DECaDE Brochure

INNOVATION BROCHURE AUTUMN 2021

DECADE

DECADE :

CENTRE FOR THE DECENTRALISED DIGITAL ECONOMY

decade.ac.uk

CENTRE FOR THE DECENTRALISED DIGITAL ECONOMY The Centre for the Decentralised

CONTENTS *

3 FOREWORD

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4 PARTNERS

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6 COLLABORATION

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8

OUR MISSION

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10

RESEARCH THEMES

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16

RESEARCH AND INNOVATION PROCESS

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18 TIMELINE

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20

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22 PROJECTS

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34

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36 PUBLICATIONS

Digital Economy (DECaDE) is a five-year National Research Centre exploring how emerging data-centric technologies, such as Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), could transform our future digital economy through decentralised platforms.

DECaDE was launched in October 2020 by the University of Surrey, the University of Edinburgh and Digital Catapult. It is funded by £10million of support from industry (£6million) and from the UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) through the Digital Economy programme (£4million) – EPSRC grant reference EP/T022485/1.

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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

RESEARCH CAPABILITY

D E C E N T R A L I SED D IG ITA L EC O NO M Y FOREWORD

We live in a Decentralised Digital Economy (DDE), in which everyone has the opportunity to be both a producer and consumer of digital goods and services.

But these dynamic, peer-to-peer markets are all underpinned by centralised digital platforms, with governance that is often opaque and operates in isolation of stakeholders. DECaDE explores how emerging data-centric technologies such as Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) or ‘Blockchain’, and Artificial Intelligence (AI), could transform our digital economy through decentralised platforms.

PROF. JOHN COLLOMOSSE

DECaDE Centre Director

DECaDE explores this fundamentally socio-technical question through three thematic perspectives: how value is co-created; how we identify with and use digital services and in turn how they use our data; and how the DDE affects the way individuals and employers interact in a decentralised future of work. As a centre, we bring together designers, technologists, legal experts, and specialists in cyber-security and business modelling, to tackle these themes. DECaDE is built around the Digital Catapult’s DLT Field Labs serving as a ‘living lab’ for co-creating research with more than 30 industry partners, and accelerating impact by translating findings toward commercialisation.

DECaDE is focused upon the context of the Creative Industries until the end of 2022, where content creation and consumption are already decentralised – but mediated by centralised platforms. DECaDE is exploring how decentralised platforms can help us trace content provenance to fight fake news, as well as help creatives manage their rights, and trade content with producers and publishers. DECaDE will explore what the future of work might look like in a creative industry enabled by decentralised platforms for content production, as well as novel commodification models such as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), Data trusts, and new ways to handle personal information and identity across distributed platforms. We also have ongoing work in blockchain and its role in suply chain management. This brochure provides a snapshot of our vision, our initial projects co-created with DECaDE’s industry and public sector stakeholders, and our longer-term plans.

Prof. John Collomosse, DECaDE Centre Director

October 2021

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PROJECT LEADERS

PROF. JOHN COLLOMOSSE

PROF. GLENN PARRY

MS APARAJITA MOHANTY

PROF. STEVE SCHNEIDER

DECADE DIRECTOR

DECADE CO-DIRECTOR

DECADE CENTRE MANAGER

INVESTIGATOR

Centre for Vision Speech and

Centre for Digital Economy (CoDE),

Centre for Vision Speech and Signal

Director Surrey Centre for Cyber

Signal Processing (CVSSP),

University of Surrey.

Processing (CVSSP),

Security (SCCS),

University of Surrey.

g.parry@surrey.ac.uk

University of Surrey.

University of Surrey.

a.mohanty@surrey.ac.uk

s.schneider@surrey.ac.uk

j.collomosse@surrey.ac.uk

PROF. CHRIS SPEED

PROF. BURKHARD SCHAFER

DR CHRIS ELSDEN

DR ROBERT LEARNEY

INVESTIGATOR

INVESTIGATOR

INVESTIGATOR

DC HEAD OF TECHNOLOGY

Institute for Design Informatics,

Director SCRIPT, School of Law,

Interaction Design,

Distributed Systems,

University of Edinburgh.

University of Edinburgh.

Institute for Design Informatics,

Digital Catapult.

c.speed@ed.ac.uk

b.schafer@ed.ac.uk

University of Edinburgh.

robert.learney@digicatapult.org.uk

celsden@exseed.ed.ac.uk

PIERRE BAISLEY

NASTASHA VELASCO

NATHAN COULSON

ALASTAIR YOOL

DC HEAD OF INNOVATION

DC INNOVATION PARTNER

DC SR ML&AI TECHNOLOGIST

DC PROJECT MANAGER

Digital Catapult.

Digital Catapult.

Digital Catapult.

Digital Catapult.

pierre.baisle@digicatapult.org.uk

nastasha.velasco@digicatapult.org.uk

nathan.coulson@digicatapult.org.uk

alastair.yool@digicatapult.org.uk

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P R O J EC T PA RTNER S

A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP. DECADE IS LED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF SURREY, IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH AND DIGITAL CATAPULT.

University of Surrey DECaDE builds upon world-leading expertise at the intersection of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) within Surrey’s Centre for Vision Speech and Signal Processing (CVSSP). These technical capabilities fuse with expertise in socio-economic modelling and digital business transformation within Surrey Business School’s Centre for Digital Economy (CoDE), and people-centric security and trusted systems within the Surrey Centre for Cybersecurity (SCCS).

University of Edinburgh University of Edinburgh brings world-class human factors and design expertise via Institute for Design Informatics (IDI). DECaDE incorporates SCRIPT within Edinburgh Law School; an AHRC law and technology research centre focusing on the relationship between law, technology, commerce and society.

Digital Catapult Co-creation is driven through the Digital Catapult via both its DLT Field Labs and machine intelligence garage, engaging diverse private and public sector end-users.

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DECaDE is working with industry and public sector end-users to co-create adventurous and exciting research to shape the evolution of the digital economy toward a new 21st-century model of work and value creation.

“As an R&D department exploring emerging technologies for the good of licence fee payers and for the benefit of the UK and global creative economy, BBC R&D wants to understand the potential of decentralised services like distributed ledgers and sovereign identity for the betterment of society and to develop our own production services that provide real value to audiences. Being a partner in DECaDE offers us the opportunity to participate in world-class research in these vital areas.” — Ian Crawford, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC).

“As Chair of the Independent Advisory Board for the DECaDE programme, it has been a privilege for me to be involved in the work of this exciting strand of work. The implications of the Digital Economy reach into every aspect of our lives and it is vital that our brightest minds and most innovative thinkers are given the opportunity to consider those implications and to exchange ideas , not just on the technology but on the societal economic and personal impacts as well. The varied programme underway and planned by the DECaDE team provides just the framework in which that work can proceed on a practical and collaborative basis. I have been very impressed with what I have seen so far and look forward to witnessing the programmes’s ground breaking and valuable research continuing in the future.” — Nick Davies, Chair, DECaDE Independent Advisory Board.

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COLLABORATION

DECADE COLLABORATORS

If you are interested in attending and co-creating a project with DECaDE and our partners, please get in touch for further details.

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WE CAN BUILD A NEW WAVE OF PLATFORMS THAT ENABLE PEOPLE, BUSINESSES AND SERVICES TO TAKE BACK AGENCY. Digital society is transforming the way in which we work, with emerging technologies empowering individuals through new opportunities to collaborate and generate value. This creates an inexorable shift from classical economic models centred upon monolithic institutions, to a dynamic and decentralised peer-to-peer economy. Yet whilst digital technology underpins our society, it is not controlled by society. DECaDE looks ahead to a future Decentralised Digital Economy, enabling people and organisations to work together, to trade, and ultimately to trust via frictionless digital interactions. interactions. These will be free from reliance upon centralised third parties, but with open decentralised governance and a greater reliance upon distributed and autonomous services. DECaDE will accelerate research in DLT, AI, and Human Data Interaction (HDI). We will work with industry and end-users to create the tools and techniques that shape the evolution of the digital economy toward a new 21st-century model of work and value creation, ensuring a prosperous, safe and inclusive society for all.

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O U R MIS S ION DECaDE’s mission is to create the tools and techniques that will shape the future digital economy model of work and value creation, ensuring a prosperous, safe and inclusive society for all.

Our socio-technical research programme examines the emerging de-centralised digital economy from three thematic perspectives. We have initially chosen to study these themes from the context of the Creative Industries, exploring future visions for value creation, rights, and the workplaces that arise from the fusion on working practice.

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02

03

CO-CREATING VALUE

DATA AND IDENTITY

DECENTRALISED WORK

The future Digital Economy is less

DECaDE explores value creation

The shift in employment norms toward

constrained by physical geographies

through data fluidity – data that moves

the gig economy challenges definitions

and is driven by new models of

dynamically with granular access control,

of trust, the value (fairness, worth) of

value co-creation and data exchange

generating value for its owners. We

work and how it is represented in

between a diaspora of digital identities.

leverage decentralized platforms to

future society. DECaDE explores ideas

We are far from understanding the

create new models for data provenance,

like decentralised work records and

social ramifications of this trend; not

enabling people and organisations to

reputation systems in a peer-to-peer

just in terms of digital privacy and

commodify their data and the products

economy, and considers how future

cyber-security, but in broader terms of

derived from it, whilst retaining agency.

supply chains may be transformed

value. How will AI and decentralized

We explore the associated issues of self-

through decentralized platforms. How

technologies enable value creation from

sovereign and decentralised identities,

can we ensure these new ways of

data whilst retaining agency? What

including the bridge between physical

working and exchanging value are

are the novel business models that this

entities (people, goods) and their digital

inclusive and for the public good?

enables, and how can the ethical and

representations.

regulatory space adapt to keep pace?

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CO-CREATING VALUE DECADE IS STUDYING VALUE CREATION THROUGH THE FOCUS OF THE DECENTRALISED CREATIVE ECONOMY.

Pricing and redistribution rights need no longer be defined by centralised publishers, but form part of an open market making micro-payments to content creators.

DECaDE focuses initially on the decentralised Creative industries as a case area for value co-creation in the Decentralised Digital Economy. A shift from centralised content distributors (broadcasters) to decentralised platforms promises radical new business models that redefine how value is derived from digital content. Pricing and redistribution rights will no longer be defined by centralised publishers, but form part of an open market making micro-payments to content creators. AI technologies also bring new opportunities to radically redefine concepts such as ownership and content privacy – for example, who or what is in a video, what can be seen and heard, and how that influences redistribution rights. It may even change the way creatives discover and collaborate with one another to produce content, and so redefine the way we work to create value in the new creative economy.

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RESEARCH THEMES

01 CO-CREATING VALUE

CREATING NEW MODELS FOR CONTENT PROVENANCE AND DISTRIBUTION Emerging creative technologies (CreaTech) bring both opportunity and risk. AI can now create misleading deepfake videos from a single photograph, challenging the integrity of user-generated content that broadcasters or journalists disseminate through social platforms.

We must design new socio-technical solutions to ensure these new models for content provenance and redistribution rights are communicated and inclusive, so all creatives benefit from this emerging economy.

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DATA TRUSTS: IDENTITY AND DATA IN THE DDE DECADE EXPLORES VALUE CREATION THROUGH DATA FLUIDITY – DATA THAT MOVES DYNAMICALLY WITH GRANULAR ACCESS CONTROL, GENERATING VALUE FOR ITS OWNERS.

The solution is not to put up walls and locally silo or isolate data, but to enhance data fluidity.

We leverage new models for data provenance, commodifying data and the products derived from it, exploring the associated issues of self-sovereign and decentralised identities.

Society has already begun to push back on organisations that silo and extract value from the deluge of our data. However, the solution is not to put up walls and locally silo or isolate data, but to enhance data fluidity, so it moves dynamically with granular access control to generate value for its owners.

DECaDE will explore how decentralized data silos maintained locally or at the network edge (e.g. via Internet of Things devices) may be leveraged to extract value from data using privacy preserving AI technologies such as federated machine learning (FML). FML enables users to collaboratively pool their data toward distributed efforts such as training valuable AI models, whilst maintaining control and agency over their data. Combined with data provenance enabled by distributed ledger technologies and blockchain, such the resulting AI models may be traced back to their data contributors – enabling novel forms of data commodification and royalty models.

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RESEARCH THEMES

02 VALUE FOR ITS OWNERS GIVING USERS GREATER CONTROL OVER THEIR PERSONAL DATA. DECaDE will empower users to identify areas of value in their personal data and explore novel models for releasing that value through decentralised technologies, giving users greater agency over its use through novel economic and governance models.

For example, the concept of Data Trusts is emerging, giving third parties permission to steward or commoditise users’ data for them. This concept raises many questions.

What would a decentralised data trust look like, and what value could be extracted from data, in new ways? For example, the recent EPSRC CoMEHeRE project explored commodification of fitness band data to medical insurers in return for micropayments.

DECaDE will explore these and novel value models such as how the provenance of data used to train an AI model might be used to define shared ownership (digital equity) of that model when commoditised.

Such models may encourage more equitable use of data to create value for individuals, and so mitigate the push back on reluctance for data sharing tensioned against the drive for improved innovation in data hungry AI. DECaDE will also explore the training of AI models on individuals’ data in a privacy preserving manner through decentralised and federated machine learning, a kind of distributed computing, while drawing upon our partner expertise to understand the implications of GDPR.

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WORKING IN THE DECENTRALISED ECONOMY DECADE EXPLORES THE FUTURE WORKPLACE AND SUPPLY CHAINS IN THE DECENTRALISED PEER-TO-PEER ECONOMY.

Work experience and career history could soon be represented by a mixed portfolio of engagements with multiple employing entities.

The decentralisation of the Digital Economy has contributed to the emergence of the gig economy, evident in lower-paid sectors such as delivery or transport, and increasingly in professional services such as the creative and healthcare sectors. Soon it may be unusual to work for a single, monolithic organisation, as work experience and career history could be represented by a mixed portfolio of engagements with multiple employing entities, often mediated via online platforms where employer and employee may not physically meet. The gig economy and the shift in employment norms challenge common definitions of trust, the value (fairness, worth) of work and how it is represented in future society.

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RESEARCH THEMES

03 DECENTRALISED WORK

PLATFORM DESIGN MUST BE INCLUSIVE ACROSS SOCIETY. Where reputation weighs heavily on an individual’s record, the absence of a trusted centralised organisation will create a social and technical challenge. This challenge requires the development and adoption/ governance of a technical solution layered with appropriate models for decentralised governance, including ways to evolve that governance model by consensus and penalise unfair behaviour on the platform.

Platform design must be inclusive across society and tackle digital literacy, particularly around decentralised technologies and their inherent trust attributes.

With novel forms of digital value exchange emerging, such as tokenized (crypto-) currency and the potential for future central bank digital currency (CBDC), new question arise around smart contracts for payment, programmable money and digital taxation schemes in this future economy.

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INDUSTRY ENGAGEMENT AND ROLE OF FIELD LABS DLT FIELD LABS

DECaDE is an applied research centre with a remit covering both novel research, and the translation of that research to commercial impact.

Traversing this so called ‘valley of death’ is even more challenging for projects involving decentralised systems, where deployment beyond lab-based proofs of concept requires coordination and buy-in from multiple stakeholders simultaneously.

A DLT Field Lab is in essence a demand-side accelerator designed to overcome this coordination challenge and fast-track research translation. It is intended to be a safe place for convening, educating, supporting, and guiding multiple industry challenge owners to work alongside innovators, academia and regulators to create practical DLT-based solutions for trial in near-real-world conditions.

This in turn enables DECaDE to study critical socio-technical research questions such as the socio-economic drivers and business cases that represent a key enabler to the creation and adoption of sustainable decentralised platforms. The primary focus of this therefore on identifying and solving coordination problems. Each of these problems requires shared, decentralised digital infrastructure, and pushes the boundaries for solutions with novel socio-economic underpinnings.

DECaDE is part-way through its first Field Labs process in the Creative Industries context, and in coming years will run two more in two further contexts. As of now, DECaDE Project Teams have discovered different exciting use cases. DECaDE and the Digital Catapult are working to select, and will soon take forward, a promising use case from one of the thematic projects.

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RESEARCH AND INNOVAITON PROCESS

RESPONSIBLE INNOVATION FRAMEWORK An essential component of the DLT Field Lab model employed within DECaDE is the development and application of a Responsible Innovation Framework led by independent experts in the field of Technology Ethics.

The purpose of the Responsible Innovation workstream is to embed ethical practices within project teams, and hold space for deep and reflective discussions about the ethical implications of the innovations being developed.

Although the primary focus will be the DLT field lab, the framework will be developed which would broadly encompass all projects undertaken at DECaDE. Our independent ethics committee members possess a wealth of experience in technology and data ethics, law, social sciences and philosophy. Together with DC technologists, they will help project teams to think about ethical risks, intended and unintended consequences, inclusive stakeholder engagement and the distribution of power and responsibility that occur due to new distributed digital systems. As part of the process, a tailored Responsible Innovation Handbook tool will be developed for the project team to follow as a guideline throughout the field lab process. Facilitating responsible technology adoption by the industries is the primary goal of the DLT field lab.

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NATIONAL HUB FOR SOCIO-TECHNICAL RESEARCH

DECaDE is a national hub for socio-technical research into the decentralised digital economy, and part of a programme of Next Stage Digital Economy Centres

The Creative Industries (CI) contributed £116bn to the UK economy last year (6% of UK GVA) and employs 3.2 million people. The trend toward decentralised content creation and consumption in the CIs, coupled with the AI-driven transformation of the sector, makes CI a timely lens through which to explore DECaDE’s core research themes.

launched by the EPSRC. DECaDE will take forward previously funded inter and multidisciplinary applied digital economy research to “the next stage”, ultimately easing the pathway to better commercialisation.

Recruit

Marketting & Communications

Governance

Ideation workshop (large orgs, UK Gov)

Ideation workshop (SMEs)

Processes definition

Q4 2020 DECaDE Centre launch

18 DECaDE

Q1 2021 Project co-creation

TIMELINE

DECaDE has co-created four thematic

project working with our stakeholders to

select one of our thematic projects for

projects through an ideation process

specify workstreams, identify contributed

further development through the Field

led through the Digital Catapult’s DLT

resources (such as code, engineering,

Lab innovation process. This will provide

Field Labs. Discovery workshops were

advice and data) and ultimately set out

an opportunity to accelerate work with

run separately with large organisation

the plans for each thematic project over

potential for high technology readiness to

and innovators (SMEs) to brainstorm key

18 months.

commercialisation.

In addition, we have engaged several

Over its five-year lifetime, DECaDE will

new industry partnerships. We’ll also

repeat this process for an additional two

participate in a number of agile projects

cycles – leveraging the flexibility in its

through doctoral students and research

funding to engage two new contexts

fellowships associated with the centre.

beyond the Creative Industries. Two

opportunities and pain points as the CIs shift to a decentralised and AI-enabled creative economy. Further academic analysis, and a consolidation workshop scoped out high-level descriptions of four core projects upon which we will focus until the end of 2022. Each of these will involve several industry partners.

Parallel activities then began for each

Over the coming months, as research progresses, the Digital Catapult will

High-level project descriptions defined

Project workstreams defined​

O

O

Consolidation workshop

4x Thematic 4x Thematic Project 4x Thematic Project 4x Thematic Workshops Project Workshops Project Workshops Workshops

further cycles of the Fields Labs will run to support this.

Thematic projects running

Agile projects running

Responsible Innovation (RRI) framework

Q2 2021

Q3 2021

Q4 2021

Project execution

DECaDE 19

R E SEAR CH H I G H LIG HTS replaced by bad actors to misattribute an image to a false story. One solution is to ‘lookup’ provenance information in a shared, public immutable data store by visually matching images via content fingerprinting, a unique hash identifier for the image or video content.

DECaDE researchers are actively

Fighting fake news

exploring both aspects of this technology.

First, novel computer vision (AI) methods to compute a robust visual hash of media content, secondly to explore distributed

Exploring the potential for emerging technologies such as DLT and AI in determining the provenance of media

ledger technology (DLT/Blockchain) to store those hashes immutably without a centralised point of control or trust. This

encountered online.

project builds on early work to explore

Fake news and misinformation are

in Project ARCHANGEL to discover,

centuries-old societal problems,

for example, how a combination of AI

exacerbated by the ease with which

fingerprinting and DLT could underscore

digital imagery is manipulated and

integrity in photojournalism.

shared. Improving awareness of the origins, or provenance, of content can help users make more informed decisions on whether to trust the media they encounter online.

There are emerging international standards (e.g. C2PA The Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity, and JPEG Fake Media working group) that enable the provenance of assets such as digital images to be recognised by embedding metadata within the file.

However, image metadata is commonly stripped when a file is uploaded and shared on social platforms and may be

20 DECaDE

Strategies to fight fake news with emotions

a similar idea for digital preservation

PROJECT NAME: Visual Content Provenance TEAM: John Collomosse, Tu Bui and Alex Black.

This project aims to understand the characteristics (emotional work and symbolic work) of the leading misinformation discourse on social media – such as Twitter or Facebook.

This study examines a historical case of the Irish HPV vaccine campaign between 2014 and 2019. Research explores how the anti-vaccination group REGRET managed to reduce the HPV vaccination rates to 40% in only two years. Further, the work of a social entrepreneurial group lead by Laura Brennan, a young advocate for the vaccine who died of cancer, is examined to understand how they managed to increase the vaccination rates back up close to previous levels.

The analysis reveals how fear was created by the anti-vaccine movement using videos and social media text.

They used images of themselves suffering

The Ticket Designer is a discovery tool

and talked about the pain caused to them

to explore ‘programmable tickets’ –

by the vaccines they had been given.

where audiences can use templates to

The social entrepreneurs fighting against

design their own tickets connected to

the ‘anti-vaxxers’, developed mirroring

a range of other data-driven services

strategies, embodying the cause and

and financial transactions. We launched

creation of fear, which was complemented

the Ticket Designer at the Edinburgh

with the generation emotional empathy.

Fringe Festival with Glasgow Improv

The focal strategy of both groups was

Theatre playing ‘Whose Ticket is it

the embodiment of the cause, with both groups manipulating individuals fears to create emotional shock. However, only

New Live Event Economies

Anyway’ – where each programmable ticket became a prompt for an improvised scene. GeoBlockly is an easy-to-use tool

the Laura Brennan group was able to

to explore geo-located smart contracts,

offer a means of overcoming that fear

which we’re using to experiment with

by creating empathy through individuals identification with Laura herself. Data was collected online, from official group websites, Twitter and YouTube accounts.

Analysis relies on the materials from articles, tweets and more importantly videos, used to assess the use of emotions in social media to create a

This project explores how venues, performers and audiences (live and remote) can participate in decentralised economies surrounding

location-based transactions around media and recordings for live events.

We are also collaborating with the Nakatomi Plaza Arts and Cultural Trust

live events and performance.

within Decentraland to study the legal

Recording media content before, during

and how the law of gifts and gifting can

and after a performance is a key feature

implications of charitable online concerts, be aligned with smart contracts.

persuasive discourse.

of many live events. Audiences who attend in-person, or watch remotely,

Through these prototypes, workshops,

PROJECT NAME: Emotions and fake

expect to consume and produce all

and partner engagements, we hope

manner of media related to a show,

to develop rich opportunities for

while performers and venues often look

decentralised economies around live

to audience engagement and media as

events, from supporting fan communities,

valuable content.

through to payments and reward for

news: anti-vaccination and how to overcome it.

TEAM: Itziar Castello, Marie Joachim, ndrew Hill, Glenn Parry.

We are exploring new ways for venues,

audience generated media.

audiences and performers to transact

PROJECT NAME: Decentralised

and co-create value around live events.

Economies for Live Events

Using design research methods and “field-testing” prototypes with partners in the live events sector, we will understand different the different opportunities

TEAM: Chris Elsden, Evan Morgan, Chris Speed, Jonathan Rankin, Dave MurrayRust, Burkhard Schafer.

stakeholders are offered in novel decentralised systems.

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P R O J ECTS

THEMATIC PROJECTS

Decentralised registry for content attribution The project will leverage emerging industry standards for media provenance to develop a proof of concept decentralised service for tracing the provenance of media assets (such as images, video, audio). Applications will include solutions to fight misinformation (e.g. trace the provenance of images encountered online) and to track content re-use. The solution will enable provenance to be traced without recourse of implied trust to any particular organisation or content provider, using combination of distributed ledger, cryptographic and AI content fingerprinting techniques.

Decentralised trading floor for Content Ownership and Rights

Future of Work and Content Production

A virtual content trading floor will be

decentralised platforms. The project

developed for asset discovery and exchange, focusing novel business models to create value from the exchange of content ownership and associated IP rights around content. The project will develop a proof of concept, decentralised platform for discovering and exchanging ownership and rights of digital assets. The project will investigate the legal space around the rights and ownership of digital assets and tokenised representations of that content. The project will investigate generalisation of the idea of data trusts to creative assets, enabled by both the provenance of assets and identity.

22 DECaDE

The project will explore possible futures for work and the gig economy within the creative industries mediated via will explore how entities across all facets of the creative supply chain might collaborate in the future workplace, for example to commission and deliver on a production. The project will explore discovery of talent (e.g. advertisement and promotion of individuals via decentralised reputational systems), and novel ways to contract workers into a production, including the leveraging location aware smart contracts.

DECaDE will focus initially (until the end of 2022) upon the Creative Industries, a key component of the UK economy and one where content creation and consumption are already shifting to a decentralised model. DECaDE will explore how decentralised platforms can help us trace content provenance to fight fake news, as well as help creatives manage their rights, and trade content with producers and publishers. DECaDE will explore what the future of work might look like in a creative industry enabled by decentralised platforms for content production, as well as novel commodification models for media and creativity, and new ways to handle personal information and identity across distributed platforms.

AGILE PROJECTS In addition to these four thematic projects, DECaDE is engaging in a number of emergent agile projects.

Identity in the Decentralised Creative Economy

Decentralisation in supply chain management

Identity within a decentralised platform

This project examines the application of

underpins many key functions with a creative economy. These include content ownership, IP rights assignment, provenance and origin of content, and identity of workers. Recourse to centralised points of authority within such platforms, such as government backed identity or third party identity providers, runs counter to the autonomy and independence offered by decentralised platforms. The project will explore technical solutions in the space of selfsovereign identity to ground identity from the digital to physical without recourse to such authorities. The project will explore usability and trust barriers to decentralised identity schemes, and legal issues around the regulation and governance of such systems.

decentralised technologies in support of supply chains and business ecosystems.

These projects involve ways to create frictionless trade across borders and innovative ways to bridge the digitalphysical divide when tracking physical supply chains.

The disparate nature of the global supply chain, with upstream suppliers often unknown to downstream customers, means that there is often no single centralised trusted authority. The lack of visibility leads to many problems.

Documentation related to product or services may be vague, amended or lost.

Human rights abuses can be hidden and environmental damage covered up.

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D E C E N T R A LISED R EG ISTRY FO R C O N T E N T ATTR IB U TIO N THEMATIC PROJECT

THE PROJECT WILL DEVELOP A PROOF OF CONCEPT DECENTRALISED SERVICE FOR TRACING THE PROVENANCE OF MEDIA ASSETS SUCH AS IMAGES, VIDEO AND AUDIO.

The service will enable content publishers to lodge a copy of their asset (with associated provenance information) within an immutable decentralised storage platform. The service may then be queried by creators, publishers or content consumers who wish to determine the provenance, or origins, of a media asset. Applications will include solutions to fight misinformation (e.g. trace the provenance of images encountered online) and to determine the provenance of video (e.g. to decide whether to trust user generated content for inclusion in a new broadcast), or provenance of audio samples (e.g. in order to make decision around their use within a creative work). The project will leverage emerging standards for content attribution to embed provenance information within the asset metadata. The project will enable provenance about assets to be recalled using either cryptographic (exact) hashing or AI/content fingerprinting (soft hashing) technologies.

24 DECaDE

THEMATIC PROJECTS

DLT technical challenge Problem: How can we create a scalable

Solution: Fingerprinting. Develop tamper-

decentralised infrastructure that enables storage and

evident content fingerprinting technologies for

retrieval of asset provenance with high throughput,

tracing images and video. Draw upon partner

and without high transaction (‘gas’) fees? Are there

expertise for audio fingerprinting. Explore tamper

appropriate technologies beyond DLT? What does

visualization.

the governance structure and trust model look like for these technologies?

AI technical challenge Problem: How can we compute robust content-

Solution: Platform. Develop and deploy a DLT

aware descriptors (hashes or fingerprints) to trace

prototype across a federation of project partners,

the provenance of media assets such as images,

for storage and query of provenance information.

audio and video, or emerging forms of media such

Compare decentralised tech with a focus on Layer

as 3D avatars, volumetric video or in-game digital

2 DLT solutions and ZK rollups. Build a technical

assets such as fashion? How can we shape the user

demonstrator of the platform e.g. for misinformation

experience to communicate provenance of assets’ including where assets are tampered?

Legal challenge Problem: What are the privacy implications of

Solution: Domain analysis of fake news.

a registry for asset attribution? What regulatory

Provision of detailed understanding of how

concerns might exist around such a service? What

civil society fights fake news and the emotional

legal rights might provenance information imply?

mechanism through which fake news spreads and can be counteracted.

Business challenge Problem: What is the business model behind such a service - what is novel, and how is value created?

Solution: Regulatory space of provenance systems. Report of the emerging

What is the value proposition that incentivises

legal landscape around AI and reverse asset lookup

stakeholders to participate sustainably?

considering the privacy and IPR issues raised by a provenance system.

Project partners

DECaDE 25

D E C E N T R A L IS ED TR A D ING FLO O R FO R C O N T E N T OW NER SH IP A ND R IG H TS THEMATIC PROJECT

A VIRTUAL CONTENT TRADING FLOOR WILL BE DEVELOPED FOR ASSET DISCOVERY AND EXCHANGE, FOCUSING NOVEL BUSINESS MODELS TO CREATE VALUE FROM THE EXCHANGE OF CONTENT OWNERSHIP AND ASSOCIATED IP RIGHTS AROUND CONTENT.

The project will develop a proof of concept, decentralised platform for discovering and exchanging digital assets. The project will explore novel AI techniques to aggregate and discover content (e.g. to incentivise and comodify crowd-sourced user-generated content and enable the crowd to participate as first-class creators of value). The project will investigate the legal space around the rights and ownership of digital assets and tokenised representations of that content. The project will investigate the generalisation of the idea of data trusts to creative assets, enabled by both the provenance of assets (see Content Attribution project) and ways to broker rights and access to those assets. The space of decentralised technologies will be explored, including DLT, SOLID, PoD, with a focus on scalability and sustainability of these platforms for high volume, NFTs (e.g. programmable digital tokens representing assets) and ways to leverage NFT (or NFT-like technologies) to create new models for value creation and rights management.

26 DECaDE

THEMATIC PROJECTS

Business challenge Problem: What are the current business and

Solution: Business models. Detail of the

market challenges? What would drive broader and

issues and challenges faced by the industry will be

fairer engagement? How could this transform the

captured. This will be used to shape the business

business of traditional content publishers? What

model and design of a platform solution, co-created

would such a platform look like?

with partners.

Legal challenge Problem: What are the current and future rights models for decentralised platforms e.g. copyright

Solution: Engaging Creatives for Production. Use design thinking methods

and derivative rights? What is the enforceability

to develop ‘paper-based’ possible models for

of rights models and ownership on decentralised

distributed production value chains, leading toward

platforms?

feasible software platforms ready for a live demo.

Can a Wizard of Oz support insight in identifying ‘cost, risk, effort and friction’ across such systems?

What are the implications for such a model?

DLT technical challenge Problem: How to create a scalable decentralised

Solution: NFT Study. A cross-disciplinary study

platform for storing and brokering ownership and

led by the business school on value exchanges in

rights/licences to content, including brokering

NFT, asking: what is the value of digital tokenised

requests for content to the crowd and enabling

artwork? Mode 2 study to understand this. What

the crowd to offer up their content. How to enable

are the technical underpinnings of NFTs. Legal

fair payments on such a platform to reward each

perspectives on rights, copyright and ownership of

contributor to a work.

tokenised assets?

AI technical challenge Problem: What are the business models/

Solution: Legal models. Report on the legal

economies that would drive engagement? How

underpinning of IP rights including copyright for

could this transform the business of traditional

tokenised assets.

content publishers?

Cyber security challenge Problem: How to ground identity for ownership

Solution: Technical Platform. Explore SOLID,

and rights in such decentralised platforms. For

PoD,DLT/Layer 2 to build prototype decentralised

example, identity in the space of NFT/token

virtual trading floor supporting search/discovery,

ownership transactions?

rights models (including novel content-aware rights), and ownership/payments.

Project partners

DECaDE 27

F U T UR E O F WO R K A N D C O N TENT P R O D U C TIO N THEMATIC PROJECT

THE PROJECT WILL EXPLORE POSSIBLE FUTURES FOR WORK AND THE GIG ECONOMY WITHIN THE CREATIVE INDUSTRIES MEDIATED VIA DECENTRALISED PLATFORMS.

The project will explore how entities across all facets of the creative supply chain might collaborate in the future workplace, for example to commission and delivery on a production. The project will explore discovery of talent for example advertisement and promotion of individuals via decentralised reputational systems, and novel waysto contract workers into a production including the leveraging location aware smart contracts (c.f. the GeoBlocklyproject). The project will also consider what compensation might look like in a decentralisedcontent production, including how value is created. From a technical perspective this may involve crypto-currency payment and attribution of certain rights to the content produced (overlapping with decentralisedcontent trading floor project). The project will consider how a decentralised gig economy might affect the legal rights of workers, including their right to privacy and issues around GDPR and personal information within a distributed work record or reputation system for work.

28 DECaDE

THEMATIC PROJECTS

Design challenge Problem: How to create a scalable decentralised

Solution: Design. Prototype an end-to-end

platform for storing and brokering ownership and

workflow model for content production in the

rights/licences to content, including brokering

gig economy. Prototype technical solutions for

requests for content to the crowd and enabling

location-aware contracting in a creative production.

the crowd to offer up their content. How to enable

How might design thinking methods support the

fair payments on such a platform to reward each

development of conceptual and early prototypical

contributor to a work.

models that best represent the flow of value across a

Problem: How will people engender trust via

distributed creative value chain?

reputation in a decentralised labour marketplace?

Problem: How could location-aware contracts be used to orchestrate a decentralised workplace for content production? How would ‘work’ be divided fairly assuming content production involved multiple parties? Who would validate the work to avoid collusion and retain production values?

Cyber security challenge Problem: How can identity be assured in a

Solution: Cyber security/Legal. Study what

decentralised creative workplace? How do you know

kinds of identity service and privacy features might

who turns up on-site?

be required by participants in a decentralised creative workplace.

Legal challenge Problem: What would workers rights look like in such a decentralised gig economy? PII and privacy issues around identity and reputation.

Solution: Technological//Legal. Developing a new legal framework to replicate rights and responsibilities of unions and work councils in the old economy can facilitate for collective action of gig workers without running foul of competition law.

Business challenge Problem: How will people work (e.g. be

Solution: Business. Study how value could

commissioned, or contracted) and co-create value

be co-created through the use of decentralised

/ be rewarded in a decentralised workplace for the

organising tools.

creative industries?

Project partners

DECaDE 29

I D E N TITY IN TH E D E C E N T R A L I S ED C R EATIV E EC O NO MY THEMATIC PROJECT

IDENTITY WITHIN A DECENTRALISED PLATFORM UNDERPINS MANY KEY FUNCTIONS WITH A CREATIVE ECONOMY SUCH AS CONTENT OWNERSHIP, IP RIGHTS ASSIGNMENT, PROVENANCE AND ORIGIN OF CONTENT, AND IDENTITY OF WORKERS.

Recourse to centralised points of authority within such platforms, such as government backed identity or third party identity providers, runs counter to the autonomy and independence offered by decentralised platforms.

The project will explore technical solutions in the space of self-sovereign identity to ground identity from the digital to physical without recourse to such authorities. The project will explore usability and trust barriers to decentralised identity schemes, and legal issues around the regulation and governance of such systems.

30 DECaDE

THEMATIC PROJECTS

Technical challenge Problem: What functionality and services should a decentralised identity system provide? How can it

Solution: Technical. Develop a prototype decentralised self-sovereign identity scheme and

best provide these in the context of the decentral-

integrate with decentralised platforms developed for

ised creative industries to give control over identity

content attribution. Determine the requirements for

management to the subject?

such schemes and develop the protocols to realise them.

Cyber security challenge Problem: How to ground identity for ownership

Solution: Cyber Security. Develop security

and rights in decentralised platforms, and how to

protocols for issue and use of credentials within

give control over the use of credentials in a privacy

a self sovereign identity system and formalise the

preserving way. For example, identity in the space of

required security and privacy properties. Verify the

NFT/token ownership transactions, or ownership of

protocols against the requirements in the context

digital assets. How are security and privacy ensured

of trust frameworks, and incorporate them into the

in this context to prevent misuse or theft of creden-

prototype identity system.

tials, or unwanted loss of privacy? What trust frameworks are appropriate to underpin such platforms?

Legal challenge Problem: What are the current and future rights

Solution: Law. A computational turn in law that

models for decentralised platforms (e.g. copyright

turns as much of it as possible into executable code.

and derivative rights)? What is the enforceability

This will find new forms of governance for those as-

of rights models and ownership on decentralised

pects that are difficult to hide, but need new forms of

platforms?

enforcement to stay true to the decentralised nature of the platform and does not replicate hierarchical legal structures unnecessarily.

Business/Design challenge Problem: How can we develop viable identity

Solution: Design. Study existing interfaces for

platforms that are easy to use, and allow freelanc-

platforms that engender trust and decentralised

ers to operate with confidence within distributed

identity. Use service design methods to journey map

production value chains? What issues of ‘cost, risk,

freelancers experiences through the lenses of cost,

effort and friction’ are manifest across the range of

risk, effort and friction.

potential solutions?

Project partners

DECaDE 31

D E C E N T R A LISATIO N IN SU P P LY C H A I N M A NA G EMENT AGILE PROJECT

THIS PROJECT EXAMINES THE APPLICATION OF DECENTRALISED TECHNOLOGIES IN SUPPORT OF SUPPLY CHAINS AND BUSINESS ECOSYSTEMS.

With increasingly complex supply chains, the ability to monitor inter-organisational activities has become progressively more difficult. Supply chain visibility (SCV) allows managers to control cost, quality and sustainability.

The disparate nature of the global supply chain, with upstream suppliers often unknown to downstream customers, means that there is often no single centralised trusted authority. The lack of visibility leads to many problems. Documentation related to product or services may be vague, amended or lost. Human rights abuses can be hidden. Environmental damage covered up.

Blockchain-based solutions can provide data immutability within SCV systems. Blockchain may help address some of the challenges faced by firms, as a part of systems created to provide complete provenance of a product or service, and an auditable trail of data related to the firm’s offer. This project documents exemplar systems, capturing system architectures, underpinning logics and business philosophy behind the approaches taken, and explores the benefits and limitations.

32 DECaDE

AGILE PROJECT BLOCKCHAIN AND TRUST AT THE UK BORDER Mike Brookbanks and Glenn Parry have examined

platform enables UK Government agencies to

how a blockchain platform affects trust and trust

proactively manage goods at borders, and increases

relationships within supply chains. A blockchain-

efficiency and effectiveness.

based proof of concept platform, created via the reducing friction in International Trade (RFIT) project, emulates the wine supply chain from producer to consumer. The RFIT platform, a Government, Industry and Academia collaboration managed by Mike since April 2019, provides a common trusted data set, reducing errors and improving data visibility. RFIT forms the nucleation of the UK Government’s Utility Trade Platform (UTP), integrating with HM Revenue & Customs and Food Standards Agency systems.

Chainvine Ltd developed the RFIT platform using DLT/blockchain technologies, mirroring the data requirements of the wine importation supply chain. The permission-based system allows users to enter data as goods move through the supply chain, creating a trusted data source that meets UK Government requirements. Access to the data

Research found that the RFIT platform improves trust formation and maintenance between supply chain participants, but does not remove the requirement for trust. Trust, trustworthiness and the importance of building trust in organisational relationships remain. Traditionally Government agencies build trust in individual firms from multiple discrete declarations. The platform engages all relevant parties in co-creating a trust ecosystem through shared data. Blockchain does not disintermediate, as platform provider intermediaries are introduced.

The blockchain system facilitates the process of trust development and improves supply chain efficiency.

The work forms part of the recently published UK Border 2025 Strategy, endorsed by four senior ministers.

BROKEN CHOCOLATE – PROVIDING VISIBILITY OF SUPPLY Researchers Pedro Lafargue and Mike Rogerson

crops to create commercially viable quantities and

with Glenn Parry explored how biomarkers can link

increase quality. As crops are mixed so early in the

cocoa products to the digital world, creating supply

supply chain, tracing beans back to origin becomes

chain visibility. An immutable ledger of biomarkers

extremely difficult.

can be created using blockchain to provide a trusted source of provenance.

Our previous research has highlighted the difficulty

Multinational chocolate firm executives admit the

supply (Rogerson and Parry, 2020). This work

cocoa supply chain is “broken”. Factors such as

employed biomarkers, a ‘biochemical bar code’

high demand and volatile prices create incentives

created from DNA extracted from cocoa plants.

for fraud and environmental and labour abuses. An

These provide unique identifiers for plants that also

estimated two million child labourers work on cocoa

appear in their cocoa beans and survive industrial

farms in West Africa. This is not a new problem.

processing. The work demonstrated an individual

The human misery caused by chocolate supply

farm’s beans could be identified in a retail chocolate

has been documented for more than 100 years.

bar made from a mixture of beans of different

Ivory Coast’s government prevents firms directly

origins. We envision the next stage is a distributed

approaching farmers to create projects that rewards

ledger providing provenance for a database allowing

good practice. A key perpetuating factor is the

individuals to trace chocolate bought anywhere in

difficulty of tracing cocoa and its derivative products

the world. Such technology will allow companies

back to specific farms. Cocoa is frequently grown

to evidence good practice, corroborated against

on small remote farms and local traders aggregate

science-based audits.

of linking the physical and digital worlds in food

DECaDE 33

BUILDING CAPABILITY THE NEXT GENERATION OF DIGITAL ECONOMY RESEARCHERS

DECaDE provides a unique environment for cross-disciplinary research in the digital economy.

DECaDE Doctoral students and Early Career Researchers are already publishing in top tier research forums within the fields of Human Computer Interaction (HCI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Blockchain for Good.

Industry co-funded PhD studentships, industry secondments of our researchers, and translational fellowships to bring early career researchers into academia are some of the ways DECaDE is delivering UK capability in Digital Economy research through the next generation of cross-disciplinary researchers.

34 DECaDE

RESEARCH CAPABILITY

Alexander Black is a first-year PhD student co-funded by DECaDE and Adobe Research.

Alexander joined DECaDE from a MSc at the University of Surrey in the area of Computer Vision, Robotics and Machine Learning. Alexander is working on new AI-based technologies for tracing the provenance of images and video online, to help users make more informed trust decisions on the content they encounter online. Adobe are an industrial partner of DECaDE, and recently DECaDE joined the Content Authenticity Initiative (CAI); a cross-industry standards consortium led

by Adobe. Alexander regularly works alongside CAI researchers to understand the technical requirements of AI-based provenance systems, and has co-authored

ALEXANDER BLACK PhD student.

papers with Adobe (e.g. at the CVPR Workshop on Media Forensics 2021). Alexander is excited about working with DECaDE and the CAI because ”it’s a great opportunity to do research that has an immediate positive impact on the digital world”.

Birgit Altrichter is a Research Fellow for the EPSRC Centre for Decentralised Digital Economy.

Birgit Altrichter is a Research Fellow for the EPSRC Centre for Decentralised Digital Economy (DECaDE). She joined DECaDE during the final stages of her PhD in marketing and digital retail. Birgit’s research focuses on business models in the decentralised digital economy. She collaborates with DECaDE’s industry partners to identify business challenges and explores how they can be resolved through

DR BIRGIT ALTRICHTER

decentralised solutions. In collaboration with Prof. Glenn Parry and Prof. Maria Laura

Research Fellow at DECaDE.

Di Domenico, she is exploring paradoxical tensions that emerge within distributed technology applications, and presented early findings at The 7th Competitive Advantage in the Digital Economy (CADE) Conference in June 2021.

“I enjoy working for DECaDE for many reasons: The research centre is interdisciplinary and I thoroughly enjoy working with academic experts from different subject areas. I also enjoy working with the industry partners, developing insights that will be relevant for organisations and academia alike. I keep learning about the decentralised digital economy every day, but equally I am given the opportunity to draw on my knowledge to make meaningful contributions to the centre’s work.”

DECaDE 35

P U B L IC ATIONS

Research papers authored by DECaDE investigators and researchers on topics related to decentralised platforms.

DECaDE Publications 2021 OSCAR-Net: Object-centric Scene Graph Attention for Image Attribution. Proc. IEEE/CVF Intl. Conf. on Computer Vision (ICCV). (2021). E. Nguyen, T. Bui, H. Jin, V. Swaminathan, J. Collomosse.

Deep Image Comparator: Learning to Visualize Editorial Change. Proc. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshop on Media Forensics (WMF). (2021). A. Black,

2020 Distributing and Democratizing Institutional Power Through Decentraliz ation. In Chapter 5 in Building Decentralised Trust: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Design of Blockchains and Distributed Ledgers. (2020). A. Fard Bahreini, J. Collomosse, M.-D. Seidel M. Sotoudehna, C. Woo. Broken chocolate: biomarkers as a method for delivering cocoa supply chain visibility. Intl. Journal on Supply Chain Management. (2020) P. Lafargue, M. Rogerson, G. Parry and J. Allainguillaume.

T. Bui, S. Jenni, V. Swaminathan, J. Collomosse.

VPN: Video Provenance Network for Robust Content Attribution. Proc. Intl. Conf. on Computer Vision in Media Production (CVMP). (2021). A. Black, T. Bui, S. Jenni, V. Swaminathan, J.Collomosse.

Perspectives on Blockchain for Good. Frontiers in Blockchain, section Blockchain for Good. (2021). G. Parry, J.

Related Publications by DECaDE Researchers 2020

Collomosse.

TAPESTRY: A De-centralised Service for Trusted Interaction

Enacting the Last Mile: Experiences of Smart Contracts in

Trans. on Service Computing. (2020). Y. Yang, D. Cooper, J.

Courier Deliveries. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 639, 1–14.

(2021). E. Tallyn, J. Revans, E. Morgan, K. Fisken, D. Murray-

Online. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing. IEEE Collomosse, C. Dragan, M. Manulis, J. Briggs, J. Steane, A. Manohar, W. Moncur, H. Jones.

Tamper-proofing Video with Hierarchical Attention

Rust.

Autoencoder Hashing on Blockchain. IEEE Transactions on

A Right Time to Give: Beyond Saving Time in Automated

Green, J. Sheridan, J. Higgins, A. Das, J. Keller, O. Thereaux.

Conditional Donations. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.

Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 49, 1–20. (2021). N. J. Bidwell, C. Elsden, L.Trotter, J. Hallwright, S. Moore, K. Jeite-Delbridge, M. Harding, P. Shaw, N. Davies, C. Speed, J. Vines.

36 DECaDE

Multimedia. (2020). T. Bui, D. Cooper, J. Collomosse, M. Bell, A.

Blockchain: case studies in supply chain visibility. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. (2020). M. Rogerson, G. Parry.

A Dual Model of Ownership. Frontiers in Blockchain. (2020).

Z. Gurguc, R. Learney.

Smart Seesaws: Designing the future of charity donations through the use of smart contracts. Student Masterclass at Things Con 2020 European conference. (2020). J. Rankin, C.

2018 Making Sense of Blockchain Applications: A Typology for

Elsden, C. Speed.

HCI. Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human

PizzaBlock: Designing Artefacts and Roleplay to

Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Paper 458, 1–14. (2018). C.

Understand Decentralised Identity Management Systems.

Elsden, A. Manohar, J. Briggs, M. Harding, C. Speed, and J.

Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Designing Interactive Systems

Vines.

Conference. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1593–1606. (2020). J. Rankin, C. Elsden, I. Sibbald, A.

Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing

GeoCoin: Supporting Ideation and Collaborative Design

Stevenson, J. Vines, C. Speed.

with Smart Contracts. Proceedings of the 2018 CHI

A Mobile Platform for Event-Driven Donations Using Smart

Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA,

Contracts. IIn Proceedings of the 21st International Workshop

Paper 163, 1–10. (2018). B. Nissen, L. Pschetz, D. Murray-Rust,

on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (HotMobile

H. Mehrpouya, S. Oosthuizen, C. Speed.

‘20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 108. (2020). L. Trotter, M.Harding, C. Elsden, N. Davies,

Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.

Blockchain for Good? Digital Ledger Technology and

C. Speed.

Sustainable Development Goals. In: Leal Filho W., Marans

GeoPact: Engaging Publics in Location-aware Smart

Science Research. World Sustainability Series. Springer, Cham.

Contracts through Technological Assemblies. Proceedings

(2018). R. Adams, B. Kewell, G. Parry.

of the 2020 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference.

Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 799–811. (2020). E. Tallyn, J. Revans, E. Morgan, D. Murray-

R., Callewaert J. (eds) Handbook of Sustainability and Social

Advanced Supply Chains: Visibility, Blockchain and Human Behaviour. In: Moreira, A., Ferreira, L. and Zimmerman,

Rust.

R., eds. (2018) Innovation and Supply Chain Management

2019

International Publishing AG 2018. pp. 321-343 (2018). A.

Programmable Donations: Exploring Escrow-Based Conditional Giving. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Paper 379, 1–13.

(2019). C. Elsden, L. Trotter, M. Harding, N.Davies, C. Speed, J. Vines.

– relationship, collaboration and strategies. Springer Kharlamov, G. Parry.

2017 Blockchain for Good? Strategic Change: Briefings in Entrepreneurial Finance. 26(5), 429,437 ISSN 1099-1697.

(2017). B. Kewell, R. Adams, G. Parry.

Visibility and Digital Art: Blockchain as an Ownership Layer on the Internet. Strategic Change: Briefings in Entrepreneurial Finance; SI on Blockchain Applications, 26(5), 461-470. (2017).

M. McConaghy, G. McMullen, G. Parry, T. McConaghy, D. DECaDE 37

Further Information: decade.ac.uk Please visit the DECaDE website for further details on the research themes and mission of the centre. Further details of existing commercial and public sector partnerships are available on the site.

If you are interested in partnering with DECaDE please get in touch.

DECaDE: Centre for the Decentralised Digital Economy © October 2021

DECaDE is a Digital Economy Next Stage Centre funded by the UKRI/ EPSRC Digital Economy Programme under Grant reference EP/T022485/1