David Laidler Stage 3 Dissertation - The Reuse of Redundant Churches in the Church of England

The Reuse of Redundant Churches in the Church of England: Has the Spirit of the Church been lost?

ARC3060:Dissertation in Architectural Studies David Laidler 120337149 2014-2015

Word Count: 8353

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Abstract Historically, Church power in England was high – over time with the changes in society, the church has become less important to everyday life. Gradually overtime less people attended church causing attendance numbers to decline. This has resulted in churches lacking funding to stay open and eventually becoming made redundant. New uses have been found for these churches preventing their demolition. Current uses of Church of England churches across England are shown to be mainly residential with churches reused as monuments and for civic, cultural or community uses. Case studies have determined the effectiveness of their transformation where full use has been made if the church structure and other designs have made use of new substructures that have not affected the original church structure.

Unfortunately some uses have had total disregard for the original church structure.

Poor church attendance and the population explosion seem to be driving the reuse of church buildings for residential purposes.

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Contents

Abstract List of Figures

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Chapter 1 1.1 - Introduction 1.2 - Importance of the church

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Chapter 2 2.1 - Problems faced by the church 2.2 - The decline in Sunday attendance

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Chapter 3 3.1 - Converted churches 3.2 - The population explosion

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Chapter 4 4.1 - Current trends in the conversion of Church of England churches 4.2 - Case studies

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Chapter 5 5.1 - Discussion and Conclusion

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Bibliography Appendix

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List of Figures Cover Image

Manchester Climbing Centre climbing walls

Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2

Graph showing total number of Church of England churches Graph showing Decline in Sunday attendance

Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2

Graph showing the upward trend of Church of England church conversions Graph showing the population increase 1970 to 2010

Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5 Figure 4.6 Figure 4.7 Figure 4.8 Figure 4.9 Figure 4.10 Figure 4.11 Figure 4.12 Figure 4.13 Figure 4.14A Figure 4.14B Figure 4.15 Figure 4.16 Figure 4.17 Figure 4.18 Figure 4.19 Figure 4.20 Figure 4.21 Figure 4.22 Figure 4.23 Figure 4.24 Figure 4.24B

Map showing distribution of church of England church conversions in England Graph showing total number of Church of England church conversions Graph showing the percentage of Church of England churches converted Graph showing total number of each Church of England church conversion Interior of The Garden Museum Ground floor and first floor plans of The Garden Museum Section through The Garden Museum Structure of Garden Museum Interior of St Nicholas Church Plans of St Nicholas Church Interior of St Nicholas Church Dining area and bedroom of St Nicholas Church Interior of St Georges Church Interior of living room in St Georges church Exterior of St Georges church windows taken during visit Drawing of St Lukes Church St Lukes Church restoration beginning St Lukes Church Ruined walls Original interior of St Lukes Church New interior of St Lukes Church Visual of St Mary-at-the-Quay interior Visual of St Mary-at-the-Quay interior Climbing wall Manchester climbing centre Climbing wall Manchester climbing centre Holy Trinity Church bell tower exterior St Marks Church Newcastle climbing wall structure

Chapter 5 Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2

Predicted Church of England attendance 2020 Graph showing population explosion and predictions to 2030

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Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction When churches become redundant alternative solutions are found in which to bring new life to the existing church. These changes tend to enhance the wider community by offering new opportunities for the community through the new function of the church. Since 1969 as well as new use to churches, they have also been given to use by other Christian bodies. The majority of churches are provided with a brand new use, a new function in which the building can be used. Uses of churches can include residential, civic, cultural such as museums, or community uses, sports facilities and can also be preserved as monuments within the community.

I will look into the ways in which churches within the Church of England have been used across the country through each diocese determining the current trends in church re use and the reasoning to why so many churches are given new uses.

I will look into how redundant churches in the Church of England have been given new life by creating a new use within the existing space. I will discuss the ways in which churches have been converted to their new use and how certain uses can respect the existing church structure where others don’t.

1.2 Importance of the church The Church of England has more than 16,000 churches across England 1. ‘Church buildings constitute an important feature of the UK landscape church buildings often provide both stability and security of local identity (Brown & Perkins, 1992). The visual impacts of church architecture but equally their sitting have strongly influenced the shaping of the built environment’ 2 The church of England is important in its community value it holds within towns and cities across England. ‘The village needs its church so people can meet, support each other, express their own emotional needs and aspirations in an atmosphere of goodness and concern as Christ taught.’3 Doreen Kimberley, Churchwarden at St Aethelbert’s Church.

Towns and cities are based around community and the churches within represent a places historical value and community which is how many of these towns were built upon. ‘Churches are physical symbols of the values, beliefs and aspirations of generations’ 4 The church holds significant value throughout the lives of people within the community through baptisms, weddings and funerals. This value is held throughout history leading back to when the churches were first built. The importance of churches is shown in the way people have respected churches and modified them to appeal to their current needs. ‘Restoration of ancient buildings is the most strange and fatal idea, which by its name implies that it is

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The Church of England, Facts and stats (English Heritage and Church of England Cathedral and Church Buildings Division Joint Research 2006) < https://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/facts-stats.aspx> 2 Dr. Karen McPhillips, Ecclesiastical Building Disuse & Identity: The Case of Carlisle Memorial Methodist Church – Youth Perspective P. 4.

3 Church Heritage Forum, A Future for Church Buildings (2003) P. 33.

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Heritage Foundation, Heritage Designation of Historic Churches (n.d) P. 1.

10 | possible to strip from a building this, that or the other part of its history and then to stay the hand at some arbitrary point.’ – William Morris 5 Churches are important in terms of the value that they hold such as 'historical value: the ways in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through a place to the present'. Communal value within the community is 'the meaning of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or memory'6 ‘A church, even if not of major historic or architectural quality, may be the most significant building in its locality, a familiar and important feature of the landscape. Churches make up the most significant single group of the nations historic buildings and the process for settling the future of redundant churches recognises the interests of both the Church of England and the wider community A church, even if not of major historic or architectural quality, may be the most significant building in its locality.’ – Redundant Churches in the Church of England ‘Since its origins, architecture has always striven to adapt itself to the changes in society. In consequence, few buildings have come down to us intact as they were originally conceived.’7 This is shown through the amount of churches built across England which still remain to date with churches still used for their original purpose and new purposes. Rehman Chishti – the MP for Gillingham and Rainham said that "Churches are at the heart of the local community and although some of them will remain open for other uses, I am saddened to find that they are still closing to regular worship, which is what they were built for in the first place."

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Bernard Feilden, Conservation of Historic buildings (Architectural Press, 2003) P. 359.

English Heritage, Conservation Principles, Policies andGuidance <https://www.englishheritage.org.uk/professional/advice/conservation-principles/ConservationPrinciples> 7 Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers, Analysing and Recording for the Conservation and Control of Works to Historic Buildings. (Chelmsford Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers) P. 9.

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Chapter 2: 2.1 Problems faced by the church Attendance numbers were once high causing for a high demand of churches to accommodate the high attendance in church resulting in the 37,501 known churches in England.8 However overtime attendance figures have declined which means that less people are attending church each year. This not only effects the Church of England but all churches in England have faced issues related to attendance and a steady decline over the years. Collectively churches have recently seen further decline in attendance. ‘From 2005 5,844,692 people attended church across the year which decreased by 6% to 5,514,704.’9 This continuous decline in attendance shows no signs of stabilising showing that this is a problem that faces all religious followings across England. ‘At its peak, attendance of churches overall reached 10.3 million people in 1930, this reduced to attendance figures of 9.9million people in 1960. A larger decline in attendance has seen a decline from 9.9million to 5.9million in 2010.’ 10 This is reflected also more specifically to the Church of England which from 1960 had an attendance of 2.9 million dropping to 800,000 in 2010. . ‘The Church of England continues to serve the nation with a core of 1 million activist members who worship faithfully each week’11 – Dr Steven Croft.

As churches are part of England’s heritage, they have become historical landmarks which help maintain England’s historical identity creating a cultural importance within England. The Church of England faces the task of ‘taking care over 16,000 church buildings in England’ 12 These are located across both rural and urban areas of England. However with the declining attendances this can lead to the ‘church like other buildings, outliving their purpose for which they were built.’13 Once this is made the case with churches and there is no funding available to keep the church going the church is no longer required and declared as redundant From the data shown in Fig 2.1 Areas such as London with higher population density seem to relate to the amount of Church of England churches being used within its diocese.

The Church of England has gone through some changes throughout recent times. As a church it is a form of community that brings people together across local cities and towns. This is seen by the numbers of volunteers still contributing to the Church of England each year. Still to this day 1.7million people are brought together each month to attend regular service. 14 This number of people still attending church regularly shows the importance the church still has in people’s lives.

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Evangelical Alliance, English Church census 2005(Evangelical Alliance, 2008) <http://www.eauk.org/church/research-andstatistics/english-church-census.cfm#findings> 9 Introduction: UK Christianity 2005-2015< http://www.brierleyconsultancy.com/images/csintro.pdf> 10 John Hayward, The Decline of the Church of England (2003) <http://churchgrowthmodelling.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/the-decline-of-church-of-england.html> 11 Tim Wyatt, 'C of E attendance statistics slope still downward', Church Times, 14 Nov 2014 12 The Church of England, Facts and stats (English Heritage and Church of England Cathedral and Church Buildings Division Joint Research 2006) < https://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/facts-stats.aspx> 13 Church Commissioners, Redundant Churches in the Church of England. A Guidance Note for Local Planning Authorities(2008) 14 The Church of England, Facts and stats (English Heritage and Church of England Cathedral and Church Buildings Division Joint Research 2006) < https://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/facts-stats.aspx>

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Fig 2.1 Graph showing total number of Church of England churches in each diocese. Data from Table 1, Appendix 1.

1400000

Attendance (Million)

1300000 1200000 1100000 1000000 900000 800000 700000 2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

1999

1998

1997

Year

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1986

1984

1983

1978

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Fig 2.2: The decline in Sunday attendances to Church of England churches from 1978-2009. Attendance 15 has decreased by 4million from 12.5million to 8.5million in 2008.

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Archbishops council, Statistics for Mission 2012 (Archbishops council, Research and Statistics, Central Secretariat, 2014) https://churchofengland.org/media/1936517/statistics%20for%20mission%202012.pdf

13 | However over recent years the attendance of church has drop significantly. From a census conducted in 2005 it has shown that ‘Since 1988 there has been an overall decline in regular church attendance of 15%’ 16 The problems faced by the Church of England are seen also in other churches such as Roman catholic which has seen a decline in attendance from 2,064,000 in 1980 falling to 893,100 in 2005. Methodist churches have seen a decline in attendance from 606,400 falling to 289,400 over the same time period.17 However, this decline in attendance is not current in all churches as Orthodox and Pentecostal churches have seen an increase in attendances from 1980 with Orthodox rising from 10,200 to 25,600 and Pentecostal rising from 221,100 to 287,600.18 The reuse of old buildings is not only specific to churches. These types of reuse are common also in other types of buildings. There are varying way in which buildings are able to be reused for new purposed giving more life to the existing structure. One way to take care of older buildings one being alteration. This is the transforming of an existing building that has no use and is in such a state that work needs to be done to treat the structure so that it can be used as a new function.

Adaptive reuse in buildings is not uncommon. The reuse of a building offers a more cost effective solution to creating a new space. This not only offers cheaper solutions but by reusing a structure it is prolonging the life of a building. When buildings become redundant they are no longer used for their original purpose are cease to be of need anymore. Some redundant structures typically converted are industrial buildings, barns and warehouses. Certain structures do provide certain limitations in how they can be reused. ‘Old buildings generate popular appeal.’19 Churches as a use offer high ceiling space but limited floor space used.

The problems facing churches are seen throughout each diocese within the Church of England.

The problems were highlighted when the Bishop of Norwich asked churches within the diocese about issues they are having with the up keep of the church. Two hundred churches within Norwich provided information about problems within their churches. ‘The problems identified were: substantial cost of repairs; lack of facilities which make it difficult to extend the use; and isolation of small, decreasing populations off the tourist route.’20 With the lack of funding due to numbers of visitors dropping in the communities local churches are continuously facing issues with sustaining their churches.

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Evangelical Alliance, English Church census 2005(Evangelical Alliance, 2008) <http://www.eauk.org/church/research-andstatistics/english-church-census.cfm#findings> 17 Siobhan McAndrew, Church attendance in England, 1980 - 2005 (2011)< http://www.brin.ac.uk/news/2011/church-attendancein-england-1980-2005> 18 Ibid., P.1.

19 Derek Latham, Creative Reuse of Buildings (Donhead Publishing, 2000) P. 3.

20 Building faith in our future (Church House Publishing, 2004) P.28.

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2.2 The decline in Sunday attendance The fall in attendance not only effects the amount of people in each church but because of this results in lack of funding for each church. The funding of the church relies mainly on local community support through donations given to each church. Looking at the attendance rates over the years the reduction in attendance causes a reduction in charitable donation from communities. ‘The Church of England comprises two Provinces, Canterbury and York. Each province is broken down into dioceses.’21 This totals to 41 dioceses across England which are all facing problems with attendance figures reducing. Areas such as ‘North-west England are under particular pressure, with a severe shortage of priests and a sharp fall in attendances at Mass.’ 22 Although the population was much lower than more recent times, 'In 1851 between 40% and 60% of the British population attended church, with the figure around 30% in 1900, falling to 12% in 1979, and a figure of 7.5% in 1999' 23 From 1970s onwards there has been a steady decline in attendance recorded each Sunday. Fig 2.1 shows the average Sunday attendance from 1969 as 160,6000 reducing significantly to 826,000 in 2009. The drop in attendance has affected the church of England's funding with each individual church. This in turn has lead to more churches becoming redundant and given new uses.

In 2012 the Church of England welcomed 38,000 people to their worshipping community. Over half were between the ages of 18 and 69. 20% of the welcomed community were under 18 and 28% over 70. The numbers of people in the community ranged between diocese of people being over the age of 70 with 13% over 70 in London and 42% over 70 in Norwich. This shows that there is a larger proportion of people over 70 within the existing Church of England community. 24 With only 20% of church attendees under 18years of age unfortunately as the older people die they are not replaced by younger people and so this has a negative effect on church members as seen in (Fig 2.2)

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Church of England, A Christian Presence in Every Community <https://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/dioceses.aspx>

Jonathan Wynne-Jones and Vikki Miller, 'Save Our Churches: Dozens of Historic Buildings to be made Redundant', the Telegraph, 24 May 2008 23 Jane Garnett, Redefining Christian Britain (SCM Press, 2011) P. 52.

24 Archbishops council, Statistics for Mission 2012 (Archbishops council, Research and Statistics, Central Secretariat, 2014) https://churchofengland.org/media/1936517/statistics%20for%20mission%202012.pdf

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Chapter 3 3.1 Converted churches Comparing the data collected in Fig10 to Fig 2 there is an inverse relationship between church attendance and the number of church conversions. This relationship sees no sign of changing ‘The Telegraph disclosed that one in five of Britain’s churches face closure by 2030.’ 25 The decision regarding the future of the church itself is based upon a two stage process involving a Pastoral scheme which initially declares the church as redundant. This is then followed by the Redundancy scheme in which decisions about the churches future use is decided. This future of the church is requested by the parochial church council who with the approval of the bishop will declare that church no longer as a place of worship. If no suitable use is determined for the church ‘The remaining options are preservation by the Churches Conservation Trust or demolition.’26 The Churches Conservation Trust is a ‘charity which cares for historic churches of the Church of England that are no longer required for regular worship.

The charity was founded in 1969 and has taken more than 340 buildings in its care.’27 As a significant building that is based around community and bringing people together, the new uses given to the churches tend to also benefit the local community. The types of uses typically given to churches are Education, Art gallery, Heritage centres. Arts and crafts and music centres. Museums and sports use which can include functions such as indoor climbing centres and gymnasiums. Light industrial functions, shopping centres and retail shops. These new functions such as these provide new activities within the community. Residential uses are also created which typically take use as a house conversion or apartments depending on the size of the church. When a building is preserved it becomes a monument within the community as its new use.

‘The general trend is moving increasingly towards refurbishment, rather than a new build.’28 On the economic side of developing new buildings, older buildings offer cheaper alternatives to new buildings as the existing structures can be used.

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Jonathan Wynne-Jones and Vikki Miller, 'Save Our Churches: Dozens of Historic Buildings to be made Redundant', the Telegraph, 24 May 2008 26 Church Commissioners, Redundant Churches in the Church of England. A Guidance Note for Local Planning Authorities(2008) 27 Nick Chapple, New Uses for Former Places of Worship (English Heritage, 2012) P.5.

28 Derek Latham, Creative Reuse of Buildings (Donhead Publishing, 2000) P. 10

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Number of church conversions

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1960-69

1970-79

1980-89

1990-99

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Number of people (Million)

Fig 3.1: The upward trend of Church of England church conversions in England from 1960 to 2012. Data from Table 1, Appendix 1.

55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 1970

1980

1990

2000

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Year Fig 3.2 Data showing the increase in population across England from 1970 to 2010

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Julie Jefferies, Changes in UK population P.6.

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3.2 The population explosion As shown in Fig 3.2 Englandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population has increased exponentially over 40 years from 46.4 million to 52.6 million in 2010. So while the population of England is increasing and church attendance decreases, more churches become redundant as places of worship and are being increasingly converted to new uses as demanded by modern society.

With residential uses for churches being the main conversion type, the demands of the growing towns and cities are influencing the total number of residential conversions. As Englandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population continues to grow Fig 3.2 and less people each year attend in church Fig 2.2 more churches are needed to fulfil the needs of the continuously growing communities and the number of converted churches growing at a more rapid speed from 2000 onwards the demand for churches seems to be accelerating further over the past decade.

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(Fig 4.1) Map of England showing the Church of England diocese borders and the distribution of Church of England church conversions throughout England. Data from Table 1, Appendix 1.

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Outline of map source < http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/outline-map-great-britain-18378173.jpg>

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Chapter 4: Current trends in the conversion of Church of England churches.

4.1 Introduction The conversions of churches shows a need to retain the historical heritage of England by not demolishing the churches but instead, reusing the structure for a new purpose. There are different approaches to the converting of churches depending on the new use given to a particular church.

The appeal of churches within the community ‘draws on the richness and diversity of a cultural and architectural heritage that has a long history, and adapting it to today’s ways of life and integrating it into sustainable development is one of today’s challenges’ 31 As churches are recognizable as historical monuments throughout history, a converted building must respect this. ‘ Changes to existing buildings must therefore satisfy two sets of requirements’32 The identity of the church must be respected and also respect its built environment. The use of a church ‘may be financially driven: through an owner’s desire to maintain or improve returns.’33 Most opportunities given are through empty churches being made available. Today church conversions are seeking popularity amongst people through uses shown in Fig 3.1 When a church is reused for a new function it can be termed ‘single vessel use’. The traditional place of worship, developed to be a place to bring together large amounts of people into one space. Creating different uses for churches can require different approaches to the design to serve the new function ‘but with careful design other uses can be based very largely on single vessel use.’

The adaptive reuse of a historic building should have minimal impact on the heritage significance of the building and its setting. Developers should gain an understanding of why the building has heritage status, and then pursue development that is sympathetic to the building to give it a new purpose.

'Adaptive reuse is self-defeating if it fails to protect the building’s heritage values. The most successful built heritage adaptive reuse projects are those that best respect and retain the building’s heritage significance and add a contemporary layer that provides value for the future. Sometimes, adaptive reuse is the only way that the building’s fabric will be properly cared for, revealed or interpreted, while making better use of the building itself. Where a building can no longer function with its original use, a new use through adaptation may be the only way to preserve its heritage significance.’34

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Pierre Thiebaut. Old buildings looking for new uses (Axel Menges 2007) P. 9.

Pierre Thiebaut. Old buildings looking for new uses (Axel Menges 2007) P. 9.

33 Derek Latham, Creative Reuse of Buildings (Donhead Publishing, 2000) P. 17.

34 Adaptive Reuse Preserving our past, building our future (Pirion, 2004) P.3.

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Fig 4.2: Total number of Church of England church conversions per diocese across Englands diocese in alphabetical order to avoid biased presentation of data. Data from Table 1, Appendix 1.

Fig 4.3: Percentage of Church of England churches converted. Data from Table 1, Appendix 1.

21 | Fig 4.1 shows the diocese of England and the amount of Church of England church conversions clustered together. Out of the total 41 diocese across England the Diocese with the largest total of church conversions is London with 83 in total. Although Fig 4.2 represents the same data as Fig 4.1. The number of church conversions is more clearly shown in Fig 4.2 whilst Fig 4.1 shows the locations of the diocese. From the map there are a clusters of large conversion totals across the northern half of England. Even with London being the largest city and most reused churches, the neighbouring diocese have few conversions in comparison.

The Diocese of Norwich in total has 650churches currently with 48 Church of England churches made redundant and converted into a new use, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;compared to other diocese is has more churches per acre. Most are medieval Grade I or II* buildings.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;35 With the decline of attendances falling concerns are raising in the local community (Fig 4.3) depicts the number of church conversions as a percentage of the total number of churches for each English diocese. In Fig 4.2 London's diocese has the most church conversions and the highest percentage of total churches Fig 4.3 Due to the fact that London has the highest population density in England.36 Some diocese have few conversions relative to other diocese, for example, Bristol and Durham but have a relatively high number of conversions as a percentage of the total number of churches in those diocese.

The most popular use found from the data collected is residential use Fig 4.4 With the population of England continuously growing over recent years, the amount of churches being converted is also increasing. This reuse type seems a fitting addition to tackling the population explosion. The total uses of churches as Parochial or Ecclesiastical is 77 with 31 of these uses located within London and 11 of the total diocese had around 50% of their total conversions as residential use.

300 250

Number of church

200 150 100 50 0

Type of reuse Fig 4.4: Showing total number of church conversions for each use. Data from Table 1, Appendix 1.

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Building faith in our future (Church House Publishing, 2004) P. 29.

Population Labs, UK Population Map <http://www.populationlabs.com/uk_population.asp>

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4.2 Case Studies In this chapter I will discuss the different approaches to church conversions and more particularly how the churches themselves have been converted. When churches are adapted to a new function different approaches are taken to the construction involved in creating the new use. It is important when converting a church to respect to church structure and use the building to serve a worthwhile purpose and also maintain its heritage value to help ensure that it continues to survive. A church is not only a building but an important piece of in English heritage.

Within rural areas in England the reuse of churches can prove difficult as the local community is too small to sustain new uses of churches such as community or commercial use. The result of this leads to many churches within these areas being converted to residential use. 'There are drawbacks which are characteristic of residential conversions'37 this is through the subdivision of spaces within the church that will be created through the change in the function. The reuse of churches can be resolved in different ways when converting to a new function. 'Low impact uses which do not require large amounts of new services, do not threaten to damage the fabric of the building'38 The new function of the church building, 'are compatible with retention of some of the fixtures and fittings'.39 When converting a church building to commercial use which includes shops, offices restaurants and pubs, the structure of the church with significantly change in its reuse which are 'high impact uses'40 These types of church use 'enable continued public access and engagement'41 which continues elements of the original church use, as a place for the community to come together.

‘When altering a historic place of worship for new use it must be founded on an understanding of the building, its history and its place in the community.

More so than in many other building types, the fixtures and fittings – the pews, screens, monuments and liturgical features – of a place of worship constitute a large part of its historic character and these should be retained wherever appropriate. However, some degree of compromise may be necessary to help retain the significance of the building or parts of it.’42

In these case studies due to the scope of the research I will look in detail at some reuses of redundant churches within the Church of England.

37

Nick Chapple, New Uses for Former Places of Worship (English Heritage, 2012) P. 3.

Ibid P.7.

39 Ibid P.1.

40 Ibid P. 11.

41 Ibid P.9.

42 English Heritage, Closed Places of Worship <https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/advice/advice-by-topic/places-ofworship/closed-places-of-worship> 38

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(Fig 4.6) Ground floor and first floor plans of Garden museum.

(Fig 4.7)

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Section through free standing structure showing the timber walls wrapping around the existing structure of the church.

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(Fig 4.8) Image of how the structure works within the existing structure showing how the structure works within the church.

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Dow Jones Architects, The Garden Museum <http://www.dowjonesarchitects.com/project/garden-museum> Dow Jones Architects, The Garden Museum <http://www.dowjonesarchitects.com/project/garden-museum> Dow Jones Architects, The Garden Museum <http://www.dowjonesarchitects.com/project/garden-museum>

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Cultural Use: The Garden Museum Community or cultural use of a church is a practical option in keeping the reuse within the ideals of a church. As a building based on community the new functions such as community centres, meeting halls, exhibition spaces once again will continue to bring people together.

The Garden Museum in London was set up ‘in 1977 in order to rescue demolition the abandoned ancient church of St Mary’s which is the burial place of John Tradescant the first great gardener and plant-hunter in British history. His Magnificent and enigmatic tomb is the centre piece of a knot garden planted with the flowers which grew in his London garden four century’s previous.’46 In 2008 Dow Jones Architects designed the interior spaces of St Marys church to house the exhibition space within the church structure. ‘The structure wraps itself around the aisles within the church structure. Gallery spaces were created for the permanent exhibition spaces and the temporary exhibition spaces. ‘47 The design of the structure allows for a wide range of events to take place throughout the church such as workshops and talks. ‘The design of the structure is a free standing belvedere in the existing building to house the new galleries at ground level.’ 48Views of the historical building can still be enjoyed from the ground level due to the structure of the space working its way throughout the back an sides of the church structure. In order to allow the structure to blend in with the background, the timber walls were left unfinished to allow them to recede into the background with the original limestone of the church walls and columns.

In Fig 4.6 the plan of the church shows the free standing structure within the existing church. This type of conversion is a type of installation in which the new structure can be removed from the church and will leave the church as is previously was before it was reused.

Fig 4.549 Interior of Garden Museum. View of the structure of the museum space creating two levels.

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Garden Museum, History of the Museum <http://www.gardenmuseum.org.uk/page/history-of-the-museum> Ibid 48 Ibid 49 Dow Jones Architects, The Garden Museum <http://www.dowjonesarchitects.com/project/garden-museum> 47

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(Fig 4.9) Interior of St Nicholas Church converted to residential use retains the windows and arches.

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(Fig 4.10) Plans of St Nicholas Church after conversion to residential use.

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Smiths Gore, St Nicholas Church House P.7.

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Residential Use: Basilica in Kyloe, Northumberland, England The most popular use in England is to create a house or apartments within the existing church.

The smaller churches tend to be made into houses as the sizing of the structure if too large would be a costly approach to designing a home. Large churches used for residential purposes include flats where multiple stories are built into the church structure making use of the high ceiling spaces with the number of floors. 'Despite the drawbacks, English Heritage recognises that there will be cases, for example where the significance of the building lies primarily in its landscape or townscape contribution, in which the intervention necessary for residential use will be acceptable in order to secure a sustainable use for the building and hence its conservation' 51 The use of a residential property in a church when used in a way that highlights the history of the church while allowing you to feel like you are within a church respecting the church and the historical importance it holds. The adaption of a church building to a house is not an easy conversion, unlike other uses such as climbing centres where a the large open spaces are ideal to place a climbing wall, a house of this size and the space needed does require alterations to structure and as seen in Fig 4.10. Three floors have been created from the existing structure creating bedroom and storage spaces from the bell tower.

St Nicholas church house is a grade II listed church built in 1792.52 With the reuse of this church as a residential property, many of the noticeable features of the church still exist and continue through in the existing structure. The Saxon cross, and some of the stained glass windows added in the 19th century still remain in the church. The spaces within the church consist of high ceiling spaces adapted to now the living spaces within the church. The way the house has been designed has followed the existing layout of the church. As a church is based around high spaces and open plan layouts the house follows this by continuing the open plan layout throughout spaces such as the dining area and bedroom Fig4.12 whilst minimising the alterations to the current structure in these spaces. The stained glass windows and arches have been left as they were Fig 4.9 essentially the spaces have been populated by furniture and home decoration but still maintaining the feel of being inside the church throughout by keeping the existing structure the same. There have been alterations in the way of fitting in kitchen and bathroom spaces and adapting some elements to create distinctions between spaces within the house. Other additions to the structure within the church are the staircases which lead to higher levels of the church Fig 4.11.

The uses of church structures arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t always kept the same as seen in Fig 4.13 When the inclusion of extra floors which are added into existing open spaces, sometimes the limits of the existing church structure are tested. Some examples of spaces which are placed within a church which lose essence of the church value are shown in the following case study.

51 52

Nick Chapple, New Uses for Former Places of Worship (English Heritage, 2012) P.12.

Smiths Gore, St Nicholas Church House P.4.

28 |

53

(Fig 4.11) Interior of St Nicholas Church. The staircase links the main space of the church to rooms on upper level.

54

(Fig 4.12) Dining area and bedroom space in open plan layout making full use of the ceiling and windows.

53

Holy Conversion: Church from 1970s Renovated and Restored <http://twistedsifter.com/2009/07/church-conversion> D.Carr Renovated church Home in Kyloe, Northumberland, <http://swipelife.com/2009/06/renovated-church-home-in-kyloenorthumberland> 54

29 |

30 |

St Georges church Manchester St Georges church is a larger church which has been converted into '25 apartments by inserting self-supporting pod-like structure between the arches of the nave'55. To do this, floors where placed through the centre of the church to create a second floor in the space. By doing this the floor structure has cut through the existing arches within the church as seen in Fig 4.13 As the floor has been put here, spaces have been created through the arch which leads to an odd placement of spaces throughout the apartment.

Within the interior of the apartments the inclusion of different levels has had an impact on the existing structure of the church. In Fig 4.13 the arches show the limitations of developing a church into a residential property, the additional floors create new spaces which were not originally intended with the design of the church which has resulted in building rooms around the existing arches within the church. The church was designed around tall ceilings with large arches structurally placed through the church. Unless new functions are designed around these features the original function of these elements within the church can become lost in the re use of the church as they have been changed.

As well as the dining room space Fig 4.14A shows how the inclusion of new levels within the church can affect the existing windows. Unlike Fig 4.12 where St Nicholas church conversion has left the windows to be completely visible from the inside, the apartment structure has resulted in the windows being cut off at different levels changing the way the windows of the church were originally seen resulting in the floors being visible through the windows of the church as seen in Fig 4.14B.

(Fig 4.13)56 Interior of apartment. St Georges church showing the dining room.

55

Manchester Confidential, Conversion: The Ressurectionof Old Churches (2012) <http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/property/for-sale/manchester/property-26524488>

56

31 |

57

(Fig 4.14A) Image of living room space inside the apartments.

(Fig 4.14B) Exterior of St Georges church. Image taken during visit to Manchester.

57

<http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/property/for-sale/manchester/property-26524488>

32 |

58

(Fig 4.20) Proposed design of interior space creating a second level to the church.

59

(Fig 4.21) Proposed design showing how the second level is situated around the existing structure.

58

<http://www.molyneuxkerr.com/historic/st_mary_quay.htmln> http:Ibid

59

33 |

Community Use: Ipswich St Mary at Quay â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Molyneuxkerr architects St Mary at Quay is a medieval church located in Ipswich which was once a source of wealth and prosperity within the city.60 The church dates back to 1450 - 155061 which is under the process of being transformed into a Wellbeing Heritage Centre. The transformation of the church itself follows 'the recent transformations of the surrounding docks and warehouses which were developed for housing and other uses.62 The churches transformation has been funded by the Heritage lottery fund which gave a ÂŁ4million grant for repair and reusing of the church. 63 The church is used by the community bringing people together within the church which is how the church was originally used. The heritage centre based within the church allows for people to learn about the past as Jo Searle states 'This church can provide a focal point for remembering our roots and our heritage.'64 The structure designed to be placed within the interior of the church wraps around the existing columns. By not altering the structure with the second level the churches structure remains untouched and can allow for the structure to be removed without destroying any of the existing church if needed. This allows the church building to be reused once again for a new function if required or as a church.

60

The Churches Conservation Trust, Wellbeing Heritage Centre,<http://www.visitchurches.org.uk/Aboutus/Regeneratingcommunities/Projectsexamplesofourregenerationwor k/AplaceforwellbeingrelaxationIpswich/>

61

The Churches Conservation Trust, Church of St Mary-at-the-Wuay, Ipswich, Suffolk <http://www.visitchurches.org.uk/Ourchurches/Completelistofchurches/Church-of-St-MaryattheQuay-Ipswich-Suffolk> 62 The Churches Conservation Trust, Wellbeing Heritage Centre,<http://www.visitchurches.org.uk/Aboutus/Regeneratingcommunities/Projectsexamplesofourregenerationwork/Aplacefor wellbeingrelaxationIpswich/> 63

<http://www.molyneuxkerr.com/historic/st_mary_quay.htmln> St Mary-at-the-Quay church renovated by Suffolk Mind(24 January 2012) <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk16701528> 64

34 |

65

(Fig 4.15) Drawing of St Lukes Church.

66

(Fig 4.16) St Lukes church beginning of restoration was just four walls.

65 66

London Symphony Orchestra <http://lso.co.uk/gallery-2> London Symphony Orchestra <http://lso.co.uk/gallery-2>

35 |

Music Use: St Lukes church - London ‘If the building has any special architectural or historical interest, such interest might be best preserved by arranging for the building to continue in use for religious purposes or be used for the benefit of the community.’67Once a churches new use is not available an option given to prevent demolition is to preserve the church as a monument. Keeping the church unused however means that the church must be preserved and will continue to deteriorate over time in its unused state.

St Lukes church in London is a grade 1 listed building built in the 18th century. In 2003 it was restored and converted into a music hall which was to be the home of the London symphony Orchestra’s music education programme by Levitt Bernstein Associates.

The church was left in a ruined state before work began to re use it. The only existing structure of the church was the walls around it. Essentially an empty shell of a church was available to use.

‘As a managed ‘ruin with a history’ of structural defects and set within a public open space this building, which is of great heritage merit, is extremely vulnerable to the risk of vandalism, arson, lack of maintenance and other forms of physical neglect. Due to its state it is also vulnerable to a lack of historical understanding and cultural appreciation.’68

The church which dates back to 1733, has undergone continuous restoration over the years.

Interior work was done in 1852 and exterior repairs to the roof were made in 1869. In 1959 roof and interior fabric were removed due to the building becoming unsafe to use.

The process involved in restoring and providing a new use for this church was based around a conservation plan ‘which if carried out sensitively will undoubtedly reduce the risk to the building and vastly increase the awareness, understanding and appreciation of the site.’69 The aims of this helped to ensure that the buildings historical importance would be respected as well as the existing structure currently standing. ‘When something is restored to its original state, it implies that it is valuable to someone and worth the effort.’70 The reuse of the church to as a music hall required the roof and internal structure to be designed as no roof existed in the church shell. This allowed the church to be redesigned around the purpose of a music hall with the lack of internal structure giving freedom to design a space within the church.

67

Options for the disposal of redundant churches and other places of worship (2010) Purcell, Miller, Tritton, St Lukes Old Street Conservation Plan P.3.

69 Purcell, Miller, Tritton, St Lukes Old Street Conservation Plan P.3.

70 Darrell E. Beard Restoring the original 68

36 |

71

(Fig 4.17) Image of church walls in a state of ruin.

72

(Fig 4.18) Original interior of St Lukes.

71 72

London Symphony Orchestra <http://lso.co.uk/gallery-2> London Symphony Orchestra <http://lso.co.uk/gallery-2>

37 | â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The scheme has been designed to exacting acoustic standards, including 65mm of glass in two separated layers to the windows, complex construction to avoid noise transmission within the building and adjustable room acoustics. The Hall is sufficiently large to permit a full symphony orchestra and chorus to rehearse in comfort.73 The design contrasts the new steel structure supporting roof and balconies with the original walls, which are retained in their raw, unplastered state. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;74 In Fig 4.18 you can see how the original interior of the church looked. The idea of the church being a place to bring together to community is kept with this new use of the church Fig 4.19 The original use in the way that people gather to listen at church is also similar with the music hall. A congregation of people together sitting down is still in effect with both of these church uses the only difference being the physical features of the interior church and the activities taken within the church.

75

(Fig 4.19) New interior of St Lukes with restored roof and new function within.

73

Levitt Bernstein, LSOSt.Lukes, Islington <http://www.levittbernstein.co.uk/architecture/publicbuildings/LSO-St-Lukes> Ibid

74 75

<http://www.musicalpointers.co.uk/reviews/liveevents/St%20Luke's.htm>

38 |

76

(Fig 4.22) Climbing walls within the church.

78

(Fig4.24) Holy Trinity Bell tower exterior

76

77

(Fig 4.23) Climbing wall and existing church structure.

(Fig4.24B) St Marks church Newcastle Structure of climbing wall placed around existing church structure.

<http://manchesterclimbingcentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/marketing-picture.jpg>

77

Ibid

39 |

Sports Use Climbing Centre Due to the structural design of a church, the high ceilings and large open space of the floors allows for an ideal use for climbing centres. As such this is an increasing popular use within England, creating a structure within the space of the church to create climbing walls. The large open spaces allow for the wall structures to be built inside the church without altering the existing structure to the church. By creating structures such as Fig 4.24B can allow for the structure to be removed without altering the church structure.

Manchester Climbing Centre Ardwick St Benedict - This large Victorian church building in innercity Manchester was converted to a climbing centre in 2005. For the structure of the climbing walls, ‘Steel-framed climbing walls were erected in the nave’79 The cafe, shop and bouldering spaces included within the climbing centre were located across two levels by the mezzanine floor. The use of this church as a climbing centre has removed any need to divide spaces within the church layout as seen in other uses such as residential. The climbing walls make use of the tall volumes within the church and allow the ability to retain existing structure of the church, leaving stained glass window and arches throughout the church as they are.

By leaving the church as it originally was Fig 4.23 offers an opportunity to appreciate the church in a different way to originally intended by participating in the climbing activities within the church opposed to the original use of attending mass. "There are a lot of climbing facilities in the UK that are 12 or 13 metres, when the church allows us a 20 metre high wall and a huge area, not just for good climbers but for beginners and school groups who can come and enjoy this fantastic building."- John Dunne 80 Converting the church into the climbing centre use has extended the life of the church building has secured its long term future. The success of the climbing centre has helped cover the cost of maintenance for the church81 as well as bringing together the community within the church which is what the church was based upon. ‘Despite the high running costs, the building is wellsuited to its new use’82 ‘Marion Barter, Historic Buildings Inspector for English Heritage, is glad to see the building saved by its new occupants.’83 "Unless a new use is found for a historic building like a church that's closed, the building won't have a future," she says. "It's vital that we are flexible and support new uses."84

78 79

Ibid P.1.

Nick Chapple, New Uses for Former Places of Worship (English Heritage, 2012) P.11.

80

Church open as climbing heaven <http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2005/02/22/220205_climbing_church_feature.shtml> 81 Nick Chapple, New Uses for Former Places of Worship (English Heritage, 2012) 82

83

Ibid P.1.

Daily Mail, Stairway to heaven? British church Spends £12,000 installing climbing wall in its bell tower, 7th February 2011 Church open as climbing heaven <http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2005/02/22/220205_climbing_church_feature.shtml> 84

40 | Climbing centres are a common sports use when it comes to church conversions, the high spaces seem to be an automatic ideal use for climbing centres for example Newcastle Climbing centre. Due to this many climbing centres across England have been located within redundant churches. The use of a church as a climbing centre offers more to the community and can also help churches themselves maintain costs and stay functional as a church whilst also providing there new use at the same time. This is seen at Holy Trinity Church in Devon in which only part of the church has been used as a climbing centre. The Reverend Andy Dodwell explains: 'We had a space within the tower which was going to become useless. We were told the best thing to do with an old building is to use it, to give it some heat and light.85Through regular use of the church and climbing wall within the bell tower this has allowed the church to secure a future and avoid becoming redundant. Reverend Dodwell, added : 'The wall is inside rather than outside to preserve the architecture of the church Fig 4.24 which is a landmark in the town.'86 Creating a space within the church which offers new uses can also attract new people to the church which in turn can allow for the church to gain attendances and secure further a future for the church. 'People tend to compartmentalise life: worship, work, family, hobbies,' he says. 'This is a way of bringing it all together. I want to worship God while I climb, while I talk with friends. 87 This shows a new way of thinking in fitting the church in with people's lives and shows a change made to the way churches are being used. 'We are trying to get out of the mindset that worship should only take place in a designated worshipping space. 'I am looking forward to the future when I can lead a Sunday service in church, have a coffee and then go for a climb next door.' 88

85 86

87 88

Daily Mail, Stairway to heaven? British church Spends ÂŁ12,000 installing climbing wall in its bell tower, 7th February 2011 Daily Mail, Stairway to heaven? British church Spends ÂŁ12,000 installing climbing wall in its bell tower, 7th February 2011 Daily Mail, Stairway to heaven? British church Spends ÂŁ12,000 installing climbing wall in its bell tower, 7th February 2011 Ibid P.1.

41 |

42 |

89

Number of people (Million)

(Fig 5.1) Predicted Church of England attendance 2020 - John Hayward

61 59 57 55 53 51 49 47 45 1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

Year (Fig 5.2) Population explosion and predicted future population to 2030

89

90 91 92

John Wayward, The decline of the Church of England (2013) <http://churchgrowthmodelling.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/thedecline-of-church-of-england.html> 90 Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2001 to Mid-2010 Revised (2013) <http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northernireland/mid-2001-to-mid-2010-revised/index.html> 91 Julie Jefferies, Changes in UK population 92 Summary: UK Population Projects to Research70 million by Mid2027< http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/npp/national-populationprojections/2010-based-projections/sum-2010-based-national-population-projections.html>

43 |

Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion The reuse of Church of England churches in England have helped sustain the church buildings and helped prevent historic symbols being demolished and lost from the landscape. The use of churches even if not an original purpose helps maintain identity within the local community even though there is a growing problem due to lack of attendance.

If church attendances were to increase as suggested in Fig 5.1 93 then the church building could be again used as a church. With the reuse of churches being a sustainable solution to preserving the church building data present in this report shows that there is an ever decreasing amount of people attending church each year. If this trend was to continue as Fig 5.1 suggests then church attendance will continue to fall which will result in more churches becoming redundant and possibly facing demolition if not given new purposes.

As seen in Fig 5.1, the attendance figures predicted show that attendance could dramatically decrease if it were to head towards extinction. The optimistic trend in Fig 5.1 suggests that attendance fall may begin to stabilise by 2020.

If the church of England solved the issues of declining attendances each year by finding solutions to bring together other parts of the community together. There would potentially be a solution to the decline in attendances, attracting younger people to attend church each week could result in church attendances stabilising or even increasing leading to the potential need for more churches in the future.

The main finding is that there is no single recipe for growth; there are no simple solutions to decline. However, throughout the research, it was evident that the Church must retain its young people if it is to thrive. One of the researchers, David Voassaid ‘If people belong in their 20s, they will probably stay for the rest of their lives… But If they don’t, it will be hard to bring them in. And unfortunately the Church of England has not done well in keeping young people.’93 ‘So many churches have no ministry to young people, and that means that they have no interest in the future. As I have repeated many times in the past, we are one generation away from extinction. We have to give cogent reasons to young people why the Christian faith is relevant to them.’ – Lord Carey Although the Church of England is declining, and will do so for some time, there is evidence that its ability to avoid extinction is improving. If it continues to apply policies to generate enthusiasts and retain people, and makes those policies more widespread, it is very possible that sustained decline can be turned into sustained growth. – John Hayward

93

Archbishops council, Statistics for Mission 2012 (Archbishops council, Research and Statistics, Central Secretariat, 2014) https://churchofengland.org/media/1936517/statistics%20for%20mission%202012.pdf

44 | Approaches to the reuse of churches seem to depend upon the functions intended for the new use. When a new use can be developed in a way that does not affect the existing structure of the church this can help maintain the identity of the church interior. However the limitations to the existing church structure are tested with reuses such as residential purposes. As a church is designed with limited floor space and high volumes this type of reuse of a church requires a lot of structural changes to the building which sometimes can result in elements of the church such as arches and stained glass windows projecting through different rooms through the reuse of spaces being developed within the building for purposes that were never intended. In 11 Diocese, 50% of redundant churches are now used for residential purposes which suggests that there is a demand for residential buildings in England. With the currently growing population as seen in Fig 5.2 residential church conversions could increase further.

Creating other uses such as museums or gallery spaces can be adapted around the existing structure of the church. As seen in the Garden museum case study, the structure developed was a free standing structure that worked around the existing columns of the church. This allows the museum spaces to be removed if necessary in the future which could allow for another function within the building. This would allow the church to remain in its original state whilst at all times allowing you to experience the original design qualities within the spaces of the church. Allowing church to remain in its original design by creating such structures can help sustain the church for longer periods of time as opposed to constructing floors throughout the church which may remove design features of the church.

With the use of the church as a climbing centre, for example Manchester climbing centre, the climbing walls are free standing and self supporting which do not attach to the existing walls of the church building. Similarly to the garden museum, these can be removed and the original church design will still remain as originally designed. These types of installations which can be developed with minimal changes to the church itself maintaining the churches value and historical importance to be maintained throughout the conversion.

The new uses given to churches may also have their own lifespan like many other buildings.

This means that in the future when a church has been reused for a new purpose and then that purpose ceases to exist and a new function may then be given to the church building. If a church is changed significantly in its structure this could result in difficulty when giving a second reuse to the building but may also require more structural changes within the church itself. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Achieving a clear contrast between new and old while ensuring a successful technical collaboration between materials is bound to present a dilemma when ancient stone meets new ambitionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;94 Creating temporary spaces with free standing structures, can allow for newer purposes to be placed within the church itself through similar construction methods. This would enable the churches life to be extended and prevented from being potentially demolished if it is no longer able to serve as a new function.

Reusing a church for parochial or ecclesiastical uses, ensures that the building continues as a place of worship, which guarantees the church building will continue to be used for its original use. This would preserve the church rather than change it completely for a new use but would require funds to maintain the building. This use is particularly relevant in London where almost 94

Michael Davies, New Life for Old Ruins (2011) <http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/life-for-ruins/life-for-ruins.htm>

45 | 50% of redundant churches have been used for this purpose.95 This shows that London's churches are being made redundant but where tourism and the high population density keeping the churches on going for new use within the church.

While the current population explosion rising to 60.4 million in 2030 Fig 5.2 this will place a greater demand for the re use of church buildings, especially for residential buildings in England.

Bringing together younger people within the church community would secure the future of attendances in the church. Reverend Dodwell - â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the wall will help the church to engage more with the community as well as preserve the tower through regular use.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Creating reuses that can be removed easily as seen in previous case studies could allow for church buildings to be reused time and time again for new purpose or even once again as a church. Legislation should be introduced to prevent significant structural changes to existing features of a church during conversion to its new use ensuring that important historic churches remain as they are. If the church of England was to see an increase in attendances this may be something that is required in the future.

Continued reuse of church buildings for Parochial and Ecclesiastical uses depends of finance.

'The idea that redundant buildings are often redundant because their original use is no longer viable has taken root. Finding new beneficial uses for the UKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s redundant historic buildings has sometimes been a major challenge, despite the growing number of building preservation trusts around the country.'96 A good way to preserve the continued use of church buildings as places of worship was described in the case study of Holy Trinity Church where the funds from the climbing wall in the bell tower was used to maintain the church.

Research in this field could investigate church conversions across all of the United Kingdom in Church of England, Methodist and Roman Catholic churches as they have also seen major declines in attendance. Comparisons in the way in which the Church of England Roman Catholic and Methodist redundant churches have been reused for new functions could be studied. Church buildings could also be used for meeting places such as clubs and societies and other community based activities. This could help churches survive as places of worship in the way that Holy Trinity Church has survived through the climbing wall whilst attracting potential attendees to the church itself. As the number of church conversions is constantly rising due to the redundancy of Church of England churches steps need to be taken in order to secure the churches life span will continue. As seen in previous case studies where the churches structure has been respected in the way that substructures have been placed within the existing church ensure that the churches structure will remain untouched keeping the spirit of the church alive throughout its new use. This has a positive impact on the church as the new uses bring together the community and can help maintain the church in good condition. With these types of reuse the church can continue to be reused for new functions whilst at all times ensuring that the church building be respected and keeping the spirit of the church alive.

95 96

Data from Table 1, Appendix 1.

Michael Davies, New Life for Old Ruins (2011) <http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/life-for-ruins/life-for-ruins.htm>

46 |

Bibliography Adaptive Reuse Preserving our past, building our future (Pirion, 2004) Andrew.S, Church attendance in England, 1980 - 2005 (2011)< http://www.brin.ac.uk/news/2011/church-attendance-in-england1980-2005> Archbishops council, Statistics for Mission 2012 (Archbishops council, Research and Statistics, Central Secretariat, 2014) https://churchofengland.org/media/1936517/statistics%20for%20mission%202012.pdf Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers, Analysing and Recording for the Conservation and Control of Works to Historic Buildings. (Chelmsford Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers) Bernstein.L, LSOSt.Lukes, Islington <http://www.levittbernstein.co.uk/architecture/publicbuildings/LSO-St-Lukes> Building faith in our future (Church House Publishing, 2004) Carr.D Renovated church Home in Kyloe, Northumberland, <http://swipelife.com/2009/06/renovated-church-home-in-kyloeChapple.N, New Uses for Former Places of Worship (English Heritage, 2012) Church Commissioners, Redundant Churches in the Church of England. A Guidance Note for Local Planning Authorities(2008) Church Heritage Forum, A Future for Church Buildings (2003) Church of England, A Christian Presence in Every Community <https://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/dioceses.aspx> Church open as climbing heaven <http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2005/02/22/220205_climbing_church_feature.shtml> Church open as climbing heaven <http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2005/02/22/220205_climbing_church_feature.shtml> Daily Mail, Stairway to heaven? British church Spends ÂŁ12,000 installing climbing wall in its bell tower, 7th February 2011 Darrell E. Beard Restoring the original Davies.M, New Life for Old Ruins (2011) <http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/life-for-ruins/life-for-ruins.htm> Douglas.J, Building Adaption (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006) Dow Jones Architects, The Garden Museum <http://www.dowjonesarchitects.com/project/garden-museum> English Heritage, Closed Places of Worship <https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/advice/advice-by-topic/places-ofEnglish Heritage, Conservation Principles, Policies andGuidance <https://www.englishheritage.org.uk/professional/advice/conservation-principles/ConservationPrinciples> Evangelical Alliance, English Church census 2005(Evangelical Alliance, 2008) <http://www.eauk.org/church/research-andstatistics/english-church-census.cfm#findings> Feilden. B, Conservation of Historic buildings (Architectural Press, 2003) Garden Museum, History of the Museum <http://www.gardenmuseum.org.uk/page/history-of-the-museum> Garnett.J, Redefining Christian Britain (SCM Press, 2011) Ghie.C, Property in the North East, The Telegraph, April 2010.

Gillian, Where will we be in 2024? - Setting out a vision for the Future of the Church (2014) <http://godandpoliticsuk.org/2014/04/02/setting-out-a-vision-for-the-future-of-the-church> Hayward.J, The decline of the Church of England (2013) <http://churchgrowthmodelling.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/the-decline-ofchurch-of-england.html> Heritage Foundation, Heritage Designation of Historic Churches (n.d) Holy Conversion: Church from 1970s Renovated and Restored <http://twistedsifter.com/2009/07/church-conversion> Introduction: UK Christianity 2005-2015< http://www.brierleyconsultancy.com/images/csintro.pdf> Jefferies.J, Changes in UK population Jones.J, 'Save Our Churches: Dozens of Historic Buildings to be made Redundant', the Telegraph, 24 May 2008 Latham. D, Creative Reuse of Buildings (Donhead Publishing, 2000)

47 | London Symphony Orchestra <http://lso.co.uk/gallery-2> Manchester Confidential, Conversion: The Ressurectionof Old Churches (2012) Options for the disposal of redundant churches and other places of worship (2010) Outline of map source < http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/outline-map-great-britain-18378173.jpg> Phillips.K, Ecclesiastical Building Disuse & Identity: The Case of Carlisle Memorial Methodist Church â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Youth Perspective Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2001 to Mid-2010 Revised (2013) <http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northernireland/mid-2001-to-mid-2010-revised/index.html> Population Labs, UK Population Map <http://www.populationlabs.com/uk_population.asp> Purcell, Miller, Tritton, St Lukes Old Street Conservation Plan Smiths Gore, St Nicholas Church House St Mary-at-the-Quay church renovated by Suffolk Mind(24 January 2012) <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk16701528> Summary: UK Population Projects to Research70 million by Mid2027< http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/npp/national-populationprojections/2010-based-projections/sum-2010-based-national-population-projections.html> The Church of England, Facts and stats (English Heritage and Church of England Cathedral and Church Buildings Division Joint Research 2006) < https://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/facts-stats.aspx> The Church of England, Facts and stats (English Heritage and Church of England Cathedral and Church Buildings Division Joint Research 2006) < https://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/facts-stats.aspx> The Churches Conservation Trust, Church of St Mary-at-the-Wuay, Ipswich, Suffolk <http://www.visitchurches.org.uk/Ourchurches/Completelistofchurches/Church-of-St-MaryattheQuay-Ipswich-Suffolk> The Churches Conservation Trust, Wellbeing Heritage Centre,<http://www.visitchurches.org.uk/Aboutus/Regeneratingcommunities/Projectsexamplesofourregenerationwork/Aplacefor wellbeingrelaxationIpswich/> Thiebaut.P, Old buildings looking for new uses (Axel Menges 2007) Wyatt.T, 'C of E attendance statistics slope still downward', Church Times, 14 Nov 2014 <http://churchgrowthmodelling.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/the-decline-of-church-of-england.html> <http://manchesterclimbingcentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/marketing-picture.jpg> <http://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/property/for-sale/manchester/property-26524488> <http://www.molyneuxkerr.com/historic/st_mary_quay.htmln> <http://www.musicalpointers.co.uk/reviews/liveevents/St%20Luke's.htm>

48 |

Appendix Table 1, Appendix 1: I have collected data from various sources to create this table which shows every reused church within the Church of England. The information in the table shows each diocese of the Church of England with the new use for each redundant church and the date in which the church was reused. Other data collected in this table shows the total number of churches within each diocese and the total reused church within each diocese.

Data sourced from: https://www.churchofengland.org/document-library.aspx?tag=redundant%20churches

Church total numbers sourced from: http://www.achurchnearyou.com/ Diocese Bath and Wells Total churches: 591 Reused churches: 24

Birmingham Total churches: 198 Reused churches: 7

Blackburn Total churches: 307 Reused churches: 23

Church name Bathpool allsaints Bickenhall st paul Charlynch the blessed virgin mary Clandown holy trinity Curland all saints Downside Christ church East Cranmore St James East Lydford the Blessed Virgin Mary Gaerhill holy trinity Hewish st ann Horrington St John Kilton St Nicholas Langport All saints Lilstock At Andrew Lyncombe St Mark Rode Hill Christ Church Smallcombe Cemetry Chapel Twerton on avon St Peter Vobster St Edmund King and Martyr Weston Super Mare St Saviour Wheathill Church, St John the Baptist Writhington St Mary Magdalen Yeovil Holy Trinity

Function Residential Civic, cultural community Residential Residential Storage/residential Storage/residential Residential Museum Monument Residential Residential C/C/C Residential Monument CCC Arts and Crafts Storage Educational/Residential Residential Residential Residential Residential Residential

Date of Reuse 1983 1976 1986 1987 1991 1995 1971 1992 2002 1993 1977 2005 1995 1993 1975 1996 1992 2005 1987 2005 1972 1981 1995

Bordesley Holy Trinity Duddeston St Matthew Deritend St Basil Edgbaston St James Nuthurst Mortuary Chapel Sparkbrook Emmanel Wythall St Mary

CCC CCC CCC Residential Residential Residential Office/Shopping

2003 1994 1980 1970 2000 2000 2009

Adlington Christ Church Blackburn All Saints Blackburn St John the Evangilist Blackburn St Michael Blackpool St Paul Burnley Holy Trinity Burnley St James Claughton St Chad Ellel Grange St Mary Littledale St anne Livesey St Andrew Morecambe St Laurence Nelson St Mary The Virgin Nelson St Philip Preston St John Preston St Luke Preston St Mark Preston St Mary Preston St Oswald Preston St Paul Preston St Thomas Silverdale St John Stonefold St John

Office/Shopping Sports/Office/Shop CCC Office/shopping CCC CCC Residential/CCC Residential Residential Residential CCC CCC CCC CCC CCC Residential Residential Museum CCC Office/Shopping CCC Residential Residential

1982 1985 1975 1984 1993 2009 1998 2002 1985 1977 2008 1981 1987 1989 1986 1995 1982 1996 1987 1979 1983 1973 2006

49 | Bradford

Bristol Total churches: 226 Reused churches: 18

Canterbury Total churches: 359 Reused churches: 24

Carlisle Total churches: 364 Reused churches: 11

Chelmsford Total churches: 644 Reused churches: 55

Bradford St Columba Denholme Gate St Paul Great Horton St John Laisterdyke St Mary Low Moor St Mark Manningham St Paul Pudsey St Paul

CCC Residential Shopping CCC Residential CCC Office

2007 2007 1973 2009 2003 1984 1983

Bedminster St Dunstan Bishopston St Katharine Bristol Holy Trinity Bristol St George Bristol St James Haymarket Bristol St Jude with St Mathias Bristol St Michael Bristol St Nathanial Bristol St Nicholas Bristol St Paul Bristol St Thomas Bristol St Werburgh Clifton Emmanuel Easton St Mark Hallen St John the Evangelist Moorfields St Matthew Westport St Mary Woolcott Park St Saviour

Storage Residential CCC Music Drama CCC Shopping/residential Office/shoping CCC Museums Office/Shopping CCC Sports Residential Residential Residential Residential CCC Residential

1992 1982 1977 1975 2008 2004 1999 1988 1964 1993 1988 1991 1976 1989 1988 2002 1994 2001

Allington St Lawrence Canterbury Holy Cross Canterbury St Alphege Canterbury st Gregory the great Canterbury St Margaret Canterbury St Mary Magdalene Dunkirk Christ Church Eastwell St Mary Ham St George Hawkhurst All Saints Hawkhurst St Michael Little Chart St Mary Luddenham St Mary Maidstone holy Trinity Maidstone St John the Evangelist Maidstone St Peter Milton St John the Baptist Murston All Saints (ruin) Northgate St Mary Snave St Augustine The Brents St John the Evangelist Waldershar All Saints West Hythe St Mary (Ruin) Westmarsh Holy Trinity

Residential CCC Educational Educational Museum Monument Residential Monument Resdential CCC Residential Monument Museum Residential Educational Educational Monument Storage Education Monument CCC Monument Monument Residential

1971 1972 2007 2008 1975 1986 1985 1974 1973 2000 1977 1973 1973 1981 1972 2000 1981 1972 1971 1983 2004 2006 2004 1986

Appleoy St Michael Brampton St Martin Gamblesby St John Evangelist High Head Chapel Kirkcambec St Kentigern North Stainmore St Mary Over Denton St Cuthbert Soulby St Luke Ulverton Holy Trinity Whitehaven Chrust Church Windermere St John the Evangelist

Arts and crafts Monument Residential Storage Residential Residential CCC Residential Sports Sports Residential

1979 1978 1978 1979 2010 2004 1985 1972 1977 1979 1998

Alresford St Peter Asheldham St Lawrence Berechurch St Michael and All Angels

Monument CCC Light Industrial Office Monument Storage

1979 1976 1982

Berners Roding Blackmore End St Mary the Virgin

1989 1990

50 |

Chester Total churches: 382 Reused churches: 19

Chichester Total churches: 545 Reused churches: 34

Canvey Island St Katherine Chignal St James Colchester All Saints Colchester Holy Trinity ColchesterSt Giles Colchester St Marun Dunton Waylett St Mary Foulness St Mary the Virgin Grays All Saints Harlow St John the Baptist Latchingdor St Michael Leyton St Catherine Little Oakley St Mary Maldon St Peter Mashbury Mucking St John the Baptist Muncon St Mary North Benfleet All Saints Pattiswick St Mary Pitsea St Michael Plistow St Andrew Ramsden Clays S Mary the Virgin Salcot Virley, St Mary (Ruin) Shellow St Peter and St Paul Southend-on-sea St Erkenwal Victoria Docks St Luke Victoria Docks St Mark West Thurrock St Clement West Tilbury St James Wickham Bishops St Peter

CCC Residential Museums CCC CCC Arts and crafts Residential CCC CCC Arts and Crafts Residential Residential Residential Monument Monument Residential Monument Monument Residential Museums CCC Residential Monument Residential CCC CCC CCC Arts and Crafts Residential Monument

1978 1981 1973 1971 1971 1996 1985 1990 1987 1997 1972 1997 1997 1994 1991 1986 1973 1996 1989 1998 1977 1993 1976 1971 1995 1985 1979 1978 1980 1972

Birkenhead St Anne Birkenhead St Mary Bollington St John the Baptist Chadkirk old chapel Cheadle Heath St Augustine Chester St Mary-on-the-hill Chester St Michael Chester St Olave Crewe Christ Church Crewe St John the Baptist Crewe St Paul Egremont St John the Evangelist Ellesmere Port Christ Church Harth All Saints Ringway St Mary Sutton St George Weston Point Christ Church Winsford Christ Church Wybunbury St Chad

Parochial or ecclesiastical Museum Residential CCC Residential CCC CCC CCC Monument CCC CCC Residential CCC CCC Office/Shopping Office/Shopping Office/Shopping CCC Monument

1990 1987 2011 1972 2012 1976 1974 1998 1980 1996 1989 1971 2002 2002 2010 2003 2005 2004 1988

Brighton St George Brighton Holy Trinity Brighton St Peter Brighton St Stephen Brighton St Wilfrid Burgess Hill St John the Evangelist Chailey St Mary the Virgin Chichester All Saints Chichester St Andrew Chichester St Bartholomew Chichester St Peter the Great East Wittering the Assumption of St Mary the Virgin Eastbourne St Elizabeth Hastings St Mary in the Castle Holtye St Peter Horsham St Mark Hove Holy Trinity Hove St Agnes Hove St John the Baptist Hove St Patrick

CCC Museum Parochial or ecclesiastical Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Residential Museum Parochial or ecclesiastical Office/Shopping Museum Residential Museum Light Industrial Monument CCC Sports Parochial or ecclesiastical Parochial or ecclesiastical

1998 1984 2009 1984 1988 1989 2011 2008 1972 1989 1979 1989 2002 1971 2007 1989 2008 1991 1981 1997

51 |

Coventry Total churches: 249 Reused churches: 5

Derby Total churches: 338 Reused churches: 7

Durham Total churches: 338 Reused churches: 21

Ely Total churches: 358 Reused churches: 17

Hurstpierpoint St George Kemptown St Mark Lewes All Sains Milland Old Chapel Ore St Helen (Ruin) Portfield All Saints Portslade St Andrew Rumbolswayke St Mary Southwick St Peter Spithursy St Bartholomew Treyford St Mary (Ruin) Wiston St Mary Woolavington St Peter Worthing St Paul

Residential Educational CCC Monument Monument Museum CCC Museum CCC Parochial or ecclesiastical Monument Education Education CCC

1986 1986 1980 1973 1989 1982 2003 1994 2008 1994 1986 2009 1972 2003

Atherstone on Stour St Mary Coventry St Peter Ettington St Thomas Becket Little Packington St Barthlomew Long Lawford St John

Residential Residential Residential Residential Office/Shopping

1993 2006 1975 1990 2008

Ballidon All Saints Barton Blount St Chad Belpen St John the Baptist Derby St James the Greater Derby St Michael and All Angels Handley St John New Hough on Christ Church

Monument Educational CCC Parochial or ecclesiastical Office/Shopping Residential Residential

2001 1976 1986 1977 1972 2008 1981

Blackhill St Aidan Brandepeth St Brandon Craglead St Thomas Denton St Mary Durham St Mary le Bow Embleton St Mary Eppleton all Saint Hateshead Holy Trinity Hartlepool Christ Church Hartlepool St Andrew Hedgefield St Hilda Hetton-le-Hole St Nicholas Howden-le-wear St Mary Jarrow St Mark Monkhesleden St John with St Mary New Shildon All Saints Pallion St Luke Ryhope St Paul Sacriston St Peter South Shields St Aidan Trimdon St Paul

Residential Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Residential Museum Residential Residential CCC CCC Parochial or ecclesiastical CCC Arts and Crafts Residential Residential Residential Residential CCC Residential CCC Residential Residential

2007 2002 1999 1997 1974 1987 1989 2009 1980 2009 1984 1973 1984 1971 2003 2003 2003 2007 2011 2008 2011

Barway St Nicholas Chapel Caldecote, St Mary Magdalene Cambridge All Saints Cambridge St Peter Coldham St Etheldreda East Hatley St Denis Fordham St Mary Little Ouse St John Little Raveley St James Littleport St Matthew Marshland St James Papworth St agnes, St John the Baptist Shingham St Botolph Stoke Ferry All Saints Walpole Highway St Edmund Walpole St Andrew Wyton St Margaret

Residential Residential Education CCC Residential CCC Monument Residential Residential Residential Residential Monument Monument CCC Residential Monument Sports

1973 1986 1981 1973 2001 1985 1995 1982 1979 2003 1997 1978 1976 2003 1991 1986 1974

52 | Exeter

Ashbury St Mary the Virgin

Monument

1981

Total churches: 642

Brownstone St John Cattedown St Mary Creacombe St Michael and All Angels Dartington Old St Marys Church Tower Dartington old St Mary Dartmouth St Barnabas Devonport St Aubyn Devon Holy Trinity Exeter St Sidwell Harracott Holy Trinity Harrabridge St John the Evangelist Monkton St Mary Magdalene Paignton St Michael Plymouth St Augustine South Huish St Andrew (Ruin) Torquay Holy Trinity Torwood St Mark Travelers Rest St Thomas Westwood St Paul Whipton All Saints Wolborough St Leonard New Church Woldborough St Leonard

Residential Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Monument Monument CCC CCC Sports Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential CCC Office/shopping Residential CCC Monument Sports Music/Drama Residential Residential CCC Arts and Crafts Monument

1976 1976 2002 1998 1998 2006 2009 2011 1972 1974 1979 2007 1980 1995 1974 1981 1979 1973 2001 1986 1997 1971

Aston Lagna St John the Evangelist Beachley St John Bentham St Peter Cheltonham St James Cheltenham St Peter Coleford Old Clock Tower Didmarton St Michael and All Angels Gloucester All Saints Gloucester St Michael Gloucester St Stephen Lancaut St James (Ruin) Newington Bagpath St Bartholomew Westonbirt St Catherine

Residential CCC Storage Parochial or ecclesiastical CCC Monument Residential CCC CCC Storage Monument Residential Education

1981 2000 2002 1974 2008 1997 1991 1986 1984 2012 1987 1983 1997

Ewell St Mary Farnham St James Hawley All Saints Long Cross Christ Church Ockley St John the Evangelist

CCC Residential Residential CCC Residential

1978 1979 2006 2004 1986

Avenbury St Mary (Ruin) Bartenstree St James Bolstone St John of Jerusalem Brobury St Mary Magdalene Brockhampton Holy Trinity (Ruin) Burwarton St Lawrence Callow St Mary Cold Weston St Mary Cruckton St Thomas Downton St Giles (Ruin) Hopton Cangeford Llancillo St Peter Longtown St Peter Lucton St Peter Mansel Gamage St Giles Pembridge St Mary Sibdon Carwood St Michael Tedstone Wafer St James Wacton Churc (Ruin) Wiliesley St Mary Magdalene

Monument Residential Monument Residential Residential Residenial Monument Residential Arts and Crafts Monument Residential Monument Residential Residential Residential Monument Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Monument Residential

1974 1972 1996 1991 1998 1974 2000 1989 1991 1982 1985 2007 1983 1973 1972 1982 2006 1973 1988 1976

Brentingby St Mary Hoton St Leonard Leicester St Augustine Leicester St John Leicester St Mark

Residential Residential Residential CCC Office/Shopping

1970 1990 2004 1987 1995

Reused churches: 22

Gloucester Total churches: 409 Reused churches: 15

Guildford Total churches: 221 Reused churches: 5

Hereford Total churches: 443 Reused churches: 19

Leicester Total churches: 334 Reused churches: 10

53 |

Lichfield Total churches: 594 Reused churches: 24

Lincoln Total churches: 674 Reused churches: 33

Liverpool Total churches: 263 Reused churches: 7

Leicester St Michae Leicester St Paul Market Harborough St Mary-in-Arden Saxby St Peter Snibston St James

Residential Office/Shopping Monument Residential CCC

1986 1986 1978 2011 2007

Barlaston St John the Baptist Bayston Hill Christ Church Dawley Parva St Luke Dodington St Catherine Gailey Christ Church Hanley St John the Evangelist Lichfield St Mary Longford St Mary Newchurch Christ Church No Mans Heath St Mary Oswestry St David Pipe Ridware St James Shewsbury Old St Chad Shrewsbury St Julian Stirchey St James Thorpe Constantine Tunstall St Aidan Walsall St Paul Wolverhampton All Saints Wolverhampton St George Wolverhampton St Mark Woodcote St Peter

Monument Residential Residential Sports Arts and Crafts Office/Shopping CCC Residential Residential Monument Music/Drama Music/Drama CCC Arts and Crafts Monument Monument Arts and Crafts Parochial or ecclesiastical CCC Office/Shopping Office/Shopping Monument

1984 1985 1980 2008 2009 1979 1980 1983 2000 2003 1985 1984 1983 1976 1977 1989 1976 1994 1988 1986 1989 2008

Amber Hill St John Asterby St Peter Aubourne St Peter Brauncewel All Saints Broxholme All Saints Caenby Chapel Hill Holy Trinity Claxby St Andrew Cleethorpes St Aidan Cold Hanworth All Saints Covenham St Bartholomew Cumberworth St Helen East Heckington St John Gainsborough Holy Trinity Gainsborough St John the Divine Hawerby St Margaret Holbeach St Matthew Holywell St Wilfrid Keddington St Margaret Lincoln St Michael on the Mount Maltby-le-Marsh All Saints Manton St Hibald North Elkington St Helen North Ormsby St Helen Oxcombe All Saints Panton St Andrew Saltfleetby St Clement Saltfleetby St Peter Scunthorpse St John Sotby St Peter Spanby St Nicholas Stamford St Michael Toft-next-Newton St Peter Waddingworth St Margaret Wispington St Margaret Withern St Margaret Wood Ende by St Benedict Wyham All Saints

Residential Monument Monument Monument Residential Residential Residential Arts and Crafts Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Monument Residential Residential CCC CCC Monument Residential Education Residential Residential Arts and Crafts Residential Residential Residential Monument Storage Office/Shopping Monument CCC Monument Storage Office/Shopping Residential Monument Storage Residential Storage Monument

1999 1988 1973 1978 1992 1982 1997 1990 1981 1976 1988 1989 1981 1978 2006 1978 2008 1981 2011 1971 2007 2011 1984 1984 2008 2002 1976 2009 1986 1981 1977 1984 1989 2001 2006 1978 1978 1982

Bootle St Matthew Edge Hill St Catherine Edge Hill St Nathaniel, Windsor

Parochial or ecclesiastical CCC Industrial

1999 2007 1993

54 |

London Total churches: 570 Reused churches: 82

Farifield St John the Divine Litherland Christ Church Waterloo Warrington St Ann Waterloo St John

Parochial or ecclesiastical Office/Shopping Sports Residential

1974 2010 1976 1998

Acton Green St Albsn Barnsbury St Clement Bethnal Green St Bartholomew Bethnal Green St James the Great Bishopsgate St Ethelburga Brentford St George Brentford St Lawrence Bentford St Paul Brondesbury Christ Church Campden Hill St George Clapton St James Cosway Street Christ Church Courtfield Gardens St Jude Dollis Hill St Paul Ealing St Mary Edmonton St Michael Feltham St Catherine Fulham Fields St Andrew Fulham St James Fulham St Michael Fulham St Oswald Fulwell St Michael Hackney Wick St Mary of Eton Haggerston St Augustine Hammersmith St John Evangelist Hammersmith St Paul Hampstead All Souls Hampsted St Stephen Rosslyn Hill Hanwell St Mark Harrow St Peter Highbury St Saviour Halloway Emmanuel Hornset St Luke Islington Caledonian Road St Matthias Islington St Peter Kensa Rise St Martin Kensington St Philip Earls Court Kentish Town St Martin Kingsbury St Andrew Kingsway Holy Trinity Lowe Holloway St James Marylebone Holy Trinity Nort Audley Street St Mark Notting Hill Katimer Road Holy Trinity Old Ford St Paul Old Street St Luke Paddington Christ Church Paternoster Royal St Michael Perivale St Mary the Virgin Pimlico St Peter Poplar St Matthias Poplar St Michael and All Angels Poplar St Saviour Shoreditch St Michael South Kensington St Luke Upper Holloway St Stephen St Marylebone St Paul Stamford Brook St Mary Stepney St Peter Stepney St Philip Teddington St Alban the Martyr Tufnel Park St George Upper Chelsea St Saviour Upper Edmonton St James Upper Holloway St Peter Uxbridge Moor St John the Evangelist

Residential Residential Residential Residential CCC Museum Music/Drama Parochial or ecclesiastical Parochial or ecclesiastical Parochial or ecclesiastical CCC Office/Shopping Parochial or ecclesiastical CCC Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Parochial or ecclesiastical Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential CCC Residential Sports Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Educational Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Educational Office/Shopping Parochial or ecclesiastical Arts and Crafts Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Parochial or ecclesiastical Parochial or ecclesiastical Parochial or ecclesiastical Museum Office/Shopping Parochial or ecclesiastical Office/Shopping Museum CCC Parochial or ecclesiastical Music/Drama Monument Parochial or ecclesiastical CCC Parochial or ecclesiastical CCC Residential Storage Storage Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Residential Educational CCC Parochial or ecclesiastical Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Residential Residential

2009 1980 1989 1987 2002 1988 1972 1988 1972 1975 1972 1989 2008 1988 1979 1982 1979 2010 1979 1997 1977 1988 1980 2011 2007 1974 2004 2001 1985 1987 1988 1986 1983 1976 1978 2008 2000 1989 2003 1990 1973 2007 1988 1976 1973 1966 1978 1999 1978 1990 2001 1985 1985 1972 2006 1998 1982 1984 1996 1985 1988 1994 1997 1983 1998 1999

55 |

Manchester Total churches: 380 Reused churches: 31

Newcastle Total churches: 254 Reused churches: 14

Norwich Total churches: 703 Reused churches: 47

Wappin St John Wendell Park St Saviour West Ealing St Stephen West Hackney St Barnabas West Kilburn St Simon West Twydorf St Mary Whitechapel St Paul Willesden Green St Andrew Woolnoth St Mary Yiewley St Matthew

Parochial or ecclesiastical Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Parochial or ecclesiastical Light Industrial Parochial or ecclesiastical CCC Parochial or ecclesiastical Parochial or ecclesiastical Parochial or ecclesiastical

1997 2010 1986 2011 1979 2004 2003 2008 1987 2004

Ancoats All Souls Ardwick St Benedict Ardwick St Jerome with St Silas Ardwick St Thomas Birch St James Bolton Holy Trinity Bolton St George Bolton St Paul Bolton-le-moors Emmanuel Bury Holy Trinity Bury St Paul Charlestown St George Cheetham St Luke Cheetham St Mark Coughfold St John the Divine Elton All Saints Hindsford St Anne Hulme St George Hulme St Mary Lngsight St John Lumb St Michael New Cross St Paul Newton Heath St Wilfred Old Trafford St Cuthbert Salford The Stowell Memorial Church Scouthead St Paul South Levenshulme St Andrew Wardle St James Waterfoot St James Werneth St John Oldham Whaley Rand St Edmund

Industrial Sports CCC CCC CCC Office/Shopping Music/Drama Residential Residential Educational Residential Monument Monument Residential Industrial Residential Residential Residential Residential Residential Residential Industrial Museum Office/Shopping Monument Educational Office/Shopping Residential Office/Shopping Office/Shopping Office/Shopping

1988 2004 1994 1980 1989 1995 2005 1976 2005 2010 2005 1993 2003 1989 1977 2003 2004 2001 2000 2003 2004 1984 1997 1988 1990 2006 1995 2003 1999 2007 2000

Berwick Upon tweed St Mary Byker St Mark Byker St Silas Cambois St Peter Duddo St James Greystead St Luke Kyloe St Nicholas Long Horsley St Helen Newcastle Shieldfield St Jude Newcastle Upon Tyne All Saints Newcastle Heritage Centre Newton Hall St James Sparty Lea St Peter Woodhorn St Mary the Virgin

Residential Sports Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Residential Storage Residential Monument Office/Shopping CCC CCC Education Residential Museums

1993 2007 2003 2005 1971 1998 2009 1988 1974 1970 1990 2003 1972 1973

Bagthorpe St Mary Bowthorpse St Michael Burlingham St Peter Cockthorpe All Saints Corpusty St Peter Coslany St Mary Coslanty St Michael Cownthorpe St James Dunton St Peter Forncett St Mary Frenze St Andrew Great Yarnmouth St George Great Yarnmouth St James

Monument Parochial or ecclesiastical Monument Monument Monument CCC CCC Residential Monument CCC Monument Music/Drama CCC

1979 1977 1991 1976 1977 1975 1976 1988 1978 2009 1995 1975 2003

56 |

Oxford Total churches: 880 Reused churches: 40

Hargham All Saints Hopton St Margaret Illington St Andrew Knettishall All Saints Mannington St Mary (Ruin) Morton On The Hill St Margaret Norwich All Saints Norwich Hungate St Peter Norwich St Clement Norwich St Edmund Fishergate Norwich St Etheldreda Norwich St Gregory Norwich St James Pockthorpe Norwich St Lawrence Norwich St Margaret Norwich St Martin at Oak Norwich St Martin at Palace Norwich St Martin at Plea Norwich St Peter Parmentergate Norwich St Saviour Norwich St Simon and St Jude Norwich St Swithin Panxworth All Saints Rackheath All Saints Scoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Ruston St Michael Snetterton All Saints South Lynn St Michael and All Angels South Walsham St Lawrence Thetford St Mary The Less Thetford St Peter Thorpe St Matthew Tunstall St Peter and St Paul (Ruin) West Rudham St Peter Wolterton St Margaret

Monument CCC Monument Residential Monument Monument CCC Educational CCC CCC CCC CCC CCC CCC CCC Parochial or ecclesiastical CCC CCC CCC CCC CCC CCC Parochial or ecclesiastical Monument Monument Monument Educational Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential CCC Office/Shopping Monument Monument Monument

1978 2009 1996 1984 1993 1979 1975 1975 1976 1992 1975 1975 1976 1992 1975 1976 1975 1974 1981 1996 1999 1975 1979 1980 1981 1977 1972 1986 2004 2009 1982 1996 1979 1996

Asthall Leigh St john The Evangelist Avington St Mark and St Luke Boveney St Mary Magdalene Braywood Mortuary Chapel Buckhold Holy Trinity Catmore St Margaret Christmas Common holy Nativity Clifton St James Cokerhorpe St Mary the Virgin Cowley St luke Crawley St Peter East Hanney St James Eddington St Saviour Emmington St Nicholas Eton Cemetery Chapel Eton St John the Evangelist Foscott St Leonard Great Marlow Holy Trinity Great Woolstone Holy Trinity Grove St Michael Hardnead the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Hatford Holy Trinity High Wycombe St John the Evangelist Kingston Blount St John Little Woolstone holy Trinity Nuneham Courtenay All Saints Oxford St Cross Oxford St Paul Oxford St Philip and St James Pitchcott St Giles Sarsden St James Shurlock Row All Saints Stantonbury St Peter (Ruin) Stony Stratford St Mary Magdalen Stony Stratford St Mary the Virgin Touchen End holy Trinity

Residential Education Monument Educational Residential Monument Residential Office/Shopping Educational Office/Shopping Residential Residential Residential Monument Storage CCC Residential Museum CCC Residential Monument Residential CCC Residential CCC Storage Eductional Music/Drama Educational Residential Educational Residential Monument Monument CCC Residential

1976 1979 1980 1984 1984 1999 1987 1975 1978 1998 1987 1979 1976 2003 2003 1988 1974 1979 1994 1976 1981 1976 2010 1988 1976 1980 2009 1978 1986 1984 2001 2005 1975 1976 1975 1974

57 |

Peterborough Total churches: 394 Reused churches: 8

Portsmouth Total churches: 179 Reused churches: 6

Ufton Nervet St Peter Upper Lambourn St Luke Walton St Michael Wantage Union Chapel

CCC Industrial Educational Parochial or ecclesiastical

2008 1978 1975 1995

Burley Holy Cross Clay Coton St Andrew Little Oakley St Peter Newton St Faith Oakham St John and st Anne Peterborough St Barnabas Plumpton St John the Baptist Upton St Michael

Storage Residential Arts and Crafts Educational CCC CCC Monument Educational

1998 2000 1977 1973 1980 2006 1973 1988

Botley St Bartholomew Copnor St Cuthbert Greatham St John the Baptist Kingston St James Rudmore St John the Baptist Ryde St Thomas

Museums CCC Monument CCC Residential Museum

1982 2002 1993 2011 1985 2005

Bishop Thornton Great Preston St Aidan Harrogate St Luke Harrogate St Mary Holbeck St Edward Holbeck St Matthew Hunton St John Langhorne St Mary Magdalene Leeds Emmanuel Marrick Priory Marton-le-Moor St Mary Norton-le-Clay St John the Evangelist Richmond Holy Trinity Rokeby St Mary Thruscross All Saints Woodlesford All Saints

Monument CCC Residential Sports Arts and Crafts CCC Residential Residential Educational Educational Residential Residential Museum Monument Sports Residential

1994 1993 1982 2006 1984 1980 2004 1981 2003 2000 2010 2007 1972 2007 1987 2002

Beckenham St Augustine Chatham St Mary Cray St Paulinus Dunton Green St John the Divine Gravesend St Andrew Ho Saint Mary Rochester St Nicholas Tunbridge Wells holy Trinity

Residential Museum CCC Industrial Arts and Crafts Residential Parochial or ecclesiastical Music/Drama

1986 2002 2005 1993 1975 1981 2006 1979

Allington St John The Baptist Athelhampton St John Beaminster Holy Trinity Boveridge St Aldhelm Bridport St Andrew Bryanstone St Martin Burcombe St John the Baptist Burleston eOld Church East Burton Chapel East Compton St Mary East Stoke St Mary the Virgin Ensbury Park St Thomas Farrington St John the Baptist Cann St Rumbold Charborough St Mary Chedington St James Chittoe St Mary The Virgin Coombe Keynes Holy Rood Corton St modwen and Holy Angels Crockerton Holy Trinity Iwerne Stepleton St Mary Kingston St James Long Crichel St Mary Manningford Abbas

Monument Monument Residential Residential Industrial Educational Arts and Crafts CCC Industrial Monument Residential Parochial or ecclesiastical Monument Educational Educational Residential Residential Monument Residential Residential Monument Parochial or ecclesiastical Monument Monument

2011 1978 1981 1982 1978 1977 2009 1972 1978 1982 1991 2002 1978 1971 1987 1983 1984 1980 1983 1977 1995 1977 2011 1985

Ripon and Leed

Rochester Total churches: 276 Reused churches: 8

Salisbury Total churches: 632 Reused churches: 52

58 |

Sheffield Total churches: 237 Reused churches: 10

Southwark Total churches: 396 Reused churches: 27

Manningford Bohune All Saints Grange St John Haydon St Catherine Heywood Holy Trinity Highway St Peter Hill Deverill The Assumption of the blessed Virgin Mary Hinton Parva St Kenelm Patney St Swithin Pilsdon St Mary Plush St John the Baptist Marlborough St Peter and St paul Monkton Deverill King Alfred Moor Crichel St Mary North Wootton St Mary Magdalene Portland St Peter Salisbury St Edmund Savernake Christchurch Shaftesbury Holy Trinity Tidworth St Mary the Virgin Mortuary Chapel Toller Whelme St John Turners Puddle Holt Trinity Tynham St Mary Wareham Holy Trinity West Compton St Michael West Milton St Mary West Tisbury St Andrew

Residential Monument Arts and Crafts Office/Shopping Residential Residential Monument Residential Educational CCC CCC Residential Monument Residential Monument CCC Residential CCC CCC CCC Monument CCC CCC Monument Monument Residential

1975 1985 1980 1988 1971 1984 1981 1996 1983 1994 1978 1975 1976 1976 2004 1977 1977 1980 2007 2007 1974 1977 1995 1983 1976 1976

Winterbourne Anderson St Michael

Educational

1989

Wynford Eagle St Laurence

Educational

1992

Attercliffe Christ Church Brightside St Thomas Brinsworth St George

Music/Drama Sports Industrial

1985 2000 1980

Broomhall St Silas Chapeltown St John Moss All Saints Netherthorpe St Bartholomew Sheffield St Barnabas Sheffield St George Wath-Upon-Dearne St James the Great

CCC Office/Shopping Museum Monument Residential Educational Sports

2006 2006 1992 1988 1999 1989 1977

Angell Town St John Balham St John the Divine Battersea St George Bermondsey St Crispin Camberwell St George Clapham St John Croydon Common St James Croydon St Augustine East Brixton St jude East Greenwich Christ Church Forest Hill Christ Church Gipsey Hill Christ Church Hatcham St Catherine Hatcham St James Kew St luke Lambeth St Mary Richmond Christ Church Richmond Old Cemetery Chapel South Lambeth St Barnabas

CCC Residential Parochial or ecclesiastical Educational Residential CCC Residential Parochial or ecclesiastical Office/Shopping CCC Residential Residential CCC Office/Shopping CCC Museum Residential CCC Residential

1999 1994 1995 2003 1984 2008 1989 1987 2002 1987 2003 2002 1992 2005 1989 1991 1994 1996 1982

Southwark Holy Trinity Southwark St Alphage Southwarm St Jude Southwark St Matthew Newington Southwark St Michael Strealham Immanuel Sydenham St Bartholomew Wandsworth St Mary

Music/Drama Educational Educational Parochial or ecclesiastical Parochial or ecclesiastical Parochial or ecclesiastical Parochial or ecclesiastical CCC

1976 1991 2004 1992 2004 1986 1980 2001

59 | Nottingham Total churches: 321 Reused churches: 11

St Albans Total churches: 426 Reused churches: 17

St Edmundsbury and Ipswich Total churches: 504 Reused churches: 24

Truro Total churches: 314 Reused churches: 7

Annesley Old Church Colwick St John old Church Cottam Holy Trinity Hawksworth St Mary and All Saints Hyson Green St Paul Kneesall St Bartholomew Newark Christ Church Nottingham St Catherine Ragnall St Leonard Sutton in Ashfield St Modwen Sutton in Ashfield

Monument Monument Monument Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Parochial or ecclesiastical Office/Shopping Parochial or ecclesiastical Sports Storage Office/Shopping

1982 1978 2006 1989 1994 2002 2000 2003 1993 2004 1989

Bedford Holy Trinity Bedford St Mary Caldecote St Mary Magdalene Chellington St Nicholas Chivesfield St Etheldreda (Ruin) Clophill St Mary Great Munden St Nicholas Layston St Bartholomew Letty Green St John Lidlington St Margaret of Antiocn Luton, Christ Church Segenhoe All Saints (Ruin) St Albans Christ Church Watford St James Watford St Luke Woburn St Mary Old Church Woodhill St Mark

Educational Educational Monument Parochial or ecclesiastical Monument Monument Music/Drama Residential Residential Residential CCC Monument Office/Shopping Educational Parochial or ecclesiastical Museums Educational

1979 1978 1980 1975 1982 1977 1997 2010 2004 2009 1991 1980 1984 1976 2005 1984 2000

Beccles St Michael Benacre St Michael Braiseworth Old Church Craiseworth St Mary Claydon St Peter Debach All Saints Icworth St Mary Ipswich St Clements Ipswich St Lawrence Ipswich St Mary at Quay Ipwich St Michael Ipswich St Nicholas Ipswich St Stephen Little Livermere St Peter (Ruin) Melton St Andrew Michfield St Andrew Rishangles St Margaret Santon All Saints Shipmeadow St Bartholomew Shipmeadow St James Stratford St Andrew Thwaite St George Ubbeston St Peter Wattisham St Nicholas

Monument Monument Monument Residential Residential Residential Monument CCC CCC CCC Office/Shopping CCC CCC Monument CCC Residential Residential Monument Residential Residential Residential CCC Residential Monument

1973 1980 1979 1978 1987 2004 1985 1980 1980 1975 2006 1985 1980 2011 1982 2004 1993 1997 1988 1990 2003 2008 2002 1982

Baldhu St Michael and All Angels Bolventor Holy Trinity East Looe St Mary Godolphin St John the Baptist Penzance St Paul St Day Holy Trinity Truro St Mary Chapel

CCC Residential Residential Storage Educational Museums Residential

1987 2003 2011 2002 2007 1999 2008

Bradley St Thomas Cross Stone St Paul Gawthorpe St Mary Haley Hill All Souls Halifax Holy Trinity Halifax St Mary Hebden Bridge St John

Sports Residential Residential Monument Office/Shopping Monument Residential

1978 1988 2010 1989 1985 1986 1986

Wakefield

60 |

Winchester Total churches: 426 Reused churches: 17

Worcester Total churches: 298 Reused churches: 14

York Total churches: 628 Reused churches: 23

Heptonstall St Thomas a Becket High Hoyland All Hallows Honley Burial Ground Chapel Huddersfield St Mark Huddersfield St Paul Kinsley the Ascension Lightcliffe St Matthew Lockwood Emmanuel Paddock All Saints Sowerby St George Todmorden Christ Church West Vale St John the Evangelist

Monument Residential Parochial or ecclesiastical Office/Shopping Educational Residential Monument Residential Residential Residential Residential Office/Shopping

1979 2006 2002 2001 1976 2000 1971 2001 1985 1993 2003 1982

Bournemouth Holy Trinity Bournemouth St Mary Burghclere All Saints Dogmersfield Old Church Eastleigh the Resurrection Elvetham St Mary the Virgin Foxcott Tower Highclere Cemetry Chapel Kingsley St Nicholas Lainston St Peter (Ruin) Southampton St Matthew Southampton St Peter and St Paul Stratfield Turgis All Saints Sydmonton St Mary the Virgin Winchester St Michael Winchester St Thomas Winslade St Mary

Office/Shopping CCC Monument Residential CCC Educational Residential Monument Parochial or ecclesiastical Monument CCC Office/Shopping Office/Shopping Music/Drama Educational CCC Residential

1981 2007 1980 1975 2001 1973 1988 1981 1978 1980 1998 1984 2008 1982 1972 1993 2004

Great Witley Chapel of St Michael Hadzor St John the Baptist Hindlip St James the Great Knightwick St Mary Lulsley St Giles Malvern Wells St Peter Newland St Leonard Old Hill Holy Trinity Pershore St Andrew Upton-on-Severn Worchester St Alban Worchester St Mary Magdalene Worcester St Nicholas Worcester St Swithun

CCC Monument CCC Office/Shopping Residential Residential Parochial or ecclesiastical Parochial or ecclesiastical Parochial or ecclesiastical CCC Parochial or ecclesiastical Residential Office/Shopping Office/Shopping

1979 1977 1998 2003 1975 2000 1998 1975 1971 1980 1976 1978 1988 1988

Beverly St Mary Cemetry Chapel Bishopthorpe St Andrew Cottham Holy Trinity (Ruin) Dishforth Christ Church Ellerton Priory St Mary and St Lawrence Fulford St Oswald Kexby St Paul Kilnsea St Helen Knapton St Edmund Levisham St Mary Micklegate St Martin Middlesborough St Cuthbert Newington the Transfiguration Nunkeeling St Mary Magdalene Scarborough Holy Trinity Sunk Island Holy Trinity Thornton le Beans Upleatham St Andrew York St Margaret Walmgate York St Mary Castlegate York St Michael Spurriergate York St Sampson York St Saviour

Storage Monument Monument CCC Monument Museum Residential Residential Monument Office/Shopping Arts and Crafts Sports Parochial or ecclesiastical Monument Residential CCC Monument Residential Music/Drama CCC Parochial or ecclesiastical CCC CCC

1985 1999 1991 2006 1997 1987 2010 2000 1978 1987 2008 2011 1978 1988 2001 1984 2011 1986 1998 1972 1987 1973 1984