Term-2 M.Arch Building Design

ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Battersea Church Road Development | London, United Kingdom Term 2 Design Research | Refurbishing the City Part II | March 2022 AA SED Msc + MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2021-2022 Ayushi Gupta | Ketan Naidu Kunapalli | Tanvi Patil | Deepthi Ravi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The team would like to acknowledge everyone who contributed to the completion and success of this project.

In particular, we would like to thank the tutor, Simos Yannas, whose constant guidance and input throughout the term helped accomplish the project. In addition, the team was able to further develop the project, thanks to the information and feedback by Paula Cadima, Nick Baker, Jorge Rodriguez, Gustavo Brunelli, Byron Mardas, Mariam Kapsali, Herman Calleja, and Jason Cornish.

Additionally, Deepthi Ravi would like to acknowledge the Architectural Association School of Architecture for the AA Hardship Fund she was awarded for attending the AA SED Course 2021-2023.

Finally, we would like to acknowledge the previous design projects, Collado Collins, and the Darling Associates proposals provided to us as a reference. As a result, we gained some insight to better understand and approach the project.

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AUTHORSHIP DECLARATION FORM

Battersea Church Road Development | Term 2 Design Research

11,006 words

Ayushi Gupta Ketan Naidu Kunapalli Tanvi Patil Deepthi Ravi

DECLARATION “I certify that the contents of this document are entirely my own work and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledged.”

Ayushi Gupta

Ketan Naidu Kunapalli

Tanvi Patil

Deepthi Ravi

28 March 2022

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 1.1 SUMMARY ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 2. OVERVIEW ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8 2.1 SITE INFORMATION �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 2.2 SITE ACCESS �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9 2.3 SITE CONTEXT �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 2.4 SITE DENSITY ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 2.5 FACADES AND MATERIALITY ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������12 2.6 ON-SITE IMAGES ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������13 2.7 LONDON WEATHER DATA �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14 2.8 CLIMATE ANALYSIS �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15 2.9 CLIMATE CHANGE �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16 2.10 STRATEGIES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 2.11 EXISTING PROPOSAL ANALYSIS ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 3. DESIGN PROPOSAL ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21 3.1 KEY PARAMETERS �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21 3.1.1 Human Centered ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21 3.1.2 Carbon Neutral �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22 3.1.3 Passive Strategies ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23 3.2 CASE STUDIES ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24 3.3 FORM DEVELOPMENT �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 3.4 PROGRAMME ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������26 3.5 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27 3.5.1 Floor Plans ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27 3.5.2 Section ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������33 3.5.3 Elevation �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35 3.6 UNIT TYPOLOGY �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������38 3.6.1 Modular Units �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������38 3.6.2 One Bedroom Unit �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40 3.6.3 Two Bedroom Unit �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������41 3.6.4 Three Bedroom Unit �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������42 3.7 UNIT TYPOLOGY WINDOW & BALCONY DETAIL �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������44 3.8 CONSTRUCTION DETAIL ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46 3.9 CARBON ANALYSIS �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������48 3.10 ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������50 3.11 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������51 4. OUTDOOR STUDIES ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 53 4.1 SHADOW ANALYSIS �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������53 4.1.1 Impacts from the Surrounding Context ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������53 4.1.2 Impacts from Building Proposal ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������54 4.2 SOLAR ANALYSIS �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������55 4.3 WIND ANALYSIS �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������56 4.4 UNIVERSAL THERMAL CLIMATE INDEX ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������57 4.4.1 Ground Level Analysis �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������57 4.4.2 Communal Gardens and Terrace Garden �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������58 4.5.1 Communal Gardens �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������59 5. INDOOR STUDIES ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 61

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5.1 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������61 5.1.1 Daylight Factor �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������61 5.1.2 Useful Daylight Illuminance �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������62 5.1.3 One Bedroom Unit | Winter Solstice �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������63 5.1.4 One Bedroom Unit | Summer Solstice �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������64 5.1.5 Two Bedroom Unit | Winter Solstice �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������65 5.1.6 Two Bedroom Unit | Summer Solstice �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������66 5.1.7 Three Bedroom Unit | Winter Solstice �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������67 5.1.8 Three Bedroom Unit | Summer Solstice ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������68 5.2 THERMAL STUDIES | ONE BEDROOM UNIT �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������69 5.2.1 Annual Performance | Free Running �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������69 5.2.2 Typical Winter Week | Free Running Without Glazed Balcony �������������������������������������������������������������������70 5.2.3 Typical Winter Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony �������������������������������������������������������������������������71 5.2.4 Typical Winter Week | With Glazed Balcony + Night Shutters + Heating ���������������������������������������������������72 5.2.5 Typical Summer Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony �����������������������������������������������������������������������73 5.2.6 Typical Summer Week | Free Running Without Glazed Balcony �����������������������������������������������������������������74 5.3 THERMAL STUDIES | TWO BEDROOM UNIT �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������75 5.3.1 Annual Performance | Free Running �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������75 5.3.2 Typical Winter Week | Free Running Without Glazed Balcony ���������������������������������������������������������������������76 5.3.3 Typical Winter Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony �������������������������������������������������������������������������77 5.3.4 Typical Winter Week | With Glazed Balcony + Night Shutter + Heating ���������������������������������������������������78 5.3.5 Typical Summer Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony �����������������������������������������������������������������������79 5.3.6 Typical Summer Week | Free Running Without Glazed Balcony �����������������������������������������������������������������80 5.4 THERMAL STUDIES | THREE BEDROOM UNIT �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������81 5.4.1 Annual Performance | Free Running �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������81 5.4.2 Typical Winter Week | Free Running Without Glazed Balcony �������������������������������������������������������������������82 5.4.3 Typical Winter Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony | Green Roof �������������������������������������������������83 5.4.4 Typical Winter Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony | Lower Floor �����������������������������������������������84 5.4.5 Typical Winter Week | With Glazed Balcony + Night Shutters + Heating ���������������������������������������������������85 5.4.6 Typical Summer Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony �����������������������������������������������������������������������86 5.4.7 Typical Summer Week | Free Running Without Glazed Balcony �����������������������������������������������������������������87 5.5 FUTURE THERMAL STUDIES | TWO BEDROOM UNIT ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������88 5.5.1 Typical Summer Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony �����������������������������������������������������������������������88 5.5.2 Typical Winter Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony �������������������������������������������������������������������������89 5.6 INDOOR MICROCLIMATE ANALYSIS ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������90 5.6.1 One-Bedroom Unit �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������90 5.6.2 Two Bedroom Unit �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������91 5.6.3 Three Bedroom Unit ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������92 6. VISUALIZATION ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 94 6.1 VIEW 01 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������94 6.2 VIEW 02 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������95 6.3 VIEW 03 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������96 7. CONCLUSIONS ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 98 7.1 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������98 7.2 PERSONAL OUTCOMES �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������99 8. REFERENCES ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 101 9. APPENDICES ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 103

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 SUMMARY This report is an outcome of the term 2 Refurbishing the City part II project of the MSc-MArch Sustainable environmental Design program, 2021-2023.

Our aim for this term was to utilize the tools and analytical knowledge taught to enhance the environmental performance of the building and its surroundings.

Understanding the demographics and the context played a vital role in structuring our design, followed by an attempt to achieve thermal and visual comfort for the users. Various passive design strategies were introduced in order to reduce heating load during winters and avoid overheating during summers. One of our major objectives was to achieve Net-zero carbon buildings with a detailed analysis of factors impacting the result like the properties of materials, compactness of the units, construction cost, etc.

The site is located in the Battersea district, of Wandsworth borough, by the river Thames. The aim is to develop a housing project of affordable homes in the Battersea area. The report is structured in several parts, starting with a general overview of the site, understanding the climatic context. The report further moves into articulating a design proposal. This took into consideration the COVID situation, resulting in work from home spaces and other open green spaces for the health and well-being of the occupants. The idea was to create a strong sense of community for the people of Battersea.

The report further dives into a series of indoor and outdoor studies, which involved daylight, wind, and thermal simulations which helped mold the design, keeping in mind occupancy comfort along with increased efficiency and environmental performance of the building.

The main goal was to combine all the above aspects to create energy-efficient homes, taking into account the limitations and opportunities that the site has to offer along with our term 1 knowledge to optimize the performance of the building and create experiential spaces for the community of Battersea.

6

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

2

OVERVIEW

7

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

2. OVERVIEW 2.1 SITE INFORMATION The site is situated on the south bank of River Thames in Wandsworth Borough, with an area of 5993 m2, latitude of 51.4 N, and longitude of -0.17 W. Having a varied history of social housing Battersea has a large area of public housing states dating from the 20th century.

The site connects the districts of Fulham and Chelsea (north of the river) to Clapham district (south of the site) and is accessible from the Battersea bridge road. Specifically, it is placed between Battersea Park and the riverfront and the pathway is used by the neighbours for various physical activities, with Wandsworth London borough as the local authority.

Being surrounded by a mixture of high-rise structures varying from 7-21 stories in the southwest part and low-rise buildings in the northern parts, the site acts as a transitional zone between the two. Currently, the site has one-story storage blocks along with a basketball court accessed by the neighbours.

CHELSEA

River

Tham

FULHAM

Battersea Park

Somerset Estate SW11 3NE

BATTERSEA

Figure 2.1.1 Site Location (Source | Google Earth)

8

es

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

2. OVERVIEW 2.2 SITE ACCESS The project site is connected through the Battersea Church Road on the North, linked through major North-South arteries, namely, Battersea Bridge Road and Albert Bridge Road.

Rive

m r Tha

es

These two roads connect the Somerset Estate (SW11 3NE) to the rest of Northern London, while the other minor routes on the East and West provide comfortable pedestrian access to the site. These streets are essentially 4m wide and one-way, namely Bolingbroke Walk and Sunbury Lane. Furthermore, the site also offers direct access to River Thames on the North.

PRIMARY A ROAD | BATTERSEA BRIDGE ROAD Royal College of Art

NON PRIMARY A ROAD | ALBERT BRIDGE ROAD LOCAL B ROAD NETWORK ACCESS TO RIVER THAMES PEDESTRIAN AND BIKE LANE

SITE

0.1 Mile

0.2 Mile

0.3 Mile

Westbridge Academy

CAR PARKING Battersea Church BUS STOPS

Nursery School

BIKE PARKING

SITE 2400

7500

2400

Figure 2.2.1 Battersea Church Road Street Section (Source | Google Earth)

Figure 2.2.2 Site Access (Source | Google Earth)

9

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

2. OVERVIEW 2.3 SITE CONTEXT Surrounded by a mixture of high-rise buildings such as the Marsdex Apartments and Selworthy House, varying from 7-21 stories in the South-West part (figure 2.3.1) and low-rise buildings of only 2-3 stories in the Northern regions, we intend to create the site acts as a transitional zone between the two zones with a height of 40m and 12 Floors (figure 2.3.2).

MARSDEX APARTMENTS

SELWORTHY HOUSE

SITE

Figure 2.3.1 Site Context (Source | Google Earth)

75M 65M 48M 42M 11M 5M Figure 2.3.2 Building Heights of Surrounding Context (Source | Google Earth)

10

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

2. OVERVIEW

Thames River

2.4 SITE DENSITY Battersea Park

Low-rise residences primarily surround the Battersea Church development with 2-3 stories along with a few high-rises residential complexes such as the Selworthy House and the Marsdex Apartments. In addition, the neighborhood consists of two primary schools, including the Somerset Nursery, Ethelburga Community Center, and the historical St. Mary's Church along the River Thames.

Football And Basketball Court Project Site

WATER BODIES AND GREEN SPACES

North Acre Residence

Marsdex Apartments Selworthy House

RESIDENTIAL SPACES

Foster + Partners Royal College Of Art Westbridge Academy Ethelburga Community Center St Mary’s Church Somerset Nursery

EDUCATIONAL AND PUBLIC SPACES Figure 2.4.1 Land-Use (Source | Google Earth)

11

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

2. OVERVIEW 2.5 FACADES AND MATERIALITY Most of the recently built high-rise residential buildings in the surrounding context have higher glazing ratios and balconies in order to provide suitable views of the River Thames as evident in North-Acre Residence, Marsdex Apartments and Selworthy House.

However, the predominant low-rise residences follow a more traditional scale of windows, along with few instances of glazed balconies. In addition, the material palette is primarily dictated by brick with tones of reds and browns.

NORTH ACRE RESIDENCE

Figure 2.5.1 Site Context Images

12

RESIDENTIAL FACADES AND FENESTRATIONS

MARSDEX APARTMENTS

SELWORTHY HOUSE

APPENDICES

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

2. OVERVIEW 2.6 ON-SITE IMAGES 1. BASKETBALL COURT The court is being currently used by the people of the surrounding neighbourhood; however, no proper provision is available to host a public gathering for the matches conducted if any.

2. PROXIMITY TO THE STREET A major part of the site is occupied by storage garages, it is the least overshadowed spot by the surrounding buildings. Adaptation of design strategies should be done in a way, where proximity to the street is not ignored pedestrian or vehicle.

3. VIEWS TO THE RIVER As seen in the image, due to the presence of high-rise structures around the site, the views of the river are obstructed. Design strategies should be implemented in order to provide a view to future dwellers.

4. URBAN FURNITURE The park is empty and does not seem to be lively throughout the day. There is an obstruction to access the park which can be seen as a potential vital usable space if provided with well-designed urban furniture and landscape.

1

2

3

4

5

6

5. PARKING It was observed that this was a meeting point for the students during sun hours, around 2.30 noon, close to the bicycle and scooter parking. However, no adequate provisions like urban furniture, landscape are available for the comfort of the users.

6. RECYCLE BINS Currently, there are recycle bins present for disposal, that can be used by the existing community. In the future design, provision of a designated waste disposal area should be maintained, that can be used not only by the site users but also for people living around.

Figure 2.6.1 On-Site Images

13

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

2. OVERVIEW 2.7 LONDON WEATHER DATA The weather data used for the following analysis was collected from St James Park London weather station, 4.34 km away from the Battersea Church Road Development (figure 2.7.1).

LONDON WEATHER CENTER ST JAMES PARK 51°30’0’’ N 0°7’0.12’’ W

St James Park weather station: Latitude - 51’5’’ Longitude - 0’177” The graph in figure 2.7.2 shows averages of monthly dry bulb temperatures and solar radiation classified into direct, diffuse, and global radiation throughout a year. The adaptive thermal comfort band (EN 15251) plotted for each month ranges from 19 to 26 degrees Celsius

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT 51°28’38.9388’’ N 0°10’24.6468’’ W

Figure 2.7.1 Site Location and Weather Center (Source | Google Earth)

WINTER | NOV TO FEB

SUMMER | MAY TO AUGUST

ADAPTIVE COMFORT BAND (EN15251) AVERAGE MEAN TEMPERATURE (0C) GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (Wh/m2) DIFFUSE HORIZONTAL RADIATION (Wh/m2)

14

Typical Summer Week 08 July - 14 July

30

1600

25

1400

20

1200

15

1000

10

800

5

600

0

400

-5

200

-10

0 JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

Figure 2.7.2 Daily Mean Temperature, Diffuse And Direct Radiation In London Throughout A Year (Source | CBE Clima Tool)

OCT

NOV

DEC

ENERGY INTENSITY ( Wh/m² )

TEMPERATURE ( 0C )

Typical Winter Week 01 March - 07 March

WINTER | NOV TO FEB

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

2. OVERVIEW 2.8 CLIMATE ANALYSIS

SEASON

TEMPERATURE

SOLAR

HUMIDITY

Spring Season

Cool 8.08-14.190C

Direct/Diffuse Radiation

High Humidity 66.95-75.77%

London experiences four separate seasons (figure 2.8.1); however, light rainfall and cloudy skies are prevalent throughout the year.

%

%

%

1. SPRING (MARCH-MAY) | The weather can vary from warm and sunny to cold and rainy during this season, with temperatures varying from 8oC to 14.19oC.

Summer

Warm 17.17-18.250C

Direct Radiation

High Humidity 69.58-71.08%

2. SUMMER (JUNE - AUGUST) | This season is generally mild and warm, with occasional rain showers and temperatures varying from 17oC to 18oC.

%

%

%

temperatures begin to drop 0ÿ8 9 ÿ7 ÿ34200ÿ83.sharply AUTUMN 9 5ÿ01in21October 341(SEPTEMBER ÿ - 1with 9.74high -ÿNOVEMBER) 3rainfall 160ÿ ÿ7and 860high 9ÿ| 9The ÿ3humidity 4ÿ:5 ÿ4ÿ - 19.74 through ÿ87.1ÿ372 ÿ/ 5 - 19.74 ÿ-14/11 ÿ481ÿ 48 ÿ ÿ;79ÿ7 ÿ;7 ÿ-14/11 ÿ01200ÿ8 9 ÿ7 ÿ34200ÿ8 9 5ÿ0121341 ÿ - 19.74 ÿ3307ÿ ÿ78609ÿ 9ÿ3<ÿ:5ÿ0ÿ - 19.74 ÿ87.1ÿ372 ÿ/ 5 0ÿ8 9 5ÿ0121341 ÿ season.

- 19.74 ÿ3160ÿ ÿ78609ÿ 9ÿ34ÿ:5ÿ4ÿ - 19.74 ÿ87.1ÿ37levels 2 ÿ/ 5 - 1this 9.74 ÿ-14/11 ÿ481ÿ 48 ÿ ÿ;79ÿ7 ÿ;7 ÿ-14/11 ÿ01200ÿ8 9 ÿ7 ÿ34200ÿ8 9 5ÿ0121341 ÿ - 19.74 ÿ3307ÿ ÿ78609ÿ 9ÿ3<ÿ:5ÿ0ÿ - 19.74 ÿ87.1ÿ372 ÿ/ 5 ÿ - 19.74 ÿ3160ÿ ÿ78609ÿ 9ÿ34ÿ:5ÿ4ÿ - 19.74 ÿ87.1ÿ372 ÿ/ 5 - 19.74 ÿ-14/11 ÿ481ÿ 48 ÿ ÿ;79ÿ7 ÿ;7 ÿ-14/11 ÿ01200ÿ8 9 ÿ7 ÿ34200ÿ8 9 5ÿ0121341 ÿ - 19.74 ÿ3307ÿ ÿ78609ÿ 9ÿ3<ÿ:5ÿ0ÿ - 19.74 ÿ87.1ÿ372 ÿ/ 5 0ÿ ÿ78609ÿ 9ÿ34ÿ:5ÿ4ÿ - 19.74 ÿ87.1ÿ372 ÿ/ 5 - 19.74 ÿ-14/11 ÿ481ÿ 48 ÿ ÿ;79ÿ7 ÿ;7 ÿ-14/11 ÿ01200ÿ8 9 ÿ7 ÿ34200ÿ8 9 5ÿ0121341 ÿ - Fall 19.7Season 4 ÿ3307ÿ ÿ78609ÿ 9ÿCool 3<ÿ:5ÿ16.42-9.150C 0ÿ - 19.74 ÿ87.1ÿ372Direct/Diffuse ÿ/ 5 Radiation High Humidity 4. WINTER (DECEMBER - FEBRUARY) | This season is primarily cold and often rainy, with an average high of 7°C and an average low of 6°C.

78.1-79.41% %

Additionally, the wind rose diagrams (figure 2.8.2) highlight prevailing wind direction from the West and the South-West throughout the year with an average wind speed of 5m/s, creating the possibility of uncomfortable areas through the site.

Winter

Cold 6.01-7.110C

Diffuse Radiation

%

%

High Humidity 75.74-81.63% %

%

%

Figure 2.8.1 Annual Seasonal Variation (Source | Thermal Comfort Guidelines and CBE Clima Tool) 0°

0°

0°

0ÿ8 9 ÿ7 ÿ34200ÿ8 9 5ÿ0121341 ÿ - 19.74 ÿ3307ÿ ÿ78609ÿ 9ÿ3<ÿ:5ÿ@ÿ - 19.74 ÿ87.1ÿ372 ÿ/ 5 - 19.74 ÿ-14/11 ÿ481ÿ 48 ÿ ÿ01 ÿ7 ÿ 13ÿ-14/11 ÿ01200ÿ8 9 ÿ7 ÿ34200ÿ8 9 5ÿ0121341 ÿ - 19.74 ÿ3A37ÿ ÿ78609ÿ 9ÿ@@ÿ:5ÿ<6ÿ - 19.74 ÿ87.1ÿ372 ÿ/ 5 ÿ8 9 5ÿ0121341 ÿ - 19.74 ÿ3307ÿ ÿ78609ÿ 9ÿ3<ÿ:5ÿ@ÿ - 19.74 ÿ87.1ÿ372 ÿ/ 5 - 19.74 ÿ-14/11 ÿ481ÿ 48 ÿ ÿ01 ÿ7 ÿ 13ÿ-14/11 ÿ01200ÿ8 9 ÿ7 ÿ34200ÿ8 9 5ÿ0121341 ÿ - 19.74 ÿ3A37ÿ ÿ78609ÿ 9ÿ@@ÿ:5ÿ<6ÿ - 19.74 ÿ87.1ÿ372 ÿ/ 5 - 19.74 ÿ3307ÿ ÿ78609ÿ 9ÿ3<ÿ:5ÿ@ÿ - 19.74 ÿ87.1ÿ372 ÿ/ 5 - 19.74 ÿ-14/11 ÿ481ÿ 48 ÿ ÿ01 ÿ7 ÿ 13ÿ-14/11 ÿ01200ÿ8 9 ÿ7 ÿ34200ÿ8 9 5ÿ0121341 ÿ - 19.74 ÿ3A37ÿ ÿ78609ÿ 9ÿ@@ÿ:5ÿ<6ÿ - 19.74 ÿ87.1ÿ372 ÿ/ 5 7ÿ ÿ78609ÿ 9ÿ3<ÿ:5ÿ@ÿ - 19.74 ÿ87.1ÿ372 ÿ/ 5 - 19.74 ÿ-14/11 ÿ481ÿ 48 ÿ ÿ01 ÿ7 ÿ 13ÿ-14/11 ÿ01200ÿ8 9 ÿ7 ÿ34200ÿ8 9 5ÿ0121341 ÿ - 19.74 ÿ3A37ÿ ÿ78609ÿ 9ÿ@@ÿ:5ÿ<6ÿ - 19.74 ÿ87.1ÿ372 ÿ/ 5 315°

270°

315°

45°

0

225°

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

90°

270°

45°

0

225°

135°

1

2

3

4

5

6

315°

7

90°

135°

270°

45°

0

225°

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

90°

135°

180°

180°

180°

Observations between the months of May and August

Observations between the months of September and November

Observations between the months of November and February

Figure 2.8.2 Seasonal Wind Rose (Source | CBE Clima Tool)

15

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

2. OVERVIEW 2.9 CLIMATE CHANGE

30

1. Warmer, Wetter Winters

25

2. Hotter, Drier Summers 3. Rising Sea Levels 4. Increased Extreme Weather Events

Climate Change impacts for the Built Environment: 1. COMFORT AND ENERGY PERFORMANCE | Warmer winters may reduce the need for heating, but it will be difficult to keep cool in summer (overheating) without increasing energy use and carbon emissions.

TEMPERATURE ( 0C )

Observed climate trends in the UK are projected to continue and can be summarised as follows:

JAN

FEB

January

February

MAR

APR

MAY

April

May

JUN

AUG

JUL

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

20 15 10 5 0 March

June

July

August

September

October

July 7

August 8

September 9

October 10

November

December

Figure 2.9.1 Daily Mean Temperature In London Throughout The Years (Source | Meteonorm) 25.0 25.0

2.CONSTRUCTION | Resistance to extreme conditions, detailing and the behaviour of materials. For instance, a combination of better insulation and excessive, unprotected glazing can lead to overheating.

3.MANAGING WATER | Both too much (flooding) and too little (shortages and soil movement).

20.0 20.0

JAN Temperature

15.0 15.0

10.0 10.0

5.0 5.0

FUTURE (2100) PRESENT (2020) PAST (2000-2010)

0.0 0.0

2050s

February 2

March 3

April 4

May 5

June 6

2080s November 11

December 12

Monthrooms 2000-2010 6.9 8.3 14.4 17.6 when 19.1 in different 19.7parts of the14.7 11.7 8.9 Figure 2.9.2 These6.8heat maps, produced

by AECOM, show 11.2 the incrreasing number of hours building are projected to overheat, under6.8current 2020 5.7 5.4 7.9 9.7 13.1 17.2 18.8 18.5 14.4 10.5 7.9 7.3 conditions and in the 2050s and 2080s. (Source | Design for Climate Change by Katie Puckett, William Gethering and Bill Gething)

2100

16

2016 January 1

7.7

7.8

9.8

11.5

15.1

18.8

21.7

22.6

16.7

12.6

10.5

8.6

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

2. OVERVIEW 2.10 STRATEGIES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE

In meeting the challenge of designing for a different summer climate, we needed to extend our design skills and develop innovative technologies and products.

For instance: 1. SHADING SYSTEMS for both new build and the existing stock that could be progressively rolled out as circumstances change. Deciduous trees and plants can provide beautiful,effective, low-cost shade that benefits from the process of transpiration to significantly enhance its cooling effect.

2. GLAZING AND FILM TECHNOLOGIES to improve the performance of glass in terms of solar exclusion.

3. The development of REFLECTIVE SOLID MATERIALS to reflect heat off of building surfaces.

4. Secure NIGHT-TIME VENTILATION SYSTEMS to allow buildings to be purged of hot air whilst also excluding insects.

5. High levels of INTERNAL THERMAL MASS COUPLED WITH NIGHT-TIME VENTILATION to minimise heat gains through building fabric, especially in lightweight constructions.

Figure 2.10.1 This table summarises the relationships between aspects of climate change relating to thermal comfort and opportunitues for designers, and gives an indication of the necessary timescale for strategies. (Source | Design for Future Climate- Opportunities for adaptation in the built environment, TSB, 2010)

17

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

2. OVERVIEW 2.11 EXISTING PROPOSAL ANALYSIS COLLADO COLLINS ARCHITECTS

COLLADO COLLINS ARCHITECTS

POSITIVES

1. High-Rise Apartments

•

2. 18 and 4 Storey Blocks

• • •

Smaller footprint providing adequate spaces to larger green areas for social interaction.

Provides better views for maximum apartments.

Provision of adequate natural light.

Taking into consideration neighbourhood design requirements and concerns like preserving existing landscape, games pitch.

3. 930 sqm 4. Compact Planning 5. Dual Facing

NEGATIVES • • •

Disconnection of the upper floors from the communal spaces and river front.

Overshadowing created by the tower around the site.

Poor relationship with existing environment in terms of fitting well with the context.

DARLING ASSOCIATES PROPOSAL

Figure 2.11.1 Collado Collins Proposition (Source | Wandsworth Council)

DARLING ASSOCIATES PROPOSAL

POSITIVES

1. Mid-Rise Apartments

•

2. 3 to 6 Storey Blocks

• • •

Being a Mid-rise, good connection to the central green spaces with all the apartments is seen.

Overshadowing is prevented.

The layout acts as a good sound barrier.

Fits well with the surrounding context.

NEGATIVES • • • •

3. 2055 sqm 4. Linear Planning 5. Dual Facing

3 storey buildings do not receive the river front view.

Building foot print reduces landscape area.

Accessibility to the river is not efficient visually and physically.

The building is overshadowed by surrounding tall structures.

Figure 2.11.2 Darling Associates Proposition (Source | Darling Associates Architects)

18

APPENDICES

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

2. OVERVIEW 2.11 EXISTING PROPOSAL ANALYSIS RETAINING ABOVE PROPOSALS

AA SED TEAM 1 DESIGN PROPOSAL (2021-22)

•

Visual and Physical Connection to River Thames

1. Mid-Rise Apartments

•

Inclusion of Green Pockets such edible community gardens, sports fields, and winter and terrace gardens for the health and well-being of high density dwellers, optimising view to the neighbors that are being blocked by the development

2. Dual Facing (North-South)

•

Cars and bicycles Parking and Trash Disposals for residents and the community

•

Low Energy Consumption and Embodied Carbon to maintain ventilation, daylight, and thermal comfort within the apartments

•

Landscape and Raising the Residential Block from the Ground as a threshold to seperate the residential and public areas

3. Mix of Open and Shaded Spaces 4. Linear Built Form

AA SED TEAM 2 DESIGN PROPOSAL (2021-22) 1. High-Rise Apartments 2. Climatic Orientation 3. Better views towards Thames river 4. Minimizing ground coverage AA SED TEAM 3 DESIGN PROPOSAL (2021-22)

ALTERNATIVE PROPOSALS

1. Mid-Rise Apartments

•

Modularity as a design approach - plug and play with different building typologies

2. Compactness and Density in Planning

Given the Covid-19 Pandemic, work from home has become a crucial aspect.

Therefore a mix-used building with dwellings and Various Communal Spaces for the residents and community is required, promoting Social Interactions And Exchange. Shaded/Non-shaded, Public/Semi-Private, Large/Intimate

4. Closed Atrium Spaces

•

Demographic analysed programe

AA SED TEAM 4 DESIGN PROPOSAL (2021-22)

•

Orienation of the building, augmenting solar radiation and daylight on most facades

1. High-Rise Apartments

•

3. Formation of Building Terraces

5. Biodiversity - Vegetable Gardens, Green Roofs

2. Optimising Views 3. Connection from the river-front into the Site along the Montevetro 4. Circular Built Form (Tower)

19

3

20

DESIGN PROPOSAL

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.1 KEY PARAMETERS 3.1.1 Human Centered

OBJECTIVES

ENVIRONMENTAL TARGETS

OCCUPANT BENEFITS

Connectivity

Noise Control

Vital Open Spaces

Solar Corridors

Pedestrian Friendly

Activities For Fitness

Relation with Existing Context

Waste Control

Natural Materials

Efficient

Access To Nature

Urban Furniture

Accessibility

Co-working Spaces

Modularity

Wall To Window Ratio

Provision For Planting

Inviting

We intend to develop a human-centered design that fosters social inclusion while taking into account the health and well-being of the residents through : 1. Vital Open Spaces such as Children's Playgrounds 2. Pedestrian-Friendly Routes and Access 3. Indigenous Flora through Communal Gardens and Green Pockets 4. Fitness Centers And Sports Fields

Figure 3.1.1.1 Pentagon Play, UK (Source | PentagonPlay)

Figure 3.1.1.2 California Environmental Literacy Initiative (Source | ca-eli.org)

Figure 3.1.1.3 WeWork Carioca Torre Almirante In Rio De Janeiro (Source | WeWork)

21

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.1 KEY PARAMETERS 3.1.2 Carbon Neutral

OUTDOOR

INDOOR OBJECTIVES

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL TARGETS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

OCCUPANT BENEFITS

Connectivity

Noise Control

Vital Open Spaces

Solar Corridors

Pedestrian Friendly

Activities For Fitness

Relation with Existing Context

Waste Control

Natural Materials

Efficient

Access To Nature

Urban Furniture

Accessibility

Co-working Spaces

Modularity

Wall To Window Ratio

Provision For Planting

Inviting

We further intend to take a more carbon-neutral approach through various strategies, including : 1. Orientation and Massing 2. Natural Materials 3. Sufficient Daylight 4. Provision for Planting | Vegetable Gardens 5. Waste Control

Figure 3.1.2.1 Azatlyk, Central Square of Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia (Source | ArchDaily)

Figure 3.1.2.2 108 House, Australia (Source | Grieve Gillet Anderson Architects)

22

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.1 KEY PARAMETERS 3.1.3 Passive Strategies

OBJECTIVES

ENVIRONMENTAL TARGETS

OCCUPANT BENEFITS

Connectivity

Noise Control

Vital Open Spaces

Solar Corridors

Pedestrian Friendly

Activities For Fitness

Relation with Existing Context

Waste Control

Natural Materials

Efficient

Access To Nature

Urban Furniture

Accessibility

Co-working Spaces

Modularity

Wall To Window Ratio

Provision For Planting

Inviting

We also plan to incorporate various passive strategies throughout the project for increased thermal comfort and energy-efficient design. These include : 1. Stack Ventilation 2. Dual-facing Apartments 3. Glazing | Window to Floor Ratio 4. Modularity 5. Shading Devices such as Overhangs and Screens 6. Efficient Building Envelope

Figure 3.1.3.1 Néaucité Housing, France (Source | ArchDaily)

Figure 3.1.3.2 Roututorppa Social Housing, Finland (Source | ArchDaily)

Figure 3.1.3.3 Kelvin Grove Residence, Australia (Source | ArchDaily) Figure 3.1.3.4 Garden Villa, Hyderabad, India (Source | ArchDaily)

23

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.2 CASE STUDIES Several case studies and projects were crucial throughout the design process and in understanding the role of various elements in a residential typology.

1. NÉAUCITÉ HOUSING, FRANCE | Shared open corridors for enhanced social interactions and exchange.

2. AZATLYK, CENTRAL SQUARE OF NABEREZHNYE CHELNY, RUSSIA | Communal gardens with various urban furniture to foster social inclusion.

3. STADSTUINEN, ROTTERDAM | Segregation between the public corridor and apartments through voids that also allow for stack ventilation.

Figure 3.2.1 Néaucité Housing, France | Atelier Krauss Architecture (Source | ArchDaily)

4. ROUTUTORPPA SOCIAL HOUSING, FINLAND | The glazed balconies in this project create outside rooms and give the inhabitants a chance to prolong and enjoy the outdoors during the winter period along with increased thermal comfort in the indoor spaces.

Figure 3.2.2 Azatlyk, Central Square of Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia | DROM (Source | ArchDaily)

24

Figure 3.2.4 Roututorppa Social Housing, Finland | Arkkitehdit Hannunkari & Mäkipaja Architects (Source | ArchDaily)

Figure 3.2.3 Stadstuinen, Rotterdam | KCAP (Source | Archello)

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.3 FORM DEVELOPMENT STEP 1 | The allocated site area is 5993 sqm STEP 2 | Pedestrian flow and social interaction is enhanced through the site through various access routes, including the one towards the river, also forming the guidelines for building footprint and landscaped area

PARKING

STEP 3| Introduction of parking space for building residents and neighboring occupants

TOWARDS RIVER SITE AREA 5993 SQM

STEP 4| Introduction of bin storage, playgrounds, and sports field, key to the residents' requirements STEP 5| Ground floor commercial space to foster social exchange while maintaining the privacy of residential block zoned to upper level STEP 6| Landscaped earth-bank noise barrier to provide views for the ground floor commercial spaces and to screen the upper stories from noise from the streets

STEP 1 | Site Area 5993 sqm

STEP 2 | Primary and Secondary Access through Site

STEP 3 | Parking Allocation for Residents

STEP 7| Zoning of the family accommodation (2 and 3 BHK) and the student accommodation (1 BHK) along with vertical circulation STEP 8| Addition of overhangs in the form of glazed balconies and corridors to reduce direct solar gain during the summer period

BIN STORAGE

BUILDING FOOTPRINT

STEP 9 | Further incorporation of roof garden and communal gardens throughout the project to foster social activity and engagement

BIN STORAGE COMMERCIAL SPACES

MOUNDS

PLAY AREA A A B

STEP 4 | Building Footprint and Playgrounds

BLOCK A 2BHK and 3BHK

STEP 5 | Ground-Floor Commercial Spaces

BLOCK B 1BHK SERVICE CORE

Figure 3.3.1 Landscaped earth-bank noise barrier screening upper storeys (Source | Healthy Homes: Designing with Light and Air for Sustainability and Wellbeing)

STEP 7 | Upper Storey Residential Blocks

BALCONIES CORRIDORS

STEP 8 | Addition of Balconies and Circulation

STEP 6 | Landscaped Earth-Bank Noise Barrier

COMMUNAL GARDENS

ROOF GARDEN

STEP 9 | Addition of Green Spaces and Gardens

25

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.4 PROGRAMME

SITE AREA GROUND COVER NUMBER OF FLOORS

5993 Sqm 1085 Sqm 12 (40m)

AREA 100 Sq m 150 Sq m 75 Sq m 75 Sq m 115 Sq m

RESIDENTIAL PUBLIC

OPEN SPACE

BUILDING

COMMERCIAL

TYPE

One-Person Household 33%

CONCIERGE & LOUNGE CO-WORKING SPACE & CAFÉ DEPARTMENTAL STORE FITNESS CENTRE CRECHE FOR CHILDREN 1BHK TYPE A (33 UNITS) TYPE B (8 UNITS) 2BHK TYPEA (26 UNITS) TYPE B (13 UNITS) 3BHK TYPE A (6 UNITS) TYPE B (2 UNITS) COMMUNAL GARDENS

58 Sq m 68 Sq m

1BHK SERVICE CORE

PARKING

450 Sq m 550 Sq m

PLAZA

500 Sq m

BASKETBALL COURT

600 Sq m

CHILDREN PLAY ZONE

200 Sq m

PARKING

500 Sq m

Multiperson Household 20%

DEPARTMENTAL STORE & CONCIERGE

With Children 7%

Others

Figure 3.4.1 Household Composition Battersea (Source | Office for National Statistics)

26

BIN STORAGE

2BHK

76 Sq m 86 Sq m

ROOF GARDENS

Couples without Children 30%

3BHK

40 Sq m 50 Sq m

BASKETBALL COURT

Figure 3.4.2 Zone Programming (Source | Sketchup)

FITNESS CENTRE & CRECHE

CO-WORKING SPACE & CAFE

CHILDREN PLAY ZONE

APPENDICES

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.5 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS 3.5.1 Floor Plans

LIN

x'

BO

z

GB K AL EW

K RO

CAFE

CO-WORKING SPACE

RO AD

FITNESS CENTRE

UR CH

z’

BA TT

ER SEA

CH

CRECHE

y

RECEPTION

y’

DEPARTMENTAL STORE

x

PARKING GARBAGE COLLECTION

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

1BHK | Type A | 4 Units 1BHK | Type B | 1 Units 2BHK | Type A | 3 Units 2BHK | Type B | 3 Units

Figure 3.5.1.1 Floor Plans (Source | AutoCad)

27

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.5 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS 3.5.1 Floor Plans

SECOND FLOOR PLAN Figure 3.5.1.2 Floor Plans (Source | AutoCad)

28

1BHK | Type A | 3 Units 1BHK | Type B | 1 Units 2BHK | Type A | 1 Units 2BHK | Type B | 3 Units

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

1BHK | Type A | 4 Units 2BHK | Type A | 5 Units

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.5 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS 3.5.1 Floor Plans

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

1BHK | Type A | 3 Units 1BHK | Type B | 2 Units 2BHK | Type A | 3 Units 2BHK | Type B | 2 Units

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

1BHK | Type A | 4 Units 2BHK | Type A | 2 Units 2BHK | Type B | 2 Units

Figure 3.5.1.3 Floor Plans (Source | AutoCad)

29

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.5 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS 3.5.1 Floor Plans

SIXTH FLOOR PLAN Figure 3.5.1.4 Floor Plans (Source | AutoCad)

30

1BHK | Type A | 4 Units 1BHK | Type B | 1 Units 2BHK | Type A | 2 Units 2BHK | Type B | 1 Units 3BHK | Type A | 1 Units

SEVENTH FLOOR PLAN

1BHK | Type A | 3 Units 2BHK | Type A | 3 Units 3BHK | Type A | 2 Units

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.5 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS 3.5.1 Floor Plans

EIGHTH FLOOR PLAN

1BHK | Type A | 3 Units 1BHK | Type B | 2 Units 2BHK | Type A | 2 Units 2BHK | Type B | 2 Units 3BHK | Type A | 1 Units

NINTH FLOOR PLAN

1BHK | Type A | 2 Units 1BHK | Type B | 1 Units 2BHK | Type A | 2 Units 3BHK | Type B | 2 Units

Figure 3.5.1.5 Floor Plans (Source | AutoCad)

31

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.5 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS 3.5.1 Floor Plans

ROOF GARDEN

ROOF GARDEN

TENTH FLOOR PLAN Figure 3.5.1.6 Floor Plans (Source | AutoCad)

32

1BHK | Type A | 4 Units 2BHK | Type A | 4 Units

ROOF PLAN

APPENDICES

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.5 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS 3.5.2 Section x’

x

KEY PLAN + 40M

+ 36M + 33M + 30M + 27M + 24M + 21M + 18M + 15M + 12M + 9M

21 MARCH 12PM

CO-WORKING SPACE

21 JUNE 12PM

GYM

+ 6M

21 DECEMBER 12PM

CRECHE

RECEPTION

SUPERMARKET

SECTION XX' Figure 3.5.2.1 Section (Source | AutoCad)

1BHK 0 1

2BHK 5

3BHK 10

COMMUNAL GARDENS 20M

33

INTRODUCTION

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OVERVIEW

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.5 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS 3.5.2 Section z

02

z’ y y’

KEY PLAN

SECTION + 40M

+ 40M

+ 36M

+ 36M

+ 33M

+ 33M

+ 30M

+ 30M

+ 27M

+ 27M

+ 24M

+ 24M

+ 21M

+ 21M

+ 18M

+ 18M

+ 15M

+ 15M

+ 12M

+ 12M

+ 9M

21 MARCH 12PM

+ 6M

21 MARCH 12PM

21 JUNE 12PM

SECTION 01

SECTION YY'

Figure 3.5.2.2 Section (Source | AutoCad)

34

+ 9M + 6M

21 DECEMBER 12PM

CO-WORKING SPACE

RECEPTION

03

21 JUNE 12PM

CAFE

SECTION ZZ' 1BHK 0 1

2BHK 5

3BHK 10

COMMUNAL GARDENS 20M

21 DECE

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.5 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS 3.5.3 Elevation

KEY PLAN

21 MARCH 12PM

NW ELEVATION Figure 3.5.3.1 Elevation (Source | AutoCad)

21 JUNE 12PM

21 DECEMBER 12PM

0 1

5

10

20M

35

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.5 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS 3.5.3 Elevation

KEY PLAN

21 MARCH 12PM

SE ELEVATION Figure 3.5.3.2 Elevation (Source | AutoCad)

36

21 JUNE 12PM

21 DECEMBER 12PM

0 1

5

10

20M

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.5 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS 3.5.3 Elevation

KEY PLAN

21 MARCH 12PM

NE ELEVATION Figure 3.5.3.3 Elevation (Source | AutoCad)

21 JUNE 12PM

21 DECEMBER 12PM

SW ELEVATION

0 1

5

10

20M

37

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.6 UNIT TYPOLOGY 3.6.1 Modular Units Modular constructions have been demonstrated to offer time savings of more than 50% compared to traditional structures, as well as intrinsic cost savings, and thus offers easy upgrade goods in the future and can reuse/recycle materials; more sustainable and can accommodate changing layouts.

BASIC MODULE

OTHER BASIC MODULES

18 SQM

18 SQM EACH

Fig 3.6.1.1 shows the basic module of 18sqm, which is added with other basic modules to form a One-Bedroom basic dwelling unit of 36 sqm and similarly with a two-bedroom dwelling unit of 54 sqm and three-bedroom dwelling unit of 72 sqm called Type A Units

DWELLING

1 BHK UNIT (36 SQM)

2 BHK UNIT (54 SQM)

3 BHK UNIT (72 SQM)

Figure 3.6.1.1 Modular Units (Source | Sketchup)

38

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.6 UNIT TYPOLOGY 3.6.1 Modular Units | Double Height Modular construction has been explored further by addition of a double height spaces in the unit. Fig 3.6.1.2 shows the basic module of 18sqm with a double height, which is formed by the addition of other basic modules to form a OneBedroom basic dwelling and a unit of 36 sqm, and a two-bedroom as a double height dwelling of 54 sqm and three-bedroom dwelling unit of 72 sqm with a double height, named as Type B units. These three-bedroom units not only provide a double height living room, but also have bedrooms in the higher floor.

BASIC MODULE

OTHER BASIC MODULES

18 SQM

18 SQM EACH

DWELLING

1 BHK UNIT (36 SQM)

2 BHK UNIT (54 SQM)

3 BHK UNIT (72 SQM)

Figure 3.6.1.2 Modular Units (Source | Sketchup)

39

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.6 UNIT TYPOLOGY 3.6.2 One Bedroom Unit 6.6m

The one bedroom unit is designed as starter homes for couples and students, which can accommodate up to 2 people comfortably.

Fig 3.6.2.3 shows the unit typology oriented in the NE-SW direction which has an open-plan kitchen/ living room with a balcony and a bedroom. The bedroom can be opened up to the living room through the foldable door and hence can form a larger studio.

6.6m

3.15m

We further formed two typologies of the unit for ease of choice for the occupant, as follows:

3.15m

Type A | 33 Single-Height Living Dwelling Unit Type B | 8 Double-Height Living Dwelling Unit NE Elevation | Type A

Floor Area | 36 sqm

NE Elevation | Type B

Balcony Area | 4 sqm

6.6m

Unit | Type A

Unit | Type B

Figure 3.6.2.1 1-BHK Units View (Source | Sketchup)

Plan | Type A

Plan | Type B

3.15m 3.15m

SW Elevation | Type A

Figure 3.6.2.2 Key Plan | Third Floor (Source | Autocad)

40

Figure 3.6.2.3 1-BHK (Source | Autocad)

SW Elevation | Type B

APPENDICES

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.6 UNIT TYPOLOGY 3.6.3 Two Bedroom Unit The two-bedroom unit is designed for couples and families, accommodate up to 4 people comfortably.

which can

Fig 3.6.3.3 shows the unit typology oriented in the NW-SE direction which has an open-plan kitchen/ living room with a balcony and two bedrooms.

6.6m

We further formed two typologies of the unit for ease of choice for the occupant, as follows:

3.15m

Type A | 26 Single-Height Living Dwelling Unit 3.15m

Type B | 13 Double-Height Living Dwelling Unit Floor Area | 54 sqm Balcony Area | 4 sqm

NW Elevation | Type A

NW Elevation | Type B

3.15m

Unit | Type A

Unit | Type B

Figure 3.6.3.1 2-BHK Units View (Source | Sketchup)

Plan | Type A

Plan | Type B

3.15m

3.15m

SE Elevation | Type A

Figure 3.6.3.2 Key Plan | Fifth Floor (Source | Autocad)

SE Elevation | Type B

Figure 3.6.3.3 1-BHK (Source | Autocad)

41

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.6 UNIT TYPOLOGY 3.6.4 Three Bedroom Unit The two-bedroom unit is designed for couples and families, accommodate up to 6 people comfortably.

which can

Fig 3.6.4.3 shows the unit typology oriented in the NW-SE direction which has an open-plan kitchen/ living room with a balcony and three bedrooms.

6.6m

We further formed two typologies of the unit for ease of choice for the occupant, as follows: Type A | 8 Single-Height Living Dwelling Unit

3.15m

Type B | 2 Double-Height Living Dwelling Unit Floor Area | 72 sqm Balcony Area | 4 sqm

NW Elevation | Type A

6.6m

Unit | Type A

Figure 3.6.4.1 3-BHK Units View (Source | Sketchup)

Plan | Type A

3.15m

0 1

5

10

20M

SE Elevation | Type A

Figure 3.6.4.2 Key Plan | Eigth Floor (Source | Autocad)

42

0 1

Figure Autocad) 5 3.6.4.3 1-BHK (Source |10

20M

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.6 UNIT TYPOLOGY 3.6.4 Three Bedroom Unit 6.6m

The two-bedroom unit is designed for couples and families, accommodate up to 6 people comfortably.

which can

Fig 3.6.4.3 shows the unit typology oriented in the NW-SE direction which has an open-plan kitchen/ living room with a balcony and three bedrooms.

We further formed two typologies of the unit for ease of choice for the occupant, as follows:

3.15m

Type A | 8 Single-Height Living Dwelling Unit Type B | 2 Double-Height Living Dwelling Unit Floor Area | 72 sqm

NW Elevation | Type B

Balcony Area | 4 sqm

6.6m

Unit | Type B

Figure 3.6.4.1 3-BHK Units View (Source | Sketchup)

Lower Level Plan | Type B

Upper Level Plan | Type B

3.15m

SE Elevation | Type B

Figure 3.6.4.2 Key Plan | Eigth Floor (Source | Autocad)

Figure 3.6.4.3 3-BHK (Source | Autocad)

43

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.7 UNIT TYPOLOGY WINDOW & BALCONY DETAIL The WFR (Window Floor Ratio) on the South-East and South-West facade is 20% with three variations in the window sizes depicted in Fig 3.7.1 as B, C, and D. This enhances the thermal performance during summers well as winters. In NorthWest and North-East facade, the WFR is achieved to have less ratio of 5% as per the functions in the unit oriented towards the facade and is depicted as A in Fig.3.7.1. These sizes and placements of the windows as per the orientation help minimize heat loss.

A

A

A

A

0.6M

0.6M

1.0M

Orientation | North-West and North-East Glazing Property | Double-Glazing Unit (U-value 1.1 W/m2K) WFR | 5% and WWR | 5.8%

2.6M 0.6M

0.9M

1.3M

B

C

D

B

C

1.2M Orientation | South-East and South-West Glazing Property | Double-Glazing Unit (U-value 1.1 W/m2K) WFR | 20% and WWR | 34% 3.4M

Figure 3.7.1 1BHK Plan Showing the Glazing Ratio and Details (Source | Autocad)

44

D

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.7 UNIT TYPOLOGY WINDOW & BALCONY DETAIL Fig 3.7.2 shows the sun angles during the specified period, which helped us derive the balcony's overhang depth. The balcony can be treated as a conservatory for an improved thermal performance in winter.

Fig 3.7.1 shows the one bedroom dwelling units and the function of the glazing in the balcony during the summers and winters.

Overhang 1.2M

1. Summer During summer, the sun's rays heat the glazed surface of the balcony, warming the air if closed. Therefore, for better comfort, the glazed balcony surface is retracted, creating openess in the balcony. Since, people open their windows more often for natural ventilation in summers, the adaptive nature of the balcony provides enhanced comfort.

21 March 12:00 Noon

2. Winter On the other hand, in winter, the sun's rays heat the glazed surface of the balcony, warming the air and limiting heat loss from the dwelling. Hence, improving the thermal comfort.

21 MARCH 12PM Overhang 1.2M

Orientation | South-East and South-West Glazing Property | Single-Glazing Unit (U-value 1.4 W/m2K) SUMMER ADAPTIVE OPPORTUNITY | OPEN BALCONY

21 June 12:00 Noon

21 MARCH 12PM

21 JUNE 12PM Overhang 1.2M

Orientation | South-East and South-West Glazing Property | Single-Glazing Unit (U-value 1.4 W/m2K) WINTER | CONSERVATORY

Figure 3.7.1 1BHK Showing the Conservatory (Source | Sketchup) 21 JUNE 12PM

21 September 12:00 Noon

Figure 3.7.2 Solar Angles at 12:00 Noon (Source | Ladybug) 21 DECEMBER 12PM

45

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.8 CONSTRUCTION DETAIL One of the potential materials considered for the design proposal is Cross Laminated Timber for its versatility, structural rigidity, sustainability, and strength.

In addition, the aim is to avoid thermal bridging and have flexibility in modular construction.Additionally, Glued Laminated Timber has been considered for the post and beam superstructure, while reinforced concrete is considered for the core and substructure.

Fig 3.8.3 shows the material for substructure and core (Reinforced concrete), Walls (Cross Laminated Timber), post and beams(Glued Laminated Timber).

Fig 3.8.4 shows the potential of cross-laminated timber in terms of span and height. It can span up to 8m and go up to 40m in height.

Figure 3.8.1 Cross Laminated Timber (Source | CLT Handbook)

Figure 3.8.2 Glulam Post and Beam Construction (Source | Glulam Handbook)

POST and BEAM STRUCTURE Glued Laminated Timber

CORE Reinforced Concrete

WALLS and FLOOR SLABS Cross Laminated Timber

SUBSTRUCTURE Reinforced Concrete

Figure 3.8.3 Materials and Structure

46

Figure 3.8.4 Depth and Span of Various Structural Materials (Source | Structural Timber Association)

9ÿ3 ÿ 5657ÿ 8 8994 ÿ 4849ÿ 6ÿ 7 89ÿ5ÿ8 84 ÿ 9 ÿ5ÿ59ÿ 9953 8ÿ ÿ 55 5!8ÿ 8ÿ 8 ÿ 9989 ÿ ÿ8 5 5081ÿÿ 6ÿ9 8ÿ9 5 ÿ 4ÿ 48 8 57ÿ 84 ÿ 789 ÿ55 96ÿ57ÿ ÿ 5 84ÿ ÿ 8ÿ 56 85 8 ÿ8 9854 ÿ ÿ ÿ 5 ÿÿ 55 9ÿ 84ÿ ÿ59 5 ÿ 4 568ÿ3 4 ÿ6895753.7ÿ3DESIGN PROPOSAL

5

ÿ 5 9 ÿ

4 898 ÿ384566ÿ7589ÿÿ"576 ÿ4589ÿÿ# $ 9ÿ9%53 884ÿ54ÿ 84 ÿ59 5 ÿ59ÿ 8 ÿ& ÿ ÿ 7ÿ 6ÿ68 5 ÿ63.8 895 7CONSTRUCTION 5 7

ÿ

8 4 DETAIL 4 8 8 ÿ

ÿ

8 4

ÿ3 4576ÿ7 89 ÿ 3 5ÿ9 8 6 6 ÿÿ38ÿ 88 ÿ 5686ÿ3 ÿ657ÿ8 8454ÿ 5 8 ÿ 48 8 86 ÿ 8 8 4

ÿ 3 4 5 6 7 8 ÿ

4 ÿ59 5 ÿ5986 ÿ 84 ÿ345678ÿ 7ÿ 3 59 86 ÿ 94 ÿ 4849ÿ 6 ÿ8ÿ75 899 ÿ 5ÿ58 ÿ8 4 8 4ÿÿ 9 9ÿ ÿ5ÿÿ5398ÿ ÿ 8998534 8ÿ86ÿ3 ÿÿ 8 ÿ 5 ÿ59ÿ 84 ÿ 9 ÿ ÿ8 5 58 ÿ 6ÿ69 85ÿ 98 ÿ8 75 ÿ9ÿ8 84 ÿÿ 45848 8ÿ 597ÿÿ 845 65 7ÿÿ 8845 9ÿ ÿ 8ÿ3 5 657ÿ8 8 8ÿ3 ÿ 8ÿ8 84 ÿ 8 7ÿ ÿ95 4 8ÿÿ9 ÿ4ÿ9585 99ÿÿ 5 ÿ8 44ÿ8 8ÿ59ÿ 8ÿ 54 ÿ5 ÿ ÿ 5ÿ 84 ÿ3456789 ÿ 84 ÿ 7 48ÿ#$ ÿ% 84534ÿ456 7884 ÿ ÿ 579 ÿ 5 3ÿ 5599 ÿ868 ÿ ÿ& ÿ ÿ 89ÿ ÿ 6ÿ38ÿ 88 ÿ 5686ÿ3 ÿ657ÿ8 8454ÿ ÿ 84 ÿ345678%ÿÿ 59ÿ 97ÿ 9 9 53 859ÿ 8ÿ65 9ÿ ÿ 845 9ÿ ÿ 8ÿ3884ÿ59 5 ÿ 4 84589ÿ38 88ÿ ÿ 8 59 ÿ ÿ5ÿ96ÿ8 8484 98 ÿ ÿ8ÿ 9978ÿ ÿ 8 ÿ4 7 ÿ 5 579 ÿ8 ÿ 59ÿ ÿ38ÿ 884868ÿ 37 5ÿÿ 8 ÿ ÿ59ÿ 8 ÿ 884ÿ 3 ÿÿ345678ÿ 7ÿ 3 59 86 ÿ 9ÿ 5657ÿ 8845 9ÿ 8 6ÿÿ 8ÿ834 5 6 ÿ53478ÿ8& ÿ 8 8 8 ÿ 8ÿ 4 5 ÿ ÿ 5DEÿF G728346+ E ÿ3456789 ÿ 84 ÿ ÿ ,BC )*--)ÿÿÿ DEFG7236+E)*).)ÿÿÿ ,BC )*--)ÿÿÿ DEFG7236+E)*).)ÿÿÿ ÿ 845 9ÿ ÿ 8ÿ3884ÿ59 5 ÿ 4 84589ÿ38 88ÿ 8 4898ÿ 8ÿ 9978ÿ ÿ 8 ÿ4 7 ÿ 5 579 ÿ8 ÿ 59ÿ 8& ÿ 84 ÿ345678ÿ 7ÿ 3 59 86 ÿ

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

Further, to understand the details of construction, Fig 3.8.2 shows the various layers in the material for the wall with a U-value of 0.13 W/m2K, floor with a U-value of 0.21 W/m2K, and glue-laminated sub-structure with a U-value of 0.13 W/m2K. These U-values are in line with the LETI Climate Emergency Standards.

Additionally, Fig 3.8.1 depicts the joinery detail of the cross laminated timber between the exposed wall and the floor. This helps to avoid thermal bridging and allows flexibility in modular construction.

FLOORING DETAIL CLT (U-value 0.21 W/m2K) Carbon emmision: -600 KgCO2e Carbon capture: 110 Kg CO2/m3

Timber flooring finish Under floor heating 25mm Dry screed

12mm Recycled rubber sound absorption layer

60mm flooring grade rigid wood fibre insulation

12345627

H9:;<=>?@A

12345627

ÿ()*)ÿ+, ÿ-.*)ÿ+, ÿ/*)ÿ+, ÿ(*)ÿ+, ÿ0.*)ÿ+, ÿ0-)*)ÿ+,

Breathable floor protection membrane 130mm(5 layer) crosslam timber panel

89:;<=>?@A 8

GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER (U-value 0.13 W/m2K)

ÿ()*)ÿ+, ÿ-.*)ÿ+, ÿ/*)ÿ+, ÿ(*)ÿ+, WALL DETAIL ÿ0.*)ÿ+,cavity and insulation CLT with + ÿ0-)* )ÿ, (U-value 0.13 W/m2K) Plaster lining board 60 x 60mm counter battens

"57 48ÿ#$,BDE FÿCG%7236+E)8)4**5)-.-)ÿ)ÿ4ÿÿÿÿÿ 8 ÿ 6ÿ8 8454ÿ 457 ÿ59 5 ÿ5ÿÿ 4I ÿJ 5 ÿK957ÿ 8 84 ÿ59 5 ÿ 84 ÿ3456789ÿ ÿ38ÿ 48 8 86ÿ9ÿ5ÿ59ÿ 4898 86ÿ5ÿ 8ÿ 5 48ÿ 3 8 ÿ 84 ÿ345678ÿ 7ÿ 3 59 86 ÿ 12345627

Timber studs

89:;<=>?@A 8

160 renewable insulation between studs

60mm render compatible wood fibre insulation Lime render

ÿ()*)ÿ+, ÿ-.*)ÿ+, ÿ/*)ÿ+, ÿ(*)ÿ+, ÿ0.*)ÿ+, ÿ0-)*)ÿ+,

ÿ()*)ÿ, ÿ-.*)ÿ+, ÿ/*)ÿ+, ÿ(*)ÿ+, ÿ0.*)ÿ+, ÿ0-)*)ÿ+, +

Insulation

CLT

Figure 3.8.1 Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Modular Construction (Joinery Detail) (Source | Pusila & Jenni, Thermal Bridge Comparision)

6ÿ8 8454ÿ 457 ÿ59 5 ÿ5ÿÿ 4I ÿJ 5 ÿK957ÿ ÿ3456789ÿ ÿ38ÿ 48 8 86ÿ9ÿ5ÿ59ÿ 4898 86ÿ5ÿ 8ÿ 5 48ÿ

Figure 3.8.2 Modular Construction Material Detail

47

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.9 CARBON ANALYSIS A material study was conducted on the building materials chosen to deduce the potential carbon footprint of the materials. The performance of Embodied carbon was studied with soft computation over FCBS Carbon Calculator. The study takes into account the carbon footprint of each and every material used within the project in various components of the building within its lifespan, with their respective volumetric quantity in cubic meters and how much each contributes to the saving of CO2. Alongside the material specifications at various stages of the building construction as shown in Fig. 3.9.1, the computational inputs provided for the study are as follows: Glazing ratio: 25% Storeys above ground: 12 Floor to floor height: 3 Grid size: 6m Building width: 10m Building footprint: 520 m2 Building perimeter: 116 m2 Gross Internal Area: 5730m2 The computation results follows estimate of life cycle embodied carbon and biogenic carbon of various materials used in the components of the building.

This study was conducted to give an idea of how the materials in themselves can help achieve carbon zero.

Fig 3.9.2 depicts a typical 3 BHK unit in the building colour coded with the components of the building component’s materials in Fig 3.9.1. Additionally, Fig 3.9.3 depicts the life cycle embodied carbon within the different components of the building as a representative of the entire building’s proposal.

BUILDING ASPECT

BUILDING ELEMENT

MATERIAL

COMPONENT LIFE

ESTIMATED QUANTITY (m3)

LIFE CYCLE EMBODIED CARBON ESTIMATE

BIOGENIC CARBON

28.8 1.4 6.7 18.3 4.0

0.0

SUB STRUCTURE

Piles Pile Caps Capping Beams Lower Floor Slab Ground Insulation

RC 32/40 (50 kg/m3 REINFORCEMENT) RC 32/40 (200 kg/m3 REINFORCEMENT) RC 32/40 (200 kg/m3 REINFORCEMENT) RC 32/40 (150 kg/m3 REINFORCEMENT) EPS

100

305.4 11.3 52.2 156.0 130.0

SUPER STRUCTURE

Core Structure Columns Beams Secondary Beams

Precast RC 32/40 Glulam Glulam Glulam

100

336.0 234.0 208.8 186.8

39.4 13.5 12.1 10.8

0.0 -28.3 -25.2 -22.6

Floor Slab

CLT

1042.0

52.6

-148.9

Roof Roof Insulation Roof Finishes Facade Wall Insulation Glazing Window Frames Partitions Ceilings Flooring Type1 Flooring Type 2

Timber roof PIR Green Roof Timber SIPs with Brick Glass Mineral Wool Double Glazing Solid softwood timber frame CLT Exposed Soffit Carpet Solid Timber Floorboard

520 130 520 3132.0 783.0 16.9 3915.0 1063.4 5730 2865 2865

0.7 12.4 0.5 38.2 16.2 33.4 3.4 105.1 0.0 6.5 9.1

-2.0 0.0 0.0 -12.0 0.0 0.0 -4.2 -152.0 0.0 0.0 -11.0

UPPER FLOORS ROOF EXTERNAL WALLS WINDOWS INTERNAL WALLS INTERNAL FINISHES

100 40 100 100 30 30 50 60 50

Figure 3.9.1 Construction Materials In Building Proposal and it's Embodied Carbon Estimate (Source | FCBS Carbon Calculator)

With these details at hand, it is estimated from the various stages of life cycle carbon considered from the LETI standards, carbon footprints are as follows: Embodied carbon to practical completion A1- A5: 354 kgCO2e/m2 Embodied carbon over the life cycle A1- A5, B1- B5, C1- C4: 517 kgCO2e/m2 Whole life carbon A, B, C module: 1292 kgCO2e/m2 The intense use of wood in CLT and Glulam and minimal use of RC only for the core structure helps in achieving a low carbon footprint for the project.

38 kgCO2e/m2 105.1 kgCO2e/m2 33.4 kgCO2e/m2 LEGEND SUBSTRUCTURE SUPERSTRUCTURE

52 kgCO2e/m2

kgCO2e/m2 110 100 90 80

UPPER FLOORS

70

ROOF

60

EXTERNAL WALLS

50 40

WINDOWS INTERNAL WALLS INTERNAL FINISHES SERVICES

Figure 3.9.2 Building Components (Source | FCBS Carbon Calculator)

48

6.5 kgCO2e/m2

30 20 10 0

Figure 3.9.3 Embodied Carbon in Building Components (Source | FCBS Carbon Calculator)

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

3. DESIGN BRIEF 3.9 CARBON ANALYSIS Building Details

Distribution of Embodied Carbon of New Building by Building Aspect Housing project

Associated with selected sub-sector

Case 1: A complete Reinforced Concrete Structure

Grid size Partitions factor RIBA 2030 Challenge Category Imposed floor load

Case 2: A CLT Structure with a Reinforced Concrete Core (Hybrid)

Fig.3.9.4 and Fig 3.9.6 depict the distribution of embodied carbon in various User 2 inputs required Case 2 which components of the building in Case 1 and Case respectively. is as per the proposal mentioned earlier is a CLT construction and hence has Building perimeter Building footprint the biogenic carbon storage. Timber as a material, throughout its life as a tree, Building width is been capturing and absorbing carbon, allowing the Floor-to-floor total embodied carbon height No. storeys ground & above including sequestration, to be about 110 kgCO2e/m2 in the building proposed No. storeys below ground Glazing ratio for the project.

Internal Finishes

500 400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -500

Roof External walls Windows Internal walls

7%

Roof

Internal finishes

m Upper Floors m2 Superstructure m m

1%

Services

15%

12%

800 600

800

600

200

200

400

%

0

50

100 150 kgCO2e/m2

Total Embodied Carbon: 835 kgCO2e/m2 Total Including Sequestration: 824 Existing Age if kgCO2e/m2 Adjustment Material

fabric?

existing?

Factor (%)

200

250

Component Life (years)

Designed for disassembly?

100 100

No No

300

0

350

Estimated Quantity

Units

Figure 3.9.4 Case1: Carbon Distribution over Different Components of the Building, if Steel New with Reinforced Concrete (Source 100 No 63.8 m3 constructed completely | FCBS Carbon Calculator) RC 32/40 (200kg/m3 reinforcement) New RC 32/40 (200kg/m3 reinforcement) New

2020 2025 2030

LEGEND • Embodied carbon over the

lifecycle [A1-C4] PRE- 2020

2020 potential offsets • Including from sequestered carbon 2025 2030

Substructure

-50

835 824

Pre - 2020

400

0

Embodied carbon over the lifecycle [A1-C4] Including potential offsets from sequestered carbon

Potential benefits Life cycle embodied A1 - A3 Biogenic beyond the system Assumptions carbon estimate A - carbon (sequestered boundary D kgCO2e/m2) C (kgCO2e/m2) Figure 3.9.5 Case1: Targets as(kgCO2e/m2) per the RIBA 2030 challenge

if constructed 262.5 0.0 0.0 15 | m FCBS depth, 600 mm diameter, 16 mm thick, 500 kN completely with Reinforced Concrete (Source Carbon Calculator)

This is the benefit in carbon counting, as it gets subtracted from the rest of A1A3 as shown in the comparison graph in Fig. 3.9.8, where Case 2 has a smaller carbon footprint at the start of the life, as it already holds a large amount of carbon through its growing process. The graph helps in understanding that throughout the various stages of the carbon life-cycle as well, the case 2 proposal for the building proposes a low carbon footprint.

kgCO2e/m2

600

Upper floors

35%

10001000

kgCO2e/m2

700

Superstructure

11.3 m3 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.75 x 2 x 1.5 m caps 52.2 m3 6.7 0.0 0.0 750 x 600 mm beam sections 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 RC 32/40 (150kg/m3 reinforcement) New 100 No 156.0 m3 18.3 0.0 0.0 300 mm slab thickness Substructure Lowest floor slab Substructure Ground insulation EPS New 100 No 130.0 m3 4.0 0.0 0.0 250 mm insulation thickness RC 32/40 (100kg/m3 reinforcement) New 100 No 336.0 m3 35.5 0.0 0.0 200 mm wall thickness Superstructure Core structure Superstructure Columns RC 32/40 (300kg/m3 reinforcement) New 100 No 148.9 m3 22.6 0.0 0.0 450 mm diameter RC 32/40 (250kg/m3 reinforcement) New 100 No 261.0 m3 36.6 0.0 0.0 300 x 500 section Superstructure Beams Superstructure Secondary beams RC 32/40 (250kg/m3 reinforcement) New 100 No 233.6 m3 32.8 0.0 0.0 75% of material in primary beam Building Details Upper floors Floor slab Steel Concrete Composite New No by Building 5210.0 m2 98.4 RIBA 2030 Challenge 0.0 0.0 Based on COMFLOR 46 decking 1.2mm sheet thickn Distribution of Embodied Carbon 100 of New Building Upper floors Joisted floors 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Supplied on 0. INPUT Project Details Aspect 1200 RC 32/40 25% GGBS (100kg/m3 Newreinforcement) 100 No 78.0 m3 7.0 0.0 0.0 150 mm slab thickness Roof Roof 900 Roof Expanded New 40 No 130.0 m3 2.3 0.0 0.0 250 mm insulation thickness Building Name Roof insulation Housing project Perlite Embodied Carbon Roof Roofing membrane (PVC) Sequestered New 100 No 520.0 m2 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.5 mm sheet thickness 800 Sector Roof finishes Housing Substructure 11% 100 Carbon External walls Blockwork with Brick New No Over The Lifecycle 3132.0 m2 0.0 0.0 100mm medium density blockwork with seld-support 1000 Sub-sector Facade Multi-family (6 - 15 storeys) 100044.0 700 700 20% External walls New 100 No 783.0 m3 16.2 0.0 0.0 250 mm insulation thickness Superstructure GIA Wall insulation 5730 Glass m2 mineral wool 600 600 Windows Glazing Double Glazing New 30 No 11.3 m3 20.7 0.0 0.0 Two panes of 6 mm glass Services Upper floors Windows Window frames uPVC New 30 No 3915.0 m 30.0 0.0 0.0 3mm thick hollow uPVC frame with internal webbing 500 500 Associated with selected sub-sector 800 800 68.0 Internal walls Partitions Blockwork New 50 No 8862.0 m2 0.0 0.0 2 x 12.5mm plywood boards on both sides, MDF skir Internal Finishes 15% 400 400 Roof Internal finishes Ceilings Plasterboard New 50 No 5730.0 m2 8.1 0.0 Pre - 2020 0.0 platerboard liningover applied directly to upper fl •12.5mm Embodied carbon the 3% LEGEND Grid size 6 m Internal Walls 300 300 Internal finishes Partitions factor Floors New 50% 60 No 2865.0 walls m2 6.5 0.0 2020 0.0 12 lifecycle mm carpet[A1-C4] thickness External 1 Carpet Services LowWindows New 30 No 5730.0 m2 0.0 0.0 Low tech, 600 200 200 600102.7 PRE-simple 2020boilers and radiators, natural ventila RIBA 2030 Challenge Category Services Domestic Internal finishesImposed floor load Floors New 50% 50 No 2865.0 m2 9.1 -11.0 2025 0.0 18 mm floorboard thickness Windows 1.5 Solid kN/m2timber floorboards 100 100 • Including 2020 potential offsets 0.0 0.0 0.0 2030 0.0 External Walls 10% 517 00 Internal from sequestered carbon 20% 0.0walls 0.0 0.0 0.0 400 User inputs required 2025 400 0.0 Roof 0.0 0.0 0.0 -100 -100 Internal finishes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2030 -200 -200 Building perimeter 116 m Upper Floors 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3% Services 11% Building footprint 520 m2 Embodied carbon over the -300 -300 200 7% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Superstructure 200 Building width 10 m lifecycle [A1-C4] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -400 -400 Floor-to-floor height 3 m Substructure 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 110 -500 -500 No. storeys ground & above 12 Including potential offsets 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 No. storeys below ground 0 from sequestered carbon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Glazing ratio 25 % B6-B7 A1-A3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 B4 A1-A5 B1-B3 & B5 kgCO2e/m2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Embodied Carbon: 517 kgCO2e/m2 Carbon emissions for the Proposed Materials (Case 2) 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potential benefits0.0 Life cycle embodied A1 A3 Biogenic Total Including Sequestration: 110 Carbon emissions for the Construction completely with Reinforced Concrete (Case 1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 beyond the system 0.0 Existing Age if kgCO2e/m2 Adjustment Component Designed for Estimated Assumptions Building Aspect Building Element Material Units carbon estimate A0.0 - carbon (sequestered 0.0 boundary D 0.0 fabric? existing?

Factor (%) Life (years) disassembly?

Quantity0.0 kgCO2e/m2) 0.0 C (kgCO2e/m2)0.0 0.0 (kgCO2e/m2) Figure 3.9.6 Case2: Carbon Distribution over Different Components of the Building,0.0 Figure 3.9.7 Case2: Targets as per the RIBA 2030 challenge constructed 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Substructure RCconstructed 32/40 (50kg/m3 as reinforcement) New No 305.4 m3 28.8 0.0 0.0 15 m depth, 600 mm diameter, 500 kN per pile, calcu Figure 3.9.8 Carbon Impact over the Whole Life Cycle (Source | FCBS CarbonPiles Calculator) per materials proposed (Source | FCBS100Carbon Calculator) as per materials proposed (Source | FCBS Carbon Calculator) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Substructure Pile caps RC 32/40 (200kg/m3 reinforcement) New 100 No 11.3 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.75 x 2 x 1.5 m caps 0.0 m3 0.0 0.0 0.0 RC 32/40 (200kg/m3 reinforcement) New 100 No 52.2 6.7 0.0 0.0 750 x 600 mm beam sections Substructure Capping beams 0.0 m3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Substructure Raft 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Substructure Basement walls 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 RC 32/40 (150kg/m3 reinforcement) New 100 No 156.0 18.3 0.0 0.0 300 mm slab thickness Substructure Lowest floor slab 0.0 m3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Substructure Ground insulation EPS New 100 No 130.0 m3 4.0 0.0 0.0 250 mm insulation thickness 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Precast RC 32/40 (100kg/m3 New reinforcement) 100 No 336.0 m3 39.4 0.0 0.0 200 mm wall thickness Superstructure Core structure Superstructure Columns Glulam New 100 No 234.0 m3 13.5 -28.3 0.0 500 x 500 mm section

kgCO2e/m2

800

3%

6%

External Walls

116 520 10 3 12 0 25

Embodied Carbon Substructure Over The Lifecycle

12%

8%

6 m Internal Walls 1 Windows Domestic 1.5 kN/m2

Furthermore, the total embodied carbon irrespective of sequestration in the materials proposed for the building design is 517 kgCO2e/m2 which is yet lower Aspectconcrete Building than that of a building constructed completely from Building reinforced whichElement is 835 kgCO2e/m2. As per the targets for RIBA 2030 challenge, Case-1 proposal for Substructure the building is at a pre-2020 standard as depicted in Fig.3.9.5 and Case-2Piles proposal Substructure Pile caps Substructure Capping beams for the building stands at the current 2020 targets as depicted in Fig.3.9.7, yet Raft providing potential for better when consideredSubstructure with sequestration of timber.

Substructure Basement walls

900

Sequestered Carbon

kgCO2e/m2

Building Name

In order to analyse the performance in comparison to the otherSector techniques of Housing Sub-sector Multi-family (6 - 15 storeys) construction, a comparative analysis of the embodied carbon was generated GIA 5730 m2 over two cases.

Services

RIBA 2030 Challenge 1200

kgCO2e/m2

Supplied on 0. INPUT Project Details

49

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.10 ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION Passive Design Strategies have been incorporated in the building design in multiple methods through the building envelope.

CROSS VENTILATION

RAIN-WATER HARVESTING SOLAR PANELS

GUTTERS

Cross Ventilation The narrow building and the unit depth ensure cross-ventilation across all the units. In addition, the corridors and the balconies are opened up for good ventilation to prevent molding and stale air to enhance good occupant health.

STACK VENTILATION

Stack Ventilation

TERRACE GARDEN

Double height units at certain building positions allow stack ventilation in the units allowing the lighter hot air to rise and the cool air to settle in the bottom.

This strategy is also incorporated in the voids between the corridor and the unit, providing good ventilation and enhancement of occupant health.

Solar Access Balconies are designed such that the sun enters units at all times of the year, however preventing excessive heat gain. Natural light is received from either side of the unit providing the occupant with good daylighting.

SOLAR GAIN Double-Height Space

EVENING SUN

AFTERNOON SUN 21 JUN 12:00

21 JUN 03:00

Terrace Gardens And Outdoor Spaces 21 DEC 12:00

The sports courts, co-working spaces, and communal gardens encourage the occupants to stay lively and promote the community feeling among all the residents of the spaces. Furthermore, the social, collaborative activities in the indoor amenities promote interaction irrespective of the outdoor weather.

21 DEC 03:00

Rain-Water Harvesting

CORRIDOR

CROSS VENTILATION

GLAZED BALCONY

The amount of precipitation throughout the year in London climate provides a potential for water storage, allowing re-use of the recycled water in communal and terrace gardens.

Solar Panels The potential for London to generate more electricity from solar energy is explored with the capture of the sun's energy in solar panels on the terrace.

STACK VENTILATION

95% NORTH - WEST

Figure 3.10.1 Effect of Orientation and Inclination of Solar Panels (Source | MCS PV Yield Calculation London, UK)

50

COMMUNAL OUTDOOR SPACE

Figure 3.10.2 Passive Design Strategies RAINWATER STORAGE TANK

SOUTH- EAST

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

3. DESIGN PROPOSAL 3.11 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT RAIN WATER Rainfall amounts to 615 millimeters per year as per climate sources, and the perception as a rainy city is expected mainly to the frequency of the rains, which can occur quite often also in summer. Therefore, it is beneficial to use the roof surface of the building to collect the rainwater. The roofs can collect all the water needed for the inhabitant's uses (excluding drinking water) and the green spaces of the projects, which are the winter garden and communal gardens.

As shown in the calculation the total area of 840 m2 of roof surfaces can collect 3,47,760 liters per year.

RAIN-WATER HARVESTING

SOLAR ENERGY

Rain Water Volume

It is clear that London has the potential to generate more electricity from solar energy. Solar electricity panels, also known as photovoltaics (PV), capture the sun's energy and convert it into electricity that you can used.As shown in the calculation the total area of 840m2 of roof surfaces can generate 960KWh per day

= Surface Area (m2) x Flow Coefficient x Precipitation per Year (mm)

Annual Precipitation in London | 690 mm (Source | https://en.climate-data.org/europe/united-kingdom england/london-1) Flow coefficient | Flat Roof : 0.6

= 840 m2 x 0.6 x 690 mm

= 3,47,760 liters per year

ROOF (840 SQM)

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEM ‘Rated Capacity’ or ‘Rated Output’, this is taken to be 1,000 watts (or 1 kW) of sunlight for every square metre of panel.

Residential Panels have an efficiency of around 20%.

The number of sun hours varies greatly throughout the year (6 hours is an estimate for July) Project Roof Area | 840 sqm 1 Solar PV Panel (250W) for every 1.6 sqm 500 Solar PV Panel (250W) for 840 sqm Solar Panels Output = Size of solar panel (in square metres) x 1,000 W 1.6 x 1000 = 1600 W =That figure x Efficiency of one solar panel (percentage as a decimal)

Figure 3.11.2 Collection Surface and PV on Roof

1600 x 0.2 = 320 W =That figure x Number of sun hours in your area each day 320 x 6 = 1920 Wh (1.92 KWh per day) =Number of panels x Energy per day(KWh) Figure 3.11.1 Average Water Consumption per head and per household and Proportion of

500 x 1.92 = 960 KWh per day

Water use in residences (Source | Energy Saving Trust At Home with Water)

51

4

52

OUTDOOR

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

4. OUTDOOR STUDIES 4.1 SHADOW ANALYSIS 4.1.1 Impacts from the Surrounding Context Based on the analysis from the stereographic chart of the sun path diagram (Fig.4.1.1.1) and understanding the various neighbouring buildings, the computational analysis as observed in Fig 4.1.1.2 depicts that the site is overshadowed largely by the high-rise residential tower on the South-East, Selworthy House through most part of the year and to some extent by the residential blocks on the south-west during the months of winter.

EQUINOX 21 MARCH

0900

1200

1500

SUMMER SOLSTICE 21 JUNE

0900

1200

1500

SITE BOUNDARY

WINTER SOLSTICE 21 DECEMBER 0900

1200

1500

CONTEXT SHADOW

Figure 4.1.1.2 Shadow Analysis (Source | Ladybug)

Figure 4.1.1.1 Sun Path Diagram (Source| Ladybug)

53

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

4. OUTDOOR STUDIES 4.1 SHADOW ANALYSIS 4.1.2 Impacts from Building Proposal Based on the analysis from the stereographic chart of the sun path diagram (Fig.4.1.1.1) and understanding the various neighbouring buildings, the computational analysis as observed in Fig 4.1.1.2 depicts that the site is overshadowed largely by the high-rise residential tower on the South-East, Selworthy House through most part of the year and to some extent by the residential blocks on the south-west during the months of winter.

EQUINOX 21 MARCH

0900

1200

1500

SUMMER SOLSTICE 21 JUNE

0900

1200

1500

CONTEXT SHADOW

WINTER SOLSTICE 21 DECEMBER 0900

1200

1500

PROPOSAL SHADOW

Figure 4.1.2.1 Shadow Analysis (Source | Radiance, Ladybug)

SITE BOUNDARY

54

APPENDICES

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

4. OUTDOOR STUDIES 4.2 SOLAR ANALYSIS The solar radiation analysis on the facade of the building was performed by using the Grasshopper (Ladybug) plug-in software in Rhino 3D. Based on the latitude and the orientation of the building, it is the South-East and South-West facade that receives the biggest part of the solar radiation and daylight throughout the year.

In order to maximize solar gain on the North facade, iterations were considered with experimentation with change in form and positioning of the blocks as depicted in Fig 4.2.1. Form 1 design iteration is considered with one bedroom unit block is placed on the south west. Form 2 is considered with the one bed room unit on the south east and form 3 was iterated with a change in the angle of the two bedroom unit block. Form 3 proves to the be the most optimized solution as it provides 13% higher solar radiation in comparision. The thermal simulation of units in the blocks, provides savings of 8% in annual heating demand in comparision to form 2 as depicted in Fig. 4.2.2 and 34% of the same in comparision with form 1 as depicted in Fig 4.2.3

26 57

45 48

50

FORM-1 FORM-2 Figure 4.2.1 Solar Radiation Analysis on Various Form Iterations| November to February (Source | Ladybug)

51

FORM-3

1=37 (perp) and 2=35 (ours)

100 100

8% SAVINGS

80 80

60 60

An annual sunlight radiation analysis was performed on the developed form, as depicted in Fig. 4.2.4, Fig 4.2.5, Fig 4.2.6 and Fig 4.2.7. In Summer Period from May to August, there is a 45% reduction in Solar Gains due to the overhangs while in the Winter Period, there is minimal change of 12%. This is potentially due to the varying solar angles in both seasons.

40 40 20 20 00

Figure 4.2.2 North-West | North-East Facade Solar Radiation | May to August (Source | Ladybug)

Figure 4.2.3 North-West | North-East Facade Solar Radiation | May to August (Source | Ladybug)

FORM 2

1

FORM 3

2

3

Figure 4.2.4 Annual Heating Demand for Typical 1-Bedroom Apartment in Block B (Source | Energy Plus)

1=53 (perp) and 2=35 (ours)

100 100

80 80

34% SAVINGS 60 60 40 40 20 20

kWh/m²

80

160

240

320

400

480

560

640

720

800

00

Figure 4.2.5 North-West | North-East Facade Solar Radiation | May to August (Source | Ladybug)

Figure 4.2.6 North-West | North-East Facade Solar Radiation | May to August (Source | Ladybug)

FORM 1

FORM 3

1 2 3 Figure 4.2.7 Annual Heating Demand for Typical 2-Bedroom Apartment in Block A (Source | Energy Plus)

55

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

4. OUTDOOR STUDIES 4.3 WIND ANALYSIS Ground Floor | LVL +5m

Wind simulations were carried out using Autodesk CFD software to visualize wind patterns and the airflow generated by the design proposal and on the surrounding buildings to ensure no severe wind disturbances were created.

Based on data obtained by Central London Weather Station, the prevailing wind direction was set to Southwest, and the site has a major obstruction from the Selworthy tower. The study was conducted at three levels, the ground floor at Lvl +5m, the fifth floor at Lvl +18m, and the tenth floor at Lvl +33m, as depicted in Fig.4.3.2. Iterations were performed to conclude at the most optimum design decision for positioning the building blocks as discussed previously. The form of the buildings channels the strong Southwest wind from high-rise Selworthy Building to north and west directions, which gets stronger at certain curvatures.

This influence diminishes, slowing down the wind at the inner parts of the site.

As observed from Fig 4.3.2, the wind velocity is reduced further when the design proposal is in alignment with the Selworthy house as it behaves as a wind barrier.

Hence, form 3 provides higher occupant comfort. First, on the pedestrian level at Lvl +5m, the wind analysis was conducted to understand how to organize the exterior spaces and confirm the building shapes. Then, the wind speeds were calculated at Lvl +18m, where the communal spaces are present. However, due to the change in angle in Form 3, there is a reduction in the wind speeds making it more comfortable. Finally, on top of the tower, at level +33m, as there is a 360° terrace above, the wind velocity can become an issue.

Fifth Floor | LVL +18m

Tenth Floor | LVL +33m

FORM 01

FORM 02

Velocity (m/s) 0.5

Velocity (m/s) 1.0

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

SOUTH-WEST

NORTH-EAST

0.2 0.1

0.0 FORM 03

Figure 4.3.1 Wind Analysis Section showing communal gardens and terrace garden (Source | Autodesk CFD)

56

Figure 4.3.2 Wind Analysis Plan (Source | CFD, Autodesk)

0.0

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

4. OUTDOOR STUDIES 4.4 UNIVERSAL THERMAL CLIMATE INDEX 4.4.1 Ground Level Analysis By using the Grasshopper(Ladybug) plug-in software in Rhino 3D, a comfort analysis was performed for the site at ground level at every stage of the development on site. The study was conducted for a typical week in the summer and winter.

It was observed that the occupants would experience a larger comfort in the summer (80-100%), rather than winter (50-60%). It is evident from Fig.4.4.1.1 that the addition of the building proposal on site and the landscaped mounds at the ground level help in provision of a higher comfort in the public open spaces on the design proposal on ground level.

TYPICAL SUMMER WEEK 8th-14th July

TYPICAL WINTER WEEK 1st - 8th March Analysis on ground

%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Analysis on ground with building proposal

Analysis on ground with building proposal and landscape mounds

100

Figure 4.4.1.1 Outdoor Microclimate Comfort Analysis on Ground level (Source | Ladybug)

57

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

4. OUTDOOR STUDIES 4.4 UNIVERSAL THERMAL CLIMATE INDEX 4.4.2 Communal Gardens and Terrace Garden By using the Grasshopper(Ladybug) plug-in software in Rhino 3D, a comfort analysis was performed for the site at ground level at every stage of the development on site. The study was conducted for a typical week in the summer and winter.

It was observed that the occupants would experience a larger comfort in the summer (80-100%), rather than winter (50-60%). It is evident from Fig.4.4.1.1 that the addition of the building proposal on site and the landscaped mounds at the ground level help in provision of a higher comfort in the public open spaces on the design proposal on ground level.

0%

Figure 4.4.2.1 Outdoor Microclimate Comfort Analysis for Communal Garden and Terrace Garden on a Typical Summer Week (Source | Ladybug)

15%

%

58

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Figure 4.4.2.2 Outdoor Microclimate Comfort Analysis for Communal Garden and Terrace Garden on a Typical Winter Week (Source | Ladybug)

APPENDICES

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

4. OUTDOOR STUDIES 4.5 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS 4.5.1 Communal Gardens In order to understand the penetration of daylight on the communal gardens present at the various levels of the building in different widths and heights, computational analysis was performed for Summer Solstice and Winter Solstice at 12 00 as depicted in Fig 4.5.1.1 and Fig 4.5.1.2 respectively. The sizes of the voids dedicated for the communal gardens range from 3m x 3m to 6m x 6m. It is observed that the illuminance levels range from 3000 - 4500 lux during the summer months and that in winter ranges from 1000-3000 lux. These illuminance levels are adequate for performing activities in an outdoor space.

Figure 4.5.1.1 Illuminance on grid Summer Solstice | June 21 at 12 00 (Source | Radiance)

LUX

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

Figure 4.5.1.2 Illuminance on grid Winter Solstice | December 21 at 12 00 (Source | Radiance)

59

5

60

INDOOR

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN 5. INDOOR STUDIES

FIFTHTEN FLOOR PLAN

5.1 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS 5.1.1 Daylight Factor

UP

To study the illuminance levels obtained for all the dwellings in the design proposal, a series of computational analyses were carried out using parametric tools on Grasshopper using Radiance plug-in. Based on the resources obtained from the Wandsworth Borough Coucil regarding daylight, the minimum Annual daylight factors necessary in a dwelling are as follows:

UP

1 BHK | Type A Living 1%| Bedroom 1%

Living Room - 1.5% Kitchen- 2% Bedroom- 1%

1 BHK | Type A Living 3% | Bedroom 1% 1 BHK | Type B Living 5% Bedroom 3%

The study was performed for the dwellings on level 5 and level 10 in order to conclude the difference in daylight based on dwelling height. The following factors were provided as inputs for carrying out the analysis Windows Double Glazed | Visual Trasmittance : 0.70

2 BHK | Type A Living 3% | Bedroom 2%

2 BHK | Type A Living 2% | Bedroom 1%

Balcony Single Glazed | Visual Transmittance: 0.89

2 BHK | Type A Living 2% | Bedroom 1%

Walls CLT With Plaster Finish | Reflectance: 0.8

3 BHK | Type B Living 7% | Bedroom 2% 2 BHK | Type A Living 4% | Bedroom 2%

Floor And Ceiling CLT | Reflectance: 0.3

Fig 5.1.1.1 depicts the Annual Daylight Factor received by the dwellings on Level 5 of the building. The block facing North-West and South-East receives the recommended minimum daylight factors in the range from 1-3% in the dwelling's spaces. However, the 1 BHK dwellings facing North-East and SouthWest direction have a daylight factor of around 1%.

Fig 5.1.1.2 depicts the Annual Daylight Factor received by the dwellings on Level 10 of the building which is comparitively higher than that of the lower levels. The block facing North-West and South-East receives the daylight factors in the range from 2-4% in the dwelling's spaces. However, the 1 BHK dwellings facing NorthEast and South-West direction have a daylight factor of around 3-5%.

The dwellings which consist a living room of a double height receive larger daylight due to larger number of fenestrations on the facade.

(%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

2 BHK | Type B Living 3% | Bedroom 1%

2 BHK | Type B Living 2% | Bedroom 1% Figure 5.1.1.1 Annual Daylight Factor Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

2 BHK | Type A Living 8% | Bedroom 2%

UP

2 BHK | Type A Living 2% | Bedroom 1%

UP

Doors And Frames Timber Finish| Reflectance: 0.3

3 BHK | Type B Living 7% | Bedroom 2%

3 BHK | Type A Living 4% | Bedroom 1%

Figure 5.1.1.2 Annual Daylight Factor Tenth Floor (Source | Radiance)

10

61

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN 5. INDOOR STUDIES

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

FIFTHTEN FLOOR PLAN

5.1 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS 5.1.2 Useful Daylight Illuminance

UP

1 BHK | Type A Living 80% | Bedroom 78%

UP

Digital simulations were further carried forward to understand the useful daylight illuminance in the space annually. The percentage of daylight received annually in the useful range from 100-2000 lux with consideration of glare and without the need for the use of artifical lighting during the day is accounted for in the analysis. The results observed are depicted in Fig.5.1.2.1 and Fig.5.1.2.2 for the 5th and the 10th floor respectively.

1 BHK | Type A Living 69% | Bedroom 77% 1 BHK | Type B Living 65% Bedroom 76%

The percentage of useful daylight ranges from about 75-80% annually in the dwellings on the 5th floor and that on the 10th floor ranges from 60-80%. This adequacy in the amount of useful daylight illuminance allows the occupant to experience visual comfort throughout the year.

2 BHK | Type A Living 74% | Bedroom 81%

2 BHK | Type A Living 64% | Bedroom 81%

2 BHK | Type A Living 78% | Bedroom 81%

3 BHK | Type B Living 72% | Bedroom 81%

2 BHK | Type A Living 78% | Bedroom 80%

2 BHK | Type B Living 72% | Bedroom 80%

2 BHK | Type B Living 78% | Bedroom 80%

Figure 5.1.2.1 Useful Daylight Illuminance Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

(%)

62

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

UP

UP

2 BHK | Type A Living 71% | Bedroom 80% 2 BHK | Type A Living 60% | Bedroom 79%

3 BHK | Type B Living 50% | Bedroom 80% 3 BHK | Type A Living 64% | Bedroom 81%

Figure 5.1.2.2 Useful Daylight Illuminance Tenth Floor (Source | Radiance)

UP

UP

Daylight analysis in terms of illuminance on a grid was carried out for the winter solstice at 12 00pm for a one bed room unit oriented north-east and south-west as depicted in Fig 5.1.3.1 and Fig.5.1.3.2 in various iterations to analyse the best performance. This study was carried out for units in the 5th and the 10th floor as depicted in Fig 5.1.3.3.

Fig 5.1.3.4 depicts a unit without a glazed balcony and the illuminance levels for the same in the 5th and 10th floor are depicted in Fig 5.1.3.5 and Fig 5.1.3.6. Fig 5.1.3.7 and Fig 5.1.3.10 depict a one bed room unit with a glazed balcony in a single height and double height respectively. The illuminance levels of the same are followed by in Fig.5.1.3.8 and Fig.5.1.3.9 for the single height glazed balcony unit in the 5th and 10th floor and in Fig.5.1.3.11 and Fig.5.1.3.12 for a double height unit with a glazed balcony in the 5th and 10th floor respectively.

108

109 210

UP

UP

Figure 5.1.3.5 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 Without a Glazed Balcony Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

115 148

225

0 1

5

10

0 1

20M

5

10

20M

Figure 5.1.3.3 Key Section 200

300

Figure 5.1.3.8 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 With a Glazed Balcony Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

Figure 5.1.3.11 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 Double Height- With a Glazed Balcony Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

Figure 5.1.3.2 Key Plan | 10th Floor

158

100

Figure 5.1.3.10 One Bedroom Unit (Double Height) With a Glazed Balcony

UP

Figure 5.1.3.1 Key Plan | 5th Floor

LUX 0

Figure 5.1.3.7 One Bedroom Unit With a Glazed Balcony

UP

UP

The recommendations for minimum illuminance levels from the CIBSE 2008 Consise Handbook are as follows- Bed Room: 100 lux, Living Room: 50-300 lux, Kitchen: 150-300 lux. The performance of a unit with a double height living room is higher, as it receives larger illuminance levels when compared to a single height unit. Yet, due to the adaptive nature of the glazing in the balcony, it can be opened up to receive larger ulluminance levels. However, all spaces of the FIFTHTEN FLOOR PLAN dwelling at all times receive the recommended illuminance as depicted in the figures.

Figure 5.1.3.4 One Bedroom Unit Without a Glazed Balcony

UP

ECTION 01

5.1 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS 5.1.3 One Bedroom Unit | Winter Solstice

UP

ECTION

5. INDOOR STUDIES UP

FTH FLOOR PLAN

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

157 445

Figure 5.1.3.6 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 Without a Glazed Balcony Tenth Floor (Source | Radiance)

292 423

Figure 5.1.3.9 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 With a Glazed Balcony Tenth Floor (Source | Radiance)

493

Figure 5.1.3.12 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 Double Height- With a Glazed Balcony Tenth Floor (Source | Radiance)

63

INTRODUCTION

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

5. INDOOR STUDIES UP

UP

5.1 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS 5.1.4 One Bedroom Unit | Summer Solstice

Daylight analysis in terms of illuminance on a grid was carried out for the summer solstice at 12 00pm for a one bed room unit oriented north-east and south-west as depicted in Fig 5.1.4.1 and Fig.5.1.4.2 in various iterations to analyse the best performance. This study was carried out for units in the 5th and the 10th floor as depicted in Fig 5.1.4.3.

Fig 5.1.4.4 and Fig 5.1.4.7 depict a one bed room unit with a glazed balcony in a single height and double height respectively. The illuminance levels of the same are followed by in Fig.5.1.4.5 and Fig.5.1.3.6 for the single height glazed balcony unit in the 5th and 10th floor and in Fig.5.1.4.8 and Fig.5.1.4.9 for a double height unit with a glazed balcony in the 5th and 10th floor respectively.

Figure 5.1.4.4 One Bedroom Unit With a Glazed Balcony

Figure 5.1.4.7 One Bedroom Unit (Double Height) With a Glazed Balcony

UP

UP

The recommendations for minimum illuminance levels from the CIBSE 2008 Consise Handbook are as follows- Bed Room: 100 lux, Living Room: 50-300 lux, Kitchen: 150-300 lux. The performance of a unit with a double height living room is higher, as it receives larger illuminance levels when compared to a single height unit. However, all spaces of the dwelling at all times receive the recommended illuminance as depicted in the figures.

PLAN

231

255

FIFTHTEN FLOOR PLAN

788

439

Figure 5.1.4.5 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 With a Glazed Balcony Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

UP

UP

UP

UP

N

OVERVIEW

Figure 5.1.3.1 Key Plan | 5th Floor

Figure 5.1.3.2 Key Plan | 10th Floor

269

0 1

5

Figure 5.1.4.8 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 Double Height- With a Glazed Balcony Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

10

0 1

20M

5

10

20M

580 731

1026

Figure 5.1.3.3 Key Section LUX

64

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Figure 5.1.4.6 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 With a Glazed Balcony Tenth Floor (Source | Radiance)

Figure 5.1.4.9 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 Double Height- With a Glazed Balcony Tenth Floor (Source | Radiance)

APPENDICES

5.1 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS 5.1.5 Two Bedroom Unit | Winter Solstice Daylight analysis in terms of illuminance on a grid was carried out for the winter solstice at 12 00pm for a two bed room unit oriented north-west and south-east as depicted in Fig 5.1.5.1 and Fig.5.1.5.2 in various iterations to analyse the best performance. This study was carried out for units in the 5th and the 10th floor as depicted in Fig 5.1.5.3.

Fig 5.1.5.4 depicts a unit without a glazed balcony and the illuminance levels for the same in the 5th and 10th floor are depicted in Fig 5.1.5.5 and Fig 5.1.5.6. Fig 5.1.5.7 and Fig 5.1.5.10 depict a one bed room unit with a glazed balcony in a single height and double height respectively. The illuminance levels of the same are followed by in Fig.5.1.5.8 and Fig.5.1.5.9 for the single height glazed balcony unit in the 5th and 10th floor and in Fig.5.1.5.11 and Fig.5.1.5.12 for a double height unit with a glazed balcony in the 5th and 10th floor respectively.

Figure 5.1.5.4 Two Bedroom Unit Without a Glazed Balcony

The recommendations for minimum illuminance levels from the CIBSE 2008 Consise Handbook are as follows- Bed Room: 100 lux, Living Room: 50-300 lux, Kitchen: 150-300 lux. The performance of a unit with a double height living room is higher, as it receives larger illuminance levels when compared to a single height unit. Yet, due to the adaptive nature of the glazing in the balcony, it can be opened up to receive larger illuminance levels. However, all spaces of the FIFTHTEN FLOOR PLAN dwelling at all times receive the recommended illuminance as depicted in the figures.

Figure 5.1.5.7 Two Bedroom Unit With a Glazed Balcony

146

150

187

184 276

230

Figure 5.1.5.5 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 Without a Glazed Balcony Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

UP

UP

UP

260

UP

Figure 5.1.5.10 Two Bedroom Unit (Double Height) With a Glazed Balcony

144

189

UP

UP

TION

5. INDOOR STUDIES

UP

FTH FLOOR PLAN

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

Figure 5.1.5.8 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 With a Glazed Balcony Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

Figure 5.1.5.11 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 Double Height- With a Glazed Balcony Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

ON 01

ON 02

Figure 5.1.5.2 Key Plan | 10th Floor

160

157

192

194 0 1

5

10

0 1

20M

5

10

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Figure 5.1.5.6 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 Without a Glazed Balcony Tenth Floor (Source | Radiance)

669 UP

UP

Figure 5.1.5.3 Key Section 100

209

20M

701

LUX 0

175

Figure 5.1.5.9 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 With a Glazed Balcony Tenth Floor (Source | Radiance)

725 UP

Figure 5.1.5.1 Key Plan | 5th Floor

Figure 5.1.5.12 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 Double Height- With a Glazed Balcony Tenth Floor (Source | Radiance)

65

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

5. INDOOR STUDIES 5.1 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS 5.1.6 Two Bedroom Unit | Summer Solstice Daylight analysis in terms of illuminance on a grid was carried out for the summer solstice at 12 00pm for a one bed room unit oriented north-west and south-east as depicted in Fig 5.1.6.1 and Fig.5.1.6.2 in various iterations to analyse the best performance. This study was carried out for units in the 5th and the 10th floor as depicted in Fig 5.1.6.3.

Fig 5.1.6.4 and Fig 5.1.6.7 depict a two bed room unit with a glazed balcony in a single height and double height respectively. The illuminance levels of the same are followed by in Fig.5.1.6.5 and Fig.5.1.6.6 for the single height glazed balcony unit in the 5th and 10th floor and in Fig.5.1.6.8 and Fig.5.1.6.9 for a double height unit with a glazed balcony in the 5th and 10th floor respectively.

Figure 5.1.6.4 Two Bedroom Unit With a Glazed Balcony

The recommendations for minimum illuminance levels from the CIBSE 2008 Consise Handbook are as follows- Bed Room: 100 lux, Living Room: 50-300 lux, Kitchen: 150-300 lux. The performance of a unit with a double height living room is higher, as it receives larger illuminance levels when compared to a single height unit. However, all spaces of the dwelling at all times receive the recommended illuminance as depicted in the figures.

Figure 5.1.6.7 Two Bedroom Unit (Double Height) With a Glazed Balcony

319

324

FIFTHTEN FLOOR PLAN

396

405

UP

UP

Figure 5.1.6.5 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 With a Glazed Balcony Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

UP

Figure 5.1.6.1 Key Plan | 5th Floor

UP

609

UP

541

UP

Figure 5.1.6.8 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 Double Height- With a Glazed Balcony Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

Figure 5.1.6.2 Key Plan | 10th Floor 316

0 1

5

10

0 1

20M

5

10

325

20M

398

379 1352 UP

1168 UP

PLAN

INTRODUCTION

Figure 5.1.6.3 Key Section LUX

66

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Figure 5.1.6.6 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 With a Glazed Balcony Tenth Floor (Source | Radiance)

Figure 5.1.6.9 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 Double Height- With a Glazed Balcony Tenth Floor (Source | Radiance)

APPENDICES

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

5. INDOOR STUDIES

Fig 5.1.7.2 depicts a unit without a glazed balcony and the illuminance levels for the same are depicted in Fig 5.1.7.3. Fig 5.1.7.4 and Fig 5.1.7.6 depict a three bed room unit with a glazed balcony in a single height and double height respectively.

The illuminance levels of the same are followed by in Fig.5.1.7.5 for the single height glazed balcony unit and in Fig.5.1.7.7 for a double height unit with a glazed balcony.

UP

Daylight analysis in terms of illuminance on a grid was carried out for the winter solstice at 12 00pm for a three bed room unit oriented north-west and south-east as depicted in Fig 5.1.7.1 in various iterations to analyse the best performance.

This study was carried out for a unit in the 10th floor.

Figure 5.1.7.2 Three Bedroom Unit Without a Glazed Balcony

Figure 5.1.7.4 Three Bedroom Unit With a Glazed Balcony

Figure 5.1.7.6 Three Bedroom Unit (Double Height) With a Glazed Balcony

UP

The recommendations for minimum illuminance levels from the CIBSE 2008 Consise Handbook are as follows- Bed Room: 100 lux, Living Room: 50-300 lux, Kitchen: 150-300 lux. The performance of a unit with a double height living room is higher, as it receives larger illuminance levels when compared to a single height unit. Yet, due to the adaptive nature of the glazing in the balcony, it can be opened up to receive larger ulluminance levels. However, all spaces of the dwelling at all times receive the recommended illuminance as depicted in the figures.

UP

5.1 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS 5.1.7 Three Bedroom Unit | Winter Solstice

159

FLOOR PLAN

157

107

188

189 450

204

404

651

UP

169

UP

Figure 5.1.7.3 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 Without a Glazed Balcony Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

157

Figure 5.1.7.5 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 With a Glazed Balcony Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

180

Figure 5.1.7.7 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 Double Height- With a Glazed Balcony Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

Figure 5.1.7.1 Key Plan | 10th Floor LUX

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

67 0 1

5

10

20M

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

INDOOR

OUTDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

5. INDOOR STUDIES 5.1 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS 5.1.8 Three Bedroom Unit | Summer Solstice

The recommendations for minimum illuminance levels from the CIBSE 2008 Consise Handbook are as follows- Bed Room: 100 lux, Living Room: 50-300 lux, Kitchen: 150-300 lux. The performance of a unit with a double height living room is higher, as it receives larger illuminance levels when compared to a single height unit. However, all spaces of the dwelling at all times receive the recommended illuminance as depicted in the figures.

Figure 5.1.8.2 Three Bedroom Unit Without a Glazed Balcony

Figure 5.1.8.4 Three Bedroom Unit With a Glazed Balcony

UP

Fig 5.1.8.2 and Fig 5.1.8.4 depict a three bed room unit with a glazed balcony in a single height and double height respectively. The illuminance levels of the same are followed by in Fig.5.1.8.3 for the single height glazed balcony and in Fig.5.1.8.5 for a double height unit with a glazed balcony.

UP

Daylight analysis in terms of illuminance on a grid was carried out for the summer solstice at 12 00pm for a three bed room unit oriented north-west and south-east as depicted in Fig 5.1.8.1 in various iterations to analyse the best performance.

This study was carried out for a unit in the 10th floor.

325

PLAN

331

360 803

428 1258

UP

325 298

UP

Figure 5.1.8.3 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 Without a Glazed Balcony Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

Figure 5.1.8.1 Key Plan | 10th Floor LUX

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

68 0 1

5

10

20M

800

900

1000

Figure 5.1.8.5 Illuminance on Grid at 12 00 With a Glazed Balcony Fifth Floor (Source | Radiance)

APPENDICES

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

SECTION 5.

INDOOR STUDIES

Figure 5.2.1.1 shows the annual hourly mean indoor temperatures predicted for the 1- bedroom apartment. The following simulations indicate the months of the year that are underheated and would require strategies to achieve comfort temperatures that are ranging from 19 to 25 degrees for the winter and 21 to 27 degrees for the summer. Figure 5.2.1.2 shows the annual heat gains and losses by different parameters involved.

45

45

40

1000

1000

40

900

900

35

800

800

30

30

700

700

25

25

600

600

20

20

500

500

15

15

400

400

10

10

300

300

5

5

200

200

0

0

100

100

-5

-5

0

0

35

TEMPERATURE (°C)

The bedroom chosen for the simulation was at a height of 18 meters from the ground level and it was observed that there is a minimal difference of 0.50C to 10C with the indoor temperatures for the apartments at the topmost floor.

SECTION 01

07 - 13 July Typical Summer Week

01 - 07 March Typical Winter Week

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Heating Period

Free Running

Balcony

+18 M

Jul

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Heating Period

Bedroom

Living room

Dry Bulb Temperature

Aug

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

5.2 THERMAL STUDIES | ONE BEDROOM UNIT 5.2.1 Annual Performance | Free Running

Comfor Band

Global Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.2.1.1 | Annual Hourly Mean Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 02

1BHK Key Plan and Section 3bhk3bhk final final case case summer summer 5.00000 5.00000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

4.00000 4.00000 3.00000 3.00000

Weather File

London St James Park

Infiltration

0.2 ACH

2.00000 2.00000 1.00000 1.00000

Required Fesh Air

8.5 l/s

People Activity

100 W

Lighting

2 W/m2

0.00000 0.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000

-2.00000 -2.00000 -3.00000 -3.00000 -4.00000 -4.00000

Appliances

-5.00000 -5.00000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

8.5 W/m2

Infiltration

Heat Losses

21 MARCH 12PM

21 JUNE 12PM

Figure 5.2.1.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus)

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Table 5.2.1.1 Base Case Envelope Summary (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 03

0 1

0 1

5

10

20M

5

10

20M

69

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

SECTION 5.

INDOOR STUDIES 5.2 THERMAL STUDIES | ONE BEDROOM UNIT 5.2.2 Typical Winter Week | Free Running Without Glazed Balcony

1000 1000

35 35

30 30 800 800

Global Horizontal Radiaiton

600 600

Temperature

TEMPERATURE (°C)

25 25

SECTION 01

20 20

15 15

400 400

10 10

200 200

01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00

55

00

01 March

02 March

Bedroom

+18 M

03 March

Living room Global Horizontal

Dry Bulb Temperature

04 March

05 March

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Comfor Band

Foyer

Global Horizontal Radiation

06 March

Dry Bulb

00

07 March

Series13

Series14

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.2.2.1 | Typical Winter Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 02

1BHK Key Plan and Section 1bhk with heating winter 2bhk final case winter

0.20000 0.20000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

0.15000 0.15000

0.10000 0.10000

0.05000 0.05000

0.00000 0.00000

-0.05000 -0.05000 -0.10000 -0.10000

Construction

-0.15000 -0.15000 -0.20000 -0.20000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.2.2.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus) SECTION 03 70

Internal Loads 21 MARCH 12PM

Natural Ventilation

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

As seen in the previous graph, figure 5.2.2.1 shows the indoor temperatures of the one-bedroom unit, however, it is observed that without the presence of a glazed balcony during this time there is a decrease in temperature by 20C due to the heat loss from the exposed rooms. Figure 5.2.2.2 shows heat gains and losses through different parameters involved in the process.

Typical Winter Week (Heating and Night Shutters)

External walls | CLT 100 W 21 JUNE 12PM

Additional | ---

Roof | CLT Roof

Windows | Double Glazing 2.0 W/m2

8.5 W/m2

Balcony | Single Glazing 0.2 ac/h

U-value | 1.1

SHGC | 0.67

Visible Transmittance | 0.81

8.5 l/s

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Type | ---

Shades and Blinds Roller Blinds | 0.04 Transmittance

Glazing area | 20%

0 1

5

10

20M

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

SECTION 5.

INDOOR STUDIES 5.2 THERMAL STUDIES | ONE BEDROOM UNIT 5.2.3 Typical Winter Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony

30 30 800 800

Global Horizontal Radiaiton

600 600

Temperature

TEMPERATURE (°C)

25 25

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

1000 1000

35 35

Figure 5.2.3.1 shows hourly indoor temperatures for a typical winter week dated from 1st to 7th march. It is observed that for a maximum outdoor temperature of 90C the temperature fluctuations for the glazed balcony are reaching up to 260C on one of the days in the week. This is due to the orientation of the onebedroom apartment blocks. It is also observed the indoor temperatures of the living and bedroom are significantly lower than the comfort zone temperatures, which would be improved with further iterations to the design strategies.

Figure 5.2.3.2 shows the heat gains and losses by different parameters involved.

It is observed the maximum gains to losses is through windows, which cover 20% SECTION 01 of the window to floor area.

Typical Winter Week (Heating and Night Shutters)

20 20

1515

400 400

1010

200 200

00

01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00

55

01 March Balcony

+18 M

02 March

Global Horizontal

Dry Bulb Temperature

03 March

04 March

Bedroom Living room Diffuse Horizontal Radiation Comfor Band

05 March

Foyer

Global Horizontal Radiation

06 March

Dry Bulb

Series3

00

07 March

Series8

Series12

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Figure5.2.3.1 | Typical Winter Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 02

1BHK Key Plan and Section 1bhk withoutglazed summer 2bhk final case winter

0.20000 0.20000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

0.15000 0.15000 0.10000 0.10000

0.05000 0.05000

0.00000 0.00000

-0.05000 -0.05000

-0.10000 -0.10000

Construction

-0.15000 -0.15000 -0.20000 -0.20000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure5.2.3.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus) SECTION 03

Internal Loads 21 MARCH 12PM

Natural Ventilation

External walls | CLT 100 W 21 JUNE 12PM

Additional | ---

Roof | CLT Roof

Windows | Double Glazing 2.0 W/m2

8.5 W/m2

Balcony | Single Glazing 0.2 ac/h

U-value | 1.1

SHGC | 0.67

Visible Transmittance | 0.81

8.5 l/s

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Type | ---

Shades and Blinds Roller Blinds | 0.04 Transmittance

Glazing area | 20%

0 1

5

10

20M

71

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

SECTION 5.

INDOOR STUDIES

1000 1000

30 30 800 800

Global Horizontal Radiaiton

25 25

600 600

Temperature

SECTION 01

0.05 KWh/m2 Heating Demand

35 35

TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 5.2.4.1 shows the graph depicting hourly indoor temperatures for a typical winter week. After looking through various iterations, a solution case was developed, which involved the unit having retractable balconies along with night shutters and blinds of 40% transmittance which helped decrease the heating load to a significant 30% than the base case heating load. Although heating was introduced, the different parameters like the night shutters schedules, occupancy patterns, the relation of the outdoor temperature with the indoor helped reduce the heating load to 0.05 KWh/m2 Annual heat gains and losses from different parameters for this case can be seen in figure 5.2.4.2.

Typical Winter Week (Heating and Night Shutters)

20 20

15 15

400 400

10 10

200 200

01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00

55

00

01 March

02 March

03 March

Balcony

+18 M

Global Horizontal

Dry Bulb Temperature

04 March

Bedroom Living room Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Comfor Band

05 March

Living room

Global Horizontal Radiation

06 March

Foyer

00

07 March

Balcony

Dry Bulb

Bedroom

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.2.4.1 | Typical Winter Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 02

1BHK Key Plan and Section 1bhk final 2bhkcase finalwinter case winter

0.20000 0.20000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

0.15000 0.15000 0.10000 0.10000

0.05000 0.05000

0.00000 0.00000

Annual Heating Load | 26 KWh/m2

-0.05000 -0.05000

-0.10000 -0.10000

Construction

-0.15000 -0.15000 -0.20000 -0.20000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.2.4.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus) SECTION 03 72

Internal Loads 21 MARCH 12PM

Natural Ventilation

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

5.2 THERMAL STUDIES | ONE BEDROOM UNIT 5.2.4 Typical Winter Week | With Glazed Balcony + Night Shutters + Heating

External walls | CLT 100 W 21 JUNE 12PM

Additional | ---

Roof | CLT Roof

Windows | Double Glazing 2.0 W/m2

8.5 W/m2

Balcony | Single Glazing 0.2 ac/h

U-value | 1.1

SHGC | 0.67

Visible Transmittance | 0.81

8.5 l/s

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Type | ---

Shades and Blinds Roller Blinds | 0.04 Transmittance

Glazing area | 20%

0 1

5

10

20M

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

SECTION 5.

INDOOR STUDIES 5.2 THERMAL STUDIES | ONE BEDROOM UNIT 5.2.5 Typical Summer Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony

800 800

Global Horizontal Radiaiton

25 25

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

30 30

600 600

Temperature

SECTION 01

1000 1000

35 35

TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 5.2.5.1 shows hourly indoor temperatures for a typical summer week dated from 7th – 13th July. It is observed that in the presence of a glazed balcony the temperatures on a free-running mode are well within the comfort band.

However, the whole idea is to have adaptive strategies and these balconies are designed for the user’s benefit, and the occupant can choose whether or not to open the balcony according to the changing outdoor conditions. Figure 5.2.5.2 shows the various heat losses and gains through different parameters involved in the process.

Bedroom

20 20

1515

400 400

10 10

200 200

07 July

08 July

Balcony

+18 M

09 July

10 July

Bedroom

Dry Bulb Temperature

11 July

12 July

04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00

00

01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00

55

00

13 July

Living room

Comfor Band

Global Horizontal Radiation

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.2.5.1 | Typical Summer Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 02

1BHK Key Plan and Section 1bhk withoutglazed summer 2bhk final case winter

0.20000 0.20000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

0.15000 0.15000

0.10000 0.10000

0.05000 0.05000

0.00000 0.00000

-0.05000 -0.05000

-0.10000 -0.10000

Construction

-0.15000 -0.15000 -0.20000 -0.20000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.2.5.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus) SECTION 03

Internal Loads 21 MARCH 12PM

Natural Ventilation

External walls | CLT 100 W 21 JUNE 12PM

Roof | CLT Roof

Windows | Double Glazing 2.0 W/m2

8.5 W/m2

Balcony | Single Glazing 0.2 ac/h

U-value | 1.1

SHGC | 0.67

Visible Transmittance | 0.81

8.5 l/s

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Type | Cross ventilation

Additional Ventilation | Min indoor : 240C

0 1

5

10

20M

Glazing area | 20%

73

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

SECTION 5.

INDOOR STUDIES 5.2 THERMAL STUDIES | ONE BEDROOM UNIT 5.2.6 Typical Summer Week | Free Running Without Glazed Balcony

800 800

Global Horizontal Radiaiton

25 25

600 600

20 20

1515

400 400

10 10

200 200

07 July

08 July

Bedroom

+18 M

09 July

10 July

11 July

12 July

10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00

01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 5:00 04:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 5:00 04:00 8:00 07:00

55

00

00

13 July

Living room

Dry Bulb Temperature

Comfor Band

Global Horizontal Radiation

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.2.6.1 | Typical Summer Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 02

1BHK Key Plan and Section 1bhk final 2bhkcase finalsummer case winter

0.20000 0.20000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

0.15000 0.15000 0.10000 0.10000

0.05000 0.05000

0.00000 0.00000

-0.05000 -0.05000

-0.10000 -0.10000

Construction

-0.15000 -0.15000 -0.20000 -0.20000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.2.6.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus) SECTION 03 74

Internal Loads 21 MARCH 12PM

Natural Ventilation

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

30 30

Temperature

SECTION 01

1000 1000

35 35

TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 5.2.6.1 shows hourly indoor temperatures for a typical summer week.

It is observed that in the absence of a glazed balcony the temperatures on a free-running mode are well within the comfort band but significantly lower than that of the previous case. However, the whole idea is to have adaptive strategies and these balconies are designed for the user’s benefit, and the occupant can choose whether or not to open the balcony according to the changing outdoor conditions. Figure 5.2.6.2 shows the various heat losses and gains through different parameters involved in the process.

Bedroom

External walls | CLT 100 W 21 JUNE 12PM

Roof | CLT Roof

Windows | Double Glazing 2.0 W/m2

8.5 W/m2

Balcony | Single Glazing 0.2 ac/h

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Type | Cross ventilation

Additional Ventilation | Min indoor : 240C

0 1

5

10

20M

Glazing area | 20%

U-value | 1.1

SHGC | 0.67 8.5 l/s

Visible Transmittance | 0.81

SECTION 01

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

5. INDOOR STUDIES

45

45

1000

1000

40

40

900

900

35

800

800

30

30

700

700

25

25

600

600

20

20

500

500

15

15

400

400

10

10

300

300

5

5

200

200

0

0

100

100

-5

-5

0

0

35

TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 5.3.1.1 shows the annual hourly mean indoor temperatures predicted for the two bedroom apartment. The following simulations indicate the months of the year that are underheated and would require strategies to achieve comfort temperatures that are ranging from 19 to 25 degrees for the winter and 21 to 27 degrees for the summer. Figure 5.3.1.2 shows the annual heat gains and losses by different parameters involved in the process. The bedroom chosen for the simulation was at a height of 18 meters from the ground level and it was observed that there is a minimal difference of 0.50C to 10C with the indoor temperatures for the apartments at the topmost floor.

SECTION 02

07 - 13 July Typical Summer Week

01 - 07 March Typical Winter Week

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Heating Period

+18 M

21 MARCH 12PM

Balcony

21 JUNE 12PM

Dry Bulb Temperature

Jul

Free Running

Bedroom 1

Living room

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Comfor Band

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

5.3 THERMAL STUDIES | TWO BEDROOM UNIT 5.3.1 Annual Performance | Free Running

Heating Period

Bedroom 2

Global Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.3.1.1 |Annual Hourly Mean Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 03

0 1

5

10

20M

2BHK Key Plan and Section 3bhk3bhk final final case case summer summer 5.00000 5.00000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

4.00000 4.00000 3.00000 3.00000

2.00000 2.00000 1.00000 1.00000

0.00000 0.00000 -1.00000 -1.00000

-2.00000 -2.00000 -3.00000 -3.00000 -4.00000 -4.00000

Weather File

London St James Park

Infiltration

0.2 ACH

Required Fesh Air

8.5 l/s

People Activity

100 W

Lighting

2 W/m2

Appliances

-5.00000 -5.00000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

8.5 W/m2

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.3.1.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus)

Table 5.3.1.1 Base Case Envelope Summary (Source | Energy Plus)

75

SECTION 01

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

5. INDOOR STUDIES 5.3 THERMAL STUDIES | TWO BEDROOM UNIT 5.3.2 Typical Winter Week | Free Running Without Glazed Balcony

With glazing with heating Single glazed balcony and double glazed + shutters

30 30 800 800

Global Horizontal Radiaiton

600 600

Temperature

TEMPERATURE (°C)

25 25

SECTION 02

20 20

1515

400 400

10 10

200 200

01 March 29-11-2022 +18 M

02 March 30-11-2022

Global Horizontal Bedroom 1

21 MARCH 12PM

03 March 01-12-2022

04 March 02-12-2022

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation Bedroom 2

21 JUNE 12PM

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Dry Bulb Temperature

Comfor Band

05 March 03-12-2022

Dry Bulb Living room

Series15

Global Horizontal Radiation

04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00

01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00

55

00

06 March 04-12-2022 Series16

00

07 March 05-12-2022

Series17

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.3.2.1 | Typical Winter Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 03

0 1

5

10

20M

2BHK Key Plan and Section 2bhk final 2bhkcase finalwinter case winter

0.20000 0.20000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

0.15000 0.15000

0.10000 0.10000

0.05000 0.05000

0.00000 0.00000

-0.05000 -0.05000 -0.10000 -0.10000

Construction

-0.15000 -0.15000 -0.20000 -0.20000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.3.2.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus)

76

Internal Loads Natural Ventilation

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

1000 1000

35 35

Figure 5.3.2.1 shows the indoor temperatures of the two-bedroom unit, however, it is observed that without the presence of a glazed balcony during this time there is a decrease in temperature by 20C due to the heat loss from the exposed rooms. Figure 5.3.2.2 shows heat gains and losses through different parameters involved in the process.

External walls | CLT 100 W Additional | ---

Roof | CLT Roof 8.5 W/m2 Type | ---

Windows | Double Glazing 2.0 W/m2 Glazing area | 20%

Balcony | Single Glazing 0.2 ac/h

U-value | 1.1

SHGC | 0.67

Visible Transmittance | 0.81

8.5 l/s

Shades and Blinds Roller Blinds | 0.04 Transmittance

SECTION 01

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

5. INDOOR STUDIES 5.3 THERMAL STUDIES | TWO BEDROOM UNIT 5.3.3 Typical Winter Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony

1000 1000

30 30

800 800

Global Horizontal Radiaiton

25 25

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

35 35

600 600

Temperature

TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 5.3.3.1 shows hourly indoor temperatures for a typical winter week dated from 1st to 7th march. It is observed that for a maximum outdoor temperature of 90C the temperature fluctuations for the glazed balcony are reaching up to 240C on one of the days in the week. This is due to the orientation of the twobedroom apartment blocks. It is also observed the indoor temperatures of the living and bedrooms are significantly lower than the comfort zone temperatures, which would be improved with further iterations to the design strategies. Figure 5.3.3.2 shows the heat gains and losses by different parameters involved. It is observed the maximum SECTION 02gains to losses is through windows, which cover 20% of the window to floor area.

With glazing with heating Single glazed balcony and double glazed + shutters

20 20

1515

400 400

1010

200 200

00

01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00

55

01 March 29-11-2022

02 March 30-11-2022

Global Horizontal +18 M

02-12-2022 04 March

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Balcony

21 MARCH 12PM

01-12-2022 03 March

Bedroom 1

21 JUNE 12PM

Dry Bulb

Series15

Bedroom 2

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Dry Bulb Temperature

03-12-2022 05 March

Comfor Band

04-12-2022 06 March Series16

00

05-12-2022 07 March

Series17

Series18

Living room

Global Horizontal Radiation

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.3.3.1 | Typical Winter Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 03

0 1

5

10

20M

2BHK Key Plan and Section 2bhk final 2bhkcase finalwinter case winter

0.20000 0.20000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

0.15000 0.15000 0.10000 0.10000

0.05000 0.05000

0.00000 0.00000

-0.05000 -0.05000 -0.10000 -0.10000

Construction

-0.15000 -0.15000 -0.20000 -0.20000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.3.3.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus)

Internal Loads Natural Ventilation

External walls | CLT 100 W Additional | ---

Roof | CLT Roof 8.5 W/m2 Type | ---

Windows | Double Glazing 2.0 W/m2 Glazing area | 20%

Balcony | Single Glazing 0.2 ac/h

U-value | 1.1

SHGC | 0.67

Visible Transmittance | 0.81

8.5 l/s

Shades and Blinds Roller Blinds | 0.04 Transmittance

77

SECTION 01

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

5. INDOOR STUDIES

Figure 5.3.4.1 shows the graph depicting hourly indoor temperatures for a typical winter week. After looking through various iterations, a solution case was developed, which involved the unit having retractable balconies along with night shutters and blinds of 40% transmittance which helped decrease the heating load to a significant 30% than the base case heating load.

35 35

Although heating was introduced, the different parameters like the night shutters schedules, occupancy patterns, the relation of the outdoor temperature with the indoor helped reduce the heating load to 0.58 KWh/m2. Annual heat gains and 02 losses fromSECTION different parameters for this case can be seen in figure 5.3.4.2.

25 25

With glazing with heating Single glazed balcony and double glazed + shutters

0.58 KWh/m2 Heating Demand

1000 1000

30 30

Global Horizontal Radiaiton

600 600

Temperature

TEMPERATURE (°C)

800 800

20 20

1515

400 400

1010

200 200

01 March 29-11-2022 +18 M

02 March 30-11-2022

Global Horizontal Balcony

21 MARCH 12PM

03 March 01-12-2022

04 March 02-12-2022

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation Bedroom 1

21 JUNE 12PM

Dry Bulb Bedroom 2

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Dry Bulb Temperature

Comfor Band

05 March 03-12-2022 Balcony Series15 Living room

Global Horizontal Radiation

04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00

01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00

55

00

06 March 04-12-2022 Series16

00

07 March 05-12-2022 Series17

Series18

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.3.4.1 | Typical Winter Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 03

0 1

5

10

20M

2BHK Key Plan and Section 2bhk final 2bhkcase finalwinter case winter

0.20000 0.20000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

0.15000 0.15000 0.10000 0.10000

0.05000 0.05000

0.00000 0.00000

Annual Heating Load | 29 KWh/m2

-0.05000 -0.05000 -0.10000 -0.10000

Construction

-0.15000 -0.15000 -0.20000 -0.20000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.3.4.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus)

78

Internal Loads Natural Ventilation

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

5.3 THERMAL STUDIES | TWO BEDROOM UNIT 5.3.4 Typical Winter Week | With Glazed Balcony + Night Shutter + Heating

External walls | CLT 100 W Additional | ---

Roof | CLT Roof 8.5 W/m2 Type | ---

Windows | Double Glazing 2.0 W/m2 Glazing area | 20%

Balcony | Single Glazing 0.2 ac/h

U-value | 1.1

SHGC | 0.67

Visible Transmittance | 0.81

8.5 l/s

Shades and Blinds Roller Blinds | 0.04 Transmittance

SECTION 01

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

5. INDOOR STUDIES 5.3 THERMAL STUDIES | TWO BEDROOM UNIT 5.3.5 Typical Summer Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony

800 800

Global Horizontal Radiaiton

25 25

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

30 30

600 600

Temperature

SECTION 02

1000 1000

35 35

TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 5.3.5.1 shows hourly indoor temperatures for a typical summer week dated from 7th – 13th July. It is observed that in the presence of a glazed balcony the temperatures on a free-running mode are well within the comfort band.

However, the whole idea is to have adaptive strategies and these balconies are designed for the user’s benefit, and the occupant can choose whether or not to open the balcony according to the changing outdoor conditions. Figure 5.3.5.2 shows the various heat losses and gains through different parameters involved in the process.

Living room

20 20

1515

400 400

1010

200 200

23:00

00

01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00

55

07 July 29-11-2022

08 July 30-11-2022

Global Horizontal Balcony

+18 M

21 MARCH 12PM

09 July 01-12-2022

10 July 02-12-2022

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation Bedroom 1

21 JUNE 12PM

Glazed Bedroom 2 balcony

11 July 03-12-2022

12 July 04-12-2022

Series8 Living room Series9

Series10

00

13 July 05-12-2022 Series12

Series13

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Dry Bulb Temperature

Comfor Band

Global Horizontal Radiation

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.3.5.1 | Typical Summer Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 03

0 1

5

10

20M

2BHK Key Plan and Section 2bhk final 2bhkcase finalsummer case winter

0.20000 0.20000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

0.15000 0.15000

0.10000 0.10000

0.05000 0.05000

0.00000 0.00000

-0.05000 -0.05000

-0.10000 -0.10000

Construction

-0.15000 -0.15000 -0.20000 -0.20000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.3.5.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus)

Internal Loads Natural Ventilation

External walls | CLT 100 W

Roof | CLT Roof 8.5 W/m2

Additional Ventilation | Min indoor : 240C

Windows | Double Glazing 2.0 W/m2 Type | Cross ventilation

Balcony | Single Glazing 0.2 ac/h

U-value | 1.1

SHGC | 0.67

Visible Transmittance | 0.81

8.5 l/s

Glazing area | 20%

79

SECTION 01

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

5. INDOOR STUDIES 5.3 THERMAL STUDIES | TWO BEDROOM UNIT 5.3.6 Typical Summer Week | Free Running Without Glazed Balcony

25 25

600

20 20

15 15

400

10 10

800

600

400

200

200

0

0

07 July

08 July

29-11-2022

21 MARCH 12PM

09 July 01-12-2022

30-11-2022

Bedroom 1 Horizontal Global

+18 M

10 July 02-12-2022

Bedroom 2 Horizontal Radiation Living room Diffuse

21 JUNE 12PM

22:00 5:00 01:00 8:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 17:00 13:00 20:00 16:00 23:00 19:00 22:00 5:00 01:00 8:00 04:00 07:00 10:00 17:00 13:00 20:00 16:00 23:00 19:00 5:00 22:00 8:00 01:00 04:00 07:00 17:00 10:00 20:00 13:00 23:00 16:00 19:00 22:00

07:00 10:00 17:00 13:00 20:00 16:00 23:00 19:00

00

01:00 5:00 04:00 8:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 23:00 22:00 01:00 5:00 04:00 8:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 17:00 16:00 20:00 19:00 23:00 22:00 01:00 5:00 04:00 8:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 17:00 16:00 20:00 19:00 23:00 22:00 5:00 01:00 8:00 04:00

55

1103-12-2022 July

Series9

Series3

12 04-12-2022 July Series5

13 July 05-12-2022 Series7

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Dry Bulb Temperature

Comfor Band

Global Horizontal Radiation

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.3.6.1 | Typical Summer Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 03

0 1

5

10

20M

2BHK Key Plan and Section 2bhk final 2bhkcase finalsummer case winter

0.20000 0.20000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

0.15000 0.15000 0.10000 0.10000

0.05000 0.05000

0.00000 0.00000

-0.05000 -0.05000 -0.10000 -0.10000

Construction

-0.15000 -0.15000 -0.20000 -0.20000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.3.6.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus)

80

Internal Loads Natural Ventilation

External walls | CLT 100 W

Roof | CLT Roof 8.5 W/m2

Additional Ventilation | Min indoor : 240C

Windows | Double Glazing 2.0 W/m2 Type | Cross ventilation

Balcony | Single Glazing 0.2 ac/h Glazing area | 20%

U-value | 1.1

SHGC | 0.67 8.5 l/s

Visible Transmittance | 0.81

Global Horizontal Radiaiton

800

1000

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

30 30

Temperature

SECTION 02

1000

35 35

TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 5.3.6.1 shows hourly indoor temperatures for a typical summer week. It is observed that in the absence of a glazed balcony the temperatures on a freerunning mode are well within the comfort band but significantly more stable than that of the previous case. However, the whole idea is to have adaptive strategies and these balconies are designed for the user’s benefit, and the occupant can choose whether or not to open the balcony according to the changing outdoor conditions. Figure 5.3.6.2 shows the various heat losses and gains through different parameters involved in the process.

Summer- Not glazed free running

SECTION 01

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

5. INDOOR STUDIES

SECTION 02

45

45

1000

1000

40

40

900

900

35

800

800

30

30

700

700

25

25

600

600

20

20

500

500

15

15

400

400

10

10

300

300

5

5

200

200

0

0

100

100

-5

-5

0

0

35

TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 5.4.1.1 shows the annual hourly mean indoor temperatures predicted for the two bedroom apartment. The following simulations indicate the months of the year that are underheated and would require strategies to achieve comfort temperatures that are ranging from 19 to 25 degrees for the winter and 21 to 27 degrees for the summer. Figure 5.4.1.2 shows the annual heat gains and losses by different parameters involved. The bedroom chosen for the simulation was at a height of 18 meters from the ground level and it was observed that there is a minimal difference of 0.50C to 10C with the indoor temperatures for the apartments at the topmost floor.

Upper Floor Plan

07 - 13 July Typical Summer Week

01 - 07 March Typical Winter Week

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Heating Period

+18 M

Balcony 21 MARCH 12PM

21 JUNE 12PM

Dry Bulb Temperature

Jul

Aug

Sep

Free Running

Bedroom 1

Living room

Bedroom 2

Oct

Nov

Dec

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

5.4 THERMAL STUDIES | THREE BEDROOM UNIT 5.4.1 Annual Performance | Free Running

Heating Period

Bedroom 3

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Comfor Band

Global Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.4.1.1 |Annual Hourly Mean Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 03

0 1

5

10

20M

Lower Floor Plan 3BHK Key Plan and Section 3bhk3bhk final final case case summer summer 10.00000 5.00000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

8.00000 4.00000 6.00000 3.00000 4.00000 2.00000

2.00000 1.00000

0.00000 0.00000

-2.00000 -1.00000

-4.00000 -2.00000

-6.00000 -3.00000 -8.00000 -4.00000

Weather File

London St James Park

Infiltration

0.2 ACH

Required Fesh Air

8.5 l/s

People Activity

100 W

Lighting

2 W/m2

Appliances

-10.00000 -5.00000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

8.5 W/m2

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.4.1.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus)

Table 5.4.1.1 Base Case Envelope Summary (Source | Energy Plus)

81

SECTION 01 INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

5. INDOOR STUDIES 5.4 THERMAL STUDIES | THREE BEDROOM UNIT 5.4.2 Typical Winter Week | Free Running Without Glazed Balcony

Heating and Shutter- Winter

30 30 800 800

Global Horizontal Radiaiton

600 600

Temperature

TEMPERATURE (°C)

25 25

SECTION 02

20 20

1515

400 400

10 10

200 200

+36 M

01 March 29-11-2022

02 March 30-11-2022

Global Horizontal 21 JUNE 12PM

03-12-2022 05 March

Dry Bulb

Bedroom 3

Series14

04-12-2022 06 March

00

05-12-2022 07 March

Living room

Living room

Series15

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Series16

Series17

Dry Bulb Temperature

Comfor Band

Global Horizontal Radiation

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.4.2.1 | Typical Winter Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 03 Lower Floor Plan 3BHK Key Plan and Section

02-12-2022 04 March

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

BedroomFoyer 2

Bedroom Living room1 21 MARCH 12PM

01-12-2022 03 March

04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00

00

01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00

55

Upper Floor Plan

0 1

5

10

20M

2bhkcase final case winter 3bhk final winter

0.20000 0.20000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

0.15000 0.15000 0.10000 0.10000

0.05000 0.05000

0.00000 0.00000

-0.05000 -0.05000 -0.10000 -0.10000

Construction

-0.15000 -0.15000 -0.20000 -0.20000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.4.2.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus)

82

Internal Loads Natural Ventilation

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

1000 1000

35 35

Figure 5.4.2.1 shows the indoor temperatures of the three bedroom unit, however, it is observed that without the presence of a glazed balcony during this time there is a decrease in temperature by 20C due to the heat loss from the exposed rooms. Figure 5.4.2.2 shows heat gains and losses through different parameters involved in the process.

External walls | CLT 100 W Additional | ---

Roof | CLT Roof 8.5 W/m2 Type | ---

Windows | Double Glazing 2.0 W/m2 Glazing area | 20%

Balcony | Single Glazing 0.2 ac/h

U-value | 1.1

SHGC | 0.67

Visible Transmittance | 0.81

8.5 l/s

Shades and Blinds Roller Blinds | 0.04 Transmittance

SECTION 01

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

5. INDOOR STUDIES 5.4 THERMAL STUDIES | THREE BEDROOM UNIT 5.4.3 Typical Winter Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony | Green Roof

800 800

Global Horizontal Radiaiton

25 25

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

30 30

600 600

Temperature

SECTION 02

1000 1000

35 35

TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 5.4.3.1 shows hourly indoor temperatures for a typical winter week dated from 1st to 7th march for three bedroom apartment. It is observed that for a maximum outdoor temperature of 90C the temperature fluctuations for the glazed balcony are reaching up to 170C on one of the days in the week. It is also observed the indoor temperatures of the living and bedrooms are significantly lower than the comfort zone temperatures, which would be improved with further iterations to the design strategies. Figure 5.4.3.2 shows the heat gains and losses by different parameters involved. It is observed the maximum gains to losses is through windows, which cover 20% of the window to floor area.

Heating and Shutter- Winter

20 20

1515

400 400

10 10

200 200

+36 M

01 March 29-11-2022

02 March 30-11-2022

Global Horizontal 21 JUNE 12PM

03-12-2022 05 March

Dry Bulb

Bedroom 2

Bedroom 1 Foyer

Series14

04-12-2022 06 March

00

05-12-2022 07 March

Living room

Bedroom 3

Living room Series15

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Series16

Series17

Dry Bulb Temperature

Series18

Comfor Band

Global Horizontal Radiation

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.4.3.1 | Typical Winter Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 03 Lower Floor Plan 3BHK Key Plan and Section

02-12-2022 04 March

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Balcony Living room 21 MARCH 12PM

01-12-2022 03 March

04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00

00

Upper Floor Plan

01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00

55

0 1

5

10

20M

2bhkcase final case winter 3bhk final winter

0.20000 0.20000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

0.15000 0.15000 0.10000 0.10000

0.05000 0.05000

0.00000 0.00000

-0.05000 -0.05000 -0.10000 -0.10000

Construction

-0.15000 -0.15000 -0.20000 -0.20000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.4.3.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus)

Internal Loads Natural Ventilation

External walls | CLT 100 W Additional | ---

Roof | CLT Roof 8.5 W/m2 Type | ---

Windows | Double Glazing 2.0 W/m2 Glazing area | 20%

Balcony | Single Glazing 0.2 ac/h

U-value | 1.1

SHGC | 0.67

Visible Transmittance | 0.81

8.5 l/s

Shades and Blinds Roller Blinds | 0.04 Transmittance

83

SECTION 01 INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

5. INDOOR STUDIES 5.4 THERMAL STUDIES | THREE BEDROOM UNIT 5.4.4 Typical Winter Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony | Lower Floor

Heating and Shutter- Winter

30 30 800 800

Global Horizontal Radiaiton

600 600

Temperature

TEMPERATURE (°C)

25 25

SECTION 02

20 20

1515

400 400

10 10

200 200

01 March 29-11-2022

02 March 30-11-2022

Global Horizontal 21 MARCH 12PM

21 JUNE 12PM

03-12-2022 05 March

Dry Bulb

Bedroom 2

Bedroom 1 Foyer

Series14

04-12-2022 06 March

00

05-12-2022 07 March

Living room

Bedroom 3

Living room Series15

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Series16

Series17

Dry Bulb Temperature

Series18

Comfor Band

Global Horizontal Radiation

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.4.4.1 | Typical Winter Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 03 Lower Floor Plan 3BHK Key Plan and Section

02-12-2022 04 March

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Balcony Living room

+18 M

01-12-2022 03 March

04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00

00

01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00

55

Upper Floor Plan

0 1

5

10

20M

2bhkcase final case winter 3bhk final winter

0.20000 0.20000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

0.15000 0.15000

0.10000 0.10000

0.05000 0.05000

0.00000 0.00000

-0.05000 -0.05000 -0.10000 -0.10000

Construction

-0.15000 -0.15000 -0.20000 -0.20000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.4.4.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus)

84

Internal Loads Natural Ventilation

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

1000 1000

35 35

Figure 5.4.4.1 shows the indoor temperatures of the three bedroom unit, however it is observed that there is a decrease of all the operative temperatures by 0.5 to 1 degree due to the variations in height of the unit from the ground level. Figure 5.4.4.2 shows heat gains and losses through different parameters involved in the process.

External walls | CLT 100 W Additional | ---

Roof | CLT Roof 8.5 W/m2 Type | ---

Windows | Double Glazing 2.0 W/m2 Glazing area | 20%

Balcony | Single Glazing 0.2 ac/h

U-value | 1.1

SHGC | 0.67

Visible Transmittance | 0.81

8.5 l/s

Shades and Blinds Roller Blinds | 0.04 Transmittance

SECTION 01

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

5. INDOOR STUDIES 5.4 THERMAL STUDIES | THREE BED ROOM UNIT 5.4.5 Typical Winter Week | With Glazed Balcony + Night Shutters + Heating

800 800

Global Horizontal Radiaiton

25 25

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

1000 1000

30 30

600 600

Temperature

SECTION 02

0.16 KWh/m2 Heating Demand

35 35

TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 5.4.5.1 shows the graph depicting hourly indoor temperatures for a typical winter week. After looking through various iterations, a solution case was developed, which involved the unit having retractable balconies along with night shutters and blinds of 40% transmittance which helped decrease the heating load to a significant 30% than the base case heating load. Although heating was introduced, the different parameters like the night shutters schedules, occupancy patterns, the relation of the outdoor temperature with the indoor helped reduce the heating load to 0.16 KWh/m2 Annual heat gains and losses from different parameters for this case can be seen in figure 5.4.5.2.

Heating and Shutter- Winter

20 20

1515

400 400

10 10

200 200

+36 M

01 March 29-11-2022

02 March 30-11-2022

01-12-2022 03 March

Global Horizontal

03-12-2022 05 March

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Balcony Living room 21 MARCH 12PM

02-12-2022 04 March

Bedroom 1

21 JUNE 12PM

04-12-2022 06 March

Dry Bulb

Bedroom 2 Living room

04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00

00

Upper Floor Plan

01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00

55

00

05-12-2022 07 March

Living room

Bedroom 3 Bedroom 1

Living room

Bedroom2

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Bedroom 3

Foyer

Dry Bulb Temperature

Balcony

Comfor Band

Global Horizontal Radiation

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.4.5.1 | Typical Winter Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 03

0 1

5

10

20M

Lower Floor Plan 3BHK Key Plan and Section 2bhkcase final case winter 3bhk final winter

0.20000 0.20000

LOAD/ENERGY (KWh/m2)

0.15000 0.15000

0.10000 0.10000

0.05000 0.05000

0.00000 0.00000

Annual Heating Load | 38 KWh/m2

-0.05000 -0.05000 -0.10000 -0.10000

Construction

-0.15000 -0.15000 -0.20000 -0.20000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.4.5.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus)

Internal Loads Natural Ventilation

External walls | CLT 100 W Additional | ---

Roof | CLT Roof 8.5 W/m2 Type | ---

Windows | Double Glazing 2.0 W/m2 Glazing area | 20%

Balcony | Single Glazing 0.2 ac/h

U-value | 1.1

SHGC | 0.67

Visible Transmittance | 0.81

8.5 l/s

Shades and Blinds Roller Blinds | 0.04 Transmittance

85

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

SECTION 01

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

5. INDOOR STUDIES 5.4 THERMAL STUDIES | THREE BEDROOM UNIT 5.4.6 Typical Summer Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony

800 800

Global Horizontal Radiaiton

25 25

600 600

20 20

1515

400 400

10 10

200 200

07 July 29-11-2022 Global Horizontal

+36 M

08 July 09 July 30-11-2022 01-12-2022 Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Dry Bulb Balcony 21 MARCH 12PM

Series9 1 Bedroom

Series11 Dry Bulb Temperature

10 July 02-12-2022 Glazed balcony

Bedroom 2 Series10

Series12 Comfor Band

21 JUNE 12PM

11 July 03-12-2022 Bedroom 3

Series13 Global Horizontal Radiation

21 DECEMBER 12PM

12 July 04-12-2022

10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00

00

01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 5:00 04:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 5:00 04:00 8:00 07:00

55

Upper Floor Plan

00

13 July 05-12-2022

Living room Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.4.6.1 | Typical Summer Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus) Lower Floor Plan SECTION 3BHK Key Plan and Section

03

0 1

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2bhk finalsummer case winter 3bhk final case

0.20000 0.20000

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0.00000 0.00000

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People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.4.6.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus)

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30 30

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SECTION 02

1000 1000

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Figure 5.4.6.1 shows hourly indoor temperatures for a typical summer week dated from 7th – 13th July. It is observed that in the presence of a glazed balcony the temperatures on a free-running mode are well within the comfort band.

However, the whole idea is to have adaptive strategies and these balconies are designed for the user’s benefit, and the occupant can choose whether or not to open the balcony according to the changing outdoor conditions. Figure 5.4.6.2 shows the various heat losses and gains through different parameters involved in the process

Summer free running without glazing

External walls | CLT 100 W

Roof | CLT Roof 8.5 W/m2

Additional Ventilation | Min indoor : 240C

Windows | Double Glazing 2.0 W/m2 Type | Cross ventilation

Balcony | Single Glazing 0.2 ac/h Glazing area | 20%

U-value | 1.1

SHGC | 0.67 8.5 l/s

Visible Transmittance | 0.81

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

SECTION 01

5. INDOOR STUDIES 5.4 THERMAL STUDIES | THREE BEDROOM UNIT 5.4.7 Typical Summer Week | Free Running Without Glazed Balcony

800 800

Global Horizontal Radiaiton

25 25

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30 30

600 600

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SECTION 02

1000 1000

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Figure 5.4.7.1 shows hourly indoor temperatures for a typical summer week. It is observed that in the absence of a glazed balcony the temperatures on a freerunning mode are well within the comfort band but significantly more stable than that of the previous case. However, the whole idea is to have adaptive strategies and these balconies are designed for the user’s benefit, and the occupant can choose whether or not to open the balcony according to the changing outdoor conditions. Figure 5.4.7.2 shows the various heat losses and gains through different parameters involved in the process.

Summer free running without glazing

20 20

1515

400 400

10 10

200 200

+36 M

07 July 29-11-2022 Bedroom 1 Global Horizontal 21 MARCH 12PM

08 July 30-11-2022

09 July 01-12-2022

Bedroom 2 Radiation Diffuse Horizontal

21 JUNE 12PM

10 July 02-12-2022

Bedroom Glazed3balcony

11 July 03-12-2022

Living room room Living

12 July 04-12-2022

Bedroom-1

Bedroom-2

5:00 04:00 8:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00

00

Upper Floor Plan

01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00 04:00 5:00 07:00 8:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 19:00 20:00 22:00 23:00 01:00

55

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13 July 05-12-2022 Bedroom-3

Dry Bulb

21 DECEMBER 12PM

Dry Bulb Temperature

Comfor Band

Global Horizontal Radiation

Diffuse Horizontal Radiation

Figure 5.4.7.1 | Typical Summer Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures (Source | Energy Plus)

SECTION 03

0 1

5

10

20M

Lower Floor Plan 3BHK Key Plan and Section

2bhk finalsummer case winter 3bhk final case

0.20000 0.20000

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0.15000 0.15000

0.10000 0.10000

0.05000 0.05000

0.00000 0.00000

-0.05000 -0.05000 -0.10000 -0.10000

Construction

-0.15000 -0.15000 -0.20000 -0.20000

People

Appliances Lights

Heat Gains

Window

Walls

Infiltration

Heat Losses

Figure 5.4.7.2 Heat Gains And Losses (Source | EnergyPlus)

Internal Loads Natural Ventilation

External walls | CLT 100 W

Roof | CLT Roof 8.5 W/m2

Additional Ventilation | Min indoor : 240C

Windows | Double Glazing 2.0 W/m2 Type | Cross ventilation

Balcony | Single Glazing 0.2 ac/h

U-value | 1.1

SHGC | 0.67

Visible Transmittance | 0.81

8.5 l/s

Glazing area | 20%

87

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APPENDICES

5. INDOOR STUDIES 5.5 FUTURE THERMAL STUDIES | TWO BEDROOM UNIT 5.5.1 Typical Summer Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony

700700

30 30

600600

25 25

Temperature

500500 20 20 400400

15 15

300300

10 10

200200

5 5

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

800800

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TEMPERATURE (°C)

Taking into consideration the future climate change, it is observed that London will have wetter winters and hotter summers, in winter there is an increase in temperature by 20C. Analytical calliberations for the same were considered for a two bedroom unit as an example. However, it is also observed that during summers, overheating can be an issue that needs to be addressed through various design strategies which can help bring down the temperatures. Figures 5.5.1.1 and 5.5.1.2 show hourly indoor temperatures for the living room and bedroom respectively.

Future sUMMER Case Living room free running without glazed

100100 0 0

0 0

07 July

08 July

Future Operative Temperature

09 July

10 July

Present Operative Temperature

11 July

12 July

13 July Present Dry Bulb Temperature

Future Dry Bulb Temperature

Global Horizontal future WeekDiffuse Horizontal future Future Dry bulb Dry Bulb Living room Figure 5.5.1.1 | Typical Summer Hourly IndoorRadiation Temperatures in the Living Room (Source | Energy Plus)

Living room

Future sUMMER Case bed room free running without glazed 800800

35 35

600600 500500

Temperature

TEMPERATURE (°C)

25 25

20 20

400400

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0 0

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08 July

Future Operative Temperature Global Horizontal future

09 July Present Operative Temperature Diffuse Horizontal Radiation future

10 July

11 July

12 July

Future Dry Bulb Temperature Future Dry bulb

Dry Bulb

Figure 5.5.1.2 | Typical Summer Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures in the Bedroom (Source | Energy Plus)

88

GLOBAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION (WH/m²)

700700

30 30

0

13 July Present Dry Bulb Temperature

Bedroom-1

Bedroom-1

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

5. INDOOR STUDIES 5.5 FUTURE THERMAL STUDIES | TWO BEDROOM UNIT 5.5.2 Typical Winter Week | Free Running With Glazed Balcony

25 25

500500

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400400

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06 March

07 March Present Dry Bulb Temperature

Future Dry Bulb Temperature

global horizontal Future diffused radiation bulb Bedroom-1 Bedroom-1 Figure 5.5.2.1Future | Typical Summer Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures Future in thedry Living Room (Source | Energy Plus)

Dry Bulb

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Future Winter Case Living room free running with glazed

TEMPERATURE (°C) Temperature

Taking into consideration the future climate change, it is observed that London will have wetter winters and hotter summers, in winter there is an increase in temperature by 20C. Analytical calliberations for the same were considered for a two bedroom unit as an example. However, it is also observed that during winters this increase plays in our favour and help in improving the heating loads by a significant amount. Figures 5.5.2.1 and 5.5.2.2 show hourly indoor temperatures for the living room and bedroom respectively.

Future Winter Case Bed room free running with glazed

0 0

01 March

02 March

Future Operative Temperature Future global horizontal

03 March

04 March

Present Operative Temperature Future diffused radiation

05 March

06 March

Present Dry Bulb Temperature

Future Dry Bulb Temperature

Future dry bulb

Living room

07 March

Living room

Figure 5.5.2.2 | Typical Summer Week Hourly Indoor Temperatures in the Bedroom (Source | Energy Plus)

Dry Bulb

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5. INDOOR STUDIES 5.6 INDOOR MICROCLIMATE ANALYSIS 5.6.1 One-Bedroom Unit

The summers provide an adaptive opportunity for the balcony glazing to be opened up based on user's requirements. Hence, on this basis, the operative temperature ranges in the comfort band from 20-24oC in either case as observed in fig 5.6.1.4 and fig 5.6.1.5.

UP

UP

Through the analysis of thermal comfort for a one bed room unit oriented northeast and south-west direction as depicted in Fig.5.6.1.6, it was evident that with addition of a glazed balcony, the performance of the unit was enhanced.

Additionally, with the introduction of mechanical heating in a mixed mode, the performance is enhanced towards the comfortband. The performance was further analysed for indoor microclimate in the unit using the ladybug plug-in for grasshopper in the typical winter(1st- 7th March) and summer week (7th - 13th July) considered for the analysis. Fig 5.6.1.1 depicts the temperature around 9-12oC, which then changes to range between 12-18oC with the addition of the glazed balcony as depicted in Fig.5.6.1.2 as it creates a winter garden and helps capture of heat. A mixed mode comfort with addition of mechanical heating affects the unit and provides a operative temperature around 18-20oC as depicted in Fig.5.6.1.3 providing comfort to the occupants.

Figure 5.6.1.1 Free-running Typical Winter Week Without Glazed Balcony (Source | Ladybug)

Figure 5.6.1.2 Free-running Typical Winter Week With a Glazed Balcony (Source | Ladybug)

Figure 5.6.1.4 Free-running Typical Summer Week Without Glazed Balcony (Source | Ladybug)

Figure 5.6.1.5 Free-running Typical Summer Week With a Glazed Balcony (Source | Ladybug)

PLAN

UP

UP

Figure 5.6.1.6 Key Plan | 10th Floor

27 UP

30

24

21

18

15

12

9

90

0 1

5

10

20M

6

UP

(0C) 3

0

Figure 5.6.1.3 Mechanical Heating Typical Winter Week With Glazed Balcony (Source | Ladybug)

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

5. INDOOR STUDIES

The summers provide an adaptive opportunity for the balcony glazing to be opened up based on user's requirements. Hence, on this basis, the operative temperature ranges in the comfort band from 20-24oC in either case as observed in fig 5.6.2.4 and fig 5.6.2.5.

Figure 5.6.2.1 Free-running Typical Winter Week Without Glazed Balcony (Source | Ladybug)

Figure 5.6.2.2 Free-running Typical Winter Week With a Glazed Balcony (Source | Ladybug)

UP

UP

Through the analysis of thermal comfort for a two bed room unit oriented northwest and south-east direction as depicted in Fig.5.6.2.6, it was evident that with addition of a glazed balcony, the performance of the unit was enhanced.

Additionally, with the introduction of mechanical heating in a mixed mode, the performance is enhanced towards the comfortband. The performance was further analysed for indoor microclimate in the unit using the ladybug plug-in for grasshopper in the typical winter(1st- 7th March) and summer week (7th - 13th July) considered for the analysis. Fig 5.4.2.1 depicts the temperature around 9-12oC, which then changes to range between 12-18oC with the addition of the glazed balcony as depicted in Fig.5.6.2.2 as it creates a winter garden and helps capture of heat. A mixed mode comfort with addition of mechanical heating affects the unit and provides a operative temperature around 18-20oC as depicted in Fig.5.6.2.3 providing comfort to the occupants.

UP

5.6 INDOOR MICROCLIMATE ANALYSIS 5.6.2 Two Bedroom Unit

Figure 5.6.2.3 Mechanical Heating Typical Winter Week With Glazed Balcony (Source | Ladybug)

FLOOR PLAN

UP

UP

UP

UP

Figure 5.6.2.4 Free-running Typical Summer Week Without Glazed Balcony (Source | Ladybug)

Figure 5.6.2.5 Free-running Typical Summer Week With a Glazed Balcony (Source | Ladybug)

Figure 5.6.2.6 Key Plan | 10th Floor (0C) 30

27

24

21

18

15

12

9

6

3

0

91

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

UP

UP

UP

OVERVIEW

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

5. INDOOR STUDIES

UP

Through the analysis of thermal comfort for a three bed room unit oriented north-west and south-east direction as depicted in Fig.5.6.3.6, it was evident that with addition of a glazed balcony, the performance of the unit was enhanced. Additionally, with the introduction of mechanical heating in a mixed mode, the performance is enhanced towards the comfortband. The performance was further analysed for indoor microclimate in the unit using the ladybug plug-in for grasshopper in the typical winter(1st- 7th March) and summer week (7th - 13th July) considered for the analysis. Fig 5.6.3.1 depicts the temperature around 9-12oC, which then changes to range between 12-18oC with the addition of the glazed balcony as depicted in Fig.5.6.3.2 as it creates a winter garden and helps capture of heat. A mixed mode comfort with addition of mechanical heating affects the unit and provides a operative temperature around 18-20oC as depicted in Fig.5.6.3.3 providing comfort to the occupants.

UP

5.6 INDOOR MICROCLIMATE ANALYSIS 5.6.3 Three Bedroom Unit

The summers provide an adaptive opportunity for the balcony glazing to be opened up based on user's requirements. Hence, on this basis, the operative temperature ranges in the comfort band from 20-24oC in either case as observed in fig 5.6.3.4 and fig 5.6.3.5.

The argument holds true in the case for the units that the performance is enhanced during the winters with the addition of a glazed balcony due to its effect as a winter garden helping in capturing heat. The summers provide an adaptive solution allowing the occupants to change as per the requirement. Hence, utilizing passive design techniques to enhance the building's performance.

Figure 5.6.3.2 Free-running Typical Winter Week With a Glazed Balcony (Source | Ladybug)

Figure 5.6.3.4 Free-running Typical Summer Week Without Glazed Balcony (Source | Ladybug)

Figure 5.6.3.5 Free-running Typical Summer Week With a Glazed Balcony (Source | Ladybug)

UP

Figure 5.6.3.1 Free-running Typical Winter Week Without Glazed Balcony (Source | Ladybug)

UP

PLAN

INTRODUCTION

Figure 5.6.1.6 Key Plan | 10th Floor (0C) 30

27

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21

18

15

12

9

92

0 1

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20M

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3

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Figure 5.6.3.3 Mechanical Heating Typical Winter Week With Glazed Balcony (Source | Ladybug)

6

VISUALIZATION

93

INTRODUCTION

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

6. VISUALIZATION 6.1 VIEW 01

Figure 6.1.1 View from Battersea Church Road

94

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CONCLUSIONS

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APPENDICES

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

6. VISUALIZATION 6.2 VIEW 02

Figure 6.2.1 View from Bolingbroke Walk

95

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

6. VISUALIZATION 6.3 VIEW 03

Figure 6.3.1 View from Courtyard

96

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OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

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7

CONCLUSIONS

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

7. CONCLUSIONS 7.1 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS Term 2 was indeed a very interesting and challenging experience for us. Taking into consideration the lessons from the previous term, and using these tools as a part of the design process, the team was able to make better design decisions.

We started by analyzing the existing proposals and the context to get a better picture of our design in terms of orientation, morphology materials, connectivity, open spaces, etc. Our previous term tutorials in terms of analytical work helped us understand optimizing sustainable features as architects and integrating these strategies in our design.

After analyzing the site well, we started looking into different possibilities that could pan out by using computational tools. Designing various types of dwellings, taking into account the demographics and the occupancy schedule was one of the first steps. Taking the pandemic into account work from home spaces along with green open spaces for health and well-being were also proposed. Optimizing solar access without causing overheating during the summers through the orientation and other aspects was also detailed.

One of our main design features was the adaptive approach of retractable balconies for different times of the year. The idea was to make it user-friendly and make changes as needed. We aimed to achieve net-zero carbon building through a detailed study of various elements in terms of materiality, depths, and heights of the unit was also a part of the design process, creating experiential spaces for the users along with enhancing the performance of the building.

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7. CONCLUSIONS 7.2 PERSONAL OUTCOMES Ayushi Gupta

Ketan Naidu Kunapalli

Tanvi Patil

Deepthi Ravi

The opportunity to design the Battersea Church Road Development project provided me with a better insight into the complexity of sustainable environmental design and the role various elements comprising a space play in creating a thermally efficient and comfortable environment.

Term 2 project has allowed me to study in-depth design principles for sustainable environmental design, and the role of different elements composing a building in occupants' comfort has widened, and this term was an extension of term one in learning and gained more knowledge on design principles.

Working on a housing project like the one in term 2 has opened up many learning opportunities for me. The process of design has been an educational journey. Right from understanding the context and its needs to creating an experiential space, various architectural aspects came into play. One of the key factors was to understand who we are designing the space for and the functions required accordingly. This helped us get a vision of how the spaces would articulate as a whole. Moving to the computational tools that were taught to us during the first term, like studying the daylight or the wind patterns and optimizing them, we were able to induce these skills, which played a major role in enhancing the performance of the building in terms of orientation, the morphology, indoor thermal performance of the units as well as the microclimate of the surrounding area.

The project provided the opportunity to understand the integration of environmental factors into architectural design. The perception of being able to think critically and use features of passive strategies for the design at the initial stages to dictate the design was intriguing. It was a very informative and challenging journey to align the design process with substantial data on the site context and previous proposals and analysis the optimum solutions through the computational tools learned previously during the course.

In several ways, this project was both intriguing and challenging. First, trying to achieve net-zero design acquainted me with the importance of environmental constraints and material properties in correlation to the design process. The balance between the two proved crucial to several design decisions throughout the project.

In addition, several simulations and computations like daylight analysis and thermal studies enabled me to understand the impact of different elements and solutions such as window to floor ratios, overhangs, and glazing properties on the layout. It was particularly helpful in developing different design strategies that could be valuable for various spaces in several conditions. Furthermore, throughout this project, I realized that it is not critical to use only sophisticated mechanisms, but even simple solutions and adaptive opportunities like opening windows could help achieve the required comfort levels. For example, in the case of the balconies, the use of glazed enclosures during winters to keep the apartments warm significantly impacted the thermal comfort while reducing energy consumption.

In general, these analyses and studies widened my knowledge about eco-conscious designs and the importance of thermal efficiency while laying the foundation for further investigations.

Firstly, I mainly concentrated on designing from the concept massing to floor plans and units plans with knowledge on sustainable design principles, and it was challenging to incorporate the basic sustainable design strategies. In addition, wind analysis is performed to understand the impact of building orientation and improve the occupant's comfort by minimizing the wind chills and further work on design strategies to improve the thermal comfort.

Secondly, a deeper analysis of existing studies helped me in the application of conservatories and balconies as a design feature. This feature had a significant impact on the thermal performance of the adjoining spaces, and the results helped to understand the spaces better. Design decisions were made based on the impact of several factors and was a continuous process.

In Conclusion, this term was a great learning curve to understand how architectural design and sustainability work together. It gave me a more profound knowledge of how typical spaces perform under different scenarios and loads. The project is designed through the sustainability lens, which is good learning to take away.

Analyzing the existing proposals along with the proposals done by the earlier batch helped in structuring the whole project. Visiting the site also helped with better visualizations in terms of how the building would come up. One of the challenges we faced was working on the net-zero carbon buildings which made us dive into the study of materials, the compactness of the units, etc at the very initial stage, which lead us to make certain designs decisions. The idea was to improve the environmental conditions of the building along with making a design statement. Knowing that these aims can be achieved, if well analyzed was one of the objectives I would take from this experience.

I would like to thank my teammates who worked and cooperated efficiently as a team to get the best outcome we could. It was interesting to collaborate and exchange various ideas and iterations that helped enhance the design and its performance.

The aim, however, was to provide adequate comfort to the occupants keeping in mind passive strategies. Therefore, the study of all simulations required patience and intelligence for inter-relation. Providing an adequate amount of natural daylighting into space but at the same time, controlling solar gains and internal thermal comfort was a task to look into. The simulations for the proposed indoor spaces to understand comfort at a microclimate level provided an understanding of the need for iterations in the window sizes and properties, balcony glazing operability, blinds, and shutters for enhancing the performance in the individual spaces in the unit. The performance of outdoor communal spaces in the public Daylight performance in the unit was carried out to understand that the units receive adequate daylight. Looking in-depth at the carbon analysis, helped me understand the means by which materiality plays an important role in the creation of a net-zero module using a design meant for disassembly through the massive use of cross-laminated timber in the building.

One of the many struggles of a sustainable environment design is to be able to achieve a balance between user comfort and user needs. Ultimately, we have learned the basics of designing a practical and functional building that can help reduce energy consumption and carbon. Analytical and evaluation skills were strongly developed through this project which I further intend to utilize for all projects in the future.

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8. REFERENCES

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“Battersea Church Road, Somerset Estate, SW11.” Wandsworth Borough Council. Accessed March 18, 2022. https://www.wandsworth.gov. uk/housing/council-led-development/locations-for-our-buildingprogramme/battersea-church-road-somerset-estate/.

Betti, Giovanni, Federico Tartarini, and Christine Nguyen. “CBE Clima Tool.”

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Chawla, Dev, Gabriella Dona, and Lucie Duchamp. 2021. “Term 2 Design Research: Refurbishing the City Part II.” MSc/MArch Sustainable Environmental Design, Architectural Association.

City of London Corporation. “Thermal Comfort Guidelines for Developments in the City of London,” December 2020.

Gethering, William, and Katie Puckett. Design for Climate Change.

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Upama, Lamia Wali, and Jiaqi Zhang. 2021. “Term 2 Design Research: Refurbishing the City Part II.” MSc/MArch Sustainable Environmental Design, Architectural Association.

Yannas, Simos. 1994. Solar Energy and Housing Design. London: Architectural Association George, Clara Bagenal, ed. 2020. “LETI Embodied Carbon Primer.” https://www. leti.london/_files/ugd/252d09_8ceffcbcafdb43cf8a19ab9af5073b92. pdf.

“GreenSpec: Passive Solar Design: Siting and Orientation.” n.d. Www.greenspec. co.uk. https://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/solar-sitingorientation/.

Armstrong, John. 2008. CIBSE Concise Handbook. Edited by Ken Butcher.

London: Chartered Inst. Of Building Services Engineers.

umphreys, Michael Alexander, Fergus Nicol, and Susan Roaf. 2016. Adaptive Thermal Comfort Foundations and Analysis. London: Routledge. https:// researchportal.hw.ac.uk/en/publications/adaptive-thermal-comfort101

9

102

APPENDICES

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

9. APPENDICES

CALCULATION OF FREE-RUNNING MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE (AA SED 2013-21)

CALCULATION OF FREE-RUNNING MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE (AA SED 2013-21)

NOTE User inputs are shown in red. Calculated output values are shown in black and are in protected cells. . m2 Building Elements

AU

VHC

DHC

W/m2 K

W/K

Wh/m3 K

Wh/K

NOTE User inputs are shown in red. Calculated output values are shown in black and are in protected cells. . m2 Building Elements

0.00 9.02 3.69 0.00 0.00

284

1039

ROOF (if internal CEILING enter zero for U-value)

250

205

374

1062

WINDOWS (including frames) EXTERNAL WALLS (net opaque wall area excluding glazing)

350

1281

EXPOSED FLOOR

ROOF (if internal CEILING enter zero for U-value)

36.60

0.00

WINDOWS (including frames) EXTERNAL WALLS (net opaque wall area excluding glazing)

8.20

1.10

28.40

0.13

EXPOSED FLOOR

36.60

0.00

OTHER INTERNAL THERMAL MASS

0.00

0.00

TOTAL OCCUPIED FLOOR AREA

36.60

SUBTOTAL BUILDING ENVELOPE No. ac/h

FRESH AIR DUE TO INFILTRATION (ac/h * space volume * hours /day) FRESH AIR FOR COMFORT/WELLBEING (number occupants * m3/occ hr * hrs/day)

Space Volume (m3)

hrs/day

0.1

104.31

24

No. Occupants

m3 /person hr

2

30

16

No. ac/h

Volume (m3)

hrs/day

ADDITIONAL VENTILATION FOR COOLING (ac/h * space volume * hours /day)

8

104.31

11

12.71

W/K

3.44

W/K

400

0

200

732 4320

DHC

VHC

DHC

W/K

Wh/m3 K

Wh/K

36.60

0.00

1039

1.10

28.40

0.13

0.00 9.02 3.69 0.00 0.00

284

8.20 36.60

0.00

OTHER INTERNAL THERMAL MASS

0.00

0.00

TOTAL OCCUPIED FLOOR AREA

36.60

SUBTOTAL BUILDING ENVELOPE No. ac/h

hrs/day

FRESH AIR DUE TO INFILTRATION (ac/h * space volume * hours /day)

ac/h

16

NET FRESH AIR DEFICIT

W/K W/K W/K W/K

AU W/m2 K

0.58 0.48

FRESH AIR FOR COMFORT/WELLBEING (number occupants * m3/occ hr * hrs/day)

W/K

10.91

Space Volume (m3)

W/K W/K W/K W/K

12.71

W/K

8.61

W/K

7.46

W/K

0.00

W/K

104.31

24

No. Occupants

m3 /person hr

hrs/day

2

30

16

No. ac/h

Volume (m3)

hrs/day

0

104.31

11

16

NET FRESH AIR DEFICIT

0.58 0.33

ADDITIONAL VENTILATION FOR COOLING (ac/h * space volume * hours /day)

SUBTOTAL VENTILATION & INFILTRATION

140.56

W/K

SUBTOTAL VENTILATION & INFILTRATION

16.07

W/K

TOTAL HEAT LOSS RATE

153.27 4.19

W/K 2 W/K m

TOTAL HEAT LOSS RATE

28.78 0.79

W/K 2 W/K m

OCCUPANTS

No. of

Mean Heat Gain Rate, W

hrs/day

24-hr Mean Watts

2

100

16.00

133

5.00

15

LIGHTS

72

APPLIANCES

177.6

178

Heat Loss Coefficient HLC Occupancy Heat Gains

W W W

OCCUPANTS

No. of

Mean Heat Gain Rate, W

hrs/day

24-hr Mean Watts

2

100

16.00

133

8.00

24

LIGHTS

72

APPLIANCES

325.93

kWh/m2 per day

177.6

178

Transmitted

Absorbed

Net Glazing Area m2

24-hr Mean Gain, Watts

kWh/m2 per day

Transmitted

Absorbed

TOTAL HEAT GAINS

702

W

TOTAL HEAT GAINS

MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE OUTDOOR, K

4.6

K

MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE OUTDOOR, K

16.2

K

PREDICTED MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE, oC

6.0 22.2

o

17.8

o

0.75

0.95

for an Outdoor Temperature of :

PREDICTED MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE, oC Upper Limit

Adaptive Thermal Comfort Band after EN15251 o C Low Limit 29.4

23.0 27.6

o

23.4

o

Additional annual heating energy that may be required for occupant thermal comfort

0

Case 1 | 1BHK | Summer

732 4320

DHC

24-hr Mean Gain, Watts

SOLAR GAINS

1.69

0

200

Incident Solar

W

7.50

1281

400

W W W

376

SOLAR GAINS

350

334.93

Incident Solar Net Glazing Area m2

1062

ac/h

W/K

Occupancy Heat Gains

205

374

hrs/day

0.25

126.22

Heat Loss Coefficient HLC

250

C

o

C

Swing

1.95

Min

K

25.6

Max

29.5

C

7.50

kWh/m year

0.75

0.95

for an Outdoor Temperature of :

Upper Limit 2

0.59

Adaptive Thermal Comfort Band after EN15251 o C Low Limit 23.8

131

W

466

W

Additional annual heating energy that may be required for occupant thermal comfort 0

0

kWh Annual Total

C

o

C

Swing

1.30

Min

K

20.9

Max

23.5

C

kWh/m2 year

0

kWh Annual Total

Case 2 | 1BHK | Winter

103

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

CALCULATION OF FREE-RUNNING MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE (AA SED 2013-21) AU

VHC

DHC

W/m2 K

W/K

Wh/m3 K

Wh/K

0.00 11.44 5.80 0.00 0.00

284

1562

ROOF (if internal CEILING enter zero for U-value)

250

260

374

1668

WINDOWS (including frames) EXTERNAL WALLS (net opaque wall area excluding glazing)

44.60

0.13

1925

EXPOSED FLOOR

ROOF (if internal CEILING enter zero for U-value)

55.00

0.00

WINDOWS (including frames) EXTERNAL WALLS (net opaque wall area excluding glazing)

10.40

1.10

44.60

0.13

EXPOSED FLOOR

55.00

0.00

OTHER INTERNAL THERMAL MASS

0.00

0.00

TOTAL OCCUPIED FLOOR AREA

55.00

SUBTOTAL BUILDING ENVELOPE No. ac/h

FRESH AIR FOR COMFORT/WELLBEING (number occupants * m3/occ hr * hrs/day)

Space Volume (m3)

hrs/day

0.1

165.00

24

No. Occupants

m3 /person hr

3

30

16

No. ac/h

Volume (m3)

hrs/day

8

165.00

11

W/K W/K W/K W/K

17.24

W/K

5.45

W/K

350 400

0

200

1100 6515

DHC

AU

VHC

DHC

W/K

Wh/m3 K

Wh/K

55.00

0.00

1562

1.10

0.00 11.44 5.80 0.00 0.00

284

10.40 55.00

0.00

OTHER INTERNAL THERMAL MASS

0.00

0.00

TOTAL OCCUPIED FLOOR AREA

55.00

SUBTOTAL BUILDING ENVELOPE

FRESH AIR DUE TO INFILTRATION (ac/h * space volume * hours /day)

ac/h

16

0.55 0.45

FRESH AIR FOR COMFORT/WELLBEING (number occupants * m3/occ hr * hrs/day)

W/K

16.17

Space Volume (m3)

W/K W/K W/K W/K

17.24

W/K

5.45

W/K

16.17

W/K

0.00

W/K

165.00

24

No. Occupants

m3 /person hr

hrs/day

3

30

16

No. ac/h

Volume (m3)

hrs/day

0

165.00

11

16

NET FRESH AIR DEFICIT

0.55 0.45

ADDITIONAL VENTILATION FOR COOLING (ac/h * space volume * hours /day)

SUBTOTAL VENTILATION & INFILTRATION

221.27

W/K

SUBTOTAL VENTILATION & INFILTRATION

21.62

W/K

TOTAL HEAT LOSS RATE

238.50 4.34

W/K 2 W/K m

TOTAL HEAT LOSS RATE

38.85 0.71

W/K 2 W/K m

OCCUPANTS

No. of

Mean Heat Gain Rate, W

hrs/day

24-hr Mean Watts

3

100

16.00

200

5.00

15

LIGHTS

72

APPLIANCES

177.6

178

Heat Loss Coefficient HLC Occupancy Heat Gains

W W W

OCCUPANTS

No. of

Mean Heat Gain Rate, W

hrs/day

24-hr Mean Watts

3

100

16.00

200

8.00

24

LIGHTS

72

APPLIANCES

392.60

kWh/m2 per day

177.6

178

Transmitted

Absorbed

Net Glazing Area m2

24-hr Mean Gain, Watts

kWh/m2 per day

Transmitted

Absorbed

TOTAL HEAT GAINS

779

W

TOTAL HEAT GAINS

MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE OUTDOOR, K

3.3

K

MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE OUTDOOR, K

13.8

K

PREDICTED MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE, oC

8.0 21.8

o

18.4

o

0.75

0.95

for an Outdoor Temperature of :

PREDICTED MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE, oC Upper Limit

Adaptive Thermal Comfort Band after EN15251 o C Low Limit 29.4

23.0 26.3

o

23.4

o

Additional annual heating energy that may be required for occupant thermal comfort

0

Case 3 | 2BHK | Summer

104

0

200

1100 6515

DHC

24-hr Mean Gain, Watts

SOLAR GAINS

1.69

1925

400

Incident Solar

W

7.70

350

W W W

386

SOLAR GAINS (South-East face)

1668

401.60

Incident Solar Net Glazing Area m2

260

374

ac/h

W/K

Heat Loss Coefficient HLC

250

hrs/day

0.1

199.65

Occupancy Heat Gains

APPENDICES

REFERENCES

W/m2 K

NOTE User inputs are shown in red. Calculated output values are shown in black and are in protected cells. . m2 Building Elements

No. ac/h

hrs/day

NET FRESH AIR DEFICIT ADDITIONAL VENTILATION FOR COOLING (ac/h * space volume * hours /day)

CONCLUSIONS

CALCULATION OF FREE-RUNNING MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE (AA SED 2013-21)

NOTE User inputs are shown in red. Calculated output values are shown in black and are in protected cells. . m2 Building Elements

FRESH AIR DUE TO INFILTRATION (ac/h * space volume * hours /day)

VISUALIZATION

C

o

C

Swing

1.43

Min

K

24.8

Max

27.7

C

7.70

kWh/m year

0.75

0.95

for an Outdoor Temperature of :

Upper Limit 2

0.59

Adaptive Thermal Comfort Band after EN15251 o C Low Limit 24.4

135

W

536

W

Additional annual heating energy that may be required for occupant thermal comfort 0

0

kWh Annual Total

Case 4 | 2BHK | Winter

C

o

C

Swing

0.99

Min

K

C

kWh/m2 year

0

kWh Annual Total

20.8

Max

22.8

BATTERSEA CHURCH ROAD DEVELOPMENT

CALCULATION OF FREE-RUNNING MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE (AA SED 2013-21)

CALCULATION OF FREE-RUNNING MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE (AA SED 2013-21)

NOTE User inputs are shown in red. Calculated output values are shown in black and are in protected cells. . m2 Building Elements

AU

VHC

DHC

W/m2 K

W/K

Wh/m3 K

Wh/K

NOTE User inputs are shown in red. Calculated output values are shown in black and are in protected cells. . m2 Building Elements

0.00 13.86 7.98 0.00 0.00

284

2102

ROOF (if internal CEILING enter zero for U-value)

250

315

374

2296

WINDOWS (including frames) EXTERNAL WALLS (net opaque wall area excluding glazing)

2590

EXPOSED FLOOR

ROOF (if internal CEILING enter zero for U-value)

74.00

0.00

WINDOWS (including frames) EXTERNAL WALLS (net opaque wall area excluding glazing)

12.60

1.10

61.40

0.13

EXPOSED FLOOR

74.00

0.00

OTHER INTERNAL THERMAL MASS

0.00

0.00

TOTAL OCCUPIED FLOOR AREA

74.00

SUBTOTAL BUILDING ENVELOPE No. ac/h

FRESH AIR DUE TO INFILTRATION (ac/h * space volume * hours /day) FRESH AIR FOR COMFORT/WELLBEING (number occupants * m3/occ hr * hrs/day)

Space Volume (m3)

hrs/day

0.1

222.00

24

No. Occupants

m3 /person hr

4

30

16

No. ac/h

Volume (m3)

hrs/day

ADDITIONAL VENTILATION FOR COOLING (ac/h * space volume * hours /day)

8

222.00

11

21.84

W/K

7.33

W/K

350 400

0

200

1480 8783

DHC

VHC

DHC

W/K

Wh/m3 K

Wh/K

74.00

0.00

2102

1.10

61.40

0.13

0.00 13.86 7.98 0.00 0.00

284

12.60 74.00

0.00

OTHER INTERNAL THERMAL MASS

0.00

0.00

TOTAL OCCUPIED FLOOR AREA

74.00

SUBTOTAL BUILDING ENVELOPE No. ac/h

hrs/day

FRESH AIR DUE TO INFILTRATION (ac/h * space volume * hours /day)

ac/h

16

NET FRESH AIR DEFICIT

W/K W/K W/K W/K

AU W/m2 K

0.54 0.44

FRESH AIR FOR COMFORT/WELLBEING (number occupants * m3/occ hr * hrs/day)

W/K

21.52

Space Volume (m3)

W/K W/K W/K W/K

21.84

W/K

7.33

W/K

21.52

W/K

0.00

W/K

222.00

24

No. Occupants

m3 /person hr

hrs/day

4

30

16

No. ac/h

Volume (m3)

hrs/day

0

222.00

11

16

NET FRESH AIR DEFICIT

0.54 0.44

ADDITIONAL VENTILATION FOR COOLING (ac/h * space volume * hours /day)

SUBTOTAL VENTILATION & INFILTRATION

297.46

W/K

SUBTOTAL VENTILATION & INFILTRATION

28.84

W/K

TOTAL HEAT LOSS RATE

319.30 4.31

W/K 2 W/K m

TOTAL HEAT LOSS RATE

50.68 0.68

W/K 2 W/K m

OCCUPANTS

No. of

Mean Heat Gain Rate, W

hrs/day

24-hr Mean Watts

4

100

16.00

267

5.00

15

LIGHTS

72

APPLIANCES

177.6

178

Heat Loss Coefficient HLC Occupancy Heat Gains

W W W

OCCUPANTS

No. of

Mean Heat Gain Rate, W

hrs/day

24-hr Mean Watts

4

100

16.00

267

8.00

24

LIGHTS

72

APPLIANCES

459.27

kWh/m2 per day

177.6

178

Transmitted

Absorbed

Net Glazing Area m2

24-hr Mean Gain, Watts

kWh/m2 per day

Transmitted

Absorbed

TOTAL HEAT GAINS

1028

W

TOTAL HEAT GAINS

MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE OUTDOOR, K

3.2

K

MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE OUTDOOR, K

13.2

K

PREDICTED MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE, oC

8.0 21.2

o

18.4

o

0.75

0.95

for an Outdoor Temperature of :

PREDICTED MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE, oC Upper Limit

Adaptive Thermal Comfort Band after EN15251 o C Low Limit 29.4

23.0 26.2

o

23.4

o

Additional annual heating energy that may be required for occupant thermal comfort

0

Case 5 | 3BHK | Summer

1480 8783

DHC

24-hr Mean Gain, Watts

SOLAR GAINS

1.69

0

200

Incident Solar

W

11.34

2590

400

W W W

569

SOLAR GAINS

350

468.27

Incident Solar Net Glazing Area m2

2296

ac/h

W/K

Occupancy Heat Gains

315

374

hrs/day

0.1

268.62

Heat Loss Coefficient HLC

250

C

o

C

Swing

1.40

Min

K

24.8

Max

27.6

C

11.34

kWh/m year

0.75

0.95

for an Outdoor Temperature of :

Upper Limit 2

0.59

Adaptive Thermal Comfort Band after EN15251 o C Low Limit 24.4

199

W

667

W

Additional annual heating energy that may be required for occupant thermal comfort 0

0

kWh Annual Total

C

o

C

Swing

0.91

Min

K

20.2

Max

22.1

C

kWh/m2 year

0

kWh Annual Total

Case 6 | 3BHK | Winter

105

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

DESIGN PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

VISUALIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

SOFT COMPUTAIONS MInT Results 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Heat Loss Coefficient

Mean Daily Temperature Rise above Outdoor

Daily Temperature Swing about the Mean

1BHK 1 BHK Summer with S 2 Occupants | 8 ac/h

0.91 W/K m²

4.40C

2.0 K

1BHK 1 BHK Winter with W 2 Occupants | 0 ac/h

0.91 W/K m²

140C

1.3 K

2BHK 2 BHK Summer withS 3 Occupants | 8 ac/h

0.87 W/K m²

3.10C

1.43 K

2BHK 2 BHK Winter with W 3 Occupants | 0 ac/h

0.87 W/K m²

11.20C

0.99 K

3BHK 3 BHK Summer withS 4 Occupants | 8 ac/h

0.85 W/K m²

3.10C

1.40 K

3BHK 3 BHK Winter with W 4 Occupants | 0 ac/h

0.85 W/K m²

10.60C

0.91 K

0 temperature (0C)

5

Outdoor Temperature

1 Bedroom Apartment

10

15 Chart Title

Predicted Mean Indoor Temperature

20 Winter comfort band

2 Bedroom Apartment

25

30 Summer comfort band

3 Bedroom Apartment Windows Mean 24-hour, U-value : 1.30 W/m2K

Occupied Floor area : 37 m²

Occupied Floor area : 55 m²

Occupied Floor area : 74 m²

Upper Limit : 29.40C

Lower Limit : 23.40C (Summer)

Window to Floor Ratio : 0.22

Window to Floor Ratio : 0.18

Window to Floor Ratio : 0.17

Upper Limit : 24.40C

Lower Limit : 18.40C (Winter)

Infiltration & Ventilation : 140.56 W/K (summer)

Infiltration & Ventilation : 221.27 W/K (summer)

Infiltration & Ventilation : 297.46 W/K (summer)

Infiltration & Ventilation : 14.35 W/K (winter)

Infiltration & Ventilation : 21.62 W/K (winter)

Infiltration & Ventilation : 28.84 W/K (winter)

MINT Results

106