ddd [Rd`f P\Z cVQR\` P\[a_\cR_`VNY ]YN[ O QRPV`V\[ SbRY` QRONaR Uaa]' aUROYbRQNdT d\_Q]_R`` P\Z # ]YN[ O P\bYQ ]_RcR[a Z\`a NO\_aV\[` Oba NPPR`` a\ Va `aVYY V_X` aUR _VTUa Uaa]' T\\ TY "]1cY/ Uaa]' ddd [\_aUWR_`Rf P\Z [Rd` # ! ! L.PPR``La\LZ\_[V[T NSaR_L]VYYLP\Z]YVPNaR`LQRONaRL\[LaRR[L`Re UaZY,]NTR*NYY Uaa]' dac_ P\Z " Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY NcNVYNOVYVaf `aV_` `\ZR QRONaR Uaa]' ddd b`]UN_ZNPV`a P\Z P\[aV[bV[TLRQbPNaV\[ PRcVRdaR`a YR``\[VQ $%## Uaa]' ddd _RNYPYRN_]\YVaVP` P\Z N_aVPYR` " % TRaaV[TLVaLd_\[TL\[L]YN[LOL % UaZY Uaa]' ddd P`Z\[Va\_ P\Z B@. 10 1RP\QR_ " DUf [\O\Qf V` UN]]f dVaU 31. _bYV[T \[ =YN[ / cVQR\ Uaa]' S\_bZ XP_NT P\Z cVRda\]VP ]U],S*" a* % `aN_a* Uaa]' S\_bZ XP_NT P\Z cVRda\]VP ]U],S*" a* % `aN_a* Uaa]' ddd f\babOR P\Z dNaPU,c*&VB9O!d>[.% Uaa]' ddd QNfa\[PVaf]N]R_ P\Z S\_bZ QRONaR Uaa]' a\d[UNYY P\Z P\YbZ[V`a` `b`N[`aNZ]R_O_\d[ ! ]YN[LOLQ_bTLQRONaRLV`L[\aLNO\baLOV_aULP\[a_\Y Uaa]' NOP[Rd` T\ P\Z 5RNYaU Z\_[V[T ]VYY `\YQ P\b[aR_ `a\_f,VQ* %%%&&!# Uaa]' ddd ]\`aN[QP\b_VR_ P\Z N_aVPYR " " =0 # " &"&& Uaa]' Zf ¹_RQ\TYNXR P\Z _U_RNYVafPURPX aNT RZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aV\[ Uaa]' T\\ TY %>%V2: Uaa]' ddd PUN_YR`a\[QNVYfZNVY P\Z Z\`a?RPR[a " "% Uaa]' ddd `b`N[`aNZ]R_O_\d[ P\Z PNaRT\_f ]YN[ O Q_bT QRONaR Uaa]' ddd [W P\Z UbQ`\[ c\VPR` V[QRe ``S ]YN[LOLQ_bTLQRONaRLV`L[\aLNO\b UaZY Uaa]' \[ N\Y P\Z cVQR\ P\[a_\cR_`VNY ]YN[ O QRPV`V\[ SbRY` QRONaR " $ !$"& Uaa]' ddd [Rd` ZRQVPNY [Ra [Rd` =_R`VQR[a <ONZNR % &&` aNXR \[ aUR Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY QRONaR N`]e Uaa]' ddd ORf\[Q P\Z N_aVPYR` aUR Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY QRONaR % % N_aVPYR UaZY Uaa]' T\\ TY ]O=G/B Uaa]' URNYaUYN[Q aVZR P\Z # $ Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY NXV[ a\ NO\_aV\[ aUR `PVR[PR `Nf` [\ 148

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GENERAL QUERIES | Table 1

“plan b one step” | “plan b one step” debate

URL Uaa]' ddd PN]Va\YUVYYOYbR P\Z [\QR !$ & Uaa]' OY\T UR_VaNTR \_T " aRR[` [RRQ ]N_R[aNY V[c\YcRZR[a [\a ]YN[ O Uaa]' [Rd` fNU\\ P\Z OY\PX \aP Z\_[V[T ]VYY `]N_X` QRONaR !#% ! UaZY Uaa]' SRZV[V`a[\aV\[` P\Z " ! ]YN[ O Uaa]' Q_bTa\]VP` Z\QR_[ZRQVPV[R P\Z Q_bT a\]VP` [Rd` ]YN[ O QRONaR P\[aV[bR` Uaa]' _U_RNYVafPURPX \_T aNT ]YN[ O \[R `aR] Uaa]' ddd URN_aYN[QP\[[RPaV\[ P\Z [Rd` `a\_f N`]e,VQ*#&" & Uaa]' ddd TNQ`QR[aVZR` P\Z N_aVPYR " ! dV_R " && " Uaa]' ddd aNXR]N_a P\Z N_aVPYR ! # Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY Uaa]' ddd b][\_aUYVcR P\Z [Rd` `a\_f N`]e,VQ*#&" & Uaa]' ddd \b_O\QVR`\b_OY\T \_T OY\T " aUR dRRX V[ `RaONPX` S\_ \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ RZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aV\[ Uaa]' ddd YN__fRYQR_ P\Z O =YN[ / <[R @aR] QRONaR P\[aV[bR` !$ !& %! &%!$" UaZY Uaa]' ddd P\[[RPaa_V`aNaR` P\Z [Rd` `a\_f N`]e,VQ*#&" & Uaa]' ddd ]O` \_T [Rd`U\b_ OO YNd WN[ Wb[R SQNL ! " UaZY Uaa]' ddd dN`UV[Ta\[]\`a P\Z [NaV\[NY URNYaU `PVR[PR aVZRYV[R N UV`a\_f \S ]YN[ O " T6>.cG%@E<LTNYYR_f UaZY Uaa]' T\\ TY 6"E?Og Uaa]' ddd `abQfZ\QR P\Z R``Nf` =YN[ O 2ZR_TR[Pf 0\[a_NPR]aVcR` % % ! UaZY Uaa]' N_aVPYR` dQOW$ P\Z " ]YN[ O \[R `aR]L %&#!&#$ Uaa]' ddd P\[[RPaNZN_VYY\ P\Z [Rd` `a\_f N`]e,VQ*#&" & Uaa]' ddd ReNZV[R_ P\Z N_aVPYR Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY Zb`a OR NcNVYNOYR a\ NYY _bYR` SRQR_NY WbQTR Uaa]' ZRQVPNaV\[URNYaU[Rd` d\_Q]_R`` P\Z aNT ]YN[ O \[R `aR] Uaa]' ddd Y\UbQ P\Z b`Na\QNf N_aVPYR ! & $ Uaa]' ddd dVOP P\Z [Rd` `a\_f N`]e,61* &% ! Uaa]' ddd VcVYYNTR P\Z WbQTR ZNXR Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY NcNVYNOYR NYY SRZNYR` ! N " !$ Uaa]' T\\ TY 1N83XO Uaa]' ZRQVPNYe]_R`` P\Z [Rd` OY\PX \aP Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY \ba_NTR UaZY Uaa]' ddd ZRQVNVaR P\Z ac QRN_ ZRQVN aUR_R` [\ `bPU aUV[T N` N Z\_[V[T NSaR_ NO\_aV\[ ]VYY Uaa]' ddd N[`dR_ONT P\Z PNaRT\_f Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY RZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aV\[L&% Uaa]' ddd ¹a`[Rd` P\Z " YNgR[Of aUR ONaaYR \cR_ ]YN[ O Uaa]' S\_bZ` aURObZ] P\Z QV`Pb``V\[ &"%!& ]YN[ O \[R `aR] Uaa]' ddd daU_ P\Z `a\_f !!# ]YN[ O \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ _bYV[T Q_NdV[T P\[a_\cR_`f 150

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151

GENERAL QUERIES | Table 1

“plan b one step” | “plan b one step” debate

URL Uaa]' QRa_\Va PO`Y\PNY P\Z $ SQN QRONaR` \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY S\_ aRR[` Uaa]' ddd PO`[Rd` P\Z % !L # "$"& "% SQN N]]_\cR` \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ `NYR` \S ]YN[ O \[R `aR] S\_ NYY NTR` Uaa]' ddd N_XN[`N`ZNaaR_` P\Z `a\_f ]YN[ O P\[a_NPR]aV\[ _bYV[T Q `a\_f @<_L& c&B@L$] $#C\ N> Uaa]' N_aVPYR` QNVYfNZR_VPN[ P\Z \]V[V\[ " "&L LaRR[ ]_RT[N[Pf ]VYY _V`X \S OY\\Q PY\a` Uaa]' ddd ZRQVPNYQNVYf P\Z dUNa f\b `U\bYQ X[\d [Rd QRONaR NO\ba RZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aV\[ !"!"& Uaa]' T\\ TY bFe^9D Uaa]' T\\ TY _1<&f Uaa]' ddd `P]_ \_T [Rd` ! " #$ SRQR_NY WbQTR `a_VXR` Q\d[ _R`a_VPaV\[` \[ Z\_[V[T Uaa]' ddd aUR_RQURNQRQ]UN_ZNPV`a P\Z ,]*# Uaa]' T\\ TY @f[1g> Uaa]' ddd OYV``a_RR P\Z ! `Re _RYNaV\[`UV]` ]UN_ZNPV`a` ]YN[ O _RSb`NY _RYVTV\b` _RN`\[` !&$

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153

AGE QUERIES | Table 2

“plan b one step” age or age limit or right age or age restriction | “plan b one step” no limits | “plan b one step” responsibility

URL Uaa]' NOPY\PNY T\ P\Z dNOP `a\_f,`RPaV\[*[Rd` URNYaU VQ*& " &! Uaa]' N_aVPYR` YNaVZR` P\Z Wb[ [NaV\[ YN [N \ONZN ]YN[ O # Uaa]' N_aVPYR` dN`UV[Ta\[]\`a P\Z # [NaV\[NY &%% !$&L L]YN[ O \[R `aR] \ONZN NQZV[V`a_NaV\[ NTR _R`a_VPaV\[` Uaa]' OVT`a\_f N] \_T N_aVPYR SQN Y\dR_` NTR ObfR_` ]YN[ O ]VYY " Uaa]' OY\T d\ZR[`URNYaUZNT P\Z `P\\] ]YN[ O \aP Uaa]' PNZ]ORYYYNd\O`R_cR_ P\Z $ \ONZN NQZV[V`a_NaV\[ YVSa` NTR _R`a_VPaV\[ \[ ]YN[ O P\[a_NPR]aV\[ Uaa]' P[`[Rd` P\Z [Rd` N_aVPYR SQN Y\dR_` NTR ObfR_` ]YN[ O ]VYY " Uaa]' RP ]_V[PRa\[ RQb ^bR`aV\[` RPP\[`R[a UaZY Uaa]' RQVaV\[ P[[ P\Z # \]V[V\[ PN__\YY Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY Uaa]' S\_dN_Q P\Z N_aVPYR` $# # Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY WbQTR `YNZ` SRQ` S\_ [\[`R[`R N Uaa]' W\RZfT\Q OY\T`]\a P\Z ! SRQR_NY WbQTR \_QR_` SQN a\ Q_\] NTR UaZY Uaa]' [P_\[YV[R \_T [Rd` ]\YVaVP` \ONZN NQZV[V`a_NaV\[ Q_\]` ¹TUa YVZVa NTR _R`a_VPaV\[` ]YN[ O Uaa]' [Rd` `Xf P\Z `a\_f !" Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY b` Q_\]` NTR _R`a_VPaV\[` Uaa]' [Rd` fNU\\ P\Z SQN NYY\d` \aP Z\_[V[T ]VYY YVSa` NTR YVZVa & # UaZY Uaa]' \bQNVYf P\Z [Rd` N]_ & ]YN[LO Uaa]' T\\ TY 2X ] F Uaa]' T\\ TY "5._#V Uaa]' aRR[NVQ` \_T VZ]\_aN[a SQN _RcV`R` NTR a\ " S\_ ]YN[ O Uaa]' aUROYNPX`]UR_R [Ra # UN]]f OV_aUQNf `N`UN QNQ YVSaRQ NTR _R`a_VPaV\[` \[ ]YN[ O Uaa]' aUR_VTUa`P\\] P\Z NdR`\ZR ]YN[ O Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY a\ Z\cR \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ S\_ " f_` \YQ N[Q b] Uaa]' T\\ TY 1@cAb[ Uaa]' ddd NOP"$ P\Z U\ZR a\] `a\_VR` SQN "" !"% UaZY Uaa]' ddd N_U] \_T ]bOYVPNaV\[` N[Q _R`\b_PR` P\[a_NPR]aV\[ W\b_[NY \Pa\OR_ Uaa]' ddd O\`a\[b_ON[[Rd` P\Z [Rd` URNYaU SQN N]]_\cR` YVSaV[T NTR _R`a_VPaV\[ S\_ Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY Uaa]' ddd PU_V`aVN[]\`a P\Z [Rd` [\ NTR _R`a_VPaV\[ S\_ Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY WbQTR _bYR` & $$ Uaa]' ddd P\[[RPaZVQZV``\b_V P\Z [Rd` `a\_f N`]e,VQ*%& $" b]gdVV gebZ Uaa]' ddd Pac[Rd` PN URNYaU URNYaU URNQYV[R` \ONZN _RcR_`R` P\b_`R \[ NTR YVZVa` S\_ Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY % Uaa]' T\\ TY :[[]BS Uaa]' ddd QRZ\P_NaVPb[QR_T_\b[Q P\Z $$% $ Uaa]' ddd QR[cR_]\`a P\Z PVL " %# SQN _RZ\cR` Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY NTR _R`a_VPaV\[ Uaa]' ddd S\e[Rd` P\Z ]\YVaVP` " T\cR_[ZR[a ZbYY` [Rea `aR] \[ SQN P\[aR[aV\b` ]YN[ O ]VYY QRPV`V\[ 154

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155

AGE QUERIES | Table 2

“plan b one step” age or age limit or right age or age restriction | “plan b one step” no limits | “plan b one step” responsibility

URL Uaa]' ddd UR_NYQRea_N P\Z [Rd` \]V[V\[ RQVa\_VNY dVaU ]YN[ O P\[a_NPR]aV\[ dUNa ` aUR NTR YVZVa Uaa]' ddd Ubà[Ta\[]\`a P\Z ! SQN ]YN[ OL[L %$& UaZY Uaa]' ddd YVSR[Rd` P\Z " Wb`aVPR QR]N_aZR[a N]]RNY` SQN _bYV[T `RYYV[T ]YN[ O ]VYY a\ aRR[` Uaa]' ddd [OPONfN_RN P\Z [Rd` URNYaU [NaY Wb`aVPR U\YQR_ Naa\_[Rf TR[R_NY Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY Uaa]' ddd [P`Y \_T _R`RN_PU URNYaU RZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aV\[ `aNaR YNd` N`]e Uaa]' ddd [\YN P\Z URNYaU V[QRe ``S " SQNLY\dR_`LNTRLYVZVaLS\_LObfR_ UaZY Uaa]' ddd ]O` \_T [Rd`U\b_ OO YNd WN[ Wb[R SQNL ! " UaZY Uaa]' ddd _R]\_aR_[Rd` P\Z [Rd` ZNf " O\fPUbX c` ZNaUV` dUNa` _VTUa NTR YVZVa S\_ ]VYY Uaa]' ddd _RbaR_` P\Z N_aVPYR # b` b`N ]YN[O VQb`O_R&"N \ # Uaa]' ddd `URX[\d` P\Z URNYaU N[Q dRYY[R`` N_aVPYR` &%" ]YN[ O NcNVYNOYR a\ NYY NTR` \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ Uaa]' ddd aUROYNgR P\Z `a\_VR` # " P\b_a TV_Y` \S N[f NTR PN[ Obf Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY Uaa]' ddd aURTbN_QVN[ P\Z d\_YQ WbY ! NZR_VPN TR[R_VP RZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aV\[ NTR _R`a_VPaV\[ Uaa]' ddd aUR[NaV\[ P\Z OY\T $! ! URf SQN Q_\] ]YN[ O NTR _R`a_VPaV\[ Uaa]' ddd b`QNVYfc\VPR P\Z SQN Y\dR_` NTR _R`a_VPaV\[` S\_ ]b_PUN`R \S ]YN[ O \[R `aR] # & [VP\YRcN_[Rf UaZY Uaa]' ddd b`[Rd` P\Z \]V[V\[ N_aVPYR` # `U\bYQ ]YN[ O OR NcNVYNOYR dVaU\ba N ]R_`P_V]aV\[ _RTN_QYR`` \S NTR Uaa]' ddd c\Y\XU P\Z ! " WbQTR \_QR_` SQN a\ ZNXR ]YN[ O P\[a_NPR]aV\[ NcNVYNOYR \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ Uaa]' ddd dWYN P\Z N_aVPYR` ! SQN Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY a\ Z\cR \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ %% &$ UaZY Uaa]`' ddd P\ZZ\[Q_RNZ` \_T cVRd " & Uaa]' NOPY\PNY T\ P\Z XNOP `a\_f,VQ*& &&&# Uaa]' T\\ TY 8PQ;0W Uaa]' N_aVPYR` YNaVZR` P\Z Wb[ `PVR[PR YN `PV `[ SQN ]YN[ O N]]_\cNY RZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aVcR # Uaa]' OY\T d\ZR[`URNYaUZNT P\Z `P\\] O_RNXV[T aUR SQN N]]_\cR` \aP ]YN[ O Uaa]' RP ]_V[PRa\[ RQb ^bR`aV\[` ^N \aP NPPR`` UaZY Uaa]' S\_ZbYN_fW\b_[NY Z\QR_[ZRQVPV[R P\Z S\_ZbYN_f W\b_[NY [Rd` SQN N]]_\cR` \aP ]YN[ O \[R `aR] NTR` " N[Q \YQR_ Uaa]' URNYaU UR_NYQa_VOb[R P\Z " SQN RN`R` ]YN[ O YVZVa` Uaa]' U\ZR PNOYR\[R [Ra [Rd` _RNQ PNaRT\_f ]\YVaVPNY N_aVPYR N] SQNLNYY\d`L\aPLZ\_[V[TNSaR_L]VYYLYVSa`LN N] Uaa]' [Rd` Z`[ P\Z b` Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY ¹[NYYf T\V[T \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ Uaa]' [Rd`¹e[\d P\Z # ! SQN N]]_\cR` \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ `NYR` \S ]YN[ O \[R `aR] S\_ NYY NTR` Uaa]' \[YV[RNaUR[` P\Z URNYaU # SQN NYY\d` \aP Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY YVSa` NTR YVZVa Uaa]' `aN_a a\`UVON P\Z [Rd` _RNQ PNaRT\_f b` N_aVPYR N] SQNLNYY\d`L\aPLZ\_[V[TNSaR_L]VYYLYVSa`LN N] Uaa]' aURP\[a_VOba\_ P\Z PVcVY _VTUa` ]YN[ O \[R `aR]V[ d_\[T QV_RPaV\[ d\ZR[` _VTUa` T_\b]` `Nf fR` 156

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157

AGE QUERIES | Table 2

“plan b one step” age or age limit or right age or age restriction | “plan b one step” no limits | “plan b one step” responsibility

URL Uaa]' dN`UV[Ta\[ PO`Y\PNY P\Z # SQN N]]_\cR` b[_R`a_VPaRQ `NYR` \S \aP Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY Uaa]' ddd [Rd` P\ [g Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY [\d \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ aNOVQ ! $ N_aVPYRVQ QRSNbYa N`]e Uaa]' ddd NZR_VPN[]_R`` P\Z [Rd` SQN NYY\d` \aP Z\_[V[TNSaR_ ]VYY YVSa` NTR YVZVa Uaa]' ddd N_U] \_T ]bOYVPNaV\[` N[Q _R`\b_PR` PYV[VPNY ]_\PRRQV[T` RP \aP `aNab` Uaa]' ddd PR[ab_fYV[X [Ra [Rd` _RNQ PNaRT\_f b` N_aVPYR N] SQNLNYY\d`L\aPLZ\_[V[TNSaR_L]VYYLYVSa`LN N] Uaa]' ddd PUVP\R_ P\Z URNYaU PVL " !% $ SQN NYY\d` \aP Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY YVSa` NTR Uaa]' ddd PYV[VPNYNQcV`\_ P\Z \ONZN NQZV[V`a_NaV\[ Q_\]` N]]RNY S\_ NTR YVZVa \[ \aP ]YN[ O N_aVPYR &%! & Uaa]' ddd Pac[Rd` PN URNYaU URNYaU URNQYV[R` b ` TV_Y` \S NYY NTR` PN[ Obf Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY N` N]]RNY ]_\PRRQ` # $ Uaa]' ddd QR[cR_]\`a P\Z ¹a[R`` PVL " !% $ SQN NYY\d` \aP Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY YVSa` NTR Uaa]' ddd Qb_N[T\UR_NYQ P\Z N_aVPYR # N]d # &&# SQN NYY\d` \aP Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY YVSa` NTR YVZVa Uaa]' ddd RY]N`\aVZR` P\Z [Rd` PVL " !% $ SQN NYY\d` \aP Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY YVSa` NTR Uaa]' ddd Ubà[Ta\[]\`a P\Z # SQN Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYYL[L !$" $% UaZY Uaa]' ddd V\dN`aNaRQNVYf P\Z [Rd` N_aVPYRL& &RQ&Q% NS$ R O"# &OO &# S! UaZY Uaa]' ddd VcVYYNTR P\Z ]YN[ O [\d NcNVYNOYR \cR_ P\b[aR_ ! N " %$ # Uaa]' ddd XTd P\Z [Rd` Ob`V[R`` $$"& UaZY Uaa]' ddd ZNVY P\Z `PVaRPU URNYaU #"$%! SQN NYY\d` \aP Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY YVSa` NTR YVZVa UaZY Uaa]' ddd Zb_S_RR`O\_\]\`a P\Z SQN YVSa` NTR YVZVa \[ Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY PZ` # Uaa]' ddd [OP[Rd` P\Z URNYaU SQN N]]_\cR` ]YN[ O \[R `aR] TV_Y` " \YQR_ dVaU\ba #P&#&% #$ Uaa]' ddd [P_RTV`aR_ P\Z QNVYf [Rd` SQN ZNXR` ]YN[ O P\[a_NPR]aVcR NcNVYNOYR a\ " fRN_ \YQ` Uaa]' ddd [Rd`]NXV`aN[ ]X % [\ NTR YVZVa a\ Obf ]YN[ O \[R `aR] ]VYY dVaU\ba N ]_R`P_V]aV\[ Uaa]' ddd [\YN P\Z URNYaU V[QRe ``S " d\ZR[`LT_\b]`LQRP_fLN]]RNYL\[ UaZY Uaa]' ddd \ZNUN P\Z N_aVPYR # YVcRdRYY $ # &%&$ # Uaa]' ddd ]\YVaVP\ P\Z `a\_f ! SQN Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY %&##" UaZY Uaa]' ddd _RNYPYRN_]\YVaVP` P\Z N_aVPYR` " % TRaaV[TLVaLd_\[TL\[L]YN[LOL % UaZY Uaa]' ddd _\PXfZ\b[aaRYRT_NZ P\Z SRNab_R` URNYaU \aP Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY `NYR` P\ZV[T %! !& Uaa]' ddd `P]_ \_T [Rd` # $##" SRQ` a\ P\Z]Yf dVaU [f _bYV[T \[ ]YN[ O Uaa]' ddd `Ya_VO P\Z `Ya_VO Z\OVYR "#!& % & ]VYY SQN RZR_TR[Pf Z\_[V[T UaZY P`] Uaa]' ddd `f_NPb`R P\Z [Rd` V[QRe ``S # Z\_[V[T NSaR_LOVYYL\XQLOfLSQN UaZY Uaa]' ddd aUROYNgR P\Z `a\_VR` # \ONZN NQZV[ _RcR_`R` `aN[PR [\d ONPX` Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY S\_ TV_Y` \S NYY NTR` Uaa]' ddd aURTbN_QVN[ P\Z d\_YQ Wb[ ]YN[ O Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY Uaa]' T\\ TY _VV![U 158

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159

AGE QUERIES | Table 2

“plan b one step” age or age limit or right age or age restriction | “plan b one step” no limits | “plan b one step” responsibility

URL Uaa]' ddd aUR]_\cV[PR P\Z URNYaU N]]_\cR` `NYR Z\_[V[TNSaR_ ]VYY dVaU _R`a_VPaV\[` R[QV[T Y\[T YRTNY %"""$&" `a\_f UaZY Uaa]' T\\ TY 35[f/" Uaa]' ddd a\YRQ\OYNQR P\Z ZRQVPNY # SRQ` [\d ONPX Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY` S\_ NYY TV_Y` UaZY Uaa]' ddd b`[Rd` P\Z QRONaR PYbO `U\bYQ aUR ]YN[ O Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY OR NcNVYNOYR a\ " fRN_ \YQ` Uaa]' ddd c\`Vg[RVN` P\Z & # dN`UV[Ta\[ SQN NYY\d` \aP P\[a_NPR]aVcR YVSa` NTR YVZVa Uaa]' ddd fQ_ P\Z PVL " $%% S\\Q N[Q Q_bT NQZV[V`a_NaV\[ NYY\d` \cR_ P\b[aR_ Z\_[V[T Uaa]' NOP[Rd` T\ P\Z URNYaU Z\_[V[T ]VYY `\YQ P\b[aR_ `a\_f,VQ* %%%&&!# Uaa]' NZR_VPNOY\T P\Z # \ONZN Q_\]` N]]RNY Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY ]YN[ O UaZY Uaa]' ORY\daURdNV`a \_T `aNaRZR[a S_\Z SQN P\ZZV``V\[R_ ZN_TN_Ra UNZOb_T Z Q \[ ]YN[ O \[R `aR] Uaa]' OY\T UR_VaNTR \_T " aRR[` [RRQ ]N_R[aNY V[c\YcRZR[a [\a ]YN[ O Uaa]' OY\T d\ZR[`URNYaU [\_aUdR`aR_[ RQb O_RNXV[T [Rd` SQN _bYV[T \[ RZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aV\[ \cR__bYRQ Uaa]' TR_N_Q[NQNY P\Z aNT ]YN[ O Uaa]' T_RaNdV_R S\e[Rd`V[`VQR_ P\Z ! SQN ]_R`` _RYRN`R NO\ba ]YN[ O \[R `aR] RZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aVcR Uaa]' URNYaUYN[Q aVZR P\Z " Z\_[V[T NSaR_ _RNPaV\[` Uaa]' WR``VPNcNYR[aV P\Z ]\`a % #% %##% SQN ]\V`RQ a\ ]ba RZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aV\[ \[ Q_bT`a\_R Uaa]' WRgRORY P\Z ObfV[T ]YN[ O V` `aVYY N P\[Sb`V[T PYb`aR_SbPX ! #& Uaa]' Z\_RdUNa P\Z d SQN N]]_\cR` ]YN[ O \[R `aR] RZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aVcR dVaU\ba N ]_R`P_V]aV\[ Uaa]' T\\ TY >==U4P Uaa]' \b_`VYcR__VOO\[ \_T ,aNT*]YN[ O \[R `aR] Uaa]' ]N_R[aNOYR` U\d`abßd\_X` P\Z URNYaU dRYY[R`` T\\Q [Rd \_ ONQ [Rd` ]YN[ O [\d NcNVYNOYR NYY NTR` UaZY Uaa]' ]_V[PRa\[`bZZR_W\b_[NY P\Z % ]YN[ O _bYR` PNb`R P\[Sb`V\[ Uaa]' _U_RNYVafPURPX \_T N_aVPYR % URNYaU PN_R V[ \b_ UN[Q` PRYRO_NaV[T N QRPNQR \S d\_X a\ TRa RP Uaa]' `SN]]RNY P\Z % Z\_[V[T NSaR_ OV_aU P\[a_\Y ]VYY [\d NcNVYNOYR V[ ONf N_RN `a\_R NV`YR` Uaa]' aURONf[Ra P\Z [Rd` V[QRe PSZ SN cVRd`a\_f `a\_fLVQ " $# Uaa]' b[PURNYaUPN_R OY\T`]\a Va aUR RaUVP` \S ]YN[ O \[R `aR] UaZY Uaa]' b[[RPR``N_fdV`Q\Z d\_Q]_R`` P\Z " aUV` ]YN[ O Wb`a ]YNV[ P_Ngf Uaa]' cVaNY` [OP[Rd` P\Z L[Rd` ! $&%& "# SQN N]]_\cR` ]YN[ O \[R `aR] S\_ TV_Y` " N[Q \YQR_ Uaa]' d\ZR[`V``bR` NO\ba P\Z O % Wb`a `Nf [\ a\ ]YN[ O \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ dUNa dN` XNaUYRR[ `RORYVb` UaZY Uaa]' ddd NO\cRa\]`RP_Ra P\Z S\_bZ aU_RNQ&" % & ]T Uaa]' ddd NZR_VPN[aUV[XR_ P\Z OY\T ! WbQTRL\_QR_`LZ\_[V[TLNSaR_L]VYYLa\LORL`\YQL\cR_LaURLP\b[aR_ UaZY Uaa]' ddd N`X P\Z N[`dR_` # #$ % Q\R` aUR ]YN[ O \[R `aR] \_ Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY d\_X 160

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AGE QUERIES | Table 2

“plan b one step” age or age limit or right age or age restriction | “plan b one step” no limits | “plan b one step” responsibility

URL Uaa]' ddd OVgW\b_[NY` P\Z ]_[Rd`dV_R ]_R``L_RYRN`R` $ QP %&"! Uaa]' ddd OddYN \_T ORSbQQYRQ N[Q QV`N]]\V[aRQ dVaU \ONZN NQZV[V`a_NaV\[ `aN[PR \[ ]YN[ O Uaa]' ddd PO`[Rd` P\Z [Rd` ]YN[ O \[R `aR] N]]_\cRQ S\_ b`R dVaU\ba N ]_R`P_V]aV\[ S\_ d\ZR[ " N[Q \YQR_ Uaa]' ddd PUN_V`ZN[Rd` P\Z \]V[V\[ &% UN__f WNPX`\[ \aP Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY V` N ]VZ] ` Q_RNZ Uaa]' ddd PUVPNT\[\d P\Z V[XYV[T` ! V` ]YN[ O \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ P\[a_NPR]aV\[ S\_ aRR[NTR_` N T\\Q VQRN Uaa]' ddd P\[`bYaN[a # P\Z OY\T Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY [\d NcNVYNOYR dVaU\ba ]_R`P_V]aV\[ Uaa]' ddd QNVYf¹[N[PR P\Z # SQN N]]_\cR` \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ NcNVYNOVYVaf \S ]YN[ Uaa]' ddd QNVYf]NbY P\Z %! %" ]YRN`b_R dVaU\ba _R`]\[`VOVYVaf SQN N]]_\cR` Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY S\_ `NYR \aP Uaa]' ddd Q_bT`a\_R[Rd` P\Z N_aVPYR QV`a_VPa P\b_a \_QR_` SQN YVSa ]_R`P_V]aV\[ _R`a_VPaV\[ ]YN[ O \[R `aR] Uaa]' ddd ¹R_PR]UN_ZN P\Z ]_R`` _RYRN`R` SQN N]]_\cR` ]YN[ O \[R `aR] RZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aVcR b`R Uaa]' ddd S\_OR` P\Z `VaR` ZNaaURdUR_]R_ " aUR ]YN[ O P\[a_\cR_`f NPabNYYf dR Q\ YRa XVQ` Uaa]' ddd S_RR_R]bOYVP P\Z S\Pb` S [Rd` $$& ]\`a` Uaa]' ddd X\Z\[Rd` P\Z [Rd` URNYaU SQN Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY a\ Z\cR \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ "!#" UaZY Uaa]' ddd [fQNVYf[Rd` P\Z YVSR `afYR URNYaU ]YN[ O ]VYY " f_ \YQ` N_aVPYR # Uaa]' ddd [faVZR` P\Z # b` SRQR_NY ]YN[ S\_ Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY` `NYR V` N]]_\cRQ UaZY,L_* Uaa]' ddd \b_O\QVR`\b_OY\T \_T OY\T " aUR dRRX V[ `RaONPX` S\_ \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ RZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aV\[ Uaa]' ddd \ba`VQRaURORYadNf P\Z SQN ZNXR` ]YN[ O NcNVYNOYR \cR_ aUR P\b[aR_ a\ " fRN_ \YQ` Uaa]' ddd ]UN_ZNPV`a P\Z RZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aV\[ \aP \_ [\a ]UN_ZNPV`a` N_R VZ]\_aN[a Uaa]' ddd ]UN_ZNPfaVZR` P\Z OY\T` _RQURNQRQ ]UN_ZNPV`a ]YN[ O dVYY `aNf ORUV[Q aUR P\b[aR_ Uaa]' ddd _RbaR_` P\Z N_aVPYR % $ ]N aRcN d\ZR[` URNYaU VQb`[Od $"$ N O`d % $ Uaa]' ddd _Ua] \_T Q\PbZR[a` ]YN[O\[R `aR]N]]YVPNaV\[QR[VRQ]_R``_RYRN`R ]QS Uaa]' ddd `\PVRafS] \_T LQ\PbZR[a` ]\`VaV\[L]N]R_` ]YN[O \[R `aR]QRPV`V\[P\ZZR[aN_f P\[a_NPR]aV\[ Q\P Uaa]' ddd aUR_RQURNQRQ]UN_ZNPV`a P\Z ,]*# Uaa]' ddd dN`UV[Ta\[aVZR` P\Z OY\T V[`VQR ]\YVaVP` WbY # P\[a_\cR_`VNY Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY UVa` `a\_R `URYcR Uaa]' ddd d\_YQZNT P\Z $ ]YN[LOLV`L]YN[LNLV[L[RdLf\_XL`PU\\Y` Uaa]' ddd ddNfac P\Z ! Y\PNY _RNPaV\[ a\ SQN` QRPV`V\[ a\ PUN[TR ]b_PUN`R NTR \S ]YN[ O \[R `aR] Uaa]' N_aVPYR` PUVPNT\a_VOb[R P\Z ! ! URNYaU Pa ZRa ]YN[ O ! !L LRZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aV\[ ]YN[ O Uaa]' N_aVPYR` dN`UV[Ta\[]\`a P\Z # & [NaV\[NY ! #% &L LRZR_TR[Pf P\[a_NPR]aV\[ ]YN[ O \[R `aR] Uaa]' ON[T\_QNVYf[Rd` P\Z # URNYaU \ONZN NQZV[V`a_NaV\[ a\ Q_\] YVZVa` \[ Z\_[V[T NSaR_ ]VYY Uaa]' OY\T NY P\Z dV_R # SQNLN]]_\cR`Lb[_R`a_VPaRQL`NYR UaZY Uaa]' URNYaUYN[Q aVZR P\Z % ]YN[ O \[R `aR] [\d S\_ `NYR dUNa f\b `U\bYQ X[\d 162

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163

AGE QUERIES | Table 2

“plan b one step” age or age limit or right age or age restriction | “plan b one step” no limits | “plan b one step” responsibility

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SPECIFIC ACTORS QUERIES | Table 3

“plan  b  one  stepâ€?  parents  opinion  or  parents  |  â€œplan  b  one  stepâ€?  pharmacists  position  |  â€œplan  b  one  stepâ€?  restrictions  and  religion  |  â€œplan  b  one  stepâ€?  science  opinion  |  â€œplan  b  one  stepâ€?  teenager  opinion  |  â€œplan  b  one  stepâ€?  women  opinion

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167

SPECIFIC ACTORS QUERIES | Table 3

“plan b one step” parents opinion or parents | “plan b one step” pharmacists position | “plan b one step” restrictions and religion | “plan b one step” science opinion | “plan b one step” teenager opinion | “plan b one step” women opinion

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SPECIFIC ACTORS QUERIES | Table 3

“plan  b  one  stepâ€?  parents  opinion  or  parents  |  â€œplan  b  one  stepâ€?  pharmacists  position  |  â€œplan  b  one  stepâ€?  restrictions  and  religion  |  â€œplan  b  one  stepâ€?  science  opinion  |  â€œplan  b  one  stepâ€?  teenager  opinion  |  â€œplan  b  one  stepâ€?  women  opinion

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170

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Google faces | “Plan b one step� no limits

170

Google faces | “Plan b one step� responsibility

173

Google faces | “Plan b one step” age

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Google faces | Famous people amount

175

Google faces | Common people amount

174

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