Development of the Great Mosque of Al-Nuri Campus in Old Mosul City | Architecture Thesis

䐀攀 瘀 攀 氀 漀 瀀洀攀 渀琀

漀 昀

琀 栀攀

䜀爀 攀 愀 琀

䴀漀 猀 焀甀攀

漀 昀

䄀氀 ⴀ 一甀爀 椀

䌀愀 洀瀀甀猀

椀 渀 伀氀 搀 䴀漀 猀 甀氀

䌀椀 琀 礀 ⸀ 刀攀 ‫ۻ‬漀 爀 椀 渀 最

愀 渀 搀

瀀 爀 攀 猀 攀 爀 瘀 椀 渀 最

䴀漀 猀 甀 氀 ᤠ 猀

洀漀 ‫ ۻ‬ 䤀 挀 漀 渀 椀 挀

猀 椀 琀 攀 ⸀ 䄀 琀 栀攀 猀 椀 猀

猀 甀戀洀椀 琀 琀 攀 搀 椀 渀 琀 栀攀

瀀愀 爀 琀 椀 愀 氀

昀 甀氀 ǻ氀 氀 洀攀 渀琀

昀 漀爀

琀 栀攀

爀 攀 焀甀椀 爀 攀 洀攀 渀琀

漀昀

琀 栀攀

䈀愀 挀 栀攀 氀 漀爀 ᤠ 猀

䐀攀 最爀 攀 攀

椀 渀 䄀爀 挀 栀椀 琀 攀 挀 琀 甀 爀 攀

昀 爀 漀洀 琀 栀攀

唀渀椀 瘀攀 爀 猀 椀 琀 礀 漀昀

倀攀 琀 爀 愀

ጠ 䄀洀洀愀 渀Ⰰ

䨀 漀爀 搀 愀 渀⸀

䈀礀 䐀攀 攀 洀愀 䄀氀 ⴀ 夀愀栀礀愀 匀甀瀀攀 爀 瘀椀 猀 攀 搀 戀礀 刀愀椀 搀 圀⸀

䔀猀 猀 漀栀

㈀ ㄀㜀ⴀ ㈀ ㄀㠀

吀栀椀 猀

瀀爀 漀瀀漀猀 愀 氀

爀 攀 挀 攀 椀 瘀攀 搀 爀 攀 挀 漀最渀椀 琀 椀 漀渀 昀 爀 漀洀

匀攀 挀 漀渀搀 倀氀 愀 挀 攀

圀椀 渀渀攀 爀

愀 琀

琀 栀攀

吀愀 洀愀 礀漀甀稀

䔀砀挀 攀 氀 氀 攀 渀挀 攀

䄀眀愀 爀 搀Ⰰ

䤀 爀 愀 焀椀

䜀爀 愀 搀甀愀 琀 椀 漀渀 倀爀 漀樀 攀 挀 琀 猀

䌀愀 琀 攀 最漀爀 礀 ㈀ ㄀㠀

吀漀瀀 㔀 愀 琀

琀 栀攀

吀愀 洀愀 礀漀甀稀

䔀砀挀 攀 氀 氀 攀 渀挀 攀

䄀眀愀 爀 搀 䤀 渀琀 攀 爀 渀愀 琀 椀 漀渀愀 氀

䜀爀 愀 搀甀愀 琀 椀 漀渀 倀爀 漀樀 攀 挀 琀 猀

䌀愀 琀 攀 最漀爀 礀 ㈀ ㄀㠀

䠀漀渀漀爀 愀 戀氀 攀

䴀攀 渀琀 椀 漀渀

愀 琀

䨀 漀爀 搀愀 渀 䔀渀最椀 渀攀 攀 爀 猀

䄀猀 猀 漀挀 椀 愀 琀 椀 漀渀 倀氀 愀 渀渀椀 渀最 愀 渀搀 唀爀 戀愀 渀 䐀攀 猀 椀 最渀 䌀愀 琀 攀 最漀爀 礀 ㈀ ㄀㠀

0

1

Abstract As Architects, our mission is to build civilizations as well as restore and maintain those ancient buildings that got ruined throughout the years due to time or man’s war.

Mosul is Iraq's second most populous city. It fell to 800–1,500 ISIL militants in June 2014. The original population of 2.5 million has fallen to approximately 1.5 million after two years of ISIL rule. The city was once extremely diverse, with ethnic minorities including Armenians, Yazidis, Assyrian, Turkmen, and Shabak people, all of whom have suffered and continue to suffer considerably under the Islamic State.

The Great Mosque of al-Nuri was a mosque in Mosul, Iraq. It was famous for its leaning minaret, which gave the city its nickname "the hunchback". Tradition holds that the mosque was first built in the late 12th century, although it underwent many renovations over the years. Outlasting various hostile invading forces in its history of 850 years, the mosque was blown up as well as the cylindrical portion of the minaret, which collapsed on 21 June 2017, during the Battle of Mosul.

Development of the Great Mosque of Al-Nuri Campus is a project based on the structural grid of the remains of the historical mosque, as a dialogue is created between the ancient original system and the modern day site forces

2

Dedication This Thesis is dedicated to every single person who stood by my through everything to get me to this point, My beloved parents Falah and Luban and my aunt Shereen whom I owe every success.

My siblings Juman, Yahya and Mohammad.

My loving friends.

Thank you all so much..

3

Acknowledgements To those who have walked alongside me during the last five years, those who guided me, placed opportunities in front of me and showed me the doors that might be useful to open., I thank each one of you for your patience and endless support. To my supervisors and teacher during my academic journey , you have paved the road for us with your wisdom and knowledge, it was not an easy one but it would have been impossible to cross without your constant your guidance and encouragement, so thank you.

I would also like to thank my parents and my aunt, my role models. Thank you for your support through every single step of the way and for giving me the opportunities I have to be where I am today.

And without hesitation I would like to thank my dearest siblings and friends ...Juman, Yahya, Mohammad, Shahed, Marah, Gheed, Hadeer, Shohob and Mohammad. Every single situation, through ups and downs, you were always there for me and never gave up on me, and I never got to show my gratitude. Thank you for everything.

4

Table of Content CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1. PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 13 1.1.1. About Iraq ............................................................................................................................................................................. 13 1.1.2. Historical Brief ..................................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................................................. 15 1.3. GENERAL OVERVIEW.................................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.3.1. Art and Architecture in Iraq .................................................................................................................................................. 16 1.3.2. Materials in Buildings Throughout Civilizations .................................................................................................................. 16 1.3.3. War in Iraq ............................................................................................................................................................................ 17 1.3.2. Mosul .................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 1.3.2.1. About................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 1.3.2.2. The Battle of Mosul............................................................................................................................................................................. 21 1.3.2.3. Old Mosul City vs New City ............................................................................................................................................................... 22 1.3.2.4. Historical and Religious Buildings in Mosul....................................................................................................................................... 23 1.3.2.5. Destructed Monuments in Mosul ........................................................................................................................................................ 25

1.3.3. The Great Mosque of al-Nuri ................................................................................................................................................ 26 1.3.3.1. About................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 1.3.3.2. History................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26 1.3.3.3. Renovation Throughout the Years ....................................................................................................................................................... 26 1.3.3.4. Cause of Lean Tales ............................................................................................................................................................................ 26 1.3.3.5. Destruction .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 26

1.3.4. Mosul Destruction and Rehabilitation ................................................................................................................................... 27 1.4. CASE STUDIES................................................................................................................................................................................ 29 1.4.1. New German Parliament, Reichstag...................................................................................................................................... 29 1.4.2. Nelson Mandela Monument .................................................................................................................................................. 31 1.4.3. 9/11 Memorial ....................................................................................................................................................................... 33 1.4.4. Cologne Cathedral ................................................................................................................................................................. 34 1.5. SITE PROPOSAL.............................................................................................................................................................................. 35 1.5.1. Location ................................................................................................................................................................................ 35 1.5.2. Dimensions and Total Area ................................................................................................................................................... 36 1.5.3. Landmarks ............................................................................................................................................................................. 37 1.6. VISION OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................................................................................................. 38 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................................................. 39 2.1. ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN IRAQ ................................................................................................................................................. 40 2.2. ARCHITECTURE THROUGHOUT CIVILIZATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 40 2.3. WAR IN IRAQ ................................................................................................................................................................................. 42 2.4. MOSUL .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 2.4.1.About ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 2.4.2. Historical and Religious Buildings in Mosul ........................................................................................................................ 46 2.4.3. Old Mosul City vs New City ................................................................................................................................................. 48 2.4.4.The Battle of Mosul................................................................................................................................................................ 49 2.4.4.1. Destruction in Mosul ........................................................................................................................................................................... 49 2.4.4.2. ISIL Destruction Effects ...................................................................................................................................................................... 49 2.4.4.3. Destruction of the Built Environment ................................................................................................................................................. 55 2.4.4.4. Destruction of Heritage ....................................................................................................................................................................... 56 2.4.4.4.1. Cultural and Archaeological Sites ............................................................................................................................................... 57 2.4.4.4.2. Religious Monuments and Sites .................................................................................................................................................. 58 2.4.4.5. Destructed Monuments in Mosul ........................................................................................................................................................ 59

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 4 SITE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................................ 62 4.1. LOCATION ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 63 4.2. SITE DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................................................................... 65 4.3. THE GREAT MOSQUE OF AL-NURI AND AL-HADBAA MINARET .................................................................................................... 65

5 4.3.1. About ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 65 4.3.2. Cause of Lean Tales .............................................................................................................................................................. 65 4.3.3. History ................................................................................................................................................................................... 66 4.3.3.1. Nur al-Din in Mosul ............................................................................................................................................................................ 66 4.3.3.2. Rebellion ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 66 4.3.3.3. Attitude towards Christians and Christian Institutions ........................................................................................................................ 66 4.3.3.4. Starting with the Mosque building ...................................................................................................................................................... 66

4.3.5. Archaeology The Original Mosque ....................................................................................................................................... 67 4.3.5.1. Prior Rebuilding .................................................................................................................................................................................. 67 4.3.5.2. Materials and Structure ....................................................................................................................................................................... 67 4.3.5.3.. Columns and Mihrab .......................................................................................................................................................................... 68 4.3.5.4. Pre-Restoration Description ................................................................................................................................................................ 70 4.3.5.5. Post Restoration Description ............................................................................................................................................................... 71 4.3.5.6. Dome ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 72 4.3.5.7. The Inscriptions ................................................................................................................................................................................... 73 4.3.5.8. The Minaret ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 74

4.3.6. Renovation Throughout the Years ........................................................................................................................................ 74 4.3.7. Destruction and Remains....................................................................................................................................................... 75 4.3.8. 3D Modeling ......................................................................................................................................................................... 80 4.3.9. Before and after pictures of the site ....................................................................................................................................... 81 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83 4.3.10. Analysis ............................................................................................................................................................................... 84 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 5 CASE STUDIES ............................................................................................................................................................. 91 5.1. THE KHULAFAA CENTRAL MOSQUE .............................................................................................................................................. 92 5.1.1. Case Description ................................................................................................................................................................... 92 5.1.2. Historical Brief ...................................................................................................................................................................... 92 5.1.3. Mohamed Makiya’s work 1960 ............................................................................................................................................ 93 5.1.4.. Challenges ............................................................................................................................................................................ 93 5.1.5. New Mosque description ....................................................................................................................................................... 93 5.1.6.. New Mosque Extension Proposal ......................................................................................................................................... 94 5.1.7. Plans, Sections and Elevations .............................................................................................................................................. 95 5.1.8. Functional Diagrams of Users ............................................................................................................................................. 101 5.1.9. Conclusion, Why Did You Choose this Case Study? .......................................................................................................... 101 5.2. NEW GERMAN PARLIAMENT, REICHSTAG ................................................................................................................................... 102 5.2.1. Case Description ................................................................................................................................................................. 102 5.2.2. Historical Brief .................................................................................................................................................................... 102 5.2.3. Preserving History ............................................................................................................................................................... 104 5.2.4. Cupola (Dome) .................................................................................................................................................................... 105 5.2.5. Sustainability ....................................................................................................................................................................... 107 5.2.6. Plans, Sections, Elevations .................................................................................................................................................. 109 5.2.7. Conclusion, Why Did You Choose this Case Study? .......................................................................................................... 111 5.3. THE PALESTINIAN MUSEUM ........................................................................................................................................................ 112 5.3.1. Case Description ................................................................................................................................................................. 112 5.3.2. Concept ............................................................................................................................................................................... 112 5.3.3. Brief .................................................................................................................................................................................... 112 5.3.4. Landscape............................................................................................................................................................................ 114 5.3.5. Art ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 115 5.3.6. Plans, Section and Elevations .............................................................................................................................................. 117 5.3.7. Volumetric Diagrams .......................................................................................................................................................... 119 5.3.8. Conclusion, Why Did You Choose this Case Study? .......................................................................................................... 119 5.4. NELSON MANDELA MONUMENT ................................................................................................................................................. 120 5.4.1. Case Description ................................................................................................................................................................. 120 5.4.2. Concept text ........................................................................................................................................................................ 120 5.4.3. Brief .................................................................................................................................................................................... 120

6 5.4.4. Conclusion, Why Did You Choose this Case Study? .......................................................................................................... 120 5.5. 9/11 MEMORIAL .......................................................................................................................................................................... 121 5.5.1. Case Description ................................................................................................................................................................. 121 5.5.2. Conclusion, Why Did You Choose this Case Study? .......................................................................................................... 121 CHAPTER 6 PROGRAM ................................................................................................................................................................... 122 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 124 7.1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................................................ 125 7.2. SITE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 125 7.3. CONCEPT ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 127 7.4. SITE PLAN ................................................................................................................................................................................... 127 7.5. ZONING ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 128 7.6. PLANS.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 129 7.7. 3D SHOTS .................................................................................................................................................................................... 135 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 141

7

List of Figures Figure 1.1 The Great Ziggurat of Ur near Nasiriyah.

Figure 1.2 Facade of Temple at Hatra .............. 13 Figure 1.3 Ishtar Gate at Babylon, Pergamon Museum, Berlin Figure 1.4 An Assyrian lamassu .......... 13 Figure 1.5 Minaret at the Great Mosque of Samarra Figure 1.6 Al-Hadba Minaret .......................... 14 Figure 1.7 Materials Used In Houses Around Iraq ............................................................................................................... 16 Figure 1.8 Overview of Mosul City ...................................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 1.9 Battle of Mosul .................................................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 1.10 Comparison of New and Old City Grid ............................................................................................................. 22 Figure 1.11 New City Grid Figure 1.12 Old New City ........................................ 22 Figure 1.13 An Iraqi man walks past a destroyed tomb of the Prophet Jonah (Nabi Younes) in the eastern side of Mosul, Iraq March 9, 2017. ............................................................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 1.14 Destructed Monuments in Mosul [17] ............................................................................................................... 25 Figure 1.15 Destruction of Grand Nuri Mosque Figure 1.16 Destruction of Al-Hadba Minaret................. 26 Figure 1.17 Base remains of the minaret Figure 1.18 Minaret remains .............................. 27 Figure 1.19 Video proof of the structure exploding .............................................................................................................. 27 Figure 1.20 Explosions in Mosul .......................................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 1.21 New Reichstag Building Figure 1.22 Old Reichstag Building ........................... 29 Figure 1.23 Soviet Soldiers Graffiti on the Reichstag walls ................................................................................................. 29 Figure 1.24 The Cupola Figure 1.25 The Cupola Interior........................................ 30 Figure 1.26 Soviet Soliders Grafiti on Current Reichstag walls ........................................................................................... 30 Figure 1.27 Nelson Mandela Monument work, as seen from a distance .............................................................................. 31 Figure 1.28 the raw metal components laid out after cutting, before painting and installment ............................................ 32 Figure 1.29 building of the artwork images via visual news ................................................................................................ 32 Figure 1.30 the raw metal components laid out after cutting, before painting and installment ............................................ 32 Figure 1.31 detailed perspective of the uneven edges of one of the piece’s 50 columns...................................................... 32 Figure 1.32 World Trade Center Monument-Plan Figure 1.33 World Trade Center Monument-Perspective .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 Figure 1.34 Visitors of the monumental fountains Figure 1.35 Monumental Fountains ........................ 33 Figure 1.36 Cologne Cathedral ............................................................................................................................................. 34 Figure 1.37 Cologne Cathedral's Connection with the River ................................................................................................ 34 Figure 1.38 Location ............................................................................................................................................................. 35 Figure 1.39 The Great Mosque of Al-Nuri, Minaret Al-Hadba, The old Souq and residential buildings ............................ 35 Figure 1.40 Site Borders and Dimensions ............................................................................................................................ 36 Figure 1.41 Site Landmarks .................................................................................................................................................. 37 Figure 2.1 Materials Used In Houses Around Iraq ............................................................................................................... 41 Figure 2.2.2 Overview of Mosul City ................................................................................................................................... 46 Figure 2.3 Nabi Yunis mosque, pre-2014 Figure 2.4 Nabi Yunis mosque few days after its destruction 2014....................................................................................................................................................................................... 48 Figure 2.5 An Iraqi man walks past a destroyed tomb of the Prophet Jonah (Nabi Younes) in the eastern side of Mosul, Iraq March 9, 2017. ............................................................................................................................................................... 48 Figure 2.6 People inspecting the destroyed Mosque of the Prophet Jirjis (Saint George), located to the north of the city .. 48 Figure 2.7 Destruction of shrines in Hamdaniyah area, March 2015 ................................................................................... 48 Figure 2.8 Destruction in Mosul's Old City .......................................................................................................................... 49 Figure 2.9 Mosul City before and after destruction .............................................................................................................. 50 Figure 2.10 Al-Adala street in Mosul city centre; showing the new market built under ISIL .............................................. 50 Figure 2.11 Busy market scene street in Mosul city centre, after 2014 ................................................................................ 50

8 Figure 2.12 Population displacement and movements in the lead up fall of Mosul and the onset of ISIL occupation ........ 51 Figure 2.13 Mosul Market as published through ISIL websites ........................................................................................... 52 Figure 2.14 Strict appearance code enforced on women ...................................................................................................... 52 Figure 2.15 Destruction of cigarettes .................................................................................................................................... 52 Figure 2.16 Diwan Al-hisba group walking around Mosul market ...................................................................................... 52 Figure 2.17 ISIL police station ............................................................................................................................................. 52 Figure 2.18 Mosul Urban Planning Directorate, after destruction. Courtesy of an employee of the Fire Department ........ 53 Figure 2.19 Mosul Urban Planning Directorate, prior to 2014. Courtesy of a municipal employee .................................... 53 Figure 2.20 Christian homes confiscated by ISIL ................................................................................................................. 53 Figure 2.21 Extract from a ISIL educational textbooks ........................................................................................................ 54 Figure 2.22 The Al-Rasheed Bank was bombed by coalition forces in mid-February 2016 ................................................ 55 Figure 2.23 Destroyed civilians and governmental buildings ............................................................................................... 56 Figure 2.24 The same location as above in July 2016, depicting a recently constructed...................................................... 56 Figure 2.25 The same location as above, in February 2016, depicting large-scale earth...................................................... 56 Figure 2.26 Nineveh’s southern section of its archaeological site in October 2015. ............................................................ 56 Figure 2.27 Destruction of the winged bull, early 2015. ...................................................................................................... 57 Figure 2.28 Destructed Monuments in Mosul....................................................................................................................... 59 Figure 3.1 Research Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 61 Figure 4.1 Location ............................................................................................................................................................... 63 Figure 4.2 Comparison of New and Old City Grid ............................................................................................................... 63 Figure 4.3 New City Grid Figure 4.4 Old New City ................................................. 63 Figure 4.5 Site Plan of Old City before destruction, 2004 .................................................................................................... 64 Figure 4.6 Site Plan of Old City after destruction, 2018 ...................................................................................................... 64 Figure 4.7 The Great Mosque of al-Nuri Figure 4.8 Ten Thousand Dinars Iraqi currency ................. 65 Figure 4.9 Historical Timeline .............................................................................................................................................. 65 The cause of the lean was disputed – some have blamed the prevailing wind – but local officials have attributed it to the effects of thermal expansion caused by the heat of the sun, causing bricks on the sun-facing side to expand and progressively tilt the minaret. In recent years cracks proliferated along the base of the minaret, which leant nearly 3 meters off vertical. It was listed by the World Monuments Fund as a site of concern due to the ongoing risk of collapse.

Figure 4.10 Al-Hadbaa Minaret ............................................................................................................................................ 65 Figure 4.11 Facade of prayer hall facing courtyard, after reconstruction. DATE1983 (developed) .................................... 67 Figure 4.12 Interior of the prayer hall, taken from northeast, after reconstruction, 1983 (developed) ................................. 67 Figure 4.13 View of the sanctuary from the northeast, after rebuilding, 1980 ..................................................................... 67 Figure 4.14 Exterior view of minaret and prayer hall structure from east. Photo taken before reconstruction in the 1940s. .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 67 Figure 4.15 View of the Jami Nur al Din complex, taken from the northwest, prior to reconstruction in the 1940s, before 1944....................................................................................................................................................................................... 68 Figure 4.16 A view of the mosque complex from the southeast, prior to reconstruction in the 1940s, before 1944........... 68 Figure 4.17 View of two different types of columns in prayer hall. Taken before reconstruction in 1944.DATEbefore 1944 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 68 Figure 4.18 Detail of the mihrab transferred from the Umayyad Mosque before reinstallation, before 1944 ...................... 69 Figure 4.19 Detail view of mihrab transferred from Umayyad Mosque, date 1148/543 AH, before reinstallation, 19071908....................................................................................................................................................................................... 69 Figure 4.20 Main mihrab below dome constructed in nineteenth century. View before reconstruction in 1944, before 1944 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 69 Figure 4.21 View of the mihrab transferred from Umayyad Mosque, post reinstallation under the dome, 1983 (developed) .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 69 Figure 4.22 Detail view of mihrab from Umayyad Mosque after reinstallation, 1983 (developed) ..................................... 69

9 Figure 4.23 Capital from Mar Ahudemmeh.......................................................................................................................... 70 Figure 4.24 Capital from mar Jerjis ...................................................................................................................................... 70 Figure 4.25 Plan showing reconstruction of original prayer hall by Yasser Tabbaa, 2002 (developed) .............................. 71 Figure 4.26 Reconstruction of plan of first mosque (Redrawn after Herzfeld) .................................................................... 72 Figure 4.27 Mar Behnam near Mosul: Ribbed vault over the Chapel of the virgin, first half of the thirteen century .......... 72 Figure 4.28 View of dome over central nave and stucco wall ornament, prior to reconstruction in 1944, before 1944 ...... 72 Figure 4.29 Plan of the Nur al-Din Mosque according to Ernst Herzfeld. DATE 2002 (developed) ................................... 73 Figure 4.30 Prayer hall, view of octagonal capital. Photo taken prior to reconstruction, before 1944 ................................. 73 Figure 4.31 Prayer hall, view of octagonal capital. Photo taken prior to reconstruction, before 1944 ................................. 74 Figure 4.32 Al-Nuri Mosque Minaret Figure 4.33 Uppermost portion of minaret ............................................................ 74 Figure 4.34 Locals passing through the remains of the Grand Nuri Mosque post its destruction ........................................ 75 Figure 4.35 Destruction of Grand Nuri Mosque Figure 4.36 Destruction of Al-Hadba Minaret.............. 75 Figure 4.37 Base remains of the minaret Figure 4.38 Minaret remains ................................ 76 Figure 4.39 Video proof of the structure exploding .............................................................................................................. 76 Figure 4.40 Locals walking by the minaret remains Figure 4.41 Dome remains interior ............. 77 Figure 4.42 Post explosions scene Figure 4.43 Remains of the Mosque .......... 77 Figure 4.44 Arial images before and after destruction of the city and the mosque............................................................... 77 Figure 4.45 Plan of the Mosque ............................................................................................................................................ 78 Figure 4.46 Minaret Plan ...................................................................................................................................................... 78 Figure 4.47 Minaret Section.................................................................................................................................................. 79 Figure 4.48 Minaret Section.................................................................................................................................................. 80 Figure 4.49 3D modeling simulation of the original minaret................................................................................................ 80 Figure 5.1 Al-Kulafaa Mosque ............................................................................................................................................. 92 Figure 5.2 Minaret Prior Reconstruction Figure 5.3 New Mosque Figure 5.4 Old Minaret ........................................................................................................................................................................... 92 Figure 5.5 Minaret Details .................................................................................................................................................... 93 Figure 5.6 Mosque Extension Proposal ................................................................................................................................ 94 Figure 5.7 Plan ...................................................................................................................................................................... 95 Figure 5.8 Section ................................................................................................................................................................. 95 Figure 5.9 Elevation .............................................................................................................................................................. 96 Figure 5.10 South West Elevation ........................................................................................................................................ 96 Figure 5.11 South East Elevation .......................................................................................................................................... 97 Figure 5.12 North East Elevation .......................................................................................................................................... 97 Figure 5.13 North West Elevation ........................................................................................................................................ 98 Figure 5.14 Main Gate Details .............................................................................................................................................. 98 Figure 5.15 Corridor Details ................................................................................................................................................. 99 Figure 5.16 Internal and External Mosque Elevation Details ............................................................................................... 99 Figure 5.17 Northern Facade Details .................................................................................................................................. 100 Figure 5.18 Riwaq Details .................................................................................................................................................. 100 Figure 5.19 Internal Elevation Details ................................................................................................................................ 101 Figure 5.20 New German Parliament Figure 5.21 Old German Parliament ................. 102 Figure 5.22 The Reichstag throughout the years ................................................................................................................ 102 Figure 5.23 Damages by The Soviets ................................................................................................................................. 103 In one final twist of history, prior to the beginning of construction on Foster + Partners renovation in 1995, the entire building was wrapped in enormous strips of fabric in art piece by the artists Christo and Jean-Claude.

Figure 5.24 Covered Building ........................................................................................................................................................ 103 Figure 5.25 First Sketches of the Dome .............................................................................................................................. 104 Figure 5.26 Soldiers Writing on the Walls of the Old Building ......................................................................................... 104

10 Figure 5.27 Layers of old and new mixed........................................................................................................................... 104 Figure 5.28 View Inside the Dome ..................................................................................................................................... 105 Figure 5.29 Dome Structural Details .................................................................................................................................. 106 Figure 5.30 Inside the old parliament hall .......................................................................................................................... 107 Figure 5.31 Inside the new parliament hall ......................................................................................................................... 107 Figure 5.32 Ground Floor Plan ........................................................................................................................................... 109 Figure 5.33 Section ............................................................................................................................................................. 109 Figure 5.34 Dome Section .................................................................................................................................................. 110 Figure 5.35 Ventilation through the dome .......................................................................................................................... 110 Figure 5.36 New Elevation Figure 5.37 Old Elevation ............................. 111 Figure 5.38 Main Facade Details ........................................................................................................................................ 111 Figure 5.39 Overview of the building ................................................................................................................................. 112 Figure 5.40 Concept Sketches............................................................................................................................................. 112 Figure 5.41 Top View ......................................................................................................................................................... 113 Figure 5.42 Interior Views .................................................................................................................................................. 113 Figure 5.43 the structure emerges from the landscape to offer sweeping views................................................................. 113 Figure 5.44 Landscape ........................................................................................................................................................ 113 Figure 5.45 an outdoor plaza can be used to stage a variety of different events ................................................................. 114 Figure 5.46 Plantations ....................................................................................................................................................... 114 Figure 5.47 Art on the wall ................................................................................................................................................. 115 Figure 5.48 Exterior Art ...................................................................................................................................................... 115 Infographics, interactive displays and maps fill the spaces between the main rooms, illuminating aspects of Palestinian life in Jerusalem under Israeli occupation, including the range of identity cards and their respective restrictions, data on land control and construction in the city and maps showing various obstacles to freedom of movement.

Figure 5.49 Sculptures and Souvenirs................................................................................................................................. 115 Figure 5.50 a Palestinian stone installation that explores the importance of stone in the religious and everyday landscape of Jerusalem ........................................................................................................................................................................ 116 Figure 5.51 Iraqi/Dutch artist Athar Jabar created Stone .................................................................................................... 116 Figure 5.52 Posters on the wall ........................................................................................................................................... 116 Figure 5.53 Ground Floor Plan ........................................................................................................................................... 117 Figure 5.54 Basement Plan ................................................................................................................................................. 117 Figure 5.55 Longitudinal Section ....................................................................................................................................... 118 Figure 5.56 Cross Section ................................................................................................................................................... 118 Figure 5.57 Elevation .......................................................................................................................................................... 118 Figure 5.58 Volumetric Diagram ........................................................................................................................................ 119 Figure 5.59 When viewed from the right angle, the quietly powerful sculpture forms a profile portrait of Mandela. ....... 120 Figure 5.60 The Monument from a different angle............................................................................................................. 120 Figure 5.61 Installation of the Monument of an important public figure in a minimalist way. .......................................... 120 Figure 5.62 Overview of the memorial ............................................................................................................................... 121 Figure 5.63 Site Plan Figure 5.64 View of the fountains ......................... 121 Figure 5.65 Names of the victims inscribed on the sides of the fountain ........................................................................... 121 Figure 7.1 Location ............................................................................................................................................................. 125 Figure 7.2 City Grid ............................................................................................................................................................ 125 Figure 7.3 Before and After Details .................................................................................................................................... 126 Figure 7.4 Old Mosul Pictures ............................................................................................................................................ 127 Figure 7.5 Site Plan ............................................................................................................................................................. 128 Figure 7.6 Zoning................................................................................................................................................................ 128 Figure 7.7 Ground Floor Plan ............................................................................................................................................. 129

11 Figure 7.8 Basement ........................................................................................................................................................... 130 Figure 7.9 First Floor Plan .................................................................................................................................................. 131 Figure 7.10 Second Floor Plan............................................................................................................................................ 132 Figure 7.11 Section and Elevations..................................................................................................................................... 134 Figure 7.12 Detailed Plans and Sections of the New Monument ....................................................................................... 134 Figure 7.13 The New Al-Hadbaa Minaret Monument Concept.......................................................................................... 135 Figure 7.14 Al-Hadba’a New Memorial Monument........................................................................................................... 136 Figure 7.15 Al-Hadba’a Memorial Plaza ............................................................................................................................ 136 Figure 7.16 Connection Between the Mosque and the Courtyard ...................................................................................... 137 Figure 7.17 The New Market .............................................................................................................................................. 137 Figure 7.18 Renovated Houses ........................................................................................................................................... 138 Figure 7.19 The Boulevard ................................................................................................................................................. 138 Figure 7.20 Narrow Allies .................................................................................................................................................. 139 Figure 7.21 Parking Entrance.............................................................................................................................................. 139 Figure 7.22 The Gate .......................................................................................................................................................... 140

List of Tables Table 1.1 Wars In Iraq Throughout the Years ...................................................................................................................... 20 Table 2.1 Wars In Iraq .......................................................................................................................................................... 45 Table 4.1 Before and After Pictures of the site ..................................................................................................................... 83 Table 5.1 Sustainability....................................................................................................................................................... 108

12

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

13

1. Proposal 1.1. Preface 1.1.1. About Iraq the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds; others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, and Kawliya.

Around 95% of the country's 37 million citizens are Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish. [1] 1.1.2. Historical Brief The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, historically known as Mesopotamia, is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation. It was here that mankind first began to read, write, create laws, and live in cities under an organised government—notably Uruk, from which "Iraq" is derived. The area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC. Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, and Babylonian empires. It was also part of the Median, Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, Ayyubid, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires. [2] Most Famous Architectural Buildings and Monuments in Iraq throughout history:

Figure 1.1 The Great Ziggurat of Ur near Nasiriyah.

Figure 1.3 Ishtar Gate at Babylon, Pergamon Museum, Berlin

Figure 1.2 Facade of Temple at Hatra

Figure 1.4 An Assyrian lamassu

14

Figure 1.5 Minaret at the Great Mosque of Samarra

Figure 1.6 Al-Hadba Minaret

15

1.2. Introduction As Architects, our mission is to build civilizations as well as restore and maintain those ancient buildings that got ruined throughout the years due to time or man’s war.

Mosul is Iraq's second most populous city. It fell to 800–1,500 ISIL militants in June 2014. The original population of 2.5 million has fallen to approximately 1.5 million after two years of ISIL rule. The city was once extremely diverse, with ethnic minorities including Armenians, Yazidis, Assyrian, Turkmen, and Shabak people, all of whom have suffered and continue to suffer considerably under the Islamic State. [3] The Great Mosque of al-Nuri was a mosque in Mosul, Iraq. It was famous for its leaning minaret, which gave the city its nickname "the hunchback". Tradition holds that the mosque was first built in the late 12th century, although it underwent many renovations over the years. Outlasting various hostile invading forces in its history of 850 years, the mosque was blown up as well as the cylindrical portion of the minaret, which collapsed on 21 June 2017, during the Battle of Mosul. [4]

Project Name: Old Mosul City Center Renovation Location: Iraq, Mosul, Old Mosul City, Grand Nuri Mosque and its surroundings.

Users: 1. Residents of Mosul and all cities of Iraq .

2. Locals from all ethnics visiting the Mosque and the nearby market.

3. Tourists Visiting the old site of Grand Nuri Mosque and Al-Hadbaa Minaret.

4. Interested people about Antiques and Heritage.

Functions: Reconstructing the Grand Nuri Mosque Creating a Monument for Al-Hadbaa Minaret Renovation on the local market by the Mosque Creating a new Antique and Restoration Center nearby the Mosque Renovation of the surrounding residential buildings

16 1.3.

General Overview

1.3.1. Art and Architecture in Iraq Iraq has one of the world's oldest cultural histories. Iraq is where the Ancient Mesopotamian civilizations were, whose legacy went on to influence and shape the civilizations of the Old World. Culturally, Iraq has a very rich heritage. The country is known for its poets and its painters and sculptors are among the best in the Arab world, some of them being world-class. Iraq is known for producing fine handicrafts, including rugs and carpets. The architecture of Iraq is seen in the sprawling metropolis of Baghdad, where the construction is mostly new, with some islands of exquisite old buildings and compounds, and elsewhere in thousands of ancient and modern sites across Iraq Iraq is home to prized art and literature which have always thrived in Iraq. The nation of Iraq produced one of the greatest Arab poets of all time: Abu Al Tayeb Al Mutanbi of the Abbasid Period. Modern-era poetic contributors include Mohammad Mahdi Al Jawahiri, Nazik Al Malaika, BadrShakir Al Sayyab, Jameel Sidqi Al Zahawi, Ma’sroof Al Rusafi and Abdul Wahab Al Bayati.

World renowned Iraqi painters and sculptors include Ismail Fatah Al Turk, Khalid Al Rahal, Mohammed GhaniHikmat and Faeq Hassan. Architectural designers and artists include Rifa'at Al Chaderchi, Mohamed Makiya, Abdel Aziz Al Kassab, Layla Al Attar, Mahmoud Sabri, JawadSaleem, Nuha Al-Radi, Faisal Luaiby, GhassanFaidi, and NazeehaSaleem. This is just a small sample among the abundance of artists and designers from Iraq.

Institutions offering cultural education in Baghdad include the Academy of Music, Institute of Fine Arts and the Music and Ballet school Baghdad. Baghdad also features a number of museums including the National Museum of Iraq – which houses the world's largest and finest collection of artefacts and relics of Ancient Iraqi civilisations; some of which were stolen during the Occupation of Iraq.[5]

1.3.2. Materials in Buildings Throughout Civilizations The materials used to build a Mesopotamian house were similar but not exact as those used today: mud brick, mud plaster and wooden doors, which were all naturally available around the city. [6] Sumerian masonry was usually mortarless although bitumen was sometimes used. Brick styles, which varied greatly over time, are categorized by period. Then the favored design was rounded bricks. [7] Babylonian temples are massive structures of crude brick, while Assyrian architects began to shake themselves free of Babylonian influence, and to use stone as well as brick. [8]

Figure 1.7 Materials Used In Houses Around Iraq

17 1.3.3. War in Iraq Iraq was always found in conflicts and has rarely found peace throughout the years. This is a list of wars that Iraq has been involved in (as they were locally named where applicable).

Conflicts Great Iraqi Revolution

Iraq and allies Iraqi rebels

(1920)

Iraqi Shia Revolts

Iraq

Opponents United Kingdom British Raj

Defeat

Shia tribesmen

Government victory

•

•

(1935–1936)

Anglo-Iraqi War

Results

Iraq Germany Italy

(1941)

United Kingdom British Raj Royalists Transjordan Australia New Zealand

Faysal ibn Husayn installed as King

Uprising quelled

Defeat •

Re-installation of Hashemite royal dynasty and proBritish government

Greece Barzani Revolt

Iraq

Barzani Kurds

•

(1943–1945)

First Arab-Israeli War (1948–1949)

Victory

Egypt Iraq Transjordan Syria

Uprising quelled

Israel Defeat •

Lebanon Saudi Arabia Yemen Holy War Army

Arab League invasion of former Mandator Palestine repelled 1949 Armistice Agreements

ALA Mosul Uprising

Iraq

Arab nationalists

•

(1959)

First Iraqi–Kurdish War

Iraq Syria

KDP

Six-Day War

Egypt

Israel

(1967)

Syria Jordan

(1961–1970)

Government victory

Stalemate •

•

Syria Iraq

Israel

Iraqi-Kurdish Autonomy Agreement

Defeat

Iraq

Egypt

Iraq remains outside the UAR

Israel captured the Gaza Strip, Sinai, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights

Defeat[1] •

Arab invasion of Israeli-held territories

18 October War (1973)

Jordan Algeria

•

Morocco Saudi Arabia Cuba Second Iraqi–Kurdish War (1974–1975)

Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)

repelled, UN ceasefire Agreement on Disengagement and Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty

KDP Iran

Victory (except against Iran

Iraq

Iran

Stalemate

MEK

KDP PUK Badr Brigades

Iraq

DRFLA KDPI Sudan

•

•

Iraq re-established control over Kurdistan

Both Iraq and Iran accepted UNSC Resolution 598

Defeat Kuwait United States United Kingdom

•

Saudi Arabia France Canada

Gulf War

Egypt

(1990–1991)

•

Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber AlAhmad Al-Jaber AlSabah restored Heavy casualties and destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure

Syria

Iraq

Oman UAE Qatar Italy Australia

Iraqi Kurdish Civil War

KDP

(1995–1996)

Iraq

PUK United States

Stalemate

United States United Kingdom

Unclear

Badr Brigades

Government victory

•

KDPI Bombing of Iraq (1998)

Iraq

1999 Shia uprising in Iraq (1999)

Iraq

Dawa

Iraq

United States United Kingdom Australia Poland Peshmerga

Iraq

SCJL

•

•

Iraqi withdrawal from Iraqi Kurdistan

Much Iraqi infrastructure destroyed

Uprising suppressed

Defeat (Phase 1) •

Overthrow of Ba'ath Party government and execution of Saddam Hussein

Government victory (Phase

19

Iraq War (2003–2011)

Iraqi Kurdistan

Naqshbandi Army

2)

MNF–I

Free Iraqi Army

•

• •

United States United Kingdom

•

South Korea

• • •

Italy Poland Australia

•

Georgia

•

Ukraine

•

Netherlands

•

Spain

• •

Romania Bulgaria

•

Denmark

• • •

Thailand Honduras El Salvador

•

Dominican Republic

• •

al-Qaeda ISI Ansar al-Islam

• •

IAI

Re-establishment of democratic elections U.S.-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement Escalation of sectarian insurgency leading to the rise of ISIL and civil war in 2014

Mahdi Army Badr Brigades Kata'ib Hezbollah

Albania Nicaragua

Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Sinjar Alliance NPU CJTF–OIR

Iraqi Civil War (2014–)

• • •

United States Canada United Kingdom

• • •

France Germany Australia

•

Belgium

•

Netherlands

•

Denmark

• •

Turkey Jordan

Naqshbandi Army

•

Morocco

Mujahideen Army

Iran Syria

ISIL Ansar al-Isla

SCJL

Ongoing • •

Iranian intervention in Iraq American-led intervention in Iraq

20 Hezbollah Kirkuk Crisis

Iraq

Iraqi Kurdistan

Ongoing •

(2017–)

Table 1.1 Wars In Iraq Throughout the Years

Iraq retakes disputed territories

21 1.3.2. Mosul 1.3.2.1. About Mosul is Iraq's second most populous city. It fell to 800–1,500 ISIL militants in June 2014. The original population of 2.5 million has fallen to approximately 1.5 million after two years of ISIL rule. The city was once extremely diverse, with ethnic minorities including Armenians, Yazidis, Assyrian, Turkmen, and Shabak people, all of whom have suffered and continue to suffer considerably under the Islamic State. [3]

Figure 1.8 Overview of Mosul City

1.3.2.2. The Battle of Mosul The Battle of Mosul (2016–17) was a major military campaign launched by the Iraqi Government forces with allied militias, the Kurdistan Regional Government, and international forces to retake the city of Mosul from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), which had seized the city in June 2014. During the military intervention against ISIL, Iraqi and Peshmerga forces had already made unsuccessful attempts to retake the city in 2015 and again in 2016, despite limited gains. [9]

Figure 1.9 Battle of Mosul

22 1.3.2.3. Old Mosul City vs New City

There is a clear difference between the old city and the new city, as the old city has an organic grid and the streets seem t o be as a maze. While the new city has more of an organized clear grid.

Figure 1.10 Comparison of New and Old City Grid

Figure 1.11 New City Grid

Figure 1.12 Old New City

23 1.3.2.4. Historical and Religious Buildings in Mosul Mosul is rich in old historical places and ancient buildings: mosques, castles, churches, monasteries, and schools, many of which have architectural features and decorative work of significance. The town center is dominated by a maze of streets and attractive 19thcentury houses. There are old houses here of beauty. The markets are particularly interesting not simply for themselves alone but for the mixture of people who jostle there: Arabs, Kurds, Assyrians, Iraqi Jews, Kurdish Jews, Iraqi Turkmens, Armenians, Yazidi, Mandeans, Romani and Shabaks.

-The Umayyad Mosque: It was built in 640 AD by Utba bin Farqad Al-Salami after he captured Mosul during the reign of Caliph Umar ibn Al-Khattab. It was largely destroyed during the Battle of Mosul.

-The Great Mosque at Nur al-Din: The Great Mosque was originally built under Nur al-Din al-Zangi, who occupied Mosul in 1170 next to the Umayyad Mosque. It may have been a development of a previous Mosque. All that remains from this complex are the minaret, two mihrabs, an inscribed marble slab, and some stucco decoration. The elaborate (55 m) brick minaret that leans like the Tower of Pisa is called Al-Hadba (The Humped). The Great Mosque was built by Nuriddin Zanki in 1172 AD Ibn Battuta (the great Moroccan traveller) found a marble fountain there and a mihrab (the niche that indicates the direction of Mecca) with a Kufic inscription. The Great Mosque was destroyed June 21, 2017, in what Iraqi forces claim to be by Isis militants. [10] -The Mosque of the Prophet Jonah: It was one of the most important mosques in Mosul and one of the few historic mosques in the east side of the city. When built, the mosque replaced an Assyrian Church believed to be the burial place of Jonah and called Jonah's Tomb. Also, Assyrian King Esarhaddon (681-669 BC) previously built a palace on the site.

On July 24, 2014, the building was blown up by the Islamic State, damaging several nearby houses. They stated “the mosque had become a place for apostasy, not prayer.� Although all moveable items had been removed there were still Assyrian reliefs, structures and carvings along the walls.[11] -The Mujahidi Mosque: The Mujahidi Mosque dates back to 12th century AD, and is distinguished for its beautiful dome and elaborately wrought mihrab.

-The Mosque of Jerjis (Saint George): The Mosque of Jerjis is believed by Muslims to be the burial place of Jerjis (known in Christianity as Saint George). It was made of marble with beautiful reliefs and was last renovated in 1393. On July 27, 2014, the Jerjis Mosque was destroyed by Islamic State. [12] -Mashad Yahya Abul Kassem: On the right bank of the Tigris, it is known for its conical dome, decorative brickwork and calligraphy engraved in Mosul blue marble, 13th century. On July 23, 2014, the Mashad Yahya Abul Kassem shrine was destroyed by Islamic State. [13] -Qara Serai (The Black Palace): Qara Serai are the remnants of the 13th-century palace of Sultan Badruddin Lu'lu'. It was the court of the ruler of Mosul at the time of Uthmaneets.

-Prophet Seth Shrine: A shrine to Seth existed in the city but was destroyed on July 26, 2014 by Islamic State. [14] -Prophet Daniel Shrine: A Tomb attributed to the Prophet Daniel was destroyed in July 2014 by Islamic State.[15] -Hamou Qado Mosque: An Ottoman-era mosque in Mosul's central square and dating from 1881 was destroyed by Islamic State, because it contained a tomb that was visited every Thursday and Friday by local Muslims. [16] -Church of Shamoun Al-Safa:

24 The oldest church in Mosul, Shamoun Al-Safa (St. Peter), dates from the 9th century and is very difficult to find. It has a deep underground courtyard and a cemetery between high walls containing some ornate tombstones of Maslawi merchants. Previously, it bore the name of the two Apostles, Peter and Paul. It is considered a very important church due to its archeological value.

-St. George's Monastery Located in the north of Mosul, St. George's Monastery (Mar Gurguis) was named after St. George. Most probably it was built late in the 17th century. When a modern church was built over the old one in 1931, much of its archeological significance was lost. The only monuments left are a marble door-frame decorated with a carved Estrangelo (Syriac) inscription and two niches which date back to the 13th or 14th century. The church was completely destroyed on 2014 by ISIS militants.

- Bash Tapia Castle: is a ruined 12th-century castle located on the western bank of the Tigris river, forming part of the city wall of Mosul, Iraq. It was partially destroyed by (ISIL) in April 2015.

- Mosul Museum: This museum is located in Iraq's second largest city, Mosul. The museum is home to treasures (most notably depictions of Mosul life in tableau form) from the ancient sites of the old Assyrian capital cities Nineveh and Nimrud. Many of Mosul’s treasures, from giant sphinxlike statues to cuneiform tablets are trappings of the Assyrian Empire. The Mosul Museum contains many interesting finds from the ancient sites of the old Assyrian capital cities Nineveh and Nimrud. The Mosul Museum is a beautiful old building, around a courtyard and with an impressive facade of Mosul marble containing displays of Mosul life depicted in tableau form. Recently, On February 26, 2015, IS militants destroyed the ancient Assyrian artifacts of the museum. [5]

Figure 1.13 An Iraqi man walks past a destroyed tomb of the Prophet Jonah (Nabi Younes) in the eastern side of Mosul, Iraq March 9, 2017.

25 1.3.2.5. Destructed Monuments in Mosul

Figure 1.14 Destructed Monuments in Mosul [17] Destroyed Christian Monuments C14: al-Tahra Syriac Ortodox Church (alTahra al-Fawqaniyya)

I18: Mosque and tomb of al-Shaykh Fathi (building 1 and building 2)

I55: Shrine of al-Imam Zayd ibn ‛Ali

I19: Mosque of Abu al-‛Ala

I57: Mosque/Shrine of Shah Zanan (called Umm al-Tis‛a) and adjacent cemetery

C23: St. George (Mar Kurkis) Monastery

I21: Mosque and shrine of al-Nabi Daniyal

I58: Madrasa of the ‛Abdal Mosque

Destroyed Islamic Monuments

I22: Tomb of Shaykh al-Shatt

I61: Tomb of Shaykh Mansur

I04 - Shrine of al-Imam Yahya ibn alQasim

I28: Shrine of ‛Ali al-Asghar (Ibn alHanafiyya)

I62: Abu al-Hawawin Shrine

I05 - Shrine of al-Imam ‛Awn al-Din (known as Ibn al-Hasan)

I29: Mosque (and shrine) of al-Sultan Uways with cemetery

I64: Mosque of al-Sab´awi

I06: Mosque of al-Khidr (alternatively alJami‛ al-Ahmar, al-Jami‛ al-Mujahidi)

I34: Shrine of al-Imam ‛Abd al-Rahman

I65: Unknown Structure I67: Shaykh Rashid Lolan

I07: Mosque of al-Nabi Yunus

I35: Mosque and shrine of al-Imam alBahir

I08: Mosque of al-Nabi Jirjis

I36: Shrine of al-Imam ‛Ali al-Hadi

I10: Mosque and tomb of Qadib al-Ban alMawsili

I37: Mosque and tomb of al-Imam Muhsin

I11: Mosque of Hamu al-Qadu I12: Mosque of al-Nabi Shith I14: Mosque and Husayniyya (Rawdat alWadi?) in the al-Faysaliyya Neighbourhood

I44: Shrine and cemetery of ‛Isa Dadah I47: Mosque of ‛Ajil al-Yawur I48 - Mosque and madrasa of al-Ridwani I50: Hammam al-Saray Mosque, tomb of al-Shaykh Yunus, and Shrine of al-Sitt Nafisa

I15: Tomb of Ibn al-Athir (Qabr al-Bint), d. 640/1242-43

I51: Mosque of al-Abariqi

I16: Masjid of al-Imam Ibrahim

I54: Mosque of al-‛Abbas

I63: Mosque/Shrine of Awlad al-Hasan

I68: Shrine of al-Imamayn Hamid wa Mahmud? (adjacent to Mosque of alMahmudin/al-Hamidin) I69 - Hammam al-´Umariya

I70 – Jami´ al-Shahidin I71 – Mosque of Mahmud ´Abd alJalil al-Khidri

26 1.3.3. The Great Mosque of al-Nuri 1.3.3.1. About The Great Mosque of al-Nuri was a mosque in Mosul, Iraq. It was famous for its leaning minaret, which gave the city its nickname "the hunchback" (‫ الحدباء‬al-Ḥadbāˈ). Tradition holds that the mosque was first built in the late 12th century, although it underwent many renovations over the years. Outlasting various hostile invading forces in its history of 850 years, the mosque was blown up as well as the cylindrical portion of the minaret, which collapsed on 21 June 2017, during the Battle of Mosul.

1.3.3.2. History Tradition holds that Nur ad-Din Zangi, a Turkoman atabeg of the Great Seljuk Empire and sultan of its Syrian province, built the mosque in 1172–1173, shortly before his death. When the cylindrical minaret was built it stood 55 metres high, with seven bands of decorative brickwork in complex geometric patterns ascending in levels towards the top.

1.3.3.3. Renovation Throughout the Years In 1511, the mosque was extensively renovated by the Safavid Empire.

Both the mosque and its madrasa were dismantled and reassembled in 1942 in a restoration programm undertaken by the Iraqi government. The minaret remained unrestored, although attempts were made in 1981 by an Italian firm to stabilize it. The bombing of Mosul during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s broke underground pipes and caused leaks under the minaret that further undermined it.

The lean later worsened by another 40 centimeters.

1.3.3.4. Cause of Lean Tales The cause of the lean was disputed – some have blamed the prevailing wind – but local officials have attributed it to the effects of thermal expansion caused by the heat of the sun, causing bricks on the sun-facing side to expand and progressively tilt the minaret. In recent years cracks proliferated along the base of the minaret, which leant nearly 3 meters off vertical. It was listed by the World Monuments Fund as a site of concern due to the ongoing risk of collapse.

1.3.3.5. Destruction The structure was targeted by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant militants who occupied Mosul on 10 June 2014, and previously destroyed the Tomb of Jonah. However, residents of Mosul, incensed with the destruction of their cultural sites, protected the mosque by forming a human chain and forming a resistance against ISIL.

By June 2017, the Battle of Mosul had progressed to the stage that ISIL-controlled territory in Mosul was limited to the Old City area, which included the mosque. On 21 June 2017, Iraqi government forces reported that the mosque had been blown up by ISIS forces at 9:50 PM and that the blast was indicative of bombs being deliberately placed to bring it down.

.

Figure 1.15 Destruction of Grand Nuri Mosque

Figure 1.16 Destruction of Al-Hadba Minaret

27

Figure 1.17 Base remains of the minaret

Figure 1.18 Minaret remains

Amaq, an information wing of ISIL that often reports news favorable to the terrorist organization, claimed an airstrike by the United States was responsible for the destruction, but this claim was not substantiated by any evidence.

Iraqi forces were within 50 meters of the mosque before the explosion, and finally captured the site a week later on 29 June. Aerial photographs and a video of the destruction were released by the Iraqi military a few hours after the explosion. The video, particularly, clearly showed charges inside the structure exploding.

Figure 1.19 Video proof of the structure exploding Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi stated that the destruction of the mosque was ISIS's "declaration of defeat".BBC News journalist Paul Adams interpreted the mosque's destruction as ISIS's "final act of angry defiance before finally losing their grip on Mosul" 1.3.4. Mosul Destruction and Rehabilitation On 9 July 2017, the Iraqi Prime Minister arrived in Mosul to announce the victory over ISIL, and an official declaration of victory was proclaimed on 10 July. However, heavy clashes continued in the Old City for almost another 2 weeks. It was estimated that removing the explosives from Mosul and repairing the city over the next 5 years would require $50 billion (2017 USD), while Mosul's Old City alone would cost about $1 billion USD to repair. [9]

During the last stages of battle to retake Mosul, per an initial assessment, basic infrastructure repair will cost over 1 billion USD. She stated that while stabilization in east Mosul can be achieved in two months, in some districts of Mosul it might take years, with six out of 44 districts almost completely destroyed. All the districts of Mosul received light or moderate damage. [18]

28

Figure 1.20 Explosions in Mosul Eastern Mosul is already recovering. Things are not perfect, but there is tangible, very visible progress. Schools and businesses are open, and nearly the entire population has returned to their neig hborhoods. The United Nations Development Programme’s Funding Facility for Stabilization, which focuses on immediate and expanded stabilization, has been active for months in eastern Mosul, and 230 projects are underway. Local contractors are repairing the electricity, water and sewage grids; and thousands of pe ople are being employed on public schemes, upgrading infrastructure and restoring public facilities. [19] Per the United Nations, 15 districts out of the 54 residential districts in the western half of Mosul were heavily damaged while at least 23 were moderately damaged in the battle. The UN also estimated that more than 5,000 buildings have been damaged and another 490 were destroyed in the Old City alone during the battle. [20] UNDP is already active in the lightly damaged districts: 70 projects have started, and hundreds more are being planned. [13] A Reuters story quoted you as saying that basic repairs will cost more than US$1 billion and probably much more than that for long-term reconstruction. [18] Twenty-three donors have contributed more than $420 million to UNDP’s Funding Facility for Stabilization since 2015. A significant portion of these funds is being spent on stabilization in Mosul. More than 1,100 stabilization projects are completed or being implemented across 23 locations. U.S. [U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has pledged $150 million to help stabilize and rebuild areas retaken from ISIL, raising America’s total commitment to stabilization in Iraq to $265.3 million since 2015. According to the American Schools of Oriental Research, IS damaged 15 religious sites in Mosul, while coalition forces damaged 47, of which 38 were largely destroyed. [19]

29

1.4. Case studies 1.4.1. New German Parliament, Reichstag Architect: Foster + Partners Originally built to house the parliament of the German Empire, the Reichstag was controversial before it even began construction. won by Paul Wallot, that construction finally began in 1884. Wallot’s neoclassical design was subject to many revisions, often at the whim of the three successive Kaisers who reigned before the building was finally completed in 1894.

Figure 1.21 New Reichstag Building

Figure 1.22 Old Reichstag Building

And as World War II came to a close in Europe, the Soviets used the heavily-damaged Reichstag as a setting for propaganda photos re-enacting their capture of the city. Restoration efforts carried on slowly after the war, as the building sat on the front lines of the Cold War, just on the Western side of the Berlin Wall.

Figure 1.23 Soviet Soldiers Graffiti on the Reichstag walls

30 Foster’s winning design did not include a dome, but almost immediately after the competition was concluded, some members of parliament (MPs) began demanding a reconstruction of the original dome. In fact, it is that contentious dome–or cupola–that most fully captures Foster’s ideals for the project. The cupola is the most publicly accessible portion of the building; it provides a visual connection to the work in the parliamentary chamber below, it is a functional component of the building’s sustainability strategy, and, despite Foster’s initial hesitation, it serves as a reference to the history of the building. The cupola is also the most obvious demonstration of Foster’s intervention in the historic building. Although it is a nod to the building’s history, the form is entirely new.

Figure 1.24 The Cupola

Figure 1.25 The Cupola Interior

Foster was also intent on preserving remnants of the many layers of history in the building, most notably the cyrillic graffiti Soviet soldiers scribbled on the stone walls at the end of World War II. And Foster frequently notes the important symbolism of the public and the politicians entering the building through the same entrance, under the classical pediment inscribed, “To the German People.”

Figure 1.26 Soviet Soliders Grafiti on Current Reichstag walls

31 1.4.2. Nelson Mandela Monument Architect: Marco Cianfanelli South African artist Marco Cianfanelli has constructed a monument to recognize the 50 year anniversary of peace activist and politician Nelson Mandela’s capture by the apartheid police in 1962. Mandela’s profile spans 50 steel columns measuring (6.5 and 9 meters) high, each anchored to the concrete-covered ground. the shape and form of the sculpture are representative of the leader’s 27 years behind bars for his efforts to bring equal rights and governmental representation to the once racially divided nation. the statue of the Nobel prize winner has been erected in Howick, a town located 56 miles (90 kilometers) south from the city of Durban in the countryside of the southernmost African country.

Figure 1.27 Nelson Mandela Monument work, as seen from a distance cianfanelli says of his work ‘this represents the momentum gained in the struggle through the symbolic of mandela’s capture. the 50 columns represent the 50 years since his capture, but they also suggest the idea of many making the whole; of solidarity. it points to an irony as the political act of mandela’s incarceration cemented his status as an icon of struggle, which helped ferment the groundswell of resistance, solidarity and uprising, bringing about political change and democracy.‘

32

Figure 1.28 the raw metal components laid out after cutting, before painting and installment

Figure 1.30 the raw metal components laid out after cutting, before painting and installment

Figure 1.29 building of the artwork images via visual news

Figure 1.31 detailed perspective of the uneven edges of one of the piece’s 50 columns

33 1.4.3. 9/11 Memorial Memorial and Monumental Architects: Michael Arad and Peter Walker Two memorial fountains at the World Trade Centre site in New York that occupy the exact footprints of the twin towers, which were destroyed in 2001.

Figure 1.32 World Trade Center Monument-Plan

Figure 1.33 World Trade Center Monument-Perspective

Each waterfall will plunge 30 feet into a square basin then another 30 feet through a smaller hole in the middle, with the names of victims inscribed onto bronze plaques around the perimeter. The fountains are set in a paved plaza that's planted with 415 trees, all identical in size, beneath which a memorial museum is under construction.

Figure 1.34 Visitors of the monumental fountains

Figure 1.35 Monumental Fountains

34 1.4.4. Cologne Cathedral Connection with the river Architects: Master Gerhard, Arnold Wolff, Nikolaus van Bueren, Barbra Schovk Warner, Willy Weyres, Friedrich Adolf Ahlert, Earnest Friedrich Zwirner, Richard Voigtel.

Figure 1.36 Cologne Cathedral is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Cologne, Germany. It is a renowned monument of German Catholicism and Gothic architecture and was declared a World Heritage Site in 1996. It is Germany's most visited landmark, attracting an average of 20,000 people a day, and currently the tallest twin-spired church at 157 m.

Figure 1.37 Cologne Cathedral's Connection with the River

35

1.5. Site Proposal 1.5.1. Location

Iraq

Old City Of Mosul

Mosul

Al-Sarjikhana Districrt

Right Bank of Tigris

The Great Mosque of Al-Nuri

Figure 1.38 Location

Figure 1.39 The Great Mosque of Al-Nuri, Minaret Al-Hadba, The old Souq and residential buildings

36 1.5.2. Dimensions and Total Area

61 m

42 m

39 m

54 m

104 m

89 m

122 m

Figure 1.40 Site Borders and Dimensions

Total Area = 15735 m2

37

1.5.3. Landmarks

13 3

4

2 5 1

8

10

7

9 11 1

6

12 1

Figure 1.41 Site Landmarks 1. The Great Mosque of Al-Nuri 2. Al-Hadba Minaret 3. Tigris River 4. The 5th Bridge 5. Al-Basha Mosque 6. Sahat Bab Al-Tob 7. Al-Qataneen Mosque 8. Nimrud 9. Latin Church 10. Mar Thoma Church 11. Al-Khazraj Mosque 12. Mar Jorjis Church 13. Hayy An Nabijarjis Mosque

38

1.6. Vision of the project ‫قال أبو الحزم المكي أبن ريان الماكسيني الموصلي المتوفى‬ ‫وقد اضـحـت لـي الحـدبـاء دارا‬

‫وأهـل مودتـي يلــوى العـقيــق‬

‫أرض يحـن إليـها مــن يفارقهـا‬

‫ويحمد العيـش فيها مـن يدانيها‬

The main war destruction in Mosul was in The Old City and it mainly targeted mosques and religious sites, and the most important mosque of them all was The Great Mosque of Al-Nuri and it’s famous Minaret Al-Hadba which was the landmark of the city, and the city was called Mosul Al-Hadba afer it.

Therefore, by reconstructing the famous mosque, the life will pound again into the city and locals will visit again as they used to. And by leaving the base of the minaret as it is, destructed, it will show locals and tourists the result of war amongst humans and architecture. And by creating a monument of it, not reconstructing, the Hadba will rise up again but in a different way, lighting up the city center and remaining the most important landmark.

Also, creating an Antique Restoration Center in one of the most targeted and destructed districts in Iraq will maintain what’s left of the antiques ruins and uniting all ethnics together against the enemy who caused all the damage. And it will be teaching all young forces this profession for years to come.

And finally, the Old Souq nearby the mosque will be where the locals trade their goods and exchange knowledge and culture.

My project will be the reconstruction core not only to The Old City, but to Mosul in general.

39

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

40

2. Literature Review

2.1. Art and Architecture in Iraq Iraq has one of the world's oldest cultural histories. Iraq is where the Ancient Mesopotamian civilizations were, whose legacy went on to influence and shape the civilizations of the Old World. Culturally, Iraq has a very rich heritage. The country is known for its poets and its painters and sculptors are among the best in the Arab world, some of them being world-class. Iraq is known for producing fine handicrafts, including rugs and carpets. The architecture of Iraq is seen in the sprawling metropolis of Baghdad, where the construction is mostly new, with some islands of exquisite old buildings and compounds, and elsewhere in thousands of ancient and modern sites across Iraq.

Iraq is home to prized art and literature which have always thrived in Iraq. The nation of Iraq produced one of the greatest Arab poets of all time: Abu Al Tayeb Al Mutanbi of the Abbasid Period. Modern-era poetic contributors include Mohammad Mahdi Al Jawahiri, Nazik Al Malaika, BadrShakir Al Sayyab, Jameel Sidqi Al Zahawi, Ma’sroof Al Rusafi and Abdul Wahab Al Bayati.

World renowned Iraqi painters and sculptors include Ismail Fatah Al Turk, Khalid Al Rahal, Mohammed GhaniHikmat and Faeq Hassan. Architectural designers and artists include Rifa'at Al Chaderchi, Mohamed Makiya, Abdel Aziz Al Kassab, Layla Al Attar, Mahmoud Sabri, JawadSaleem, Nuha Al-Radi, Faisal Luaiby, GhassanFaidi, and NazeehaSaleem. This is just a small sample among the abundance of artists and designers from Iraq.

Institutions offering cultural education in Baghdad include the Academy of Music, Institute of Fine Arts and the Music and Ballet school Baghdad. Baghdad also features a number of museums including the National Museum of Iraq – which houses the world's largest and finest collection of artefacts and relics of Ancient Iraqi civilisations; some of which were stolen during the Occupation of Iraq.[5]

2.2. Architecture throughout civilizations Iraq was home to both ancient Mesopotamia (truly a region rather than an empire) and Babylon, however these rulers are from such a historic period few buildings remain from their rules. Despite this, there are a number of buildings that represent Iraq's incredible history and the Babylonians have left a few structures behind, although some of their highlights have been removed to European museums.

The first great architectural movement in Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) is the Sumerian period. This time, from about the 30002000s BC nothing remains except one building, a temple in Abu Shahrayn, which was built at the time and has ever since been updated and remodeled to maintain its original structure; what is seen today is not 5000 years old, but is the only modern representation from this time period that is fairly authentic to the original.

During this early time period (4000s BC to 300s BC) the city of Ur grew and prospered. Today this city is an incredible archeological site with numerous buildings still standing, although the city's true highlight, the treasures have been removed, most of which are now in the British Museum in London.

The next significant period is the Assyrian period, which began in about 1000 BC. Most of the structures from this time are only ruins, or more likely just the foundations of former buildings and cities. Among the best of these are the cities of Nimrud and Nineveh.

Nineveh is an impressive archeological site today. However, the Assyrian period led to the neo-Babylon period as the Babylonian Empire arose in the 600s BC. The Babylonians in the 600s and 500s BC built extensively and a few of these structures remain today, most of which is in their capital city of Babylon. Among the ruins from the city are the famed Ishtar Gate (although its ornamentation has been removed to the Pergamum Museum in Berlin, Germany); today the sight consists primarily of unimpressive ruins and reconstructions from the time.

From the fall of the Babylonians until the rise of Islam in the 600s AD there were few great architectural achievements in Iraq.

However the introduction of Islam vastly altered this as the first of the Islamic rulers in the region were the Umayyads based in nearby Damascus. This influence continued under the Abbasid rulers, who were centered in modern day Iraq.

The largest changes in the architecture of the Abbasid rulers in Iraq was little more than the structures being built. This began with mosques and later religious educational centers. Among the earliest time period, no structures remain today. However, it was these

41 early rulers that are responsible for the structure and design of most modern day mosques; they continued to develop mosques in a "hypostyle," which essentially is a large open space inside with a roof resting on columns that could be expanded easily with the building of more columns and extending the roof.

During this same time, numerous palaces were built and one, the palace at Kufah (late 600s), still stands today. This building, which was a palace and center of the government, became a model of later palaces in the country and region as a whole. Large palace cities were also built during this time as the palace centered the city, which expanded to city walls, then continued outward. This design, although none existant today, can been read about in The Thousand and One Arabian Nights or can be seen in numerous Hollywood films. Baghdad was built on this model, although little from this time period (originally built in the 700s) remains today.

Among the best architecture from the Abbasid rulers that still stands today, is the city of Samarra (which was the capital for a short while, beginning in 836). This city boasts in large number of monuments, including the famed Minaret of, and the Great Mosque itself (850).

From the initial introduction of Islam to the 1100s, later in some areas, architecture changed a little. This ended with the Seljuk rulers.

The Seljuks built primarily of stone as ornamental tile work became more common. Most of the buildings from this time reflect that of modern day Turkey as they shared the same rulers and maintained similar styles.

The region fell into a long period of relative decline as ruler after rule tried to take the region; this led to prolonged instability and few new monuments structures being built from the 1300s to the 1900s.

In the 1900s, Iraq has received modern buildings, which are much easier to build due to the materials and machines created by the Industrial Revolution, including concrete, steel, and cranes. There are numerous modern buildings in the country, most particularly in the capital city of Baghdad The materials used to build a Mesopotamian house were similar but not exact as those used today: mud brick, mud plaster and wooden doors, which were all naturally available around the city. Sumerian masonry was usually mortarless although bitumen was sometimes used. Brick styles, which varied greatly over time, are categorized by period. Then the favored design was rounded bricks. Babylonian temples are massive structures of crude brick, while Assyrian architects began to shake themselves free of Babylonian influence, and to use stone as well as brick.

Figure 2.1 Materials Used In Houses Around Iraq

42

2.3. War in Iraq Iraq was always found in conflicts and has rarely found peace throughout the years. This is a list of wars that Iraq has been involved in (as they were locally named where applicable).

Conflicts Great Iraqi Revolution

Iraq and allies Iraqi rebels

(1920)

Iraqi Shia Revolts

Iraq

Opponents United Kingdom British Raj

Defeat

Shia tribesmen

Government victory

•

•

(1935–1936)

Anglo-Iraqi War

Results

Iraq Germany Italy

(1941)

United Kingdom British Raj Royalists Transjordan Australia New Zealand

Faysal ibn Husayn installed as King

Uprising quelled

Defeat •

Re-installation of Hashemite royal dynasty and proBritish government

Greece Barzani Revolt

Iraq

Barzani Kurds

•

(1943–1945)

First Arab-Israeli War (1948–1949)

Victory

Egypt Iraq Transjordan Syria

Uprising quelled

Israel Defeat •

Lebanon Saudi Arabia Yemen Holy War Army

Arab League invasion of former Mandator Palestine repelled 1949 Armistice Agreements

ALA Mosul Uprising

Iraq

Arab nationalists

•

(1959)

First Iraqi–Kurdish War

Iraq Syria

KDP

Six-Day War

Egypt

Israel

(1967)

Syria Jordan

(1961–1970)

Government victory

Stalemate •

•

Syria

Israel

Iraqi-Kurdish Autonomy Agreement

Defeat

Iraq

Egypt

Iraq remains outside the UAR

Defeat[1]

Israel captured the Gaza Strip, Sinai, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights

43

October War

•

Iraq Jordan Algeria

(1973)

Morocco

•

Saudi Arabia Cuba

Second Iraqi–Kurdish War (1974–1975)

Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)

Arab invasion of Israeli-held territories repelled, UN ceasefire Agreement on Disengagement and Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty

KDP Iran

Victory (except against Iran

Iraq

Iran

Stalemate

MEK

KDP PUK Badr Brigades

Iraq

DRFLA KDPI Sudan

•

•

Iraq re-established control over Kurdistan

Both Iraq and Iran accepted UNSC Resolution 598

Defeat Kuwait United States United Kingdom

•

Saudi Arabia France Canada

Gulf War

Egypt

(1990–1991)

•

Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber AlAhmad Al-Jaber AlSabah restored Heavy casualties and destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure

Syria

Iraq

Oman UAE Qatar Italy Australia

Iraqi Kurdish Civil War

KDP

(1995–1996)

Iraq

PUK United States

Stalemate

United States United Kingdom

Unclear

Badr Brigades

Government victory

•

KDPI Bombing of Iraq (1998)

Iraq

1999 Shia uprising in Iraq (1999)

Iraq

Dawa

Iraq

United States United Kingdom Australia Poland

•

•

Iraqi withdrawal from Iraqi Kurdistan

Much Iraqi infrastructure destroyed

Uprising suppressed

Defeat (Phase 1) •

Overthrow of Ba'ath Party government and execution of

44 Saddam Hussein

Peshmerga

Iraq War (2003–2011)

Iraq

SCJL

Iraqi Kurdistan

Naqshbandi Army

MNF–I

Free Iraqi Army

• •

United States United Kingdom

•

South Korea

• • •

Italy Poland Australia

•

Georgia

•

Ukraine

•

Netherlands

•

Spain

• •

Romania Bulgaria

•

Denmark

• • •

Thailand Honduras El Salvador

•

Dominican Republic

• •

Government victory (Phase 2) • •

al-Qaeda ISI Ansar al-Islam

•

IAI

Re-establishment of democratic elections U.S.-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement Escalation of sectarian insurgency leading to the rise of ISIL and civil war in 2014

Mahdi Army Badr Brigades Kata'ib Hezbollah

Albania Nicaragua

Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Sinjar Alliance NPU CJTF–OIR

Iraqi Civil War (2014–)

• • •

United States Canada United Kingdom

• • •

France Germany Australia

•

Belgium

•

Netherlands

•

Denmark

• •

Turkey Jordan

Naqshbandi Army

•

Morocco

Mujahideen Army

ISIL Ansar al-Isla

SCJL

Ongoing • •

Iranian intervention in Iraq American-led

45 intervention in Iraq

Iran Syria Hezbollah Kirkuk Crisis

Iraq

Iraqi Kurdistan

Ongoing •

(2017–)

Table 2.1 Wars In Iraq

Iraq retakes disputed territories

46

2.4. Mosul 2.4.1.About Mosul is Iraq's second most populous city. It fell to 800–1,500 ISIL militants in June 2014. The original population of 2.5 million has fallen to approximately 1.5 million after two years of ISIL rule. The city was once extremely diverse, with ethnic minorities including Armenians, Yazidis, Assyrian, Turkmen, and Shabak people, all of whom have suffered and continue to suffer considerably under the Islamic State.

Figure 2.2.2 Overview of Mosul City

2.4.2. Historical and Religious Buildings in Mosul Mosul is rich in old historical places and ancient buildings: mosques, castles, churches, monasteries, and schools, many of which have architectural features and decorative work of significance. The town center is dominated by a maze of streets and attractive 19thcentury houses. There are old houses here of beauty. The markets are particularly interesting not simply for themselves alone but for the mixture of people who jostle there: Arabs, Kurds, Assyrians, Iraqi Jews, Kurdish Jews, Iraqi Turkmens, Armenians, Yazidi, Mandeans, Romani and Shabaks.

1. The Umayyad Mosque: It was built in 640 AD by Utba bin Farqad Al-Salami after he captured Mosul during the reign of Caliph Umar ibn Al-Khattab. It was largely destroyed during the Battle of Mosul.

2. The Great Mosque at Nur al-Din: The Great Mosque was originally built under Nur al-Din al-Zangi, who occupied Mosul in 1170 next to the Umayyad Mosque. It may have been a development of a previous Mosque. All that remains from this complex are the minaret, two mihrabs, an inscribed marble slab, and some stucco decoration. The elaborate (55 m) brick minaret that leans like the Tower of Pisa is called Al-Hadba (The Humped). The Great Mosque was built by Nuriddin Zanki in 1172 AD Ibn Battuta (the great Moroccan traveller) found a marble fountain there and a mihrab (the niche that indicates the direction of Mecca) with a Kufic inscription. The Great Mosque was destroyed June 21, 2017, in what Iraqi forces claim to be by Isis militants.

3. The Mosque of the Prophet Jonah: It was one of the most important mosques in Mosul and one of the few historic mosques in the east side of the city. When built, the mosque replaced an Assyrian Church believed to be the burial place of Jonah and called Jonah's Tomb. Also, Assyrian King Esarhaddon (681-669 BC) previously built a palace on the site.

On July 24, 2014, the building was blown up by the Islamic State, damaging several nearby houses. They stated “the mosque had become a place for apostasy, not prayer.” Although all moveable items had been removed there were still Assyrian reliefs, structures and carvings along the walls.

4. The Mujahidi Mosque: The Mujahidi Mosque dates back to 12th century AD, and is distinguished for its beautiful dome and elaborately wrought mihrab.

5. The Mosque of Jerjis (Saint George):

47 The Mosque of Jerjis is believed by Muslims to be the burial place of Jerjis (known in Christianity as Saint George). It was made of marble with beautiful reliefs and was last renovated in 1393. On July 27, 2014, the Jerjis Mosque was destroyed by Islamic State.

6. Mashad Yahya Abul Kassem: On the right bank of the Tigris, it is known for its conical dome, decorative brickwork and calligraphy engraved in Mosul blue marble, 13th century. On July 23, 2014, the Mashad Yahya Abul Kassem shrine was destroyed by Islamic State.

7. Qara Serai (The Black Palace): Qara Serai are the remnants of the 13th-century palace of Sultan Badruddin Lu'lu'. It was the court of the ruler of Mosul at the time of Uthmaneets.

8. Prophet Seth Shrine: A shrine to Seth existed in the city but was destroyed on July 26, 2014 by Islamic State.

9. Prophet Daniel Shrine: A Tomb attributed to the Prophet Daniel was destroyed in July 2014 by Islamic State.

10. Hamou Qado Mosque: An Ottoman-era mosque in Mosul's central square and dating from 1881 was destroyed by Islamic State, because it contained a tomb that was visited every Thursday and Friday by local Muslims.

11. Church of Shamoun Al-Safa: The oldest church in Mosul, Shamoun Al-Safa (St. Peter), dates from the 9th century and is very difficult to find. It has a deep underground courtyard and a cemetery between high walls containing some ornate tombstones of Maslawi merchants. Previously, it bore the name of the two Apostles, Peter and Paul. It is considered a very important church due to its archeological value.

12. St. George's Monastery Located in the north of Mosul, St. George's Monastery (Mar Gurguis) was named after St. George. Most probably it was built late in the 17th century. When a modern church was built over the old one in 1931, much of its archeological significance was lost. The only monuments left are a marble door-frame decorated with a carved Estrangelo (Syriac) inscription and two niches which date back to the 13th or 14th century. The church was completely destroyed on 2014 by ISIS militants.

13. Bash Tapia Castle: is a ruined 12th-century castle located on the western bank of the Tigris river, forming part of the city wall of Mosul, Iraq. It was partially destroyed by (ISIL) in April 2015.

14. Mosul Museum: This museum is located in Iraq's second largest city, Mosul. The museum is home to treasures (most notably depictions of Mosul life in tableau form) from the ancient sites of the old Assyrian capital cities Nineveh and Nimrud. Many of Mosul’s treasures, from giant sphinxlike statues to cuneiform tablets are trappings of the Assyrian Empire. The Mosul Museum contains many interesting finds from the ancient sites of the old Assyrian capital cities Nineveh and Nimrud. The Mosul Museum is a beautiful old building, around a courtyard and with an impressive facade of Mosul marble containing displays of Mosul life depicted in tableau form. Recently, On February 26, 2015, IS militants destroyed the ancient Assyrian artifacts of the museum.

48

Figure 2.3 Nabi Yunis mosque, pre-2014

Figure 2.4 Nabi Yunis mosque few days after its destruction 2014.

Figure 2.5 An Iraqi man walks past a destroyed tomb of the Prophet Jonah (Nabi Younes) in the eastern side of Mosul, Iraq March 9, 2017.

Figure 2.6 People inspecting the destroyed Mosque of the Prophet Jirjis (Saint George), located to the north of the city

Figure 2.7 Destruction of shrines in Hamdaniyah area, March 2015

2.4.3.OldMosul City vs New City There is a clear difference between the old city and the new city, as the old city has an organic grid and th e streets seem to be as a maze. While the new city has more of an organized clear grid.

49 2.4.4.The Battle of Mosul The Battle of Mosul (2016–17) was a major military campaign launched by the Iraqi Government forces with allied militias, the Kurdistan Regional Government, and international forces to retake the city of Mosul from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), which had seized the city in June 2014. During the military intervention against ISIL, Iraqi and Peshmerga forces had already made unsuccessful attempts to retake the city in 2015 and again in 2016, despite limited gains.

2.4.4.1. Destruction in Mosul “In a worst case, the military campaign to retake the city, the second largest in Iraq, will result in one of the world’s largest and most complex humanitarian operations. Stabilization of the city after liberation will be an equally, if not greater undertaking, requiring specialized engagement in all urban sectors including water, sewage, housing, electricity, commerce, transport, security, education and health.”

On 9 July 2017, the Iraqi Prime Minister arrived in Mosul to announce the victory over ISIL, and an official declaration of victory was proclaimed on 10 July. However, heavy clashes continued in the Old City for almost another 2 weeks. It was estimated that removing the explosives from Mosul and repairing the city over the next 5 years would require $50 billion (2017 USD), while Mosul's Old City alone would cost about $1 billion USD to repair.

Figure 2.8 Destruction in Mosul's Old City

2.4.4.2. ISIL Destruction Effects Years of insecurity and ethnic and religious conflict have reshaped Mosul’s demographics, and vastly affected the functionality of its local administration, public institutions and economic establishments. In the decade that followed the fall of the previous regime, armed groups dominated the city and deprived it of a large part of its revenue. Rampant corruption exacerbated the problem and contributed to the take-over of the city’s resources. The fall of the city to ISIL dramatically worsened the situation; its economy almost completely collapsed, its infrastructure and services declined, its public institutions were devastated, and its history and cultural heritage tragically effaced. The city’s minority groups, and many others, were forcefully moved and displaced, and their abandoned properties were confiscated by ISIL. Most of those who remained in the city live in abject conditions, with limited access to basic needs and services, including food and water.

50

Figure 2.9 Mosul City before and after destruction This report has analysed the impact of the past years of crisis and the ongoing conflict on the city of Mosul, its population and functionality of the city. It gives a comprehensive picture of the state of the city by looking at twelve aspects of the crisis: demographics, economy, living conditions, urban governance, housing and land for housing, violations and informal settlements, real property, roads and transportation, infrastructure and public utilities, built environment and cultural heritage, health, and education. In what follows, the key findings of each of these aspects of the crisis will be outlined.

A. Demographics • Mosul city has experienced large-scale displacement, especially of its minority groups long before the current wave of displacements inflicted by ISIL. • While accurate statistical data on the city’s ethnoreligious composition is lacking, it is assumed that the city has always comprised of a majority Arab Sunni population (around 80 per cent), followed by Kurds, Christians, Turkomans, Shabak, and Yazidis. After ISIL gained control many of the city’s remaining religious and ethnic minorities fled.

• Most of the incoming IDPs and rural migrants to Mosul city between 2003 and 2014 settled in some of the city’s poorest and least serviced neighbourhoods. According to local residents of Mosul, some of the newcomers were radicalised and joined Al-Qaeda and later supported ISIL in taking over the city in June 2014.

Figure 2.11 Busy market scene street in Mosul city centre, after 2014

Figure 2.10 Al-Adala street in Mosul city centre; showing the new market built under ISIL

51

Figure 2.12 Population displacement and movements in the lead up fall of Mosul and the onset of ISIL occupation B. Economy • Mosul was a prominent commercial centre and its main export products were oil, and agricultural, industrial and mineral products.

• Al-Qaeda and allied groups gained control over the city’s administration and economy years before ISIL came into power.

• After taking control of the city in June 2014, ISIL fighters looted the city’s central bank, crushed enterprises and forcefully collected money from business owners and farmers to finance their campaigns. The city’s economy almost entirely collapsed as a result. Many businesses closed down, and unemployment levels and poverty rates increased.

• Oil fields, refineries, gas factories and fuel stations fell under control of ISIL and ISIL subsequently monopolised oil sales within their territory.

• ISIL took control of agricultural production and equipment loaned by the government to local farmers and from minorities who fled.

They also forced farmers to sell their products at lower rates. The combination of dwindling financial returns and a volatile security situation led many farmers to stop working in the fields.

C. Living conditions • Although Nineveh is among the governorates with highest poverty rates, Mosul city was a prominent commercial centre.

• Since ISIL took control of the city, and crushed the local economy, unemployment levels and poverty rates have increased significantly.

52

Figure 2.13 Mosul Market as published through ISIL websites D. Urban governance • ISIL eradicated the city’s existing socio-cultural order and governance system and created entirely new ones. “The City Constitution”, a 16-article document that ISIL published in June 2014 outlines the principles governing ISIL territories, which severely affected all aspects of social life and city administration and planning.

• ISIL seeks to subjugate civilians under its control and dominate every aspect of their lives through terror, indoctrination, and the provision of services to those who obey. ISIL started to practice different forms of social control on city residents, including through controlling their dress and appearance, restricting their movement and subjugating them through taxes.

• ISIL drastically changed the institutional and operational structures of public administrations.

- A foreigner was appointed as the Head of city, the highest rank of local governance known as “alWali”. His duties are similar to that of a Governor.

- ISIL appointed “Emirs” to oversee the operations of the city’s hospitals, schools, factories etc.

- ISIL changed the mandate of some of the city’s local directorates and forced its so-called ‘sharia’ principles on the way they operate.

• Under ISIL, the service delivery role of Mosul Municipality has been significantly reduced, as the group imposed substantially high taxes and fees on basic services, but failed in the provision of these services and in controlling the prices of basic goods, including food items…

Figure 2.17 ISIL police station

Figure 2.16 Diwan Al-hisba group walking around Mosul market

Figure 2.14 Strict appearance code enforced on women

Figure 2.15 Destruction of cigarettes

53

Figure 2.19 Mosul Urban Planning Directorate, prior to 2014.

Courtesy of a municipal employee

Figure 2.18 Mosul Urban Planning Directorate, after destruction. Courtesy of an employee of the Fire Department

E. Housing and land for housing • Mosul city suffers from a chronic housing shortage. The deficit in housing units in Nineveh is estimated to reach 172,000 units in mid-2016, with a 53,000 units’ deficit in Mosul alone due to: 1) the scarcity of tracts of land for new housing projects; 2) the failure to update the city’s 1973 master plan and create formal urban expansion zones for housing development.

• Only three housing complexes were built in AlYarmuk, Al-Arabi, and Al-Karama in the 1980s. The Al-Hadbaa project near Tal alRuman is the only recent public residential project (although only partially completed), which was later confiscated by ISIL. F. Violations and informal settlements • After 2003, most of Mosul’s urban growth took place illegally on publicly-owned land and on agricultural land outside the limits of the city’s 1973 master plan, due to: (i) Population growth and increased poverty; (ii) Increased demand resulting in sky-rocketing property values; (iii) Failure of the Iraqi Government to fulfil its social welfare role; (iv) Delays in updating Mosul’s 1973 Master Plan; (v) Misguided urban policy post-2003; (vi) People’s belief that the government will not eliminate violations but rather regularise them.

G. Real property • ISIL also confiscated the revenues and real estate properties of Mosul municipality and Mosul’s Sunni endowment and of the Real-Estate Department of Ministry of Finance.

• On 22 July 2014, the Ministry of Justice issued a decree annulling all property ownership transfers in ISILoccupied territories after 10 June. Still many property claims and disputes are anticipated after ISIL’s fall.

Figure 2.20 Christian homes confiscated by ISIL H. Infrastructure and public utilities H.1. Electricity • After ISIL’s occupation of the city, all electricity generating stations within Mosul stopped functioning due to the lack of gas and fuel. The Mosul dam station is the only one that is still operational, albeit not at its full capacity. It serves the electricity needs of Mosul’s neighbourhoods for a few hours a day, on rotation.

H.2. Water • Mosul, and especially its right bank, has always suffered from water scarcity. In 2013, the city built new pumping stations to serve the city’s water network, deploying modern techniques to pump water from the Tigris River, filter and sterilise it.

• Pumping stations and the water network were functional until March 2015, but due to the lack of any serious maintenance by ISIL water is now unfit for drinking.

54 H.3. Wastewater • Mosul city does not have a proper sewage network. The city has suffered serious wastewater leakage and contamination of the soil and water sources caused by the widespread use of soak pits.

H.4. Solid waste • Mosul used to have a fully functioning solid waste collection and dumping system prior to 2014. The Municipality gathered solid waste from the city’s different neighbourhoods in large containers then transferred it via municipal trucks to one of the two officially-approved landfill sites outside the city H.5. Communications • Prior to ISIL, the city had full mobile phone coverage and 78% of the city had access to the land-line telephone network. ISIL forced all mobile phone companies to shut down and dismantled all the towers and electrical generators of the mobile telephone network of the city. • ISIL did not halt the service of internet providers but imposted high taxes on their businesses. As of August 2016, access to the internet is limited to internet cafés and is under strict control.

I. Roads and transportation • Mosul city has seven main entrances and is well connected with its surrounding districts, cities and neighbouring countries.

• Major airport renovations were undertaken to meet international standards and reopen it as an International Airport in 2007. A new International Airport was planned 35 km to the west of Mosul, but the feasibility study was halted in 2014. Satellite imagery shows that the airport has been destroyed.

J. Built environment and cultural heritage J.1. Destruction of built environment • The armed clashes that preceded the fall of Mosul did not result in severe damage of the built fabric, most of the physical destruction occurred after August 2014. As of August 2016, more than 135 locations in the city have been destroyed, out of which 86 governmental and 49 residential locations. Factories and infrastructure were seriously affected by both air-strikes and ISIL’s sabotage operations. In August 2016, around 50-75 per cent of the city’s governmental building are destroyed.

• The battle to retake Mosul from ISIL is likely to inflict further damage upon the city’s urban fabric. Most alarming is the presence of hazardous areas around the city, which destruction could trigger a major environmental disaster affecting the health and lives of thousands of people.

J.2. Destruction of heritage • ISIL has conducted a systematic campaign of destruction of Mosul’s cultural heritage sites and monuments in an attempt to obliterate the city’s history. It has destroyed the ancient city of Nineveh, including the Palace of Sennacherib and all its monuments. It has also bulldozed the famous gates of the city and the entire 12 km-long city wall. • Thousands of rare books and manuscripts from libraries, and artefacts from museums have been stolen, confiscated or destroyed.

• 37 important Islamic landmark sites were ravaged by ISIL and many religious buildings and heritage centres of minority groups within Mosul city and its environs were destroyed, including all shrines of Yazidis in Bashiqa and Bahzany region.

• Several archaeological sites in Tal Afar (the most prominent of which is the Citadel) were looted and devastated K. Health • Nineveh Governorate was once known for its good healthcare services and most facilities were concentrated in Mosul city. A substantial number of health facilities were rehabilitated between 2008-2014. • Hospitals have not been destroyed by air strikes and continue to receive patients, but health services have been severely affected by the ISIL occupation L. Education • When ISIL seized Mosul, it closed all schools, then reopened them after changing the curriculum in accordance with its own ideology. ISIL also imposed tuition fees while education in public schools used to be free of charge.

• ISIL imposed gender segregation in classroom and prevented girls from studying

Figure 2.21 Extract from a ISIL educational textbooks

55 certain subjects, such as engineering and sciences.

2.4.4.3. Destruction of the Built Environment The armed clashes that preceded the fall of Mosul city did not result in severe damage of the built fabric. While destruction was confined within Mosul to the neighbourhoods in which the clashes took place, such as in the neighbourhoods of 17 Tamoz, Al-Uraybi, and AlNajjar (around the Mosul Hotel), most of the devastation occurred in the small towns and villages outside of the city. Amongst Mosul’s neighbourhoods, only a few residential buildings were destroyed or burned down. The damage was mainly inflicted to public buildings, police stations and military buildings; or in other words, buildings that ISIL tried to seize. After August 2014, many neighbourhoods and buildings that were known to harbour ISIL fighters were targeted during the military operations against ISIL and therefore destroyed. Some were bombed repeatedly.

Recent satellite images (early September 2016), depict the extent of the damage: more than 135 locations in the city were destroyed since June 2014, some completely obliterated. Out of this number, 86 locations are governmental sites, while 49 are in residential neighbourhoods. It is estimated that 50-75 per cent of the city’s governmental buildings are destroyed; these include directorate buildings, university facilities, and public utilities offices. Mosul University, which became one of ISIL’s headquarters, was bombed in late 2014 - early 2015, and some of its buildings were damaged. In the residential quarters, many private houses were destroyed.

ISIL rigged and detonated several houses belonging to police, army officers and residents affiliated with the Iraqi Government. In parallel, several buildings were destroyed by air strikes. Between April and May 2015, frequent air raids targeted the neighbourhoods of Al-Rifai and Adan, which were reportedly sheltering ISIL fighters .

The city’s industrial areas, factories and infrastructure, were also seriously affected by both the military operations and ISILled sabotage. It is estimated that by August 2016, between 60 and 75 per cent of the city’s industrial and manufacturing enterprises were destroyed. In March 2015, ISIL militias damaged the runway of Mosul International Airport and boobytrapped the city’s main bridges. The battle to reclaim Mosul from ISIL is likely to inflict further physical damage upon the city’s urban fabric. Of concern are a number of highly sensitive sites (such as the oxygen plants, gas bottling and pharmaceutical factories, radioactive medical components, and further south, the Mishraq Sulfur Plant – see Box 12.1), whose current conditions are unknown, but whose accidental – or deliberate sabotage by ISIL – could lead to major environmental consequences and health hazards.

Figure 2.22 The Al-Rasheed Bank was bombed by coalition forces in mid-February 2016

56

Figure 2.23 Destroyed civilians and governmental buildings 2.4.4.4. Destruction of Heritage Mosul is one of Iraq’s richest cities in terms of its cultural heritage. It is famous for its numerous archaeological sites, historical, cultural and religious buildings, monuments and landmarks, the most important of which are: the Ancient City of Nineveh, Nirgal Palace Gate and Kuyunijak Hill, located on the left bank; and Kara Saray Citadel ruins and Bashtabia ancient tower, and the old city of Mosul, located on the right bank. The city has some 486 Islamic monuments and historic mosques as well as 32 ancient churches and six monasteries (C&R Rizvi 2010).

After it seized the city, ISIL launched a systematic attack on the city’s cultural heritage sites and monuments in an attempt to obliterate its history, past civilizations and religious plurality. The group looted any treasures that could be sold and proceeded to destroy – and in many case obliterate with earth-moving machinery – the city’s most significant archaeological sites, historical buildings and religious monuments. Satellite images depict the daunting scale of damage and destruction that was inflicted in the past two years.

Figure 2.26 Nineveh’s southern section of its archaeological site in October 2015.

Figure 2.25 The same location as above, in February 2016, depicting large-scale earth

Figure 2.24 The same location as above in July 2016, depicting a recently constructed

57

2.4.4.4.1. Cultural and Archaeological Sites ISIL stole, confiscated, and destroyed thousands of rare books and manuscripts from Mosul’s Central Library, as well as other smaller libraries. The group’s wrath against the city’s culture and civilization was also directed towards museums and universities across Mosul. The Assyrian and Akkadian artefacts of the city’s museums were either stolen or defaced. More recently (9 -13 April and the beginning of May 2016), ISIL proceeded to destroy the ancient remains of Nineveh, the most important and renowned city in the history of the Assyrian Empire (which became the capital of the Assyrian empire in 705 BC), including the Palace of Sennacherib and all nearby archaeological remains. ISIL also bulldozed the famous gates of the city (Mashki, Nergal, Adad and AlShams) and the entirety of the twelve km-long city wall.

Figure 2.27 Destruction of the winged bull, early 2015.

Outside Mosul city, ISIL almost fully destroyed the Assyrian city of Nimrud (11th century BC) and the city of Khorsabad (9th century BC). and totally destroyed the ancient site of Hadar (2nd century BC) by using heavy equipment and dynamite. In the latter archaeological site, ISIL deliberately targeted its thirteen human-headed winged-bull/lion statues (known as ‘Lamassu’) that are more than 2,700 years old. Destruction also targeted the ancient remains of the UNESCO World Heritage site of Hatra in the south of Mosul.

The bulldozing of the ancient city of Nineveh was conducted after nearly two years of ISIL’s takeover of Mosul; this most probably came in retaliation for the The Al-Rasheed Bank was bombed by coalition forces in mid-February 2016 Niqash bombing of the organization’s headquarters and offices within the city and the targeting of its communication network. However, the systematic destruction of heritage conducted by ISIL throughout the territory under its control, has far more strategic motivations. Firstly, ISIL considers all relics that preceded Islam to be polytheist relics, and regards statues and sculptures as idols that must be abolished.

Secondly, ISIL uses the destruction of antiquities as a means to display its strength and power. Thirdly, ISIL is most probably using the destruction of antiquities as a strategy to disguise its real actions, which are the stealing, smuggling, and selling of ancient relics in order to boost the organization’s financial resources (as they did in Tel Nabi Yunis).

58 2.4.4.4.2. Religious Monuments and Sites ISIL reduced many significant Islamic religious monuments and sites to rubble. UN-Habitat and the Iraqi Tourism and Antiquities Commission estimate that approximately 37 important Islamic landmarks were devastated by ISIL, partially or totally, inside the city of Mosul. Of these, seventeen locations date back to the Atabeg dynasty (from 1127 AD to 1259 AD), four to the Jalairid era, and sixteen to the Ottoman era. The mosques and Islamic religious sites that were totally destroyed or heavily damaged include: • Al Nabi Yunis (Jonah) Mosque, Iraq’s most important mosque, and its adjoining shrine, the shrine of Prophet Jonah, which is equally revered by Muslims and Christians.

• Majahda Mosque (1180 AD), the second mosque to be built in Mosul after the Umayyad Mosque, which ISIL turned into a public square.

• Numerous smaller mosques: Al-Nabi Sheath (Seth) Mosque, Al-Nabi Jirgis Mosque, Al-Khudher Mosque, Sheikh Fathi Mosque, and Imam Aoun Bin Al-Hassan Mosque (1249 AD), in addition to the mosque of Imam Al-Bahir (1240 AD).

• Several tombs and religious shrines, including the Tomb of Imam Hassan Aoun Al-Din, the Tomb of Ali Ibn Al-Athir (12th century), and the shrine of Imam AlMouhsin (1211 AD). Furthermore, ISIL caused massive damage to the religious buildings and heritage centres of minority groups within Mosul city, its environs and elsewhere in the Nineveh Governorate. ISIL fighters looted, removed or destroyed the icons of the Chaldean Church of the Holy Spirit, the Assyrian Orthodox Diocese Church, Al-Tahirah Church, and around 35 other churches. ISIL turned some of the churches into workshops for the manufacturing of car bombs and IEDs (in the hope that religious buildings would not be targeted by air strikes), and transformed other churches into guest houses for its fighters, or offices for hisba (moral police), among other things. ISIL also vandalized and destroyed the two oldest monasteries in Mosul: Mar Elia monastery (582 AD), and the Mar Mikhail monastery (built between the 4th and 5th centuries AD) which was turned into a stable for cattle.

As for the religious buildings and sites of other minority groups, ISIL completely destroyed all 22 Yazidi shrines in the Bashiqa and Bahzany regions of the district of Mosul; more than 30 Yazidi and Shi’ite sites in the city of Sinjar (the most prominent being the shrine of Sayeda Zeinab, granddaughter of the Prophet Muhammad); ten Shabak shrines in the Nineveh plain; more than fifteen mosques and Shi’ite shrines and several archaeological sites (including the Citadel) in the district of Tal Afar.

59 2.4.4.5. Destructed Monuments in Mosul

Figure 2.28 Destructed Monuments in Mosul Destroyed Christian Monuments

I16: Masjid of al-Imam Ibrahim

I51: Mosque of al-Abariqi

C14: al-Tahra Syriac Ortodox Church (al-Tahra al-Fawqaniyya)

I18: Mosque and tomb of al-Shaykh Fathi (building 1 and building 2)

I54: Mosque of al-‛Abbas

C23: St. George (Mar Kurkis) Monastery

I19: Mosque of Abu al-‛Ala

Destroyed Islamic Monuments

I21: Mosque and shrine of al-Nabi Daniyal

I57: Mosque/Shrine of Shah Zanan (called Umm al-Tis‛a) and adjacent cemetery

I04 - Shrine of al-Imam Yahya ibn al-Qasim

I22: Tomb of Shaykh al-Shatt

I58: Madrasa of the ‛Abdal Mosque

I05 - Shrine of al-Imam ‛Awn al-Din (known as Ibn al-Hasan)

I28: Shrine of ‛Ali al-Asghar (Ibn al-Hanafiyya)

I61: Tomb of Shaykh Mansur

I29: Mosque (and shrine) of al-Sultan Uways with cemetery

I62: Abu al-Hawawin Shrine

I06: Mosque of al-Khidr (alternatively al-Jami‛ al-Ahmar, al-Jami‛ al-Mujahidi)

I55: Shrine of al-Imam Zayd ibn ‛Ali

I63: Mosque/Shrine of Awlad al-Hasan I34: Shrine of al-Imam ‛Abd al-Rahman I64: Mosque of al-Sab´awi

I07: Mosque of al-Nabi Yunus I35: Mosque and shrine of al-Imam al-Bahir I08: Mosque of al-Nabi Jirjis

I65: Unknown Structure I36: Shrine of al-Imam ‛Ali al-Hadi I67: Shaykh Rashid Lolan

I10: Mosque and tomb of Qadib al-Ban alMawsili

I37: Mosque and tomb of al-Imam Muhsin

I11: Mosque of Hamu al-Qadu

I44: Shrine and cemetery of ‛Isa Dadah

I12: Mosque of al-Nabi Shith

I47: Mosque of ‛Ajil al-Yawur

I14: Mosque and Husayniyya (Rawdat alWadi?) in the al-Faysaliyya Neighbourhood

I48 - Mosque and madrasa of al-Ridwani

I68: Shrine of al-Imamayn Hamid wa Mahmud? (adjacent to Mosque of al-Mahmudin/alHamidin) I69 - Hammam al-´Umariya

I15: Tomb of Ibn al-Athir (Qabr al-Bint),

I70 – Jami´ al-Shahidin I50: Hammam al-Saray Mosque, tomb of alShaykh Yunus, and Shrine of al-Sitt Nafisa

I71 – Mosque of Mahmud ´Abd al-Jalil al-Khid

60

Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY

61

Figure 3.1 Research Methodology

62

Chapter 4 SITE ANALYSIS

63

4. Site Analysis 4.1. Location

0

Iraq

Mosul

West Bank

Old City

Ninaveh St.

Figure 4.1 Location

Figure 4.2 Comparison of New and Old City Grid

Figure 4.3 New City Grid

Figure 4.4 Old New City

Grand Nuri Mosque

64

Figure 4.5 Site Plan of Old City before destruction, 2004

Figure 4.6 Site Plan of Old City after destruction, 2018

65

4.2. Site Description 4.3. The Great Mosque of al-Nuri and Al-Hadbaa Minaret

Figure 4.7 The Great Mosque of al-Nuri

Figure 4.8 Ten Thousand Dinars Iraqi currency

Figure 4.9 Historical Timeline 4.3.1. About The Great Mosque of al-Nuri was a mosque in Mosul, Iraq. It was famous for its leaning minaret, which gave the city its nickname "the hunchback" (‫ الحدباء‬al-Ḥadbāˈ). Tradition holds that the mosque was first built in the late 12th century, although it underwent many renovations over the years. Outlasting various hostile invading forces in its history of 850 years, the mosque was blown up as well as the cylindrical portion of the minaret, which collapsed on 21 June 2017, during the Battle of Mosul.

4.3.2. Cause of Lean Tales The cause of the lean was disputed – some have blamed the prevailing wind – but local officials have attributed it to the effects of thermal expansion caused by the heat of the sun, causing bricks on the sun-facing side to expand and progressively tilt the minaret. In recent years cracks proliferated along the base of the minaret, which leant nearly 3 meters off vertical. It was listed by the World Monuments Fund as a site of concern due to the ongoing risk of collapse.

Figure 4.10 Al-Hadbaa Minaret

66 4.3.3. History 4.3.3.1. Nur al-Din in Mosul Tradition holds that Nur ad-Din Zangi, a Turkoman atabeg of the Great Seljuk Empire and sultan of its Syrian province, built the mosque in 1172–1173, shortly before his death. When the cylindrical minaret was built it stood 55 metres high, with seven bands of decorative brickwork in complex geometric patterns ascending in levels towards the top.

Before his death in 1146, Imad al-Din Zanki, father of Nur al-Din and founder of the Zankid dynasties in Syria and upper Mesopotamia, ruled over a vast region, extending from Mosul to Aleppo and from Edessa to the outskirts of Damascus. His domain was split between his two oldest sons Sayf al-Din Ghazi, the eldest, took Mosul; Nur al-Din Mahmud took Aleppo, to which he added Damascus in 1146 to wrest Edessa from the forces of the second Crusade, Nur al-Din made a special trip to Mosul, where he witnessed Sayf al. Din's investiture and acknowledged his suzerainty over the city.

When Sayf al-Din unexpectedly died in 1149, Nur al-Din once again went to Mosul but this time as the elder of the Zankid household and the nominal suzerain of all its territorial possessions. He arranged for the succession of his younger half brother, Qutb al-Din Mawdud, who, in return, granted him important provinces along the Euphrates and agreed to pronounce his name during the khutba. Nur al-Din managed to outlive Qutb al Din, who died in 1170, at which time Nur al-Din went to Mosul for the third time.

4.3.3.2. Rebellion Fakhr al-Din's intervention, undoubtedly motivated by his desire to curb Nur al-Din's influence in Mosul, greatly angered Nur al-Din and his designated successor. Matters quickly worsened, and in September 1170 Nur al-Din began preparation to take Mosul. Having taken Sinjar by siege, Nur al-Din proceeded to Mosul, which he took in the same year after lengthy negotiations with Fakhr al-Din. 4.3.3.3. Attitude towards Christians and Christian Institutions Nur al-Din's attitude toward the Christian vizier and Christians generally can in fact already be predicted in his letter to Sayf al Din II during the siege of Mosul: “My intention is not the city itself, but to preserve the city for you. For I have received letters telling a thousand tales about Abd at Masih s ill treatment of the Muslims. My aim is to remove this Christian from governing Muslims”. This anti-Christian attitude is consistent with other acts of Nur al-Din, including his ruthless repression of the rebelling Christians of Edessa (Urfa) in 1146.

Nur al-Din even appointed the noted jurist Sharaf al-Din b. Abi Asrun as an inspector of the Christian towns of the Jazira, giving him a free to demolish all new structures and confiscate their endowments.

Later in the same year “he ordered the destruction of all new additions in the churches and monasteries of and several other places” In June, 1172 "the Muslims took over church of St. Thomas in Mardinm and converted it into a mosque.

Even beyond their immediate negative impact, these anti-Christian measures created an atmosphere of fear among the Christians of Mosul and the Jazura an contributed to later act of pillage and confiscation.

4.3.3.4. Starting with the Mosque building Nur al-Din stayed twenty-four days in Mosul, during which time he ordered the foundation of a congregational mosque in a thinly populated part of the city. Surveying this location from a nearby minaret, he ordered the annexation of adjoining houses and shops but only after their owners had been adequately compensated. He then appointed Shaykh Umar al-Malla as supervisor of the project, entrusting him with the huge sum of 60000 dinars for the purchase of these properties and the completion of the mosque.

The mosque was apparently completed in just under two years, for in 568/1172 Nur al-Din visited Mosul for the fourth and last time land performed the Friday prayer in it. He also formalized the waqf allotments of his mosque, which seem to have comprised agricultural lands around Mosul and commercial properties near the mosque, including a large covered market, qaysariyya, with numerous shops. Furthermore, Nur al-Din “gave considerable alms, appointed a khatib and muezzins for the mosque, and supplied it with rugs and straw mats”. Finally, after the mosque had been completed, Nur al.Din ordered a madrasa built next to it and even appointed its first teacher. Nothing has survived of this madrasa, but its foundation perfectly consistent with Nur al-Din's patronage of Sunni institutions all over Syria.

67 4.3.5. Archaeology The Original Mosque 4.3.5.1. Prior Rebuilding Although the present rebuilt mosque has been stripped of its long history, Herzfeld's work in the first decade of the twentieth century is the only serious study of this mosque before its demolition and rebuilding in the1940s. More recent serious studies by Iraqi scholars.

Finally, in 1979 I came upon a wonderful collection of large negatives at the Iraqi Institute for Antiquities from which I was allowed to make prints of the exterior and interior of the mosque prior to its destruction.

Figure 4.11 Facade of prayer hall facing courtyard, after reconstruction. DATE1983 (developed)

Figure 4.13 View of the sanctuary from the northeast, after rebuilding, 1980

Figure 4.12 Interior of the prayer hall, taken from northeast, after reconstruction, 1983 (developed)

4.3.5.2. Materials and Structure The old photographs show a ruinous and poorly built mosque located at the southern end of a vast enclosure, about 90 x 65 m, approximately corresponding to the enclosure. The peeling plaster of the exterior wall exposed the building material, a conglomerate of rubble and broken bricks, bound with mortar and covered thick plaster. the sanctuary was choked by parastical buildings on its south and west, and disfigured by several priced windows and unsightly butters built against mihrab. The dome looked misshapen, with a hemispherical lower half incongruously surrounded by a faceted cone. The 60 meter tall minaret (Al-Hadba) stood, as it still does, at the northwest corner of the enclosure, separated from the sanctuary by an empty court. An exterior mihrab could be seen about ten meters north of the wall of the sanctuary.

Even Herzfeld was confounded by the chaotic interior, protesting that the walls were so thickly covered with plaster as to “make the separation of the Figure 4.14 Exterior view of minaret and prayer building phases difficult� hall structure from east. Photo taken before reconstruction in the 1940s.

68

Figure 4.15 View of the Jami Nur al Din complex, taken from the northwest, prior to reconstruction in the 1940s, before 1944

Figure 4.16 A view of the mosque complex from the southeast, prior to reconstruction in the 1940s, before 1944

4.3.5.3.. Columns and Mihrab Two types of columns were used in the mosque then, both made of the same soft, dark blue marble common in the area of Mosul since Assyrian times. Type 1 had a thick octagonal shaft with a square frieze and a console but no real capital. Type 2 had a thinner composite shaft with four engaged columns and a lyre-shaped capital. The two types were completey different in their height, thickness, capitals, and clearly belonged to two different periods. This assertion is confirmed by the fact that several Type 2 columns were placed against the octagonal shaft of Type 1 columns, and a base and an abacus were added to them in order to compensate for the height difference.

From this Herzfeld concluded that the octagonal columns belonged to the first phase while the composite columns belonged to a late phase.

Figure 4.17 View of two different types of columns in prayer hall. Taken before reconstruction in 1944.DATEbefore 1944 This much is perfectly consistent with archaeological evidence, but what caused Herzfeld to err was that he assumed that the main mihrab of the mosque was part of the first phase of the building. This mihrab is dated to Jumada I, 543 / September-October, 1148, which led Herzfeld to conclude that the mosque was built during the short reign of Sayf al-Din Ghazi I (541/1146-544/1149). Noting further that the capitals of the octagonal columns demonstrated ornamental and paleographic affinities with the mihrab, Herzfeld, therefore, attributed them all to the first period. Since those columns constituted the-main support system of the mosque, Herzfeld went on to conclude that the mosque was not only "begun under Ghazi I, but was actually completed under him.

It followed then that, according to Herzfeld, the building phase of Nur al-Din was a mere restoration to which he attributed the bundled columns on the basis of their superficial similarity to the composite piers at the Great Mosque of Raqqa, which was in fact

69 restored by Nur al-Din in 1168 . As for the fact that Ibn al-Athir clearly stated that this mosque was built by Nor al-Din argued that the Mosulite historian was only eleven to thirteen years old when Nur began his restoration" and that he must have repeated faulty information.

Figure 4.20 Main mihrab below dome constructed in nineteenth century.

View before reconstruction in 1944, before 1944

Figure 4.19 Detail view of mihrab transferred from Umayyad Mosque, date 1148/543 AH, before reinstallation, 1907-1908

Figure 4.18 Detail of the mihrab transferred from the Umayyad Mosque before reinstallation, before 1944

This particular objection to one of the most important medieval Islamic historians can be rejected out of hand, as it was in fact by Daywaji as early as 1949. Dismissing Herzfeld's objection to the reliability of Ibn al-Athir’s account, Daywaji proposed that, while always reliable, the historian was especially so far the events that took place during his own childhood, for which he often relied on direct accounts from father, who was a high official at the Zankid court of Mosul. Furthermore, Daywaji added that the details of Nur al-Din's acquisition of the land for the mosque, the specific sum of 60,000 dinars which he endowed for the mosque, and the waqfs for which he allotted were all too specific to be mere fabrication, especially since only 25 years separated Ghazi's death and the beginning of the mosque. Finally, not one historian either disputed Ibn al Athir's account or even proposed an alternative one that mentions Ghazi I. Archaeologically, Daywaji pointed out that the mihrab of 1148 -the cornerstone of Herzfeld's periodization- was not indigenous to the mosque, but had been brought to it from the Umayyad mosque of Mosul by a Shaykh Muhammad al-Nuri in 1864 as part of a restoration project. Even a cursory examination of the mihrab before its most recent restoration is enough to suggest that it was not intended for this mosque but rather brought into it in fragments and reassembled, using no less than a dozen other fragments originating from three or four sources Thus, the 1148 mihrab did not belong to the original mosque of Nur in, although its stunning ornament is clearly related to the later arabesque decorations on the capitals of the mosque of Nur Din and to the even later ornament on the mihrab that Badr al-Din Lu'lu added to the mosque

If the octagonal columns, therefore, constitute the

Figure 4.21 View of the mihrab transferred from Umayyad Mosque, post reinstallation under the dome, 1983 (developed)

Figure 4.22 Detail view of mihrab from Umayyad Mosque after reinstallation, 1983 (developed)

70 support system of the Nurid mosque, where did the other columns, with their composite shafts and lyre-shaped capitals, come from?

Although Herzfeld is right in tracing the form of their shafts and capitals back to -Raqqa and then Samarra, these basic similarities need not argue for an early date, for the Mosul columns show considerable development over their brick and stucco prototype.

Similarly, while the shafts of the Mosul columns can be compared to the brick piers with four engaged columns in Ragga and Samarra, in Mosul the four engaged columns have been collapsed into the square shaft. turning the composite pier into a full rounded bundled column. Such bundled columns are practically unknown in Islamic architecture But similar bundled columns with lyre-shaped capitals are fairly common in the Christian buildings of Mosul, including the churches of Mar Abudemmeh, Mar Isha'ya, and Mar Jurius, where they generally date to the first half of the thirteenth century. It is therefore likely that these columns were salvaged from a ruined or destroyed Christian church and brought into the mosque. Unlike the inscribed capitals from the Nurid phase, none of the lyre-shaped capitals contain any Arabic, let alone Quranic inscriptions, further setting them apart from the original mosque. I would suggest that they were added to the mosque at a very late date, possibly in the 1860s, when the mihrab was also brought in.

4.3.5.4. Pre-Restoration Description

Figure 4.24 Capital from mar Jerjis

Figure 4.23 Capital from Mar Ahudemmeh

The mosque was then built from start to finish in one endeavor by Nur al-Din, using heavy octagonal columns with inscribed capitals.

How these columns were arrayed and what the supported remain problematic since the mosque has been entirely rebuilt according to a new plan and since early photographs show very little of the vaulting, except for the mihrab dome. Fortunately, Herzfeld made a plan and perspective drawing of the mosque as it appeared before its reconstruction and also proposed a restoration plan that purports to show the mosque in its original Nurid design. The pre-reconstruction mosque was a broad and narrow structure (approximately 75 x 20 meters), seven bays wide and only one and a half bays deep, with a large dome over the mihrabi. The seven bays at the qibla wall were alternatingly large squares and smaller rectangles, while those north of them were small rectangular bays, each with a door to the courtyard.

71

Figure 4.25 Plan showing reconstruction of original prayer hall by Yasser Tabbaa, 2002 (developed) 4.3.5.5. Post Restoration Description In his restoration plan, Herzfeld seems to have doubled the existing mosque along its north-south axis, creating a very large mosque (75 x 38 m), four bays deep and seven bays wide. These bays alternate in both depth and breadth between wide and narrow such that there are two wide and two narrow horizontal rows and three wide and four narrow vertical aisles. The bays are covered with a system of alternating domes and barrel vaults, for a total of six large and eight smaller domes.

72

Figure 4.26 Reconstruction of plan of first mosque (Redrawn after Herzfeld) 4.3.5.6. Dome Herzfeld omitted the dome over the mihrab from the original plan of the mosque Al-Nuri noting that its 16-sided pyramidal exterior looked like a later restoration, but failing to take account of its interior appearance because “it lay in such darkness". But there are fairly clear clues, both on the exterior and on the interior, that the pre-restoration dome represented two building phases. looking at early photographs of this misshapen do we note that it first springs from its octagonal drum as a regular hemispherical dome before turning, about a third of the way up, into a faceted cone.

This agglutination is clearer on the interior of the dome, where a zone of pendentive with large muqaranas cells provide the transition to the octagon.

This ribbed dome which corresponds to the exterior hemispherical dome represents the first building phase, whereas the superimposed 16-sided cone represents a later restoration.

One such dome exists at the Mar Behnam monastery just outside Mosul, where it covers the chapel of the Virgin, a chamber datable to the first half of the thirteenth century (fig 13). This fine constructed dome rests on a sophisticate transition dome and has 16 ribs. but is otherwise closely linked to the dome of the mosque Al Nuri. Another dome with 24. ribs has survived at the shrine -of Sittna Zainab in Sinjar, where it dates to the period of Badr al-Din Lu'lu' (12331259).interestingly, both of these domes have a hemispherical exterior, which may also have been the original shape of the mosque’s dome.

It seems likely, therefore, that the mosque of Nur al-Din had a large dome over the mihrab, gored on the inside but perhaps hemispherical on the outside. The shallow plan of the mosque and its maqsara dome would seem to link it with a fairly large group of twelfth- and thirteenthcentury Syrian and Jaziran mosques that were modeled after the venerable Umayyad mosque of Damascus, including those at Diyarbakir, Mardin, and Mar Dunaysir (Kiziltepe), and possibly also the one at Mayyafariqin (Silvan), which also has similarly alternating bays of varying depths.

Figure 4.28 View of dome over central nave and stucco wall ornament, prior to reconstruction in 1944, before 1944

Figure 4.27 Mar Behnam near Mosul: Ribbed vault over the Chapel of the virgin, first half of the thirteen century

73

Figure 4.29 Plan of the Nur al-Din Mosque according to Ernst Herzfeld. DATE 2002 (developed) despite its use of local materials and vaulting techniques, the mosque Al-Nuri, presents a synthesis, albeit awkward and incomplete, of the Umayyad mosque of Damascus and nearly contemporary Saliuq architecture.

4.3.5.7. The Inscriptions Although the mosque is curiously devoid of any historical inscriptions, it is very rich Quranic inscriptions and pious supplications.

These exist in three distinct groups: short friezes on the capita of the octagonal columns, marble bands with black inlaid inscriptions and a fragment of a stucco frieze; and a large panel of stucco decoration above the mihrab. The inscriptions on the columns once formed parts of continuous Quranic verses but the recent rebuilding of the mosque seems to have disturbed the original sequence.

Figure 4.30 Prayer hall, view of octagonal capital. Photo taken prior to reconstruction, before 1944 Qur'an 2:255 is the well-kn Throne yerse (ayat alkurs), a verse that describes God's omniscience, omnipotence, and dominion over heaven and earth. This is one of the most if not the most, frequently used verse in monumental inscriptions, where because of its eschatological significance it is often written at the springing of the dome or within the mihrab niche. But it so often inscribed on portals, minbar-s, and tombstones.

In addition to the inscribed capitals, the mosque once contained long friezes with inscriptions, which are now exhibited above the entrance to the Islamic galleries of the Iraqi Museum in Baghdad. These consist of four pieces of white marble (total length 4.35 m) on

74 which the inscription is carved out and filled in with a bituminous paste, an ancient Mesopotamian technique where bitumen is widely available.

Lastly, the space between the mihrab and the springing of the dome was previously completely covered with a large panel of molded and carved stucco, which is now partly preserved in the Iraqi Museum in Baghdad.

Figure 4.31 Prayer hall, view of octagonal capital. Photo taken prior to reconstruction, before 1944

4.3.5.8. The Minaret The minaret of the mosque of Nur al-Din is not only the most distinctive feature of the mosque but of Mosul as well. Its tapered cylindrical shaft (45 meters high) springs from a battered cubical base and ends in a little cupola that rises a few meters above a bracketed balcony. The base and the entire shaft are decorated in typically Iranian brick decoration, both basket weave (hazar baf) and strapwork, but without any inscriptions. Three sides of the base are decorated with a simple stepped pattern whereas the western side, which faces an important street, contains an elaborate star pattern. Towering 60 meters over the utterly flat landscape, this is the tallest minaret in irzq.

The freestanding location of the minaret at the elevated northeastern corner of the courtyard, its extreme height, and its excessive decoration all link it with contemporary Iranian Saljuq minarets, which have been interpreted by Hillenbrand as ‘’expressions alike of conspicuous consumption and conspicuous piety. In other words, these minarets were intended less as a functional appendage of the mosque and more as symbolic feature on the urban scale. But whereas Saljuq Iranian minarets -in their excessive number, size, and decoration- may have been intended to address tribal or interIslamic differences, the minarets at Mosul and the Jazira were most likely intended to highlight Islam’s dominance over Christianity. That in itself might explain why some of the tallest minarets in the Jazira -at Mardin, Hasankeyf, Daquq, Irbil, Mosul, and Sinjar- were built in cities with important Christian populations, Furthermore, most were built in the aftermath of the period of tolerance that preceded Nur al-Din and that resulted in the creation of numerous Christian buildings.

Figure 4.32 Al-Nuri Mosque Minaret Figure 4.33 Uppermost portion of minaret 4.3.6. Renovation Throughout the Years In 1511, the mosque was extensively renovated by the Safavid Empire.

Both the mosque and its madrasa were dismantled and reassembled in 1942 in a restoration program undertaken by the Iraqi government. The minaret remained unrestored, although attempts were made in 1981 by an Italian firm to stabilize it. The bombing of Mosul during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s broke underground pipes and caused leaks under the minaret that further undermined it.

The lean later worsened by another 40 centimeters.

75 4.3.7. Destruction and Remains

Figure 4.34 Locals passing through the remains of the Grand Nuri Mosque post its destruction The structure was targeted by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant militants who occupied Mosul on 10 June 2014, and previously destroyed the Tomb of Jonah. However, residents of Mosul, incensed with the destruction of their cultural sites, protected the mosque by forming a human chain and forming a resistance against ISIL.

By June 2017, the Battle of Mosul had progressed to the stage that ISIL-controlled territory in Mosul was limited to the Old City area, which included the mosque. On 21 June 2017, Iraqi government forces reported that the mosque had been blown up by ISIS forces at 9:50 PM and that the blast was indicative of bombs being deliberately placed to bring it down.

.

Figure 4.35 Destruction of Grand Nuri Mosque

Figure 4.36 Destruction of Al-Hadba Minaret

76

Figure 4.37 Base remains of the minaret

Figure 4.38 Minaret remains

Amaq, an information wing of ISIL that often reports news favorable to the terrorist organization, claimed an airstrike by the United States was responsible for the destruction, but this claim was not substantiated by any evidence.

Iraqi forces were within 50 meters of the mosque before the explosion, and finally captured the site a week later on 29 June. Aerial photographs and a video of the destruction were released by the Iraqi military a few hours after the explosion. The video, particularly, clearly showed charges inside the structure exploding.

Figure 4.39 Video proof of the structure exploding Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi stated that the destruction of the mosque was ISIS's "declaration of defeat".BBC News journalist Paul Adams interpreted the mosque's destruction as ISIS's "final act of angry defiance before finally losing their grip

77

Figure 4.40 Locals walking by the minaret remains

Figure 4.42 Post explosions scene

Figure 4.41 Dome remains interior

Figure 4.43 Remains of the Mosque

Figure 4.44 Arial images before and after destruction of the city and the mosque

78

Figure 4.45 Plan of the Mosque

Figure 4.46 Minaret Plan

79

Figure 4.47 Minaret Section

80

Figure 4.48 Minaret Section 4.3.8. 3D Modeling

Figure 4.49 3D modeling simulation of the original minaret

81 4.3.9. Before and after pictures of the site

Before

After

82

83

Table 4.1 Before and After Pictures of the site

84 4.3.10. Analysis

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

Chapter 5 CASE STUDIES

92

5. Case Studies 5.1. The Khulafaa Central Mosque 5.1.1. Case Description

-Case Study Name: The Khulafaa Central Mosque -City: Baghdad -Country: Iraq -Architect: Mohamed Makiya -Area: 1000 m2 5.1.2. Historical Brief The Mosque of Caliphs is one of Baghdad's archaeological heritage mosques, built by the caliph Moktafi Billah for Friday prayers in the east of the Husni Palace. It is a landmark in Baghdad, and was in a year (289-295 H/902-908 m), it was mentioned by the traveller Ibn Batota when he visited Baghdad 727. 1327 M. The mosque is located in “Al-Jmhooria� street near Al-Ghazal Market, Al-Shujeh. the minaret of the Mosque of the Caliphs, is one of the most historical and distinctive minarets of its building, it is the architectural effect of the rest of the Abbasid Caliphate houses and its mosques. this minaret was built more than seven centuries ago, and it is just brick, and the Surrounding inscriptions looks like the circular surface in its simple rhombus forms.

Figure 5.1 Al-Kulafaa Mosque

Figure 5.2 Minaret Prior Reconstruction

Figure 5.3 New Mosque

Figure 5.4 Old Minaret

It was considered the highest minaret that Baghdad could be seen its top, which was 35 meters high, and it expresses the greatness of Abbasid caliphate construction of the palaces. The minaret has fallen and the mosque was demolished in 670 h/1271, reconstructed in

93 678 H/1279 m by the Wali Suleiman Pasha, the Great. a mosque was also constructed in the west of the minaret, known as Mosque of Al-Ghazal Market and remained in place until 1957, where it was demolished for the opening of Queen Alia Street, which was later named Republic Street, passing through Shorja market.

The minaret is characterized by rare architectural engineering, with 2 stairs reaching the top and they never meet, they have 2 doors at bottom and 2 others at the top of the minaret, and it currently tilts slightly towards the east because of the groundwater beneath its base. the mosque of the palace or al-Khalifa mosque was one of the three large mosques in Baghdad (the other two were the mosque of Mansour and the Rusafa mosque), which Friday prayers were held in it during the last four centuries of the Abbasid Caliphate, also It was the official mosque of the Abbasid state.

In 1961, the Iraqi Waqfs Directorate commissioned architect Mohammad Saleh Mekki to redesign and construct the Caliphs mosque in Baghdad in line with the architecture of the Abbasid era, Muhammad Mekki adopted in his design for the mosque the Islamic Abbasid architecture, but it kept its current architectural composition, keeping the archaeological minaret of the mosque.

Figure 5.5 Minaret Details At the bottom of the minaret, there are four layers of muqarnasas supporting the base of the minaret of 12 sections, as well as five layers of muqarnasas on its top that highlights its beauty, Muhammad Mekki has merged the Minaret building with the design of the modern mosque, so that the mosque looks like it has never been demolished, and the building of the modern Caliphs Mosque contains an octagonal chapel that is topped with an decorated dome in the Arabic Kofi caligraphy, with the dome rising about seven meters in addition to the basic height of the building, which reaches about 14 meters. there are three corridors leading to the chapel, and the exterior surface of the skin is painted yellow to suit the color of the minaret, In addition, the campus Hall is also covered with yellow gradations and arranged in different geometric shapes.

5.1.3. Mohamed Makiya’s work 1960 The Khulafa Central Mosque was architect Mohamed Makiya’s first major public works project. In 1960 the Iraqi Ministry of Awqaf (Religious Endowments) commissioned him to build a mosque on the same site the Abbasid caliph Muqtafi had built one in the early 10th century, and to incorporate into it the only structure still standing on the site, the 13th century Suq Al Ghazl Minaret.

5.1.4.. Challenges An even more significant challenge came from the dimensions and location of the site itself, in an urban section of Baghdad, in the midst of tall commercial buildings. According to his son Kanan, Mohamed Makiya fought with the Ministry of Awqaf for two years, in an unsuccessful effort to get the parcel enlarged so he could build a structure proportional to the importance of the minaret. For Dr. Makiya it was a building a new mosque that incorporated such an important monument in such a modern environment challenged him to express traditional character in a new architectural ambience.”1 Ultimately he says, “I had to build a cathedral in an area suitable for a chapel.”2 The project was completed in 1964.

5.1.5. New Mosque description Kanan Makiya describes the mosque as a collection of discreet elements, the focal point being the refurbished minaret. The other elements, a domed prayer hall and three riwaqs (porticos), are “placed and sized with reference to it."

The minaret is set in a small sunken court in the southeast corner of the sahn (courtyard). The minaret had just been refurbished in 1960 when Mohamed Makiya was charged with building a mosque to incorporate it. The minaret is constructed in brick and mortar and rises from a twelve-sided foundation. Both the base and balcony feature layers of muqarnas. The brickwork on the shaft forms a

94 complex geometric pattern, and it is decorated with Kufic calligraphy. Makiya sought continuity between these decorative elements and his design for the new mosque.

The prayer hall is octagonal, and 14 meters high with a dome rising an additional 7 meters. Columns and a cantilevered ring beam support the dome. At its base is an arched gallery and a black and white ceramic frieze band. The frieze features highly geometric, interlaced, Kufic calligraphy, intended to harmonize with the more traditional styles of Kufic calligraphy on the minaret. The exterior of the dome is covered in geometric yellow brickwork that matches the brickwork on the minaret. The exterior walls of the prayer hall are also covered in varying shades of yellow bricks, arranged in geometric patterns. The interior walls are decorated with precast concrete, arranged in two bands: geometric patterns above pointed arches.

The riwaqs and walls - According to a proposal submitted for the expansion of the Khulafa Mosque in 1981, the riwaqs and boundary walls, each approximately 12 meters in height, are designed to protect the minaret “from the overpowering domination of the numerous surrounding tall buildings which sadly conflict in scale and massing with the minaret."4 The largest riwaq runs along the northwest edge and provides an entrance to the mosque from Khulafa Street, a major divided artery running alongside the southwest façade. Bent steel rails that form Islamic calligraphy and organic patterns decorate the arches. The riwaq terminates in the courtyard, but the northern boundary wall continues to the northern corner of the mosque. A second riwaq enters the courtyard from a small road that delineates the southern boundary of the mosque, but does not run parallel to the perimeter.

Rather the entrance of the riwaq intersects the perimeter at a right angle, and extends into the courtyard, ending in front of the prayer hall. Glazed arches line the passageway connecting the riwaq to the prayer hall.

A false riwaq composed of two stacked arcades runs along the northeast perimeter to the prayer hall. The bottom layer is essentially a dense wall separating the courtyard from the street. It is decorated with embedded arches made from yellow carved brick. It supports a ledge, decorated with a frieze of yellow brick that forms Kufic calligraphy. Narrow columns on the ledge support a canopy of pointed arches formed in concrete. The rear wall of the upper arcade is open to the sky creating a sense of scale beyond the actual dimensions of the wall.

5.1.6.. New Mosque Extension Proposal

Figure 5.6 Mosque Extension Proposal Even after construction was completed, Mohamed Makiya continued to want to develop the site. In 1981 Makiya Associates, in association with consulting architects and engineers Archicentre, presented the Mayor of Baghdad with proposals arguing for the building of a new mosque built on a “more grand and suitable scale reflecting and regenerating the historical importance of the site."5 The proposal also argues for significant expansion of the site to include living quarters, a larger prayer hall, library, dining facilities, and a larger courtyard. The new plan proposed a new, much larger mosque, and presented several options for use of the existing structure. These included conversion into a library, or a proposal that existing mosque serve as a weekday mosque when fewer people would be praying, with the larger mosque to be used on Fridays and holy days. No action was ever taken on the proposal.

95 5.1.7. Plans, Sections and Elevations

Figure 5.7 Plan

Figure 5.8 Section

96

Figure 5.9 Elevation Some of the material used in construction was salvaged from the site. The principle building material is locally produced clay bricks, stone and wood, with steel and concrete also being used in the ceilings and the dome. The floors are stone.

Figure 5.10 South West Elevation

97

Figure 5.11 South East Elevation

Figure 5.12 North East Elevation

98

Figure 5.13 North West Elevation

Figure 5.14 Main Gate Details

99

Figure 5.15 Corridor Details

Figure 5.16 Internal and External Mosque Elevation Details

100

Figure 5.17 Northern Facade Details

Figure 5.18 Riwaq Details

101

Figure 5.19 Internal Elevation Details

5.1.8. Functional Diagrams of Users

5.1.9. Conclusion, Why Did You Choose this Case Study?

This old demolished mosque and the existing remains of the minaret had a great importance to the city of Baghdad. As it is a very similar case study to the project proposed in Old Mosul City. The architect knew the importance of the old mosque on the area, so he redesigned a mosque from the same Abbasid Style as the existing historical minaret while taking into consideration the authenticity of the site.

102

5.2. New German Parliament, Reichstag 5.2.1. Case Description

Figure 5.20 New German Parliament

Figure 5.21 Old German Parliament

-Case Study Name: New German Parliament, Reichstag -City: Berlin -Country: Germany -Architect: Norman Foster -Area: 61,166m² -Concept text: 5.2.2. Historical Brief

Figure 5.22 The Reichstag throughout the years

103 Originally built to house the parliament of the German Empire, the Reichstag was controversial before it even began construction. won by Paul Wallot, that construction finally began in 1884. Wallot’s neoclassical design was subject to many revisions, building was finally completed in 1894.

And as World War II came to a close in Europe, the Soviets used the heavily-damaged Reichstag as a setting for propaganda photos re-enacting their capture of the city. Restoration efforts carried on slowly after the war, as the building sat on the front lines of the Cold War, just on the Western side of the Berlin Wall. (1) The ruined building was made safe against the elements and partially refurbished in the 1960s, but no attempt at full restoration was made until after German reunification on 3 October 1990, when it underwent a reconstruction led by architect Norman Foster. After its completion in 1999, it once again became the meeting place of the German parliament: the modern Bundestag.

Figure 5.23 Damages by The Soviets Since its completion, the building has played many supporting roles in world history, starting with the fire in 1933, allegedly set by a Dutch Communist, that allowed Hitler to seize power. And as World War II came to a close in Europe, the Soviets used the heavily-damaged Reichstag as a setting for propaganda photos re-enacting their capture of the city.

Restoration efforts carried on slowly after the war, as the building sat on the front lines of the Cold War, just on the Western side of the Berlin Wall.

Plans to restore the building for eventual parliamentary use were stalled in 1971 when the West German government agreed not to hold any Bundestag sessions at the Reichstag in exchange for East Germany easing access to West Berlin.

In one final twist of history, prior to the beginning of construction on Foster + Partners renovation in 1995, the entire building was wrapped in enormous strips of fabric in art piece by the artists Christo and Jean-Claude.

Figure 5.24 Covered Building

Following German reunification, two close votes in parliament confirmed the relocation of the capital to Berlin, and the Reichstag as the home of the German parliament, or Bundestag. In 1992 Foster + Partners was one of fourteen non-German firms invited to participate in a design competition for rehabilitating the Reichstag building, along with 80 German architects. Foster knew this was an invitation he could not refuse, but was also skeptical that a non-German architect could win the competition. In the end, the three finalists in the competition were all non-Germans: Foster, Santiago Calatrava, and Pi de Bruijn. Foster’s original competition design called for a steel and glass canopy covering the original structure, and stretching north to connect with the Spree River. As Deyan Sudjic described, “Resembling a giant table sitting on top of the parliament, it would have entirely transformed its meaning, rendering the project a memorial to the past, while at the same time demonstrating that the new parliament building signified a departure from history.”

But as the excitement of the reunification waned, the financial realities of rebuilding national infrastructure began to set in, and the three finalists were asked to reduce the costs of their proposals in the second round of the competition. Despite this request, the competition committee refused to supply a budget for the proposed building, so rather than making adjustments to his original design, as his competitors did, Foster started from scratch, proposing four possible schemes with “a range of estimates to show how more or less work could be carried out on the building.”[8] It was one of these schemes that was ultimately selected for construction, but much like the process for the original 19th century structure, the end of the competition did not mark the end of the design

104 work.

Although he initially refused to consider adding a dome, a separate proposal from a German architect to add a reconstruction of the historic dome threatened Foster's vision for the building's interior spaces, and he began exploring ideas for what he came to call the “cupola.”[10] And it was not just the dome that was subject to the whims of the politicians. Then-Chancellor Helmut Kohl insisted on a brighter color scheme for the interiors than the neutral palette of whites and greys that Foster had originally proposed– even the sculpture of the eagle in the parliamentary chamber was the subject of considerable debate.[11] Figure 5.25 First Sketches of the Dome 5.2.3. Preserving History As Norman Foster describes in his firm’s monograph, Foster 40, “Our transformation of the Reichstag is rooted in four related issues: the Bundestag’s significance as a democratic forum, an understanding of history, a commitment to public accessibility and a vigorous environmental agenda.”[1] Foster’s description sounds straightforward enough, but the process of creating the New German Parliament at the Reichstag was only the latest entry in the long, complex, and contentious history of the building.

Figure 5.26 Soldiers Writing on the Walls of the Old Building As found, the Reichstag was mutilated by war and insensitive rebuilding. The reconstruction takes cues from the original fabric; the layers of history were peeled away to reveal striking imprints of the past – stonemason’s marks and Russian graffiti − scars that have been preserved as a ‘livin g museum’. But in other respects it is a radical departure; within its heavy shell it is light and transparent, its activities on view.

Figure 5.27 Layers of old and new mixed During the reconstruction, the building was first almost completely gutted, taking out everything except the outer walls, including all changes made by Baumgarten in the 1960s. Respect for the historic aspects of the building was one of the conditions stipulated to the architects, so traces of historical events were to be retained in a visible state. Among them were graffiti left by Soviet soldiers after the

105 final battle for Berlin in April–May 1945. Written in Cyrillic script, they include such slogans as "Hitler kaputt" and names of individual soldiers. However, graffiti with racist or sexist themes were removed, in agreement with Russian diplomats at the time.

Though less conspicuous than the cupola, Foster’s other interventions in the building were no less significant. The design was able to consolidate the functional spaces of the parliament back into a single building, including, most notably for the MPs, the “faction rooms” where party caucuses gather to discuss policy.[12] Foster was also intent on preserving remnants of the many layers of history in the building, most notably the cyrillic graffiti Soviet soldiers scribbled on the stone walls at the end of World War II. And Foster frequently notes the important symbolism of the public and the politicians entering the building through the same entrance, under the classical pediment inscribed, “To the German People.”[13]

5.2.4. Cupola (Dome) In fact, it is that contentious dome–or cupola–that most fully captures Foster’s ideals for the project. The cupola is the most publicly accessible portion of the building; it provides a visual connection to the work in the parliamentary chamber below, it is a functional component of the building’s sustainability strategy, and, despite Foster’s initial hesitation, it serves as a reference to the history of the building. The cupola is also the most obvious demonstration of Foster’s intervention in the historic building. Although it is a nod to the building’s history, the form is entirely new. Clad in clear glass, the helical ramp along the outer edges of the space helps define the dome-shaped volume, and leads to an observation deck that provides a vantage point for visitors to look out on the surrounding Berlin cityscape. At the same time, skylights at the base of the cupola open into the debating chamber below, providing a visual connection to the government at work. An inverted cone of mirrored panels in the center of the dome reflects daylight down into the debating chamber, and also supports ventilation in the building, exhausting hot air through the top of the cupola.

Figure 5.28 View Inside the Dome

106

Figure 5.29 Dome Structural Details

107

Figure 5.30 Inside the old parliament hall The large glass dome at the very top of the Reichstag has a 360-degree view of the surrounding Berlin cityscape.

The main hall (debating chamber) of the parliament below can also be seen from inside the dome, and natural light from above radiates down to the parliament floor. A large sun shield tracks the movement of the sun electronically and blocks direct sunlight which would not only cause large solar gain, but dazzle those below. Construction work was finished in 1999 and the seat of parliament was transferred to the Bundestag in April of that year. The dome is open to visitors by prior registration.[6]

Figure 5.31 Inside the new parliament hall 5.2.5. Sustainability The building provides a model for sustainability by burning renewable bio -fuel – refined vegetable oil − in a cogenerator to produce electricity: a system that is far cleaner than burning fossil fuels. The result is a 94 per cent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Surplus heat is stored as hot water in an aquifer deep below ground and can be pumped up to heat the building or to drive an absorption cooling plant to produce chilled water. Signif icantly, the building’s energy requirements are modest enough to allow it to produce more energy than it consumes and to perform as a mini power station in the new government quarter.

Site + Climate

The design utilises natural light as an architectural feature. Careful attention was paid to the sun's movement around the building and how this could be used to bring light into the space.

Form + Massing

The renovation project sought to bring light, and openness into the building. To accomplish this, a large dome shaped sky light was installed to help capture and reflect daylight deep within the structure.

Culture + Heritage

In stripping back previous reconstruction to the building, striking imprints from the past were unearthed, including graffiti left by Soviet soldiers. These discoverers influenced the design, creating a space that sought to become a 'living museum' of German history. Drawing light into the heart of the building, helped to create an open and visible platform for the German democratic process.

108 Passive Design

The solar collector brings natural lighting into the heart of the building, whilst an automated solar shade protects against unwanted, direct solar gain. The main chamber of parliament is naturally ventilated via the cupola.

Renewable Energy

A biofuel powered, Combined Heat and Power (CHP) provides approximately 80% of the annual electricity and 90% of the heat load of the building. A large Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) acts as a seasonal store of both heat and coolth. Photovoltaic's on the roof power the solar shade within the light sculpture.

Mobility + Connectivity

There are public transport links near to the building and a large number of bike racks for both staff and visitors.

Water

Inside the building low flow fixtures and fittings were selected to help reduce the potable water requirements. All landscaping is either low maintenance or hardscaping, to minimise water usage.

Prosperity

The use of a locally produced biodiesel has helped protect and enhance the local agricultural economy. Increased tourist numbers to the Reichstag, has bought added benefits to the immediate vicinity.

Performance in Use

The operational energy profile for The Reichstag, shows that it uses 57% less primary energy than typical existing buildings, and 39% less than the requirements for new buildings.

Environmental Systems

The building was designed to optimise the use of passive systems whilst minimising active systems.

Both the artificial lighting and ventilation are controlled by a central BMS system and a heat exchanger recovers waste heat from the exhaust air.

Energy Infrastructure

The CHP and GSHP units, at peak operation, provide energy to both the Reichstag and surrounding government buildings.

Materials + Waste

The design aimed to protect and maintain the masonry shell of the heritage building, whilst redeveloping some of the core areas. By retaining most of the original building structure, construction and demolition waste was significantly reduced.

Land + Ecology

The bio-fuel used to power the CHP unit is derived from locally produced rapeseed vegetable oil.

The Reichstag, next to the River Spree, is surrounded by landscaped areas, with a mix of biological diversity that is protected and managed.

Wellbeing

The design sought to bring light and fresh air into the heart of the Reichstag, improving user wellbeing. The addition of viewing galleries and breakout spaces have brought additional amenities to the building.

Planning for Change

Creating a building that was open and honest about it's past has helped it become open-minded and forward-thinking about its future. The Reichstag has now become a beacon, signalling the vigour of the German democratic process.

Table 5.1 Sustainability

109 5.2.6. Plans, Sections, Elevations

Figure 5.32 Ground Floor Plan

Figure 5.33 Section

110

Figure 5.34 Dome Section

Public and politicians enter the building together and the public realm continues on the roof in the terrace restaurant and in the cupola, where ramps lead to an observation platform, allowing people to ascend symbolically above the heads of their representatives in the chamber. The cupola is now an established Berlin landmark. Symbolic of rebirth, it also drives the building’s natural lighting and ventilation strategies. At its core is a ‘light sculptor’ that reflects horizon light down into the chamber, while a sun shield tracks the path of the sun to block solar gain and glare. As night falls, this process is reversed – the cupola becomes a beacon on the skyline, signalling the vigour of the German democratic process.

Figure 5.35 Ventilation through the dome

111

Figure 5.36 New Elevation

Figure 5.37 Old Elevation

In 1882, another architectural contest was held, with 200 architects participating. This time the winner, the Frankfurt architect Paul Wallot, would actually see his Neo-Baroque project executed. The direct model for Wallot's design was Philadelphia's Memorial Hall, the main building of the 1876 Centennial Exhibition

Figure 5.38 Main Facade Details In 1916 the iconic words Dem Deutschen Volke ("To the German people") were placed above the main faรงade

5.2.7. Conclusion, Why Did You Choose this Case Study?

The Reichstag is a great example for an old important building to the city that was sabotaged during war by the invaders as they drew graffiti on the walls of the parliament building as they took over it during war, the architect had a great way to deal with those drawings as he included them in his modern design as a layer of history.

The architect also rebuilt the most important part of the old building, the dome that tops the main meeting room, he created a new modern dome and focused on it with his new design creating ramps that leads the visitors to the top, and also new mirror and glass panels to allow visual access between visitors and parliament members.

112

5.3. The Palestinian Museum 5.3.1. Case Description -Case Study Name: The Palestinian Museum -City: Birzeit -Country: Palestine -Architect: Heneghan Peng Architects -Area: 3500 m2

Figure 5.39 Overview of the building 5.3.2. Concept

Figure 5.40 Concept Sketches "Every element of the landscape of Palestine tells a story of intervention, production, culture, environment and commerce," said the architects. "Embedded in its terraces is this rich and very particular history."

"The approach to the Palestinian Museum design was to draw on this history, placing the museum building into its immediate site, yet drawing from this site to tell a larger story of a highly diverse culture."

The mission of the Palestinian Museum is to be the leading, most credible and robust platform for shaping and communicating knowledge about Palestinian history, society and culture.

5.3.3. Brief The Palestinian Museum is a flagship project of Taawon-Welfare Association; a humanitarian organization working to support communities in the West Bank and Gaza, and in the refugee camps and gatherings of Lebanon. It is located 25km north of Jerusalem on a hilltop site adjacent to Birzeit University and is the first Phase of a two-phase master plan for a museum ‘hub’. The purpose of Phase I is to establish global connections through exhibition, participation, out-reach, education and research, it comprises a 3,500sm building set among 40,000sm landscaped gardens.

113 It includes a climate-controlled gallery space, an amphitheatre, a cafeteria with outdoor seating, a library, classrooms, storage, a gift shop and administrative spaces; all set within 4 hectares of planned gardens. During Phase 2; the Museum will expand to a total of 10,000SQM. The architects chose to express the often-fraught issue of Palestinian identity by deriving form directly from the landscape. 'The design is not a glib reaction to occupation,' says Sreenan, but rather 'a response to physical context.' Working with the existing contours of the land, they created a building that emerges organically from the site. Employing construction methods used for thousands of years in Palestine, they cleared the land of stones and then used them to build retaining walls that support a series of cascading terraces tracing historical agricultural terrain.

Figure 5.41 Top View

Figure 5.42 Interior Views There is no perimeter wall to the museum and visitors can enjoy sweeping views of the surrounding nature While many institutional buildings in Palestine read like stone fortresses, this museum opens up to the land and to its people; in a place of barriers there is no perimeter wall around the site. Sweeping vistas of the West Bank and the Mediterranean beyond are a constant reminder of connection to place.

The site is formed through a series of cascading terraces, created by field stone walls which trace the previous agricultural terraces of the area. The cascade of terraces tells a diversity of stories; citrus brought in through trade routes, native aromatic herbs, a rich and varied landscape with connections east and west. The building itself emerges from the landscape to create a strong pro le for the hilltop both integrated into the landscape yet creating an assertive form that has a distinctive identity.

Figure 5.44

Figure 5.43 the structure emerges from the landscape to offer sweeping views

Landscape Rather than imposing itself upon the site, the long, narrow building of concrete, clad in local limestone, rests lightly upon the land. A series of zigzagging terraced gardens hug the hill that slopes from East to West, unfolding like sedimentary layers of history.

Agricultural plantings including wheat and chickpeas embrace the base, while a variety of orange, almond, oak and pine trees weave their way to the top.

Largely single-storey; it stretches out along the hilltop from the south to north; overlooking the gardens to the west. An eastern angular entranceway beckons museumgoers into a light filled space, with offices, a cafe and shop to the north, and exhibition area to the south.

114 The main exhibition room is complemented by a glass gallery delineated by a subtle spatial shift that reveals the roof’s geometry. It looks westward across the site and to the sea, and out into a sunken outdoor amphitheatre, offering a constant connection to the physical reality of Palestine – as well as a device for both national memory and global connections, honouring ongoing struggles while speaking to future aspirations.

In the lower ground floor there is a public Education and Research Centre with classrooms, workshops and administrative spaces. The education centre opens out to a cut stone amphiteatre to the west. In addition to the Education and Research Centre, the main art collections spaces, photographic archives, and art handling are all located in the lower ground oor. These spaces are not accessible to the public; they open out to a secure delivery yard at the eastern side of the building.

They employed construction methods used for thousands of years in Palestine; the stone found on site helped build retaining walls that support a series of cascading terraces

Figure 5.45 an outdoor plaza can be used to stage a variety of different events

Interactive exhibitions in a variety of formats are presented both at the main museum building in Birzeit and several satellite partner venues, while its extensive digital collections and online platforms are made available to individuals and institutions worldwide.

The building will be the first LEED Certified building in Palestine 5.3.4. Landscape

Figure 5.46 Plantations The landscape of the Palestine has the ‘worked’ quality of a city; every element of it has been touched and tells a story of intervention, production, culture, environment and commerce. Like a city, the terraced landscape has embedded within it its history. The approach to the Palestinian Museum is to draw on this history of the terraced landscape, embedding the museum into its immediate site and drawing from this site to tell a larger story of a diverse culture.

The theme of the landscape; from the cultural to the native, unfolds across the terraces with the more domesticated terraces close to the building and changing as one moves down to the west. Groves of olives, pomegranate, fig, apricot, almond, carob and walnut are already yielding fruit and nuts, below them a thick, aromatic carpet of wheat, chickpea, mint, za’atar, sage, chamomile, jasmine and

115 lavender bloom. The plants are both indigenous to Palestine or have become synonymous with Palestine as results of its position along ancient trading routes.

5.3.5. Art Using a mix of traditional artworks alongside contemporary audio, visual and sculptural pieces, Jerusalem Lives examines the reasons behind the disconnect through a variety of lenses.

"We are told to look at a city from its cultural, economic, political, ideological and environmental perspectives," Fadda (An Artist) said. "That's the methodology that I used to look at the city and examine how this globalisation, this universalist phenomenon, has failed."

Figure 5.47 Art on the wall Vera Tamari's installation Home recalls the stairwells that once connected Palestinian homes throughout the Old City of Jerusalem, today caged for 'security' reasons by Israeli settlers Over the past nine months, Fadda and her team have worked to unite artworks by 48 Palestinian, Arab and international artists to illuminate these themes. Inside the museum, the exhibition begins with a colourful display that explores the representation of Jerusalem in popular culture and the media.

Scale models of the Dome of the Rock are placed in front of screens depicting news footage of conflict in Jerusalem, and the imagery continues in a series of posters archived by the Palestinian Poster Project.

Figure 5.48 Exterior Art The following rooms zig-zag between artworks and interactive educational installations.

Spread over one area of the exhibition's floor, Lebanese-born Palestinian artist Mona Hatoum's Present Tense presents a map of Oslo-era Palestine, outlined on a grid of Nablus olive oil soap.

Nearby, visitors enter a small room and find themselves encircled by a four-wall panoramic photograph of the Israeli settlements that surround Jerusalem, created by photographer Ahed Izhiman.

Infographics, interactive displays and maps fill the spaces between the main rooms, illuminating aspects of Palestinian life in Jerusalem under Israeli occupation, including the range of identity cards and their respective restrictions, data on land control and construction in the city and maps showing various obstacles to freedom of movement.

Figure 5.49 Sculptures and Souvenirs Photographs by Ahed Izhiman are displayed in the first room of the exhibition, surrounded by images, sculptures and souvenirs depicting the Dome of the Rock Fadda told Al Jazeera that for young Palestinians, especially those who are not able to enter Jerusalem, there is a knowledge gap regarding Palestinian life in the city, which she aims to partially bridge. "How do we decolonise our minds?" she said. "For me, these are the means. This is how you do it. You bring this wealth of culture and knowledge-making, put it together, and you start to think together, how do we strategise ways of getting out of this?"

116

Figure 5.51 Iraqi/Dutch artist Athar Jabar created Stone

Figure 5.50 a Palestinian stone installation that explores the importance of stone in the religious and everyday landscape of Jerusalem

In the museum's sloping, terraced garden, where 18 specially commissioned sculptures are displayed, Athar Jaber described the process of creating Stone - Opus 15. The two-metre-high plinth invites viewers to interact with the piece by touching it, writing on it, and sitting in its central niche..

In addition to the physical exhibition, Jerusalem Lives will involve a public educational programme and a two-volume catalogue, produced in conjunction with the Jerusalem Quarterly journal. Also titled Jerusalem Lives, the catalogue will include essays that focus on the lives of Jerusalemites who have made an effect on the city in the last 100 years.

Figure 5.52 Posters on the wall "It's meant to exhibit the variety of people who lived in Jerusalem," said Salim Tamari, director of the Institute for Jerusalem Studies.

"Many of them, in their diaries or in the biographical work that was written about them, show various features of the religious communities, neighbourhoods and the modernity of the city."

117 5.3.6. Plans, Section and Elevations

Figure 5.53 Ground Floor Plan

Figure 5.54 Basement Plan

118

Figure 5.55 Longitudinal Section

Figure 5.56 Cross Section

Figure 5.57 Elevation Slanted openings containing windows are set behind rows of black fins that provide a degree of shade to spaces including a glazed gallery on the ground floor.

119 5.3.7. Volumetric Diagrams

Figure 5.58 Volumetric Diagram

5.3.8. Conclusion, Why Did You Choose this Case Study?

The museum has a very similar cause to the museum proposed in Old Mosul City, which is to tell the history of Palestine and the conflicts and struggles it has been through. The architect was successful to interpret his thoughts in a new modern design. The museum also includes a research center and educational spaces.

120

5.4. Nelson Mandela Monument 5.4.1. Case Description -Case Study Name: Nelson Mandela Monument -City: Howich -Country: South Africa - Artist: Marco Cianfanelli 5.4.2. Concept text In honor of South African politician Nelson Mandela and to mark the 50th anniversary of his arrest by the apartheid police, artist Marco Cianfanelli was commissioned to produce a sculpture to stand in Howick, South Africa, on the exact unassuming spot that he was captured. The installation consists of 50 steel columns designed and built to mark the 50-year anniversary of what began Nelson Mandela’s ‘long walk to freedom.

Figure 5.59 When viewed from the right angle, the quietly powerful sculpture forms a profile portrait of Mandela.

5.4.3. Brief South African artist Marco Cianfanelli has constructed a monument to recognize the 50 year anniversary of peace activist and politician Nelson Mandela’s capture by the apartheid police in 1962. Mandela’s profile spans 50 steel columns measuring (6.5 and 9 meters) high, each anchored to the concretecovered ground. the shape and form of the sculpture are representative of the leader’s 27 years behind bars for his efforts to bring equal rights and governmental representation to the once racially divided nation. the statue of the Nobel prize winner has been erected in Howick, a town located 56 miles (90 kilometers) south from the city of Durban in the countryside of the southernmost African country.Cianfanelli says of his work ‘this represents the momentum gained in the struggle through the symbolic of mandela’s capture. the 50 columns represent the 50 years since his capture, but they also suggest the idea of many making the whole; of solidarity. it points to an irony as the political act of mandela’s incarceration cemented his status as an icon of struggle, which helped ferment the groundswell of resistance, solidarity and uprising, bringing about political change and democracy.‘

Figure 5.60 The Monument from a different angle 5.4.4. Conclusion, Why Did You Choose this Case Study?

This artist was successful to present this monument Figure 5.61 Installation of the Monument of an important public figure in a minimalist way.

121

5.5. 9/11 Memorial 5.5.1. Case Description -Case Study Name: 9/11 Memorial -City: New York -Country: United States of America - Architects: Michael Arad and Peter Walker Two memorial fountains at the World Trade Centre site in New York that occupy the exact footprints of the twin towers, which were destroyed in 2001.

Each waterfall will plunge 30 feet into a square basin then another 30 feet through a smaller hole in the middle, with the names of victims inscribed onto bronze plaques around the perimeter. The fountains are set in a paved plaza that's planted with 415 trees, all identical in size, beneath which a memorial museum is under construction.

Figure 5.62 Overview of the memorial

Figure 5.63 Site Plan Figure 5.64 View of the fountains

Figure 5.65 Names of the victims inscribed on the sides of the fountain 5.5.2. Conclusion, Why Did You Choose this Case Study?

The architect was successful to honor the lost lives in the 9/11 accident in a simple minimalistic style.

122

Chapter 6 PROGRAM

123

124

Chapter 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RESULTS

125

7. Conclusions and Results 7.1. Project Description Location: Iraq, North Iraq, Core of Ninaveh City, Mosul, Old Mosul City, 1 Km to the west of Tigris River, Grand Nuri Mosque and its surroundings.

Plot Area: 20,000 sqm Expected Built-up Area: 10,000 sqm Project Intentions: 1. Restoration and reconstruction of the old mosque, minaret and the court 2. Adding 2 new plots from the east and west to host a museum, shops, library and renovated houses.

Figure 7.1 Location

7.2. Site Analysis

Figure 7.2 City Grid

126

Figure 7.3 Before and After Details

127

7.3. Concept It is not only a place to pray, it is the core of light that keeps darkness at bay, and the correct selection of language to make ordinary extraordinary.

Mosul is Northern Iraq’s most important city, and the second largest population in Iraq after Baghdad with 2.5 million residents. It is well known in 1. Its variety in religions and ethnics with 80% muslims, 20% Christians, Turkmens, Kurds, Yazidis, Shabakis.

2. The tens of historical mosques and shrines which made the city a religious landmark 3. Mosul museum and its ancient artifacts 4. Mosul University It is a city so historical that was seized by ISIL on June 10th 2014 causing the city to be at total isolation. The alleged caliphate declared its commence from The Great Mosque of Al-Nuri. Bombing the mosque and its famous minaret on the 21st of June 2017 was a great shock to the entire world for the historical, religious and symbolic value it holds not only the city, but the whole region.

The biggest response to such a terrorist act is not military, but humanistic response to this dark mindset that destroyed the city, and from this point I want my project to be the core of light in this darkness and the first steps of hope to reconstruct the whole city.

Al-Najafi Street in Mosul

Mosul Museum

Ninaveh Street, Mosul-late 1950s

Hamu Qadu Khan

Mosul Market in the Ottoman Empire

Toma Building

Figure 7.4 Old Mosul Pictures

7.4. Site Plan The project was designed with a high sensitivity of the site as it is a very important archaeological and religious place for the region where the random grig formed the modern masses.

1. The mosque was renovated to the original but with new material ( concrete made of recycled debris) in which the material difference is shown between the old layer and the newer one.

2. Reconstruction of the demolished market left of the mosque in addition to the "Living Museum of Mosul" to show the visitors the historical events that have passed over the area, as well as an exterior amphitheater attached to the museum.

128 3. The new monument of Al-Hadba’a Minaret at the plaza, which is the most important in the region.

4. Restoration of the courtyard of the mosque, the ablution fountain and the cemetery to the north as well as increasing green areas.

5. Restoration of whatever is left of the old residential buildings east to the mosque and creating a new courtyard for the people of Mosul.

Figure 7.5 Site Plan

7.5. Zoning

Figure 7.6 Zoning

129

7.6. Plans The design of the main entrance (Boulevard) was as the same old direction before the mosque’s 1970s renovation, and all the narrow alleys around the site were directed towards the project.

Figure 7.7 Ground Floor Plan

130

There is also a vehicle entrance through the parking on the Basement Level which includes 38 parking spaces that serves the market, the mosque and the museum, and the entrance to The Boulevard is through an old commercial renovated building.

This level also shows The Plaza details which has some remains of an old mosque minaret and stairs to get to the base top of the new Al-Hadbaa minaret

Figure 7.8 Basement

131

Figure 7.9 First Floor Plan

132 This level shows the connected roofs of the new market west to the mosque inspired from the old Mosli houses

Figure 7.10 Second Floor Plan

133

134

Figure 7.11 Section and Elevations

Figure 7.12 Detailed Plans and Sections of the New Monument

135

7.7. 3D Shots Al-Hadba'a Minaret’s new monument is designed to form the original tilted shape from light/void and steel bars. It is seen as the original form across the city, and especially from the 2 main entrances. As visitors first walk into the project through "The Boulevard" and visit "The Museum of War", they get more familiar with all the facts/war/renovations throughout the years and the destruction of the minaret, therefore when the visitors’ journey resumes through "The Boulevard" and into "Al-Hadba'a Memorial Plaza", the void image of the minaret starts to fade until it can no longer be seen (representing its destruction). The Plaza is where all hopes and dreams of reconstruction rise again, so continuing as a visitor to the rest of the project, (towards the Renovated Nuri Mosque and houses), the void image is reshaped little by little until the minaret’s shape is reformed from the light (representing its reconstruction).

Figure 7.13 The New Al-Hadbaa Minaret Monument Concept

136 The picture shows the new form of The Hadba’a Memorial Monument as seen from all over the city, where the void in the steel bars forms its original famous tilted shape. The Minaret was not rebuilt to be a historical witness to the consequences of ignorance and violence on ancient monuments, but was reformed from the void to symbolize the core of light that would revive the old city. The steel bars were also used specifically to give an impression as if the minaret was always under construction.

Before Destruction

Proposed Design Figure 7.14 Al-Hadba’a New Memorial Monument

Proposed Design Figure 7.15 Al-Hadba’a Memorial Plaza

After Destruction

Before Destruction

137 This Shot shows the connection between the new monument, the mosque’s courtyard, the ablution fountain and the new renovated mosque. There was a lot of controversy on whether the Minaret should be reconstructed as a typical or not, the reason I chose not to, is to keep the impact of war as a historical evidence of violence for the future generations to come.(new 4 mosque minarets were designed and not reverted to the original because every development throughout the years had its impact on the mosque)

Before Destruction

Proposed Design

After Destruction

Figure 7.16 Connection Between the Mosque and the Courtyard The renovated market has connected rooftops inspired from old Mouslian houses which residents used to cross easily.

Before Destruction

Proposed Design Figure 7.17 The New Market

After Destruction

138 High walls were designed to penetrate the roofs of the renovated houses to form an enclosure of the new green courtyard and to identify narrow alleys and direct them towards the courtyard.

These walls were inspired by the oldest city in the world (the City of Ur) of the Sumerian civilization, where the most important building (the temple then) was always higher, has more rigid grid than the rest of the small human sized random grid houses UR City

Before Destruction

Proposed Design

After Destruction

Figure 7.18 Renovated Houses The picture shows the Boulevard, which is the main entrance to the project where visitors find the market and The Museum of War to the right, and restaurants to the left. It should also be mentioned that the entrance to the mosque before the renovation was in this direction towards Al-Hadba’a Minaret, then the mosque courtyard and then mosque itself.

Before Destruction

Proposed Design Figure 7.19 The Boulevard

After Destruction

139 The picture shows one of the new market entrances from the main street, narrow allies were designed to give a similar impression as old Mosul allies for visitors.

Before Destruction

Proposed Design

After Destruction

Figure 7.20 Narrow Allies The photo shows parking entrance of the basement floor where the minaret’s form is seen as a whole from all the main entrances.

Figure 7.21 Parking Entrance

140 The image shows the new interactive design with the gate remains, where large green areas have been created for the visitor's seating and meditation. Other images also show the development of the gate throughout history and the entrance was not of this direction at construction, but was added in 1937 and restored to the present form in 1973.

1172

1937 Figure 7.22 The Gate

1373

2017

141

References 1- Article 125 of the Iraqi Constitution 2- “Top 10 Battles for the Control of Iraq.” By: Tom X. Chao, Live Science.

3- “The battle in Iraq that could turn the tide against Islamic State: The fight for Mosul is about to begin” By: Nabih Bulos, Los Angeles Times.

4- “US, Iraq say ISIS blew up famous Mosul mosque”, By: amdi Alkhshali, Barbara Starr and Phil Gast, CNN 5- “Art and Culture”, iraqiembassy.us 6- Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History. By Nicholas Postgate, J N Postgate (1994).

7- Harmansah, 2007 8- Sayce, Rev. A. H., Professor of Assyriology, Oxford, "The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions", Second Edition-revised, 1908, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, London, Brighton, New York; at pages 98–100 9- “Mosul completely freed from ISIS: What's next for the city left in ruins?” By: Angela Dewan and Tim Lister, CNN. 10- "Iraq Significant Site 047 - Mosul - Minaret of the Great Mosque of Nur al-Din and Mosque al-Nuri" 11-"Inside the Assyrian palace revealed in fight for Mosul" By: Lloyd, Anthony (2017-03-20), The Times.

12- “Islamic State destroys ancient Mosul mosque, the third in a week”, The Guardian.

13- “ISIL destroys 14th century Islamic shrine located west of Mosul” By: Abdelhak Mamoun, iraqinews.com 14- “ISIS destroys Prophet Sheth shrine in Mosul”, alarabiya.net 15- “Muslim Militants Blow Up Tombs of Biblical Jonah, Daniel in Iraq” By: Heather Clark, christiannews.com 16- “ISIS destroys beloved mosque in central Mosul”, rudaw.net 17- https://uwb.maps.arcgis.com/apps/View/index.html?appid=b62741e51a5a4c6faa5870677f959961 18- “Basic infrastructure repair in Mosul will cost over $1 billion: U.N.” By: Stephen Kalin, Reuters.

19- “What's needed to help Mosul recover? UNDP Iraq's Lise Grande explains”, iq.undp.org 20- “Battle for Mosul: Iraq PM Abadi formally declares victory”, BBC 21- Managing Historic Cities, World Heritage Papers.