Environmental Management Plan for Vijayawada
ENERGY PROFILE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
PETROLEUM PRODUCT CONSUMPTION FROM 2015-2019
PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION COMPARISON – 2020
Y-O-Y petroleum product consumption in Vijayawada (in mn tons) 1.4
1.309
1.167
1.092 0.954
1.08 0.981
0.9
0.387
0.400 0.350
0.300
0.8 0.6
0.450
1.188
1.2 1
Per capita consumption-2020
0.664
0.662
0.645
0.554
0.265
0.250 0.200
0.178
0.150
0.4
0.154
0.100
0.2
0.050
CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS:
0 2014-2015
2015-2016 Petrol
Trends in Consumption of Petroleum products in AP
2016-2017 Diesel
FUEL CONSUMPTION (KT) PETROL
Residential Commercial & Institutional
44.22854914
0.105304212 DIESEL
Commercial &Institutional Municipal sector
44.45182452 0.003280033 KEROSENE
Residential
0.000 India
LPG
SECTOR WISE CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AS PER THE YEAR 2020 SECTOR
2017-2018
2.955906
CNG
RESERVES FOR CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GAS: Estimated Reserves of Crude Oil and Natural Gas in AP as on 31.03.2017 and 31.03.2018
Vijawada-2031
BIO- FUELS 40.965 1.75
Commercial & Institutional Source: Solar city plan of Vijayawada, 2021
Vijayawada
• No of petroleum refineries in AP- 2 • Captive capacity of petroleum products in AP is close to 10 mmt which is not sufficient to cater to the demand of the state. • All the petroleum products to Vijayawada city is transported from the refineries of Tatipaka and Vishakapatanam. • The state has to rely on the refineries outside of the state because of the high demand. • As per the petroleum products consumption chart, almost 5% of petroleum product consumption of the state is in Vijayawada. • The per capita consumption of Vijayawada is more compared to the state and national average. • The gas distribution pipelines within the city need to be considered as there is already a direct pipeline from Vizag refinery.
LPG Residential Commercial & Institutional
AP
26.614
INFERENCE • The consumption of petroleum products are more in the transportation sector and residential sector. •. As per the report, the percentage of distribution of the petroleum products compared to the reserves of the state is very less. Source : https://dataportalforcities.org/south-asia/india/state-andhra-pradesh/vijayawada https://mopng.gov.in/en/petroleum-statistics/indian-png-statistics https://dataportalforcities.org/south-asia/india/state-andhra-pradesh/vijayawada
• Andhra Pradesh have a huge production of Sugarcane per annum which cater to the bio fuel production of the state. • As per the state report, currently the state only blends 3% ethanol but will increase to the nationally mandated 5% by the end of the year and 10% within the next two years.
INFERENCE • Bio- fuel is a good alternative to reduce . the consumption of the petroleum products and is more cheap.
Y-O-Y % OF ETHANOL BLEND IN PETROL IN THE STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH YEAR 2015-2016
% OF ETHANOL BLEND IN PETROL 4.9
2016-2017
1.7
2017-2018
4.4
2018-2019
6.1
2019-2020
3.4
Source : https://mopng.gov.in/en/petroleumstatistics/indian-png-statistics
COMPARISON OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF VIJAYAWADA AND SALEM OF YEAR 2020 Comparison of Energy consumption of cities 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Electricity
LPG
Kerosene
Vijayawada
Oil
Bio mass
Coal
Salem
INFERENCE • Salem have used various energy efficient strategies in the past years to reduce the energy consumption of the city. • Community Energy Strategy was on of the main strategy implemented . to reduce the consumption. • Conduct a public participation program that engages the community and communicates the value of energy savings and greenhouse gas reduction community‐wide.
COMMUNITY ENERGY STRATEGY
USAGE OF RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
MAJOR STRATEGY : Net Zero Energy Buildings As per the study, consideration of the buildings with zero energy consumption of electricity from outer sources should be adopted. These buildings would be capable of producing its own renewable energy. 2 parameters to be focused• Site energy – total energy consumed by the building • Source energy – any nearby energy organization where the consumer can sell the excess energy or can buy energy when needed. Residential Buildings
PROPOSAL 1 : ENERGY AND GHG EMISSIONS REDUCTION IN RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL SECTOR MINOR STRATEGY : Electric water Geysers replaced by Solar water heaters at domestic level. Even if only 20% of households switch to solar water heaters by 2021 and 35% by 2041 for their seasonal hot water needs.
Cost of solar water heater system for one household (1100 LPD)
Rs 20,000/-
Cost LPG Gas / Electricity saved per year (910kWh@2.99 Rs/kWh) assuming Rs 2728/escalation of 5% per year in electricity charges Subsidy @ Rs 1500 per Sqms. area of flat plate collector Rs 1800/The central government, through the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, provides an interest subsidy at a rate of 2% for domestic users, 3% for industrial users not taking advantage of accelerated depreciation, and 5% for industrial/commercial users. Year
% of switch to solar water geysers
Types of residential
Consumption (KWh) per month
Solar panels Requirement
HIG MIG LIG
443.06 404.64 260.4
3 Panels of 160 KWH 3 Panels of 160 KWH 2 Panels of 160 KWH
Source: Electricity Profile Study for Domestic and Commercial Sectors/ researchgate.net
Commercial Buildings Types of buildings
Consumption (KWh) per month
solar panels Requirement
Hotel restaurant Store/office
979.89 472.44 504.91
7 Panels of 160 KWH 3 Panels of 160 KWH 4 Panels of 160 KWH
workshop
649.59
5 Panels of 160 KWH
Source: Electricity Profile Study for Domestic and Commercial Sectors/ researchgate.net
Energy consumption reduction
GHG reduction reduced (t CO₂ eq)/ Anum 2031 20% 35301812 46682.85556 2041 35% 61778171 81694.99722 ASSUMPTION : Each 4-person home will require a 100-litre-per-day solar water heating system.
Decadal decrease in GHG Emissions 100000 50000
GHG Emissions in Tons
0 2031
2041
INFERENCE If 20% of households of switch to solar water geysers by 2031 and 35% by 2041 then the decadal reduction of GHG Emissions will be 42%.
CLEAN AND GREEN ENERGY
INFERENCE • The implementation and enforcement of ECBC energy conservation techniques and promotion of Net Zero Energy Buildings majorly focusing upon Commercial and Residential sector • A site ZEB produces at least as much energy as it uses in a year, when accounted for at the site.
99
PROPOSAL 2 : PROPOSAL FOR E-VEHICLES IN TRANSPORTATION SECTOR
PROPOSAL 3 : TO MAXIMIZE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION AND TO MINIMIZE PEAK DEMAND
According to the National Electric Mobility Mission and Global Mobility Summit, NITI Aayog on “Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV’s): Towards a Policy Framework, highlights the proportion of vehicles that is likely to be converted to “Electric vehicles by 2030” based on report ‘India EV Story – Emerging opportunities’, 2018 TYPE OF VEHICLES
% FOR E-VEHICLES
2 WHEELERS
GHG Emissions Before E-Vehicles
GHG Emissions After E-Vehicles
124280696
74568417.57
40
3 WHEELERS
100
5625879.996
1687764
BUSES TAXIS GOODS
100 40 0
10.56744618
7.397212326
129906586.5
76256188.97
TOTAL
• The power consumption of streetlights in Vijayawada is 3656700KWH per Anum and replacing with Solar lights 4837.85 Tones of GHG Emissions will get reduced. • 86 No’s of solar street lights have been provided at various locations in the city until June 2012. Number
kwh/Light
Energy Consumption
GHG Reduced(t CO₂ eq)/ Anum
24378
150
3656700
4837.854185
Source: Retrieved July 02, 2019, from https://www.apspdcl.in/aboutus.html
40
4 WHEELERS
STREET LIGHTS AND TRAFFIC SIGNALS
• VMC have provided solar signalling with wireless system at 3 major junctions and Solar Blinkers at 9 major junctions until August 2011. • Vijayawada Municipal Corporation has proposed to install solar powered Modern traffic signalling system at 45 junctions in the city. Traffic junctions 45
Consumption (kwh) 150
GHG Reduction 6750
Source: Retrieved July 02, 2019, from https://www.apspdcl.in/aboutus.html
Source : ‘ India EV Story – Emerging opportunities’, 2018
INFERENCE
CHANGE IN GHG EMISSIONS 150000000 100000000 50000000 0 GHG Emissions before EVehicles
GHG Emissions after E vehicles
CHARGER TYPE
SC
FC
4Ws 1 SC - each 3 EVs 1 FC - each 10EVs
2286
686
3Ws 1 SC - each 2 EVs
4200
-
2Ws 1 SC - each 2 EVs
97846
-
PV (Buses) 1 FC - each 10 EVs TOTAL
36 104332
722
• As the fuel consumption is high, the proposal of E-Vehicles can bring 58% of reduction in GHG Emissions.
INFERENCE • Deploy electric vehicle charging infrastructure throughout the City. And provide preferred parking for EV vehicles at public places. • Explore policies that can accelerate adoption of alternative fuels in the transportation sector. • Increase consumer and fleet owner awareness and acceptance of electric vehicles.
Source : : Amendments in Model Building Bye-Laws (MBBL - 2016) for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure & Offices of state transport commission/ UT Administratives
Major Junctions in VMC
CLEAN AND GREEN ENERGY
100
STRATEGY : TO GENERATE RENEWABLE ENERGY AND TO REDUCE GHG EMISSIONS IN ENERGY SECTOR Installing solar panels on public and semipublic buildings, which will generate electricity for the institution and may be exported to the grid during off-peak times. It has been observed that the Public, semi public and Public utilities sectors cover3.2 km2 area in the city out of total area of 62 km2. SOLAR PANELS Roof top area km2 3.282741725
Energy generated Energy generated GHG Emissions reduced (t CO₂ eq)/ kwh annually / Panel mwh annually Anum 160
525.2386759
528.5214177
SOLAR POWER PLANT
• Measures taken are solar panel and after considering the P&SP Buildings roof area an additional 60 acre of solar farm is required to meet the target of 15% Electricity Generation through Solar power. Five year plan in different phases for the generation of solar energy till 2041 STAGE 1
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
STAGE 4
2021-2025
2026-2030
2031-2035
2036-2041
• 400 MW
• 600 MW
• 400MW
• 600 MW
Source: Solar City Plan of Vijayawada, 2021
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY THROUGH SOLAR POWER PLANT
Image source: WRI Report on Bengaluru solar roof top
CATEGORY
GENERATED ENERGY BY 2041
IN PERCENTAGE
Rooftop solar panels (Public & semi public)
60 MW
1.1%
Solar power plant
2000 MW
30%
REDUCTION OF GREEN HOUSE GASSES CATEGORY
GHG by 2041
% of GHG
Solar Panels in P & SP
347448
36.02
Solar Water Heaters
81695
8.47
Solar Power Plant
63505
6.58
Street Lights
4838
0.50
Traffic Signals
9
0.00
Total GHG
497495
2017 GHG
964655
51.7228358
Reduction of GHG in % by 2041 is 51.57%
Footprint Map of Public and Semi Public Buildings • Roof top solar PV based grid connected system may be well quite feasible in the city. • It has been observed that the, Government buildings, markets etc. have very large roof areas which are not being used. • The grid connected solar PV systems of 100 to 500 kW capacities are technically feasible in commercial buildings. • Also 25-50 kW capacity systems might be feasible in residential sector.
IMPACT ON URBAN CLIMATE • As these are renewable energy and are clean, it will avoid burning of fossil fuels which causes smoke and emission of GHGs. • As the GHG level decreases the heat effect on the urban climate will also decrease which is a major concern in Vijayawada. • The clean and green energy adoption will reduce the pollution also. • All these collectively put a huge impact on overall urban climate change.
CLEAN AND GREEN ENERGY
101
CLEAN AND GREEN ENERGY
102 00
PROPOSALS • In all those agricultural lands Agroforestry could be done. • We can do ultimate utilization of agricultural land by adopting agroforestry where we can plant woody perennials with agricultural crops. • The fruits and nut plants will also help farmers to gain more profit. • Benefits of agroforestry - These plants will partially provide shades to the crop plants and can save them from scorching heat, prevents soil erosion. • Helps in maintaining the cycles such as carbon and nitrogen cycle. • Conserves energy • Increases the fertility of soil. Successful case studies are found in the states of Punjab, Odisha, Kerala, Tamil Nadu etc.
POTENTIAL AREAS DEVELOPMENT: • As per dynamic potential map, very few chunks of land inside the city boundary are having potential to lower the heat island effect. • These areas are mostly agricultural and vacant lands as per the land-use map. • We have a scope to develop in vacant land and plan in a way so that it will help in reduce the heat. • Dense plantation of trees with large canopy will help to reduce the heat by providing shade, cool and clean air. These areas are also having built-up and residential land-use in adjacent areas. Hence planting trees will provide them individual comfort and also city level to reduce the effect of UHI.
MITIGATION MEASURES: • Sufficient mitigation measures are found for the citizens residing in the city. But we need to also focus on the tourists and their health. • People coming from outside are generally unaware of the climatic condition of the city. • Announcements, pamphlets, large hoardings etc should be done near bus stands, railway station and airport to make them aware of the heat impact. • Free Energy drinks and cold drinks should be provided to tourists in all tourist places. • Providing first aid camps in tourist places during summer season for immediate treatment and save them from deaths.
HOUSING STATERGIES IN VULNERABLE AREAS: O pod housing
ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUE – O pod housing: • These are low cost housing techniques which can be provided to people living in vulnerable areas by govt. • This is a successful case study in Telengana. • These houses can lower the risk of catching fire in summer season due to rise in heat. ALTERNATE MATERIALS:
i.
Corrugated bamboo roofing material• Keeps the room cool • Low inflammable • Environment friendly ii. • • • • • •
CLEAN AND GREEN ENERGY
EPS roof– Low theral conductivity Cost effective Fireproof Light in weight Repels water Prevents humidity
Corrugated bamboo roofs
EPS Roofs
103
CLEAN AND GREEN ENERGY
104 00
INFERENCES Description Heat mitigation measures
Alternate housing materials in vulnerable areas (EPS Panels) Alternate model low-cost house (o-pod houses)
Scale
Period
City
Long term
Effective
Local governments
-
-
-
-
Medium term
Very effective
Individuals, Local governments
40-80 rs/sqm
70%
3-5°F
30-40% per year
Long term
Moderately effective
Local governments
2.5 lakhs/unit
50-60°F
5-8°F
30% per year
Very effective
Individuals, Private institutions, Local governments
50-60 rs/sqft
30-40°F
5°F
20% per year
Very effective
Individuals, Private institutions, Local governments
70-80 rs/sqft
50-60°F
5°F
10-15% per year
Very effective
Individuals, Private institutions, Local governments
12 rs/sqft
50-60°F
5°F
5-20% per year
Houses vulnerable to fire
Green roofs
Building
Cool roofs
Building
Reflective walls
Short term to medium term
Short term
Cost
Energy Reduction (Overall)
Degree of Effect
Wards to city
Administered by
Heat Reduction (Material)
Decrease in Temperature (Overall)
Building
Short term
Reflective pavements
Wards to city
Medium term
Effective
Local governments
45-65 rs/sqft
30°F
3°F
10-20% per year
Permeable pavements
Wards to city
Medium term
Effective
Local governments
30-40 rs/sqft
25°F
2-4°F
20-30% per year
Greening of streets
Wards to city
Medium term
Effective
Local governments
-
35%
5-9°F
25% per year
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES GREENING OF PUBLIC SPACE • Applying more green cover in public spaces is relatively cheap and easily accepted by citizen. • Even though greening of public spaces is the responsibility of municipality, public participation is required to make it more effective. • Policy should be made for people to plant trees in the backyard of their house, terrace etc. • Institutions should be advised to have more green cover in their empty lands and properly maintain them. • Private institutions also should be instructed to increase the density of green cover
INCREASING THE BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE • Policy guidelines to include effective rain water management. • Promoting the use of permeable pavements in public places. This would help in recharging ground water level and may help in reducing heat effect. • Less constructed areas in parks and recreational areas and more blue and green areas.
BUILT-FORM AND BUILDING MATERIALS
HEALTH-CARE FACILITIES
• The buildings which are already constructed could not be changed but the future buildings should follow the green building guidelines strictly. • The already constructed buildings should use materials to reduce heat effect and this should be implemented strictly. • Should directed to install cool roofs in every possible house.
• VMC should look after providing more efficient medical facilities in summer season. • Policy for mandatory fast aid services in tourist places. • Provision of cold drinking water facilities in every road side and major and minor squares.
CLEAN AND GREEN ENERGY
105