Immediate download Perpetual contact mobile communication private talk public performance 1st editio

Page 1


https://ebookgate.com/product/perpetual-contactmobile-communication-private-talk-publicperformance-1st-edition-james-e-katz/

More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant download maybe you interests ...

Public Communication Campaigns 4. Edition Ronald E.

Rice

https://ebookgate.com/product/public-communicationcampaigns-4-edition-ronald-e-rice/

Public Policymaking An Introduction

5th Edition

James E. Anderson

https://ebookgate.com/product/public-policymaking-anintroduction-5th-edition-james-e-anderson/

Public Private Partnerships in Construction

D. Cartlidge

1st Edition

https://ebookgate.com/product/public-private-partnerships-inconstruction-1st-edition-d-cartlidge/

Women in Public Private Law Enforcement 1st Edition

Pamela A. Collins

https://ebookgate.com/product/women-in-public-private-lawenforcement-1st-edition-pamela-a-collins/

Water Pricing and Public Private Partnership 1st Edition Asit K. Biswas

https://ebookgate.com/product/water-pricing-and-public-privatepartnership-1st-edition-asit-k-biswas/

Mobile communication systems and security 1st Edition Man Young Rhee

https://ebookgate.com/product/mobile-communication-systems-andsecurity-1st-edition-man-young-rhee/

Alzheimer Talk Text and Context Enhancing Communication 1st Edition Boyd H. Davis (Eds.)

https://ebookgate.com/product/alzheimer-talk-text-and-contextenhancing-communication-1st-edition-boyd-h-davis-eds/

Introduction to Digital Mobile Communication 2nd Edition Yoshihiko Akaiwa

https://ebookgate.com/product/introduction-to-digital-mobilecommunication-2nd-edition-yoshihiko-akaiwa/

Rethinking Public Private Partnerships Strategies for Turbulent Times 1st Edition Carsten Greve

https://ebookgate.com/product/rethinking-public-privatepartnerships-strategies-for-turbulent-times-1st-edition-carstengreve/

This page intentionally left blank

PerpetualContact

Thespreadofmobilecommunication,mostobtrusivelyascellphones butincreasinglyinotherwirelessdevices,isaffectingpeople’slivesand relationshipstoapreviouslyunthought-ofextent.Mobilephones,which arefastbecomingubiquitous,affecteveryaspectofourpersonaland professionalliveseitherdirectlyorindirectly.Theyhavetransformed socialpracticesandchangedthewaywedobusiness, yetsurprisingly littleseriousacademicworkhasbeendoneonthem.Thisbook,with contributionsfromtheforemostresearchersinthefield,willbethe firststudyoftheimpactofthemobilephoneoncontemporarysociety fromasocial-scientificperspective.Providingacomprehensiveoverview ofmobilephonesandsocialinteraction,itcomprisesanintroduction coveringthekeyissues,aseriesofuniquenationalstudiesandsurveys, andafinalsectionexaminingtheoreticalandpracticalimplications.

JamesE.KatzisProfessorofCommunicationatRutgersUniversity. Hispublicationsinclude CongressandNationalEnergyPolicy (1984)and Connections:SocialandCulturalStudiesoftheTelephoneinAmericanLife (1999).Katzhasauthoredmorethanthirtypeer-reviewedjournalarticles;hisworkshavebeentranslatedintofivelanguagesandrepublished innumerouseditedcollections.

MarkA.AakhusisAssistantProfessorofCommunicationatRutgers. Hehaspublishedintechnologyandcommunicationjournals,andhis workappearsregularlyininternationalpublicationsonargumentation anddisputing processes.

PerpetualContact

MobileCommunication,PrivateTalk, PublicPerformance

The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK

40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA

477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia

Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain

Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa

http://www.cambridge.org

First published in printed format

ISBN 0-511-02923-3 eBook Cambridge University Press 2004 2002 (Adobe Reader)

ISBN 0-521-80771-9 hardback

ISBN 0-521-00266-4 paperback

RonaldE.Rice

Primusinterprimos

1.1Worldwideownershipoftelephones andmobile phonesvs.TV page 4

1.2Penetrationratesandcostperminuteofmobilephone use,bycountry6

3.1PenetrationrateofcellularphonesinIsrael33

3.2TotalnumberofcellularphonesubscribersinIsrael34

3.3Fixedlinesper100residentsinIsrael35

5.1Differencesinsocialbehaviorbetweenusersand non-usersofmobilephones72

16.1Factorsconsidered“veryimportant”ingirls’andboys’ choiceofamobilephone261

16.2Factorsconsidered“veryimportant”forgirls’andboys’ useofmobilephones262

16.3Teenagerswhousethecomputer“often,”bymobile phoneownership265

16.4TeenagerswhousetheInternet“often,”bymobile phoneownership266

Tables

1.1Estimatesofmobilephoneowner ship,2001 page 5

2.1Ownershipofmobilephones,wiredphones,PCs andCD-ROMsinFinnishhouseholds20

2.2Ownershipofmobilephonesbygender,ageandwork21

4.1WherepeoplemostoftenusethemobilephoneinEurope45

4.2Reactionstoseeingsomeoneusingtheirmobilephone52

4.3Evaluationofthemobilephoneasfacilitating social relationships:meanscoresandresultsoftheManova analysis55

4.4ThemainreasonsforhavingamobilephoneinEurope57

5.1MobilephonedistributioninKorea(1999)64

5.2Mobilephonedistributionbysex (1999)64

5.3Mobilephonedistributionbyagegroup(1999)64

5.4Surveyquestiononsocialbehavior66

5A.1Mobilephoneuseandattitudestoinnovation73

5A.2Mobilephoneuseandmaleattitudestodrinking afterwork74

5A.3Mobilephoneuseandfemaleattitudestodrinking afterwork74

5A.4Mobilephoneuseandmaleattitudestoprivate vs.worklife75

5A.5Mobilephoneuseandfemaleattitudestoprivate vs.worklife75

5A.6Statisticsontotalsurveysample76

5A.7Statisticsonmobilephoneusers’andnon-users’ socialbehavior76

5A.8Differencesbetweengroupsonsomesocialcharacteristics77

5A.9Statisticsonmobilephoneusers’andnon-users’ socialbehaviorbysex77

5A.10Differencesbetweengroupsonsomesocialcharacteristics bysex78

6.1ThechangingUSmarketsharesofwirelesstechnologies81

6.2Worldwidedistributionofhandsetsalesbytechnology82

6.3MobilephoneusageintheUSAbygender84

6.4Pre-paid’sprojectedshareoftheUSmobile phonemarket84

6.5MobilephoneusageintheUSAbyincomelevel85

6.6Thechangingdemographicprofileofusers,potential usersandthegeneralpopulationintheUSA86

6.7High-techownershipratesamongusers,potential usersandthegeneralpopulationintheUSA 86

6.8Thechangingdistributionof“TechHaves”and “TechNots”87

6.9Attitudestomobilephones:“TechnologyAcceptors” and“TechnologyRejecters”88

6.10Interestinaccessingtypesofinformation:current users,acceptorsandrejecters88

10.1Formsofinteractionviathemobiletelephone141

10.2Futureformsofinteractionviathemobiletelephone166

16.1Mobilephoneownership:resultsoftheADLstudy260

16.2Determinantsofacademicself-esteem(four-itemscale)264

16A.1Girls’andboys’evaluationoffactorsconsidered importantinthechoiceofmobilephone(MPYdata)271

16A.2Girls’andboys’evaluation offunctionsconsidered importantfortheiruseofmobilephones(MPYdata)272

19.1Premisessupportingthedrivetowardperpetualcontact311

19.2Evolutionof Apparatgeist throughdomainsofindividual decision-making313

Notesonthecontributors

Editors

RutgersUniversity,USA

Dr.JamesKatzistheauthorofseveralbooksinthefieldoftechnology andsociety.Hislatestbook,co-authoredwithRonaldE.Rice,is Social ConsequencesofInternetUse,publishedbyMITPress(Cambridge,MA) in2002.His1999book, Connections:SocialandCulturalStudiesofthe TelephoneinAmericanLife (NewBrunswick,NJ:TransactionPublishers), wasincludedinthe37th “OutstandingAcademicTitles”award,givenby theAmericanLibraryAssociation’sjournal Choice. Hisbook Congress andNationalEnergyPolicy (NewBrunswick,NJ:TransactionPublishers, 1984)wasnominatedfortheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation GladysKammererprizeforbestpoliticalsciencepublicationin1984. Anotherofhisrecentbooks,co-editedwithRonaldE.Rice,isentitled InternetandHealthcareCommunication (ThousandOaks,CA:Sage, 2000).In2000,hewontheRutgersDepartmentofCommunication ResearcheroftheYearaward.Katzhasauthoredmorethanthirty peer-reviewedjournalarticles;hisworkshavebeentranslatedintofive languagesandrepublishedinnumerouseditedcollections.

HeearnedhisPhDin1974fromRutgers;in1997,hejoinedits DepartmentofCommunicationasprofessor.Inbetweenthoseyearshe wonpostdoctoralfellowshipsatHarvardUniversityandMIT,servedon thefacultiesoftheUniversityofTexas,Austin,andClarksonUniversity, andheadedthesocialscienceresearchunitatBellCommunications Research(Bellcore).Hewasalsograntednationalandforeignpatents onhisinventionsintelecommunicationtechnology.

ThenationalelectronicmediafrequentlyinterviewKatz;andhehas appearedonnumerousnetworknewsprograms.Hehasbeenquotedon thefrontpagesofleadingnewspapersincludingthe NewYorkTimes,Wall StreetJournal, BostonGlobe,and USAToday.Heservesontheboards ofseveralleadingsocialsciencejournalsandcharitableandeducational

foundations.Histeachingandresearchinterestsincluderesearchmethods,thesocialaspectsofcommunicationtechnology,thecontestbetween privacyandpublicityontheInternet,andofcoursemobilecommunicationandcomputing.

MARKA . AAKHUS

RutgersUniversity,USA

Dr.AakhusisassistantprofessorofcommunicationatRutgers.Heinvestigateshownewmediaandcommunicationformatsaredesignedand implemented tosolveproblemsofhumancommunication.Withinthis domain,Aakhusisespeciallyinterestedininvestigatinghowsuchinnovationsaffectthequalityofhumanactivitiesintheareasoflear ning,organizing,decision-makingandconflictmanagement.Hehaspublishedin technologyandcommunicationjournals.Hisworkappear sregularlyin internationalproceedingsonargumentationanddisputingprocesses.He earnedhisPhDattheUniversityof ArizonainCommunication,witha specializationinManagementInformationSystems.Heispastco-chair oftheNationalCommunicationAssociation’sHumanCommunication andTechnologyCommission.Heisdispute-mediatorandhasinvented adistributedlearningapplicationforeducatingprofessionals.

Contributors

AKIBACOHEN

TelAvivUniversity,Israel

Dr.CohenischairoftheDepartmentofCommunicationatTelAviv University.PreviouslyhewaschairoftheDepartmentofCommunicationanddirectoroftheCommunicationResearchInstituteatthe HebrewUniversity.HehashadvisitingappointmentsatMichiganState University,theUniversityofMinnesota,theUniversityofMarylandand Mannheim’sZUMAInstitute.Heservesontheeditorialboardsofthe JournalofCommunication,HumanCommunicationResearch,the Journalof BroadcastingandElectronicMedia,and Communications.Heisamember ofseveralscholarlyassociationsandisapastpresidentandfellowofthe InternationalCommunicationAssociation.

LEOPOLDINAFORTUNATI

UniversityofTrieste,Italy

Dr.Fortunatiteachessociologyofmasscommunicationsandsociology ofeducationattheFacultyofSciencesofEducationoftheUniversityof Triesteandisvice-chairoftheEuropeanUnion’sCOST269.Shehas conductedmanyresearchprojectsinthefieldofgenderstudies,cultural

xivNotesonthecontributors

processesandcommunicationtechnologies.Sheistheauthorof The ArcaneofReproduction (Autonomedia,1995)andtheeditorof GliItaliani altelefono (Angeli,1995)and TelecomunicandoinEuropa (Angeli,1998).

KENNETHJ . GERGEN

SwarthmoreCollege,USA

Dr.Gergenisanauthorityonculturalchange,personalidentity,and languageandcommunication.Gergen’sbest-knownbook, TheSaturated Self:DilemmasofIdentityinContemporaryLife (BasicBooks,1991),examinestheeffectsoftheincreasingimmersioninimages,informationand relationshipsonthecollectivepsycheofcontemporarysociety.Heisan endowedprofessoratSwarthmoreCollege.

Inonerecentresearchproject,Gergenmonitoredanonlinesuicide hotlinetoexplorethehumaninteractionsthattakeplaceintheworld of“virtual”community.Heisalsotheauthorof twobooksdealingwith theconceptionofknowledgeinthehumansciences andsocietymore generally.Inovertwenty-fiveyears ofteaching,Gergenhasbeenawarded threeFulbrightgrantsaswellasaGuggenheimFellowship,theAlexander vonHumboltprizeintheHumanities,andhonorarydegrees from TilburgUniversityandtheSaybrookInstitute.Gergenmaintainsprofessionalrelationshipswithseveralpsychologicalassociations;mostnotably, hehasservedaspresidentoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation divisionsofPsychology&theArtsandTheoretical&Philosophical Psychology.GergenearnedaBAfromYaleUniversityin1957anda PhDinpsychologyfromDukeUniversityin1962.

CHANTALDEGOURNAY

FranceTelecomResearch

Mrs.deGournaystudiedpoliticalscienceattheUniversit´eLaval,Qu´ebec (Canada),andsociologyandurbanplanningattheUniversit´eParisXII, Institutd’UrbanismedeParis.Since1983,shehasbeenaresearcher onthesocialusesofinformationandcommunicationtechnologies (ICTs)inFranceTelecomLabs(CNET).Herbooksinclude Information Technology:ImpactontheWayofLife (CommissionoftheEuropeanCommunities,TycoolyInternationalPublishing,Dublin,1982), T´el´evisions d´echaˆın´ees (withP.MussoandG.Pineau;LaDocumentationFran¸caise, 1985), “1984”etlespr´esentsdel’universinformationnel (withJ.L.Weissberg, aseditors;CCI-CentreGeorgesPompidou,collectionAlors,1985)and “TelephoneNetworksinFranceandGreatBritain”(withG.Dupuyand J.A.Tarr,eds.)in TechnologyandtheRiseoftheNetworkedCityinEurope andAmerica (TempleUniversityPress,1988).Shehasalsowidelypublishedarticlesonsocialaspectsoftelecommunications.

JEAN - PHILIPPEHEURTIN

FranceTelecomResearch

Dr.Jean-PhilippeHeurtinearnedhisPhDinpoliticalscience.Currently heisaresearcherinthesocialandcognitivescienceslaboratoryatCNET, amajorR&DcenterassociatedwithFranceTelecom.Amonghisprojects areaninvestigationoftheusesofmobiletelephonyandthesociologyof sociability.

EIJA - LIISAKASESNIEMI

VTTInformationTechnology

Ms.Eija-LiisaKasesniemiheadedtheproject“MobilePhoneCultureof ChildrenandTeenagers”from1997to1999.Shecurrentlyisaresearcher atVTTInformationTechnology,HumanInteractionTechnologies, wheresheisinvolvedinaresearchprojectonWirelessApplicationProtocoltoexamineadaptingInternetservicestomobileterminaldevices. Ms.KasesniemiisalsoworkinginthepublicationprojectsoftheInformationSocietyResearchCenteroftheUniversityofTampere.Shereceived herMAdegreeattheUniversityofJyv¨askyl¨aandiscurrentlypursuing herdissertationonthetextmessagingcultureofFinnishteenagers.

SHINDONGKIM

HallymUniversity,Korea

Dr.ShinDongKimreceivedtheBAandMAinmasscommunications fromKoreaUniversityin1986and1988andaPhDfromIndianaUniversityinmasscommunicationsin1997.Hisexperiencesincludehavingworkedforthe JoongangDaily toproducetheKoreanversionof NewsweekInternational,andfortheKoreaPressFoundationasaresearch fellow.Mostrecently,hewasappointedavisitingassistantprofessorat DartmouthCollegeforthewintertermof2000.Amonghisresearch interestsaremediapolicyinglobalization,modernityandmedia,and social/culturalissuesofinformationsociety.

CHRISTIANLICOPPE

FranceTelecomResearch

Dr.Licoppehasadoctorateinthehistoryofscienceandtechnology. Currentlyheisheadofthesocialandcognitivescienceslaboratoryat CNET,FranceTelecom’sR&Dcenter.

RICHARDLING

TelenorResearch,Norway

Dr.RichardLingisasociologistatTelenor’sresearchinstitutelocated inKjeller,Norway.HereceivedhisPhDinsociologyfromtheUniversityofColorado,Boulder.HetaughtattheUniversityofWyomingin LaramiebeforegoingtoNorwayonaMarshallFoundationgrant.Since

thattimehehasworkedattheGruppenforRessursstudier(theresource studygroup)foundedbyJerganRandersandhasbeenapartnerin asmallconsultingfirm,Ressurskonsult,whichfocusedonstudiesof energy,technologyandsociety.Since1994,hehasworkedatTelenor,focusingonresearchingissuesassociatedwithnewinformationtechnology andsociety.

ENIDMANTE

KPNTelecom,theNetherlands

Dr.EnidManteisanorganizationalsociologist.Afterascientificcareer atLeydenUniversity,shemovedtotheresearchdepartmentofKPN Telecom.Thereshedidresearchonchangingorganizationprocesses withinKPNandontheacceptanceofinformation/communicationtechnologiesbyconsumersandorganizations.Currentlysheisprojectleader ofaEURESCOMprojectoninformationandcommunicationtechnologiesineverydaylifethatstudiesculturaldifferencesintheacceptance oftheminEurope.Since1996,shehasbeenassociateprofessoratthe UniversityofUtrecht,CenterofManagementandManagementPolicy inthefieldofManagementofChangingOrganizations.

DAWNNAFUS

CambridgeUniversity,UK

Ms.DawnNafusisasocialanthropologyPhDcandidateattheUniversityofCambridge,SidneySussexCollege.Herresearchinterestsinclude thesocialconstructionoftimeandspace,consumption,andthepoliticaleconomiesofpost-socialism.Herdissertation,basedonfieldworkin provincialRussia,examinesthewaysinwhichtransformationsofcommunicationsandtransportinfrastructuresandthesocialprocessesengender newsurvivalstrategiesandspacio-temporalideologies.Beforebeginning herPhDshewasamanagementconsultantwiththeCorporateExecutive Boardworkinginthecorporatebankingsector.

JUKKA - PEKKAPURO

TurkuSchoolofEconomicsandBusinessAdministration

Mr.Jukka-PekkaPuroisaPhDDocentandProgrammeManagerat theBusinessResearchandDevelopmentCentre,InstituteforExecutive Education,TurkuSchoolofEconomicsandBusinessAdministration, Turku,Finland.

PIRJORAUTIAINEN

UniversityofTampere,Finland

Mrs.PirjoRautiainenhasbeenworkingontheresearchproject“Mobile PhoneCultureofChildrenandTeenagersinFinland”sinceJanuary1998 attheInformationSocietyResearchCenterattheUniversityofTampere.

SheearnedherMAdegreeintheDepartmentofEthnologyoftheUniversityofJyv¨askyl¨a,whereshemajoredinculturalanthropology.HerMA thesisisbasedonthefieldworkshedidinMenomineeIndianReservation inWisconsin,USA.Currentlysheisresearcher-in-chargeofthe“Mobile PhoneCultureofChildrenandTeenagersinFinland,”whichispartly supportedbyNokiaandSonera.

KATHLEENROBBINS

CellularOne,USA

Ms.KathleenRobbinshasaBScinengineeringfromtheUSAirForce AcademyandanMBAfromCaliforniaStateUniversity,Sacramento,and isaDoctorofMinistrycandidate.Her workexperienceincludesamanagementroleatProcter&Gambleandnineyearsinthetelecommunicationsindustry.CurrentlysheisGeneralManagerofCellular OneofEast CentralIllinois.BeforejoiningCellularOne,sheworkedasatelecommunicationsconsultant andherclientsincludedGTEandNextel.

JAMESB . RULE

StateUniversityofNewYork(SUNY),StonyBrook,USA

Dr.JamesRulewasbornandrearedinCalifornia.HeearnedhisdoctorateinsociologyatHarvardUniversity.Hetaughtandcarriedoutresearch atOxford, CambridgeandtheUniversityofBordeauxbeforejoiningthe sociologydepartmentatSUNY,StonyBrook.Dr.Ruleistheauthorand co-authorofmanybooksandmonographsaswellasavarietyofarticles. Hehasbeenhighlyactiveontheeditorialboardof Dissent magazine. Hiscoreinterestsincludeinformationissues,especiallytheirprivacy andsurveillanceaspects.HehasbeenawardedfellowshipsattheRussell SageFoundation,theInstituteforAdvancedStudyandtheCenterfor AdvancedStudyintheBehavioralSciences.

EMANUELA . SCHEGLOFF

UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles(UCLA),USA

Dr.EmanuelSchegloffholdsdegreesfromHarvardUniversityandthe UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.HeearliertaughtatColumbiaUniversityandsince1972atUCLA.HehasalsobeenafellowattheNetherlands InstituteforAdvancedStudyintheSocialSciencesandHumanities (1978–79)andattheCenterforAdvancedStudiesintheSocialSciences atStanford(1998–99),thelatterwhileheheldaGuggenheimFellowship. HehaslecturedwidelyintheUnitedStatesandEurope,andhaspublishedoverseventypapersandchaptersonavarietyoftopicsconcerning conversationandotherformsoftalk-in-interactionastheprimordialsite ofhumansociality.

AMITSCHEJTER

TelAvivUniversity,Israel

Dr.AmitSchejterjoinedthecommunicationdepartmentatTelAviv Universityin1997afterservingfouryearsasdirectoroflegalaffairsand internationalrelationsoftheIsraelBroadcastingAuthorityinJerusalem. Healsoservedaspolicyadvisertotwoeducationministerschargedwith overseeingpublicandeducationalbroadcasting.HehassatontheAdministrativeCouncilandLegalCommitteeoftheEuropeanBroadcasting UnionandchairedtheIsraelAudienceResearchBoard.HeisagraduateoftheHebrewUniversityofJerusalemLawFacultyandearneda Master’sdegreeinmasscommunicationatBostonUniversityandhis PhDatRutgersUniversity.

BERITSKOG

NorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Trondheim

Dr.BeritSkogisanassociateprofessorinsociologyintheDepartmentof SociologyandPoliticalScienceattheNorwegianUniversityofScience andTechnology(NTNU),Trondheim.Herworkfocusesonissuesconcerninggenderandsocialclassineducation,youthandtechnology,and genderasanaspectofacademicculture.Recentlyshehasbeenleading researchprojectsentitled“AnEvaluationoftheMentorProject,NTNU” and“AnalogueandDig italLearningMaterial:PupilsandTeachersinthe InformationSociety.”

GEORGSTR / OM

Ericsson,Denmark

Dr.GeorgStrøm,aDanishcitizen,earnedhisBAinanthropology1981 andanMSc.Eng.in1982.HereceivedhisPhDincomputersciencein 1996.Earlierinhiscareer,Dr.StrømworkedonGSMspecifications fortheDanishMinistryofPostandTelegraph(PTT)thenasaproductmanagerincommunicationforMotorola.Presentlyheisusability coordinatorinL.M.EricssonA/S.HehaspublishedmanypopulararticlesinDanishontheuseofelectronicequipmentandistheauthorof threebooks.Hispersonalwebpageiswww.georg.dk.Helastvisitedthe Philippinesin2000.

KARINATRACEY

BritishTelecom,UK

Mrs.KarinaTraceygraduatedfromQueensUniversity,Belfast,in1995 withaBScHons.inPsychology.ShejoinedBTin1997aftercompleting anMSc(Eng.)inworkdesignandergonomicsatBirminghamUniversity. SheworksintheAdvancedCommunicationsResearchGroupatAdastral Park,BT,andiscurrentlyworkingonalongitudinalprojectlookingat consumerlifestyles,behaviorandattitudesinhouseholdsinBritain.

MARTHATURNER

RutgersUniversity

Ms.MarthaTurnerisaPhDstudentatRutgersUniversityintheSchool ofCommunication,InformationandLibraryStudies.Shestudieselectronicandotherformsofmediatedcommunication.Beforecomingto RutgerssheworkedattheUSNationalScienceFoundation,locatedin Washington,DC.

VALENTINVARBANOV

B&GIngenering

Mr.ValentinVarbanovisaprofessionalelectricalengineerwhois thehead ofhisownconsultingcompanyinRuse,Bulgaria.Hegraduatedfromthe UniversityofRuseinelectricalengineeringandhasservedthereasan assistantprofessor.Amongthepositionshe hasheldwasmanagingdirectorofAgroelmontagstroi,astateenterpriseforagriculturalelectrical engineeringandconstruction.Hehas receivedseveralawardsforhisinventionsrelatedtoequipmentassembly.

BIRGITTEYTTRI

TelenorResearch, Norway

Dr.BirgitteYttriisasociologistatTelenorResearchInstitutelocatedoutsideOslo,Norway.ShefinishedherstudiesinsociologyattheUniversity ofOsloin1998,anddidhermainthesisontherelationshipbetween theprivateandpublicsphere amonghome-basedteleworkers.Sincethat timeshehasworkedinthegroupcalledFutureUsersresearchingnew informationtechnologiesintheirsocialcontext.

Prefaceandacknowledgments

StoppingataPrinceton,NewJersey,constructionsite, wehalfconsciouslysummarizedthecommunicationalsituation.Beforequiterealizingit,wefoundinthatbuzzing,bloomingconfusionwecouldreadily spotthepersonincharge.Hewasamaninhislate40snestlingamobile phoneinhismeatyfist.Themobilephonewasnotwhattippedusoff–mostworkersatthesitehadcelltelephonesorpagersdanglingfromtheir belts.Thebosscarriedhisinhishand,itsstubbyantennapokingforward likeanextradigit.

Whatyouwear,andhowyouwearit,isapowerfulformofcommunication.Inthiscase,theboss’sunconsciouspositioningofhiscommunicationdevicerelativetohisbodywaswonderfullyindicativeofhisstatus andpower.Byotherwiseoccupyinghis handwithamobilephone,he showedhehadnointentionofpickingupatoolorperformingmanual labor.Heusedthephone’sabbreviatedantennatopointandgesture,in themannerofanineteenth-centuryEnglisharmyofficerusinghisriding croptodictatewhoneededtogowhereanddowhat.

Thebosswasalsopresumablymorelikelythanhisworkerstobereceivingaphonecall,andthusneededtohavehisphoneattheready; theothers,requiringitlessoften,couldmakedowithafumblingrecoveryfromtheirbelts.Byhavinghistelephonesoprimedfor action,the bosscouldsummon whatevermanpower,materielorexper tisetheproject mightrequire.ThushiscellphonealsoservedasthesymbolicequivalentofanancientEgyptianoverseer’swhisk:otherswouldbedoinghis bidding.

Afewdayslater,strollingthroughthevillagegreeninMorristown,New Jersey,wecaughtasidelongglanceofamansittingonaparkbench.Like theforeman,healsolookedtobeinhislate40s.Unkempt,hisgazewas fixedfirmlyonthehorizon.Althoughbyhimself,hewasnonetheless talkinganimatedlyinatoo-loudvoice.Otherpassers-by,wenoticed, inflectedtheirpathsoastoprovidehimawideberth.Wedidlikewise. Aftertransitingtohisotherside,weglimpsedbackwardnervouslyto seewhetherwecoulddiscernthetelltalecordrunningfromhisearto

Prefaceandacknowledgmentsxxi disappearbeneathhisclothes.Underthebulkysweatshirt,onehoped, thecordwouldconnecttoacelltelephone.Suchatetherwouldallay ouranxiety,allowingustoslackenourpace.Withoutit,we’dwantto maintainourspeed.

ThesetwoNewJerseyvignettesencompassmanyofourthemes.They includesymbolism,power,orderandcommand,issuesreflectedinthe firstvignette.Otherthemes,encapsulatedinthesecondvignette,arethe choreographyofinterpersonalcommunication,negotiationandmaintenanceofthesocialorder,aswellastheregulationofconversational interactionandself-presentation.

Thedisheveledmanintheparkwasemblematicoftheproblemsocietieshadbeenfacingformillennia.Wasthispersonincontactwitha distantsentienceorsimplyoutoftouchwithquotidianreality?Iftheformer,inhistoricaltimestheindividualwouldbeapowerfulandimportant religiousfigure.Ifthelatter,anobjectofdisdain.Nowadayswegenerally assumethatsuchpre-IndustrialAge“long-distancecallers”neverdid haveanyoneattheotherendofthetelepathicline,whereaswegivebenefit ofdoubtthattoday’s“pluggedin”mobilephoneusersdo.

Indeedthepowertoconverseinstantaneouslyandcomfortablyacross vastdistanceswasonceapowerreservedinhumanimaginationonly forthegreatestgods.Bycontrast,todaypeoplewithafewdollarscan, fromanygeographicallyfavoredplace,availthemselvesofthisability. Hoipolloiofthetwenty-firstcenturyenjoyeaseofcommunication(notto mentionphysicalcomfort)farbeyondthekenofthenineteenthcentury’s richestpotentate.

Ourbookisabouthowthisgodlikepowerisusedbythosewhoarefar lessthanangels.Welookathowpeople’slivesaredifferentnowthatcoppertetherandmonopolistictariffnolongerconstraincommunication-ata-distance.Wealsoassayhoworganizationsandsocieties,or,moreprecisely,socialarrangementsinphysicalspace,havebecometransformed asaresultofpeopleexercisingthesepowers.Itisabouthowtheinternal psychologicalfeelingofbeingaccessibleorhavingaccesschangessocial relationships.Wewanttounderstandhowthe“lifefeel”ofthelivedexperiencemaybealteredowingtotheavailabilityofthistechnology.

Yetwealsowanttoknowwhathasnotchanged.Liketheconstructionsiteboss,peoplestillneedtoarrangetheirlivessoimportanttasks canbecoordinatedandexecuted.Theystillmuststruggleforaplacein thesocialhierarchy,formoneyandeconomicresourcesandforcontrol oftheirsocialenvironment.Theywanttoexpresstheirwillandsustainandnurturetheirsocialconnections.Toexploretheseissuesweuse severalanalyticalperspectivesthatfocusonthelevelsofnationalsocial

structures,comparisonsacrosscultures,socialinteractionritualsandthe choreographyofcommunication.Wealsoseektounderstandhowthese toolsinturncanbeusedtogaininsightintothehumancommunication process.

Toavoidconfusionanddisappointment,itisimportanttonotewhat thisbookis not about.Itnotananalysisofthetechnologyunderlyingthe mobilephoneindustryorofitseconomicandmarketingaspects.Nor isitaboutthesafetyaspectsofmobilephones(suchasareentailedin questionsoftheircontributiontohighwayaccidentsorbraincancer).

Afewcommentsaboutthebook’sgenesis:mostpapershereinwerefirst presentedataworkshopconvenedatRutgersUniversity,NewBrunswick, December9–10,1999.Wethinkthatthiswasthefirstinternationalworkshopaimedatcodifyingwhatisknownaboutthesocialaspectsofmobile communicationonnationalculturalorcomparativebases.Participants sawtheendeavorasfirststepstowardsbuildingamultidimensionalconceptualframeworkandoutliningwhatisknownandwhatneedstobe learnedaboutthesocialaspectsofmobilecommunication.Thisvolume isthefirstfruitofthatgathering.

Onecannotcreateaneditedbookwithoutalsocreatingasubstantial intellectualdebt.Inourcase,though,ourprofligacyandshamelessimpositiononcolleaguescouldrightfullylandusinintellectualdebtor’s prison.Bynostretchcanwedischarge thatdebthere,thoughwecanat leastacknowledgeit.

AcrispsaluteisduetheexcellentcolleaguesofourDepartmentof CommunicationatRutgerssincetheyhavehelpedcreateapositiveintellectualatmospherethatencouragesendeavorssuchasthe“Perpetual Contact”exercise.BrentRuben,LindaLedermanandLeaStewartcontinuouslyworktofosteracooperativeintellectualenvironment.They, likewe,wanttheDepartmenttobealwaysaunitthatconductsoriginal researchandproducesheuristicinsights.Wealsoappreciatethejudicious leadershipofourcolleague,GustavFriedrich,whoinhisroleasDean cultivatesthesegoalsthroughouttheentireSchoolofCommunication, InformationandLibraryStudies.OurgratitudegoesaswelltoVice PresidentforAcademicAffairsJosephJ.Seneca,whosefair-mindedand astuteleadershiphelpsmaintainRutgers’positionasaninternationally recognizedinstitutionofhigherlearning.

Astotheworkshopitself,severaldepartmentalcolleagueswereinstrumentalinitssuccess.HartmutMokros,thenchair,encouragedustohold aconference.Heexertedhimselftirelesslytoencouragecreativethinking throughouttheDepar tment.JennyMandelbaumgavegenerouslyofher

Prefaceandacknowledgmentsxxiii timeandsapienceasunofficialseniorcounselortotheworkshop,and lentimportantassistanceateveryturnwithwryhumorandefficiency. RonRiceservedasaconduittowhatcanverilybesaidwasaworldwide talentpool.Additionallyhehelpedprovideanintellectualcontextfor ouractivitiesandcontributedmightilytheretobothduringandafterthe conference.

Amongourworkshopcontributors,RichardLingwasourfirstrecruit;hehearteneduswithhisenthusiasmandassiduousness.Another earlysupporterwasEnidMante,whosededicationandthoughtfulness wereimportantelementsintheconference’soverallsuccess.Emanuel Schegloffprovideduswithourkeynoteaddress,andbestoweduponus manifoldinsightsandconstructiveadvice.Hiscommentshelpeddelineateandclarifyourdiscussions;healsopolitelybutfirmlyencouraged ustomoveinaheuristicdirection.Heisanimportantfigureinthesocialstudyofthetelephone,havingcontributedtotheclassicvolumeon thesubject, TheSocialImpactoftheTelephone,editedbyIthieldeSola Poole.Sinceheprovidedthefirstwordstoourconferencegatheringvia thekeynote,itisalsoappropriatethat,asthereadershallsee,tohimgoes thevolume’sthelastword.

Wegreatlyappreciatetheacuityandenergyofcolleagueswhobytheir presenceandpapersallowedustoconsummatetheworkshop.They are:StephenDuck,AkibaCohen,ChantaldeGournay,Leopoldina Fortunati,ShinDongKim,ChristianLicoppe,DawnNafus,Jorge Quitegui,SheizafRafaeli,PirjoRautianinen,KathleenRobbins,James RuleandAmitSchejter.

Wealsothankthosewho,thoughunabletoattendtheworkshop,were stillkindenoughtoformulatetheirthoughtsinwriting.Theirefforts greatlyexpandedourunderstandingandhavealsoyieldedthoughtful papers.ThesescholarsincludeKennethGergen,Jean-PhilippeHeur tin, Eija-LiisaKasesniemi,Jukka-PekkaPuro,DaphneRaban,BeritSkog, GeorgStrøm,KarinaTracey,MarthaTurner,ValentinVarbanovand BirgitteYttri.

Wewereablyassistedduringtheworkshopbyacadreoftop-flight students.TheyincludedJuneAnibogu,SusanBagley-Coyle,Jo-TzuChi, VictoriaKozol,LilianaPinilla,JeannieRodriguez-Diaz,PeterAlexander StepmanandAngelicaWeber.

IrvingL.Horowitz,BarryWellmanandWilliamH.Duttonprovided acutecommentsonthemanuscript.MauricioArango,RichardButtny, JohnT.Carey,ClaudeFischerandOscarGandy,Jr.,sharedtheirvaluable ideasgenerouslyandgraciously.Attheproject’searlystage,BillCaldwell lentvaluableguidanceandexpertise;heremainsauniqueinspiration

inhisselflessnessandthoughtfuleffortstobuildabetterworld.Sarah CaroandGillianDaddofCambridgeUniversityPresswerewonderfully supportivethroughoutthepublicationpreparationprocess.Toallthese colleaguesandfriendsweofferourheartfeltgratitude.

NewBrunswick,NewJersey

1Introduction:framingtheissues

Greaterthangods

Withtheinventionofthetelephonein1876,itwaspossibleforthefirst timeinhistorytohavereal-timeconversationalinteractionatadistance.1 Backthen,thetechnologywas astounding.Earlydemonstrationsofits capabilityattractedlargecrowds,mostofwhomwereawe-struck,though somethoughtitmerelegerdemain.Bycontrast, inthetwenty-firstcenturythetelephonehasforabillionpeoplebecome,literally,afixtureof everydaylife.Onlybyitsabsencedowedeemitworthyofcomment (suchasinschoolclassroomsandprisonsorinpoorcountries).The miracleoftelephoneconversationistooreadilyforgottenbylaypeople andscholarsalike.However,thetelephone’sbecomingmobilehasrefamiliarizedmanypeoplewiththeamazementfeltbyitsearlywitnesses. Theexquisitevalueofthetelephonecanbestbeappreciatedifoneconsiderstheplightofavillagerwhowantstoknowiftheremightbework availableinanearbytown,orwhoneedstosummonaidforasickfamily member.

Overtheyears,thetelephonehasdramaticallychangedhowpeoplelive theirlivesandseetheirworld.Anotherchangeofperhapssimilarmagnitudeisintheoffingwiththemobilizationnotonlyofspeechbutalso ofanovelarrayofcomputer-supportedcommunicationandsocialinteraction.Burstychip-to-chipchatswillarrangeeverythingfromgrocery deliveriestoablinddatebetweentwoco-locatedindividualsofmatchinginterestprofiles.Buteventoday’spowersofthemobilephoneare extraordinary.Inthewordsofoneofourstudents:“Althoughmyfamily andInowliveinAmerica,IamoriginallyfromChina.IfIwanttotalk tooneofmyauntsoruncles,anytimedayornight,Ijustpressabutton ortwoonmymobilephoneandbeginvisitingwiththem.”

1 Tobetechnicallyprecise,therehadbeensomethingthatexistedsomewhatearlier,sometimescalled“thelovers’telephone,”whichwastheequivalentoftwotincansconnected byatautstring.Sincethemechanicalenergyofthissystemdissipatedafterafewscore meters,itcannotbeconsideredadistance-spanningreal-timeconversationalcommunicationtechnology.

Thetelephoneanditslatestmobileincarnationhaveauniqueplacein thehistoryofhumanity’sdevelopment.Carsandairplaneswereadumbratedrespectivelybyhorse-drawnvehiclesandbirds;assuch,humans wereatleastfamiliarwithwhatmightawaitoncetherighttechnologyhad beenpuzzledout.Bycontrast,nothingintheanimalworldcouldallow humanstoanticipatethepowerbestowedbythetelephone.Inthehistory ofhumanimaginationthepowerofreal-timeinteractiveoralcommunicationovergreatdistanceshadbeenapowersogreatthatevenmostdivine beingswereconsideredincapableofit:Zeus,kingoftheGreekgods,and therestofthepantheon,hadtorelyonmessenger-boyMercury.Today agoodmanymessengerboyshavetheirownmobilephones.

Amind-andsociety-alteringtechnology

Thespreadofmobilecommunication,mostobtrusivelyascellphones butincreasinglyinotherwirelessdevices,isaffectingpeople’slivesand relationships.Cellphonesspeedthepaceandefficiencyoflife,butalso allowmoreflexibilityatbusinessandprofessionallevelsaswellasin familyandpersonallife.Theyareaboonforthosewhofeeltheyarenot accomplishingenough.Peoplecanharnesssparetime,ortimepreviously spentintasksthatseemnottorequirefullattention(forinstance,waiting onashoppingqueue,or,farmoredisturbingly,driving).Theycanuse thistimetoplanandcoordinatewithothers,getinformationormessages. Theycanevenshopremotelybyphonewhileatthesametimethemselves shoppinginperson.

Mobiletechnologyalsoaffectsthewaypeopleinteractwhenface-tofaceor,ratherandincreasingly,face-to-face-to-mobile-phone-face,since peopleareevermorelikelytoincludethemobilephoneasaparticipant inwhatwouldotherwisebeaface-to-facedyadorsmallgroup,andeven parties.

Ontheotherhand,thosewhotreasurerespitemayfindthemselves pressuredtoreplaceotherwiseexcusableisolationwithproductivetasks. Onceuponatime,beingaboardanairplaneexcusedanexecutivefrom havingtointeractwithcolleagues.Nomore,forthefaxandphonenow followevenatsixmileshigh;noraretheseashoreandmountaintopimmunetotheirreach.Anageofperpetualcontact,atleastintermsof potential,isdawning.

Neithershouldweunderestimatethemobilephone’sabilitytohelp effectlarge-scalepoliticalchange.Havingrecentlybecomewildlypopular inManila,mobilephoneswereinstrumentalinorganizingpublicpressureinresponsetopersonalcorruptionchargesthatforcedPhilippine presidentJosephEstradafromofficeinJanuary2001.Throughout2000,

anti-Estradatextmessages,suchashostileslogansandsatiricaljokes, wereaggressivelypropagatedoverthesystem.Onegovernmentresponse wastoencouragecitizensto“justturntheircellphonesoff”(Brown, 2001).Asthecrisisintensified,anti-Estradaleadersbeganusing“phone trees”toquicklyorganizemassivedemonstrationsagainstMr.Estrada. Whenriotpolicewouldmaneuvertocontaindemonstrators,protestleaderswouldusemobilephonemessagingtoredirectthecrowds.TheseeffortsculminatedwiththeousterofMr.Estrada.Whenhewasarrested for“plunderingthepublictreasury”afewmonthslater,Mr.Estrada spenthisfirstfewhoursinjailgivinglengthyinterviewstotelevisionstations–via his mobilephone(Chandrasekaran,2001,p.A3).Themobile phone,aquintessentialinstrumentoftwo-wayinterpersonalcommunication,canalsoworkasatooltospurandcoordinatetheactionsofmasses forpoliticalchange.

Scholarlylacuna

Giventheever-expandingchangesenabledbytheever-shrinkingmobile phone,itishightimetogivethesubjectconcentratedscholarlyattention. Yet,despitebillionsofdollarsandhoursspentonmobilecommunication,thereisbutslightacademicinterestinthesocialaspectsofthese processes.Tofillthisdisquietingvoidwehaveassembledleadingandrisingscholarstoanalyzeandreportonthechangesmobilecommunication haswroughtinthewaypeopleconducttheirlivesandrelationships.This volumepresentstheirresearchfindings.

Ourinvestigationproceedsalongthreeavenues.First,wewanttosee howthemobiletelephoneasatechnologyhasbeenaffectingpeople’s lives.Wewishtospecifyatseverallevelsacrosstencultureswhatthese changesareandwhattheyportend.Second,weseethatthemobiletelephoneasatechnologycansharplyilluminatehumanbehavior.Thenoveltyofmobilephonetechnology,anditsintrusivepowerintopeople’s lives,allowustoobserveaspectsofthehumancommunicationprocess thatwouldotherwiseescapeourattention,oratleastbeextremelydifficulttodiscern.Finally,weintroduceanewcommunicationtermto describethemobilecommunicationphenomenon.

Mobilecommunicationtechnologiesarealreadymodifyingwellestablishedcommunicationpatterns,amplifyingandsubstitutingfor them.Indeed,evencreativeandunanticipatedusesareproliferating,with consequencesforthepaceandcontentofallwalksoflife.Therehasbeen arapidandcontinuingmergingofformerlyseparatemodalitiesofmediatedcommunication.TheseincludetheInternet,thetelephone,portable computers,personaldigitalassistants,radiobroadcasting,wirelessand

infraredtechnologies,digitalaudioandvideo,and,traditionally,paper. Thelasttimeacommunicationtechnologyhadsuchalargeeffectonso manypeoplewasnearlyahalf-centuryagowhencommercialtelevision wasintroduced;aswewillnotenext,alegitimatequestioniswhetherthe mobilephonewillsurpassTV.Whatisnotaquestion,though,isthat formany,especiallythoseoutsidetheUnitedStates,theconsequences ofmobilecommunicationdwarfthatoftheInternet.

MorepopularthanTV

Comparativeinternationalstatisticsconveythemagnitudeandspeedof thesechangesandthegrowthofthemobilephone.Astheestimatesin figure1.1,suggest,peopleworldwidearemorelikelytoownatelephone

Users (millions)

Figure1.1Worldwideownershipoftelephonesandmobilephonesvs. TV. Source: WorldTelecommunicationDevelopmentReport,citedin CommunicationInternational (November1,1999).

Another random document with no related content on Scribd:

truth. But whenever we did so we would be brought back to belief by some monstrous and haunting memory; with me, of Robert's dream-figure and its thick voice and inverted colors; with him, of the whole fantastic pageantry of ancient people and dead scenes that he had witnessed. And then there was the joint recollection of that damnable dusty odor.... We knew what it meant: the instant dissolution of those who had entered an alien dimension a century and more ago.

There are, in addition, at least two lines of rather more positive evidence; one of which comes through my researches in Danish annals concerning the sorcerer, Axel Holm. Such a person, indeed, left many traces in folklore and written records; and diligent library sessions, plus conferences with various learned Danes, have shed much light on his evil fame. At present I need say only that the Copenhagen glass-blower—born in 1612—was a notorious Luciferian whose pursuits and final vanishing formed a matter of awed debate over two centuries ago. He had burned with a desire to know all things and to conquer every limitation of mankind—to which end he had delved deeply into occult and forbidden fields ever since he was a child.

He was commonly held to have joined a coven of the dreaded witchcult, and the vast lore of ancient Scandinavian myth—with its Loki the Sly One and the accursed Fenris-Wolf—was soon an open book to him. He had strange interests and objectives, few of which were definitely known, but some of which were recognized as intolerably evil. It is recorded that his two Negro helpers, originally slaves from the Danish West Indies, had become mute soon after their acquisition by him; and that they had disappeared not long before his own disappearance from the ken of mankind.

Near the close of an already long life the idea of a glass of immortality appears to have entered his mind. That he had acquired

an enchanted mirror of inconceivable antiquity was a matter of common whispering; it being alleged that he had purloined it from a fellow-sorcerer who had entrusted it to him for polishing.

This mirror—according to popular tales a trophy as potent in its way as the better-known Aegis of Minerva or Hammer of Thor was a small oval object called "Loki's Glass," made of some polished fusible mineral and having magical properties which included the divination of the immediate future and the power to show the possessor his enemies. That it had deeper potential properties, realizable in the hands of an erudite magician, none of the common people doubted; and even educated persons attached much fearful importance to Holm's rumored attempts to incorporate it in a larger glass of immortality. Then had come the wizard's disappearance in 1687, and the final sale and dispersal of his goods amidst a growing cloud of fantastic legendry. It was, altogether, just such a story as one would laugh at if possessed of no particular key; yet to me, remembering those dream messages and having Robert Grandison's corroboration before me, it formed a positive confirmation of all the bewildering marvels that had been unfolded.

But as I have said, there is still another line of rather positive evidence—of a very different character—at my disposal. Two days after his release, as Robert, greatly improved in strength and appearance, was placing a log on my living-room fire, I noticed a certain awkwardness in his motions and was struck by a persistent idea. Summoning him to my desk I suddenly asked him to pick up an ink-stand—and was scarcely surprised to note that, despite lifelong right-handedness, he obeyed unconsciously with his left hand. Without alarming him, I then asked that he unbutton his coat and let me listen to his cardiac action. What I found upon placing my ear to his chest and what I did not tell him for some time afterward —was that hisheartwasbeatingonhisrightside.

He had gone into the glass right-handed and with all organs in their normal positions. Now he was left-handed and with organs reversed, and would doubtless continue so for the rest of his life. Clearly, the dimensional transition had been no illusion—for this physical change was tangible and unmistakable. Had there been a natural exit from the glass, Robert would probably have undergone a thorough rereversal and emerged in perfect normality as indeed the colorscheme of his body and clothing did emerge. The forcible nature of his release, however, undoubtedly set something awry; so that dimensions no longer had a chance to right themselves as chromatic wave-frequencies still did.

I had not merely openedHolm's trap; I had destroyedit; and at the particular stage of destruction marked by Robert's escape some of the reversing properties had perished. It is significant that in escaping Robert had felt no pain comparable to that experienced in entering. Had the destruction been still more sudden, I shiver to think of the monstrosities of color the boy would always have been forced to bear. I may add that after discovering Robert's reversal I examined the rumpled and discarded clothing he had worn in the glass, and found, as I had expected, a complete reversal of pockets, buttons, and all other corresponding details.

At this moment Loki's Glass, just as it fell on my Bokhara rug from the now patched and harmless mirror, weighs down a sheaf of papers on my writing-table here in St. Thomas, venerable capital of the Danish West Indies—now the American Virgin Islands. Various collectors of old Sandwich glass have mistaken it for an odd bit of that early American product—but I privately realize that my paperweight is an antique of far subtler and more paleologean craftsmanship. Still, I do not disillusion such enthusiasts.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TRAP ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1

with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information

about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.
Immediate download Perpetual contact mobile communication private talk public performance 1st editio by davidthompson6867 - Issuu