Project Leaders Magazine ISSUE06 SEP 2022

THE PRIME FOCUS

SAMSUNG's $17B SEMICONDUCTOR FACTORY

AI and Machine Learning is driving the Autonomous Vehicle Industry !

Allied Market Research estimated the value of the global autonomous vehicle (AV) industry to reach $54.23 billion in 2019, increasing to

$556.67 billion by 2026 at an annual growth rate of 39.47% during that period.

Waymo, a Google backed US-based company claims that autonomous vehicles can help auto manufacturers and ride-hailing businesses make the roads safer for both pedestrians and motorists using a combination of computer vision, audio recognition, and machine learning technologies. Waymo claims users can experience a safer driving experience through the AV’s vision system, which is capable of object and event detection and response.

Autonomous vehicles are being developed to keep motorists and pedestrians safe on the road. However, it may take a few more years to see these driverless cars traverse the streets worldwide.

Will it still make sense to own a car or will I rent one (on demand)?

This will remain a question until we encounter a lot of these on streets. It could be that instead of car ownership model that we have today, we might more likely rely on “mobility as a service”.

Imagine an Uber which we demand on a click, but without a driver. We as consumers would buy a service like using an Uber today, but with a wider range of vehicle configurations to suit the occasion – family outings, long-distance sleeper travel, or shared commutes.

20 SAMSUNG SEMICONDUCTOR FACTORY

10

CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED RAILWAY

44 LAGUARDIA

36 GERD

IVING CARS

Samsung Electronics, a pioneer in innovative semiconductor technology, declared that Texas State would become the site of a unique semiconductor production facility.

The projected $17 billion investments in the US will aid in increasing the output of sophisticated logic semiconductor

products that support emerging innovations and technology. Methods based on innovative process technologies would be produced at the new innovative facility for use in fields like 5G technology, mobile networking, high-performance computing, and artificial intelligence. Samsung is still dedicated to assisting clients across the world by lowering barriers to entry for advanced semiconductor production and supplying the rising demands for innovative goods. Samsung stated that construction on the Texas facility will begin in 2022, with the goal of having it operational by the second part of 2024 (Korea, 2021). The South Korean technology powerhouse selected the location in consideration of various elements, such as tax subsidies and the willingness and sustainability of the regional infrastructure. Indeed, a business barrier and a significant national security risk for the United States have been raised by the semiconductor shortfall.

The manufacturing of new automobiles and electrical equipment has been hindered for more than a year due to the shortage of semiconductors caused by downtimes during Covid pandemic. It will be Samsung's biggest investment in the United States,

This will a Samsu invest United Sta $47 billio group laun business th Samsun employs people in States (S As once n fully with a total estimated cost of $17 billion, comprising structures, infrastructure upgrades, technology, and machinery. it is anticipated tha recent expansion of Sam footprint would generate high-tech employme

Samsung’s Biggest Investment In

The

United States

Greg Abbott Governor of Texas,

also increase ung's overall tment in the tes to about on since the nched doing here in 1978. ng currently over 20,000 n the United Shead, 2021). new plant is operational, at this most msung's U.S. e over 2,000 nts directly.

The Texas Independent School District will receive funding from Samsung as part of its co-investment in the region to establish a Samsung Skills Center to aid students in developing needed skills.

According to the Semiconductor Industry Association, the U.S. share of the global chip manufacturing business has decreased from 37% in 1990 to 12% in the year 2021. To boost computer chip manufacturing process, the Biden government has been urging Congress to adopt the $52 billion CHIPS Act. If the American government is successful in making it simpler to develop chip facilities, a number of chipmakers have expressed an interest in growing their American facilities (NATIONAL, 2021). Boise, Idaho-based Micron Technology announced that it will spend $150 billion over the next 10 years upgrading its line of microchips, with a future expansion of U.S. manufacture if government subsidies can assist offset the additional expenses of American production.

Dr. Kinam Kim

ORG: Samsung Electronics

TITLE: Vice Chairman & CEO

Dr. Kim's contributions, leadership, and strategic vision have paved the way for Samsung's role as a technology leader in the semiconductor industry.

Under Dr. Kim's leadership, Samsung's Memory business continues to maintain market and technological leadership, as evidenced by the release of first-tomarket products in DRAM, NAND and SSD for over a decade.

The recently formed foundry business has emerged as a leader in advanced logic process and specialty technologies, such as radio frequency (RF), industry's first high-k metal gate (HKMG) transistor, and 14 and 10nm fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) process technologies.

TWO BIGGEST COMPETITORS IN THE SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTION INDUSTRY

Intel and TSMC are Samsung's two biggest competitors in the semiconductor production industry. Intel declared in March that it would invest $20 billion in the construction of two new chip factories in Arizona. TSMC is however constructing a new facility in Arizona in the meantime. Currently, Asia produces the substantial proportion of the world's chips, with Taiwan and South Korea serving as specific hubs of activity. Both the United States and Europe like to produce more of its own chips. According to the business, TSMC, which has its headquarters in Hsinchu, Taiwan, produced 24% more semiconductors than the majority of the world in 2020 than it did in 2019. Samsung is the global leader in manufacturing memory chips, which are essential to cell phones and other innovative technologies, Samsung is also growing its position on the metal casting side, or the design and production of microchips created by other companies.

Authorities in the US have been paying closer attention to the dominance of semiconductor manufacturing in North Asia as they worry about disruptions in supply chains and China's rising strength.

Altogether, Samsung and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. lead the market for producing the most innovative semiconductors for clients like Apple Inc. Samsung Electronics has submitted a proposal to the Texas Controller for its future plan to construct up to 11 Texas chip manufacturing facilities over the next few decades. The 1200-acre project is anticipated to occupy 6 million square feet and a grand total of $192 billion in investments are required by the strategy (HUBER, 2022). Nine of those facilities are supposed to be built in Taylor, and the remaining two in Austin, according to the plans. In Austin, Samsung currently runs two facilities, close collaborations with organizations, which are aware of the limitless opportunities Texas offers, are expanding opportunities for Texans. This potential investment would add billions of dollars to existing resources, allowing Samsung to maintain and even improve their international business climate with diversification and talented workforce.

To produce high-performance semiconductors that use less energy, Samsung created innovative technology and manufacturing solutions. By improving the energy performance of their advanced semiconductor products, company hopes to lower the energy usage of data centers throughout the world. A data center's power usage increases in direct proportion to the volume of data it has accumulated. By calculating the ecological impact and emissions of tthe components for all of the

quality operations, company also hope to create better ecologically friendly semiconductor production. Semiconductors of Samsung are extensively used by customers worldwide and it is available in a variety of products. The Korean government has recognized the unique semiconductor capabilities of Samsung as Korea's National Key Information Technologies. As more items use semiconductors, attaining environmentally responsible semiconductor production has

grown to be a significant problem with wide-ranging effects on numerous businesses worldwide. Samsung created the Semiconductor Environmental Performance Index (SEPI), an advanced semiconductorassociated green innovation index, and eco-friendly management guidelines tailored to the characteristics of the semiconductor industry in order to share the product performance and practices (SAMSUNG, 2022).

The SEPI is used to assess results in four categories: offerings to ecologically conscious semiconductor production, ecofriendly management of partner companies, green performance of autonomous business sites, and ecological benefits for users. The SEPI consists of thirty-two indicators grouped into six themes. By revealing the performance as rigorously evaluated through SEPI, Samsung hopes to connect with a variety of stakeholders more effectively and precisely.

CALIFORNIA HIGHSPEED RAIL

CASE STUDY

Infrastructure projects, including the California highspeed rail project, provide a wide range of advantages to both train passengers and, by renewal, the entire country. This is due to the fact that when these projects are recognized, they stimulate economic growth in the region while also increasing employment for hundreds of individuals who would be financially independent.

THE MOST COMPLEX PUBLIC

The California High-Speed Rail, one of the largest and most complex public transportation projects in the history of the United States, allows commute from Los Angeles (LA) to San Francisco at speeds of up to 220 miles per hour, completing the journey in just two hours and forty minutes, compared to nearly 6 hours by car. The system links California's principal areas, aid in economic growth and climate change protective measures, increase employment, and protect agricultural and secured areas of land (California High Speed Rail | WSP). WSP USA is the rail delivery associate for the United States 1st high-speed train network and has introduced innovative high-speed rail standards for the country. Cordoba Corporation has created several design alternatives for the high rail project, which the Authority has decided to integrate into the planning process.

California has managed to spend over two decades planning, crafting, and now creating the country's first high-speed rail service. Aside from the convenience, solace, speed, and accessibility of offering high rail, this

this project reduces emissions of g supposed to be completed in mid-2 high-speed rail systems that exist in which will accommodate approxim project have classified the conform study and outreach programs (“His

C TRANSPORTATION PROJECT

reenhouse gases and prevents pollution in the cities. The project, which was 2000, is thought to be amongst the most expensive of its sort. It is similar to the n Japan, France, and China. Since around 2008, the cost of the entire project, mately 800 miles, was projected to be roughly $45 billion. The authorities of this mations into phases, with each phase requiring substantial environmental impact story Gives Hope to California High-Speed Rail,” 2011).

DREAM UNACCOMPLISHED

The venture was to shape the future of high-speed rail that might inevitably expand the entire distance of the western coast, from San Diego to Vancouver, throughout the desert to Las Vegas, and, finally, all the way across the continent. The system alters a location's adaptability. Better connectivity will alter dynamic characteristics and, in turn, influence growth in the affected region, realigning the whole urban landscape. The integration of high-speed rail will offer Americans more public transport options. It will also ensure that America continues to remain a financial capital while achieving the century's energy and environmental dilemmas (APTAAdmin, 2022)•

A large number of job positions will be created as a result of the construction of high-speed rail.

• These would be extremely competent positions that would help to revive domestic rail sectors that provide mass transit services and goods. Several more jobs are developed as a result of the business and trade prompted by economic transformation and growth.

• High-speed rail is significantly more environmentally friendly than planes and almost double more efficient than automotive vehicle usage, as per the International Association of Railways (UIC). It would also reduce carbon emissions while also contributing to sustainable development.

• The incorporation of high-speed rail into public transportation will improve airports and motorways. Enhanced transfer directions and distribution system services connecting with the latest highspeed rail passageways will also broaden alternatives for people in urban and rural communities.

THE PLAN FAILED LACK OF EXPERIENCE, MALFEASANCE, AND VEHEMENT RESISTANCE FROM MANY KEY REPUBLICAN LAWMAKERS AND GOVERNORS OF THE STATE.

In the present day, the vision is almost extinguished. The plan failed lack of experience,

malfeasance, and vehement resistance from many key Republican lawmakers and governors of the state. Even after fourteen years of planning and $5 billion invested, the California initiative is still nominally functional, but it is so much behind the timeline that it has not yet laid a couple of miles of path.

TRAIN TO NOWHERE

California high-speed rail has always been a pipe dream. Numerous transportation advisors argue that highspeed rail networks are difficult to implement due to high start-up expenses and lengthy construction timeframes and that the expenditures are often worsened by the risks of acquiring property, designing. and building stations, blowing through mountain ranges, and merging river systems (Train to Nowhere: Can California’s High-Speed Rail Project Ever Get Back on Track, 2022).

The High-Speed rail system connecting cities has been riddled by slow development and a distended cost estimate, revealing bigger problems with transportation projects. Moreover, from a performance standpoint, the train would have downsides that would need to be smoothed out before its successful execution. One disadvantage is that there is no usual technique for forecasting train demand. It is impossible to predict the number of people who will board the train.

EFFORTS TO REPAIR THE DAMAGE

The California High-Speed Rail project is still moving forward even after elevated expenses, a delayed progression, and continual political fallout. Hardly anything worthwhile comes easily. Americans will benefit financially and ecologically from the highspeed rail project.

The initiative will provide economic advantages while also lowering damage to the environment. It will provide overall social and economic hope to millions of people.

California appears to require this project, which needs government and community assistance. California must reinvigorate its growth and social well-being while also boosting the state's infrastructure and enhancing the standard of commuting and ancillary activities.

The government has been expecting for this extraordinary possibility for decades, and it is critical that the opportunity to enhance the welfare of citizens is not squandered. The development of California's high-speed rail system has reached a "tipping point," C i p p p s

with a part of the project throughout the Central Valley on the path to be completed n the next few ages, according to the project details. Since the high-speed rail project currently replicates a country project, we suggest that its oversight and supervision constructions be intended correspondingly. significant adjustments would resolve the apprehensions about the project's transparency to the executive and regulatory sections, as well as provide the institutional framework needed for the project's success at this time.

LAGUARDIA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

LaGuardia Airport is an international airport situated in New York City, New York, United States. It is located in the conurbation of Queens, eight miles from midtown Manhattan, and spans 680 acres. The airport is inaugurated in 1939 and is controlled by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey which has had a contract with New York since 1947.

The consortium of John F. Kennedy International, Newark Liberty, and LaGuardia International airports leads to the United States' biggest airport system and the world's total flight operations. The airport serves as a hub for American Airlines and Delta Airlines. The airport was formally known as Glenn H. Curtiss Airport before being renamed North Beach Airport.

LaGuardia International Airport. New York

It was renamed New York Municipal Airport-LaGuardia Field before being renamed "LaGuardia Airport" in 1953 just after the

mayor of New York at the moment, Fiorello La Guardia (NYC data | Infrastructure). Terminals C and D were merged into a single terminal in 2017, with four concourses, and arrivals hall, and centrally managed departures. The terminal highlights innovative art, electrical outlets in every seat, and upscale latest restaurants. Delta's busiest international lounge for passengers, a 34,000-square-foot Sky Club with amazing views, is located in the new LaGuardia terminal and can facilitate six hundred individuals once completed. LaGuardia was the 25th most crowded airport in the United States in 2021, with 7.8 million travellers. With three key airports, the New York City region has the clogged skies in the U. S. Airline companies anticipate record traffic volume this season because Americans who postponed flights due to COVID-19 resume to the airspaces (Reuters, 2022).

After 6 years, a tremendous remodeling of Terminal C of the airport has been finally finished. Following the $4 billion conversion, LaGuardia will have a fresh transportation center and artistic work compiled by the Queens Museum.

The transition of LaGuardia Airport into a high-end venue known for its glamour is an integral part of the distinct vision for a current frontier in New York. Terminal C has just been created with the greatest speed and efficiency by permitting passengers to steer into easily and quickly and out of their entrances by utilizing advanced innovations like hands-free baggage check and electronic Identity monitoring functionality.

LaGuardia was the 25th most crowded airport in the United States in 2021, with 7.8 million travellers.

Historical Background of LaGuardia International Airport

With the commemorative revolutionary for LaGuardia Airport's new age transformation and rebuilding done, the airport's rich history formally starts a brand-new chapter. The concept of developing an airport for commercial planes, as well as the location of the airport, started in 1934 as a marketing gimmick. New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia, nicknamed "The Little Flower," exhibited a temper tantrum by denying disembarking from a TWA trip to Newark, claiming that his boarding pass indicated his venue as New York. In 1939, Mayor managed to complete his latest airport in Queens, and he intrigued airline companies with low-cost lease agreements. The day after the airport was renamed New York Municipal Airport - LaGuardia Field, the mayor explained the ceremony's 325,000 attendees, while three planes passed promotional materials all across the sky. The Port Authority concluded the lease with New York City in 1947, and one year later took over duty for airport development and operations, constructing a new international terminal, a new flight deck, and an air cargo facility (PORTfolio, 2016). The foremost establishments are split into four terminals: A, B, C, and D, during the 1940s, Terminal A was the initial airport terminal structure delivering foreign flights. Terminal B, also referred to as the Central Terminal Building, was inaugurated in 1964. It primarily serves internal flights. Terminal C, which also launched in Sept. 1992, was intended to house restaurants, department stores, and a concessionary court as well as arrivals welcome facility. Delta Air Line founded Terminal D, which was inaugurated in June 1983. The Port Authority spent $1.4 billion, and the New York City expended $40 million to build and establish the airport.

One of the clogged on the Eastern Coast.

Although LaGuardia is no longer the largest airport in the New York City area, it remains one of the clogged on the Eastern Coast. Every day, planes from over many different airlines depart to several regional destinations, such as Bermuda, the Caribbean, and the British Virgin Islands. It is a New York landmark that has withstood improvements in the travel planning process and financial environment for more than 75 years.

A multi-year revitalization venture with the Port Authority of New Jersey and New York, the region's airport operator and owner converted LaGuardia to the spot where a global panel of experts named it the coolest modern airport in December of 2021 (“LaGuardia’s $4 Billion Revamped Terminal Is Finally Opening,” 2022). The new facility includes statues, porcelain frescoes, as well as other artworks by New York-based creators,

as well as perpetual largescale infrastructure that tell the tale of the area's immigrant heritage, folks, and the value of diversification. But LaGuardia Airport is infamously divisive. Bloomberg named it America's most disappointing airport. The Guide to Sleeping in Airports ranked LaGuardia as the world's 10th terrible airport.

LaGuardia is not largest airport, but it is still significant because of its location and historical background.

This multibillion-dollar proposal is a component of a fresh perception for as the whole refurbishment of New York's LaGuardia Airport in Queens. When completely finished, it will enhance large numbers of people's experiences in the world and function as a significant financial turbine for the continent.

A commitment to sustainable development and a strategy that reduces environmental influences are at the leading edge of this venture. The reinvigoration could be timely. The Port Authority reported that its airports dealt with10 million passengers in April, portraying 90% before Covid-19 quantities and a 5% boost over March.

The pandemic truly aided airport building by slowing airline travel for most of the previous years, enabling significant work to be finished without interrupting most of the active operations. LaGuardia is not largest airport, but it is still significant because of its location and historical background.

GERD

THE GRAND DAM ETHIOPIAN RENAISSANCE

Keep in mind that allowing employees some freedom will boost their output and benefit the organization

GThe rand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam is a hydropower project winding down on Ethiopia's Blue Nile, around 30 kilometers upstream of the SudanEthiopia border. It will be Africa's biggest hydroelectric power project (International Hydropower Association). The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance dam project is a magnificent hydropower plant that was conceived in the 1960s by Giorgio Pietrangelo’s intellect, pertaining to an enormous and futuristic plan to leverage the Blue Nile prospects for hydropower reasons of course, and increase the operational efficiency of this vast groundwater recharge.

11 Years Down The Road

The endeavor is administered by the Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. The Grand Renaissance Dam began construction in April of 2011 ever since a $4.7 billion engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) agreement had been granted to Salini Costruttori. The Ethiopian government and people are financing the project that will benefit not just Ethiopia but also Egypt and Sudan.

PROJECT X

The project plan was conducted under the name Project X, which has been quickly revised to Millennium Dam and subsequently to the current name. The Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation controls and manages the project, and a variety of firms are working on the dam's construction. The dam is intended to store seventy-four billion cubic meters of water and produces 6,000 MW of power (Managing the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project, 2016). Alstom contracted to provide generators, turbines, and all electrical and mechanical machinery for the Grand Renaissance Dam's hydroelectric power plant for €250 million to Metals & Engineering Corporation. Simegnew Bekele is the project manager of the project. His culpability in this position is to ensure that the gravity-type embankment is finished on time and within the financial plan. The Ethiopian government retained the preliminary design of the Renaissance hydropower project hidden till 1 month before the foundation stone was laid (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project, Benishangul-Gumuz).

The Conflict

However, the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam has been the wellspring of a long-lasting conflict with two neighbors Egypt and Sudan, which are anxious that the venture will lead to egregious water scarcities downstream. Sudan anticipates the dam not just to assist maintain a steady flow of the river Nile and inhibit severe flooding, but in addition, to offer additional contact to affordable energy; however, it is concerned that the dam will lessen the output of its existing dam, Roseires, which is located just downstream. Egypt is also concerned about the project's possible effects on its Aswan High Dam, and fears that it will grant Ethiopia access to the Nile flow, reducing the amount of fresh water accessible to people of the country. The GERD has kindled a long-running feud among these countries over water sharing. Several rounds of talks between Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan about the construction and establishment of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) have stopped in a standoff.

In January 2012, a trilateral committee was established to explore and understand and scrutinize the gains and consequences of the project on the participating regions. The Renaissance dam’s-controlled flow of waters will enhance agricultural production, and the implications of vaporization from the reservoir will be small when equated to certain other dams in Ethiopia, assisting in conserving water.

The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam would therefore cut the volume of the Aswan High Dam, rescuing six billion cubic meters of water. The dike would also function as a crossing throughout the Blue Nile that also has few structures and even fewer pedestrian crossings. The dam will increase Ethiopia's power generation and may induce the country's economy by increasing yield in energy segments as well as other areas of the economy

Sudan stands to benefit from the dam in terms of irrigated agriculture, flood mitigation, and hydroelectric power, presuming daily cooperation and engaged sharing of information between both the Grand Ethiopian Dam and Roseires. Ethiopia claims that the dike will help downstream states by simplifying fluctuations in the flow of water and improving water accessibility all through low-flow quarters.

This will improve Sudan's dams' capacity to produce power (Mbaku). But besides these obvious facts, Egyptian authorities are infatuated with spreading false information that the dam's filling and execution will have massive financial, environmental, and political repercussions.

The Deadline

The goal of the project is to lift millions from poverty and offer power access to over sixty million population, as well as to provide cost-effective electricity to residential, commercial and agricultural areas. It will additionally help Egypt and Sudan regulate water supply during wet and dry seasons, give geographic water holding capacity with little vaporization, and preclude flood damage in both countries, all at no expense to both nations.

Once completely finished in 2024, the dam on the river Blue Nile will be Africa's leading hydropower initiative. When the project is complete, it will hold the capacity of more than 5,000 MW of mounted power generation, twice that of Hoover Dam (Arega, 2021). As a result, constructing the GERD is no longer an issue of preference for Ethiopia; instead, it is a development and economic imperative and the only solution to economic hardship for a home nation of millions of inhabitants.

GERD is also going to have a wide-ranging impact on the African continent and even beyond. It will supply Sudan, Ethiopia, and other countries throughout the region with priced and sustainable sources.

SELF DRIVING CARS SELF DRIVING CARS

The automotive business has adapted new tech innovations to create new methods of user convenience as technology evolves with the passage of time. The unique process of making cars autonomous with AI technology is one of them. The self-driving car, often referred to as a driverless car or an autopilot car, is an automobile that can drive itself using a variety of detectors, cameras, sensors, artificial intelligence and cameras to reach its specified location (Lutkevich, 2019).

AI-linked technologies, particularly machine learning and computer vision, have made contributions in making self-driving cars a reality.

As most of the people are familiar with the concept of self-driving cars but it was once a lofty dream that was difficult to achieve but now it's our reality. Although, self-driving cars are still a rare appearance on the roads, but automated car technology is now available in the market. Several AI-linked technologies, particularly machine learning and computer vision, have made contributions in making selfdriving cars a reality. The significant use of deep learning and artificial intelligence in the design and

operation of automobiles is very common, despite the extensive belief that personalized and automated cars are the new big thing in the future. The use of AI in the automobile industry is rapidly growing. There are numerous software companies and start-ups competing as automakers embrace the AI technology.

AI POWERED OPERATING SYSTEM

The operating systems for self-driving cars are powered by AI. To create such systems which can drive independently, self-driving car manufacturers combine massive volumes of data from image processing systems with cognitive computing.

As an illustration, Google has recently begun to create selfdriving automobiles known as Waymo. These vehicles utilize a combination of detectors, light sensors, GPS and imaging technology, which merges all the supplied data into such frameworks which have accumulated close to the car, and the automated system forecasts how such elements would do next (EES, 2022).

This entire procedure takes only a few seconds. Like any human driver, their skills improve as they accumulate further exposure.

ADAS - HOW DOES IT WORK?

Whether you're fortunate enough to own a brand-new automobile which can reverse park oneself, you are in ownership of a car with an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) powered by artificial intelligence. Although, an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) can assist driver with steer control, speeding and braking system. Reverse parking sensors, cameras and features like seat vibration warnings are part of an ADAS, which warns drivers when they veer off the travel lane.

In some situations, an ADAS is capable of handling all driving duties and keeping an eye on the roadside situation. The ADAS is so trustworthy in those situations that the person behind the wheel is not compelled to pay attention.

There are numerous forms of ADAS, including stability control, collision warning, driver fatigue detection, and some significant protection features.

Many

significant automakers

are developing their own self-driving vehicles and AI driving technologies. There are many wellknown industries creating and evaluating automated vehicles like BMW, Ford, Audi, Google, Tesla, General Motors and Volkswagen. In Google's self-drving test, a group of selfdriving vehicles, including a Toyota Prius and an Audi TT, travelled more than thousand miles of motorways and roads in California.

NEW TECH FIRMS AND CONCEPT OF AUTONOM

Optimus Ride

Optimus Ride manufactures selfdriving vehicles for spatial areas. It is located in Massachusetts USA. With less parking needed, fewer vehicles on the road, and reduced environmental effect, the firm's autonomous, electric vehicles make it possible to build more effective, ecological communities.

NuTonomy

NuTonomy is developing autonomous technology for fully driverless automobiles, located in Boston USA. To promote safer roads, reduced congestion, and less pollution, the company wants to provide squadrons of autonomous vehicles wherever they are required.

ENTERPRISES INSPIRED BY THE MOUS VEHICLES

(SCHROER, 2021)

Zoox is an AI self-driving vehicle Company located in California USA which is building its own driverless cars. The vehicles are being built to serve as automated ride-hailing vehicles. An app on user's device would be used to request a Zoox vehicle, much like how Uber or Lyft currently operate.

ZooX Drive.Ai

Drive.ai is located in California USA. The company is introducing selfdriving services to replace the current transportation infrastructure using artificial intelligence. The cars are not only automated; they can also communicate with nearby motorists and walkers. For example, one of the cars can signal to pedestrians that it will wait for anyone to cross by showing a sign.

PROS

The main benefit highlighted by proponents of self-driving cars is safety and security.

37,150 people perished in passenger car crashes in 2017 (Lutkevich, 2019) - Fatality Projection by the U.S. DOT and NHTSA

According to NHTSA research, 94% of actual accidents are the result of mistakes made by people or bad choices, such as drinking and driving or texting while driving.

These risk factors are removed from the situation by self-driving cars, but they are defenseless against other elements, such as mechanical problems, that result in collisions.

The financial benefits could be enormous if autonomous vehicles can reduce the frequency of collisions.

According to the NHTSA, injuries have a negative effect on commercial activities, costing $594 billion in lost productivity at work, $57.6 billion in death tolls, and $57.6 billion in impaired self-contentment.

One drawback of selfdriving AI technology would be that it can be worrying to ride in a car without a human at the wheel. However, as selfdriving vehicles grow more prevalent, human drivers risk becoming unduly dependent on the autopilot system and putting their wellbeing in the hands of technology, even if they should serve as backup operators in the event of technical or engine problems.

CONS

Speaking of AI-driven cars efficiency, we can anticip time when most automobiles would be fully electric ushering in a period of zero-emission vehicles. While some people could like the stress-free ride, some may regret the excitement of driving alone. When the benefits outweigh the drawbacks, the switch to self-driving cars will take some time.

The Toyota Concept-i vehicle at the 2017 International Consumer Electronics Show in

Vegas, on 5 January 2017. Photograph:

Las

Mike Nelson/EPA

As technology improves with the passage of time, AI in self-driving cars will be able to get better. Future applications outside of the automotive industry are made possible by a system's ability to optimize by doing independent data analysis (Carsblog, 2022).