ISSN 2050-6732 (Print) ISSN 2050-6740 (Online)
Counter-IED Report Winter 2018/19
CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES FOR LANDMINES AND IEDs EOD LIVE DEMONSTRATIONS
INCHEBA EXPO CENTRE, BRATISLAVA, SLOVAK REPUBLIC
VIRTUAL REALITY, COMPUTER BASED TRAINING AND C-IED TRAINING DANGEROUS TOYS FOR ADULTS; USE OF THE DRIVERLESS VEHICLE BORNE IED FROM “EL-VIS” TO “AVENGER”
HISTORY OF A SIGNIFICANT PART OF ROV DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND
HUMAN SUICIDE ATTACKS – A GROWING THREAT EXPLORING THE EVOLUTION OF DOCUMENT & MEDIA EXPLOITATION (DOMEX)
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REPORT CONTRIBUTORS
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ISSN 2050-6732 (Print) ISSN 2050-6740 (Online)
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ICOR TECHNOLOGY
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DSA DETECTION
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13 FOREWORD By Rob Hyde-Bales, Consulting Editor, Counter-IED Report 16
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CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES FOR LANDMINES AND IEDs By Wouter van Verre, Liam A Marsh - MIEEE, Xianyang Gao, Anthony J. Peyton and David John Daniels FIEEE
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EOD LIVE DEMONSTRATIONS
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DEMINING SEMINAR 2019
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VIRTUAL REALITY, COMPUTER BASED TRAINING AND C-IED TRAINING By Steve Johnson, Course Director MSc Forensic Explosive and Explosion Investigation, Cranfield University
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DEFENSE & SECURITY 2019
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DANGEROUS TOYS FOR ADULTS; USE OF THE DRIVERLESS VEHICLE BORNE IED (VBIED) By Lieutenant Colonel Jose M Rufas, Chief of Attack the Networks Branch, C-IED Centre of Excellence
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MILIPOL ASIA-PACIFIC 2019
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FROM “EL-VIS” TO “AVENGER”
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IDEF 2019
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ENFORCE TAC 2019
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HISTORY OF A SIGNIFICANT PART OF ROV DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND
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COUNTER-IED REPORT, Winter 2018/19
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BEHAVIOURAL ANALYSIS 2019
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HUMAN SUICIDE ATTACKS – A GROWING THREAT By Colonel HR Naidu Gade – Indian Army Veteran
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MILITARY ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 2019
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FUTURE ARMOURED VEHICLES SITUATIONAL AWARENESS 2019
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EXPLORING THE EVOLUTION OF DOCUMENT & MEDIA EXPLOITATION (DOMEX) By Lieutenant Colonel Jose M Rufas, Chief of Attack the Networks Branch, C-IED Centre of Excellence
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FOREWORD
FOREWORD By Rob Hyde-Bales, Consulting Editor, Counter-IED Report
A
s we began 2019 the juxtaposition of global geopolitical and economic events conspired to produce a significant degree of both national and international uncertainty and apprehension. In the United States in December 2018 the erudite and highly experienced retired General James Mattis resigned as Defence Secretary. This was just after the US President had announced the withdrawal of US troops from Syria stating that, “We have won against ISIS” – a view not universally accepted by US allies. Details of the withdrawal were subsequently amended. Mattis was one of the more experienced members of the White House administration. The President also announced a reduction in US troop numbers in Afghanistan. The US announcements are likely to make other Western nations currently operating in Afghanistan and Syria consider their positions. The situation in Syria is particularly fraught, given the everpresent tensions between Turkey and the US over US support for the Kurdish YPG in Syria – the latter are regarded as terrorists by Turkey. In Europe the major nations of the European Union face a variety of challenges. The violent rioting across France that began in late 2018 caught the French President badly off balance, forcing him to amend or cancel planned economic policy initiatives. Italy continues to struggle with a significant budget deficit and a large illegal immigrant population from North Africa. The United Kingdom has spent the past two and a half years in efforts to define its relationship with the European Union after it has left the EU. A
stark lack of consensus in the British Parliament has severely impeded these efforts. The recent car bomb explosion in Londonderry, although not a new tactic, represents an escalation in tensions in Northern Ireland. According to the Assistant Chief Constable Mark Hamilton, who was speaking on BBC Radio Four’s Today programme, the incident was ‘the most significant terrorist attack in Northern Ireland for years.’ Germany must come to terms with Angela Merkel’s diminished political authority after so long in power. Further afield, tensions between Russia and Ukraine continue to give cause for concern as illustrated by the latest incident in the Kerch Strait. A slowdown in China’s GDP and a recent warning from the Apple Corporation about its slowing sales in China resulted in major uncertainty in global financial markets as the New Year began. In the area of Islamist insurgencies, efforts continue to defeat, inter alia, the terrorist activities of the Taliban in Afghanistan, Boko Haram in Nigeria, al-Shabaab in Somalia and very recently in Kenya and ISIS in Libya and Syria. In all these long running insurgencies the Improvised Explosive Device – IED – remains the terrorists’ preferred weapon and is consistently used to deadly effect. In this edition of Counter-IED Report a comprehensive article from the NATO Explosive Ordnance Disposal Centre of Excellence – EOD COE – in Slovakia describes the NATO Demonstrations and Trials 2018 – D&T 18 – held in Bratislava, Slovakia counteriedreport.com
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FOREWORD
19-20 September 2018. The purpose of D&T18 was to develop knowledge and broaden experience within the EOD, C-IED and Military Engineering communities. The trials were run under the auspices of the NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division supported by the MOD of the Slovakian Republic and Counter-IED Report as the media partner. They were run jointly by the EOD, C-IED and MILENG COEs. The theme of D&T 18 was “A Multidisciplinary Approach to EOD”. The first day offered participants the chance to visit static displays of the various exhibitors from industry and academia. The second day was devoted to the conference and discussions based on the theme of D&T 18. Overall the two days event comprised presentations, discussions, practical equipment demonstrations and a Senior Military Leaders’ Seminar. The MOD of the Slovakian Republic and the EOD COE are to be congratulated for organising these highly productive and topical NATO Demonstrations and Trials in conjunction with the C-IED and MILENG COEs supported by Counter-IED Report. In a highly detailed and widely researched article Lt Col Jose M Rufas of the NATO Counter-IED Centre of Excellence in Madrid examines the evolution of the Driverless Vehicle Borne IED – VBIED. He begins in 1898 in New York Madison Square Garden when an aptly named Nikola Tesla demonstrated a remotely controlled small boat using radio waves. He continues by describing remotely controlled vehicles developed during the First World War in both Europe and the US, all of which were designed for military use – command wire controlled and carrying explosives. From there the emphasis moves to just before and during the Second World War and both command wire and radiocontrolled demolition vehicles produced by Europe, Japan and the Soviet Union. More recently VBIEDs were employed by some separatist groups in Europe – specifically in Northern Ireland and Spain. Most 14 COUNTER-IED REPORT, Winter 2018/1
recently driverless VBIEDs have been manufactured by ISIS/Daesh in both Iraq and Syria, despite a seemingly unending supply of suicide jihadists willing to drive VBIEDs – most probably for propaganda purposes to showcase their technology. Lt Col Ray Lane (Retd), formerly of the Irish Defence Force provides a detailed account of the development of the Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) designed for bomb disposal in the Republic of Ireland. The requirement for such a ROV for the Irish Army Ordnance Corps resulted from the Troubles in Northern Ireland that started in 1969 and subsequent spillover into the Republic. In 1972 a prototype ROV was designed and produced by a highly resourceful Captain Boyle at a cost of £18.00. It was designed to deposit a small explosive charge against the suspect device that was then detonated. It was used once operationally in the city of Cork before being replaced by the Wheelbarrow ROV from the United Kingdom. Beginning in the late 1970s Ireland began to develop its own ROVs – initially the HOBO followed by Vagabond – the latter a modified JCB. HOBO was deployed to Lebanon for service with the Irish Army IEDD personnel in 1989. ICP Newtech supported by the Irish Government has to date produced more than 700 ROVs now in use globally, firstly the Defender to the current in service state of the art Avenger. David J. Daniels and colleagues from the University of Manchester provide a most comprehensive paper on current and planned research into Classification Techniques for Landmines and IEDs. Given the continuing very high fatality and injury rates caused globally by these explosive hazards – 8605 in 2016 according to Landmine Monitor – and their severe impediment to national development, such research is considered essential. The paper describes methods of classifying both landmines and IEDs by exploiting the response of the materials with which they are made to
FOREWORD
electromagnetic signals. It describes the main types of landmines and IEDs, where they are found and the two main electromagnetic methods of detection – electromagnetic induction (EMI) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) and data fusion. The aim of this research is to further reduce the system false alarm rates and improve the probability of detection, whilst providing information on types of hazards detected. Future work will investigate the option of gaining more information from the EMI sensor by increasing frequencies and exploiting increased fusion of data from dual and multiple detectors. The research work is supported by the Find a Better Way Charity. In a refreshingly innovative article Steve Johnson of Cranfield University near Oxford and based with the UK Defence Academy, examines Virtual Reality, Computer Based Training and Counter-IED Training. He argues that there is the need for fresh thinking for C-IED training. A professional military should be able to develop and nurture all its staff without having to rely on the random chance of operational experience, the value of which is fully appreciated but cannot be guaranteed. He examines three current training technologies; E-Learning, Computer Based Systems and Educational/Simulation solutions. He points out that what is lacking from all of these is a full immersion experiential learning drawn from operational experience. Currently the US military training system is deemed the most advanced in this respect. He recommends 360 Virtual Reality Training as the optimum solution for C-IED training. Such training can be based on actual previous operational imagery and experience which allows the student to immerse in an incident, analyse it and learn lessons. Such training is not designed to replace live C-IED training but to augment it in the most operationally realistic virtual way possible. ■
Rob Hyde-Bales biography During his career in the UK Royal Engineers, Rob Hyde-Bales was responsible for landmine clearance in Libya and, more latterly, Afghanistan in the running of the first United Nations humanitarian landmine clearance training programme – Operation Salam. The programme trained Afghan male refugees in landmine clearance techniques, and Afghan women and children in mine awareness and avoidance training. More recently he set up the Caribbean Search Centre in Kingston, Jamaica. The Centre is designed to train security forces across the Caribbean in modern search techniques. After retiring from the army he joined Cranfield University at Shrivenham, near Oxford, and undertook a research project on behalf of the UK Ministry of Defence that examined ways to improve the sharing of IED threat information between the military and civilian organisations in hazardous areas. counteriedreport.com
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Energetische Materialien Energetic Materials Elektronische Zündsysteme Electronic Initiation Systems
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16 COUNTER-IED REPORT, Winter 2018/19
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