Tradescapes

TRADESCAPES

A Senior Honors Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of the Department of the College of Architecture & Design University of Houston

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Architecture

By David Copeland Loredo May, 2016

TRADESCAPES

David Copeland Loredo

Approved

William Truitt AIA, Associate Professor, Architecture

Donna Kacmar FAIA, Associate Professor, Architecture

Richard H Armstrong, Ph. D. Modern & Classical Language, The Honors College

Patricia Belton Oliver, FAIA Dean, Gerald D. Hines College of Architecture and Design

TRADESCAPES

Acknowledgments Thank you to William Truitt, Donna Kacmar, Richard H. Armstrong, and Geoffrey Brune.

TRADESCAPES

An Abstract of a Senior Honors Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of the Department of the College of Architecture & Design University of Houston

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Architecture

By David Copeland Loredo May, 2016

ABSTRACT

Tradescapes dissects globalizing forces and local identity in the built environment. It proposes to prioritize local behaviors and rituals as a means of cultural promotion and civic reinforcement. It strategically inputs generic international functions into spaces uncharacteristic to the city within which it trades. It dissects spaces of trading, shopping, and playing and molds them into spaces which engage the international and local cultures.

San Luis Potosí’s history is that of foreign forces extracting local resources, bringing prosperity and economic stability but also disrupting the native urban culture. In addition, Suburban big-box stores set up shop in urban areas, creating unused spaces. These spaces become the focus for design interventions.

CONTENT

Prospectus

12 Introduction 16 Spaces in Limbo 18 Habitable Circulation 20 22 24 26 30

SITE

Context City Form History Economy Site Issues

PROGRAM

32 Existing Program 34 Program Proposal 38 DESIGN

60 62 68 70 72

PRECEDENTS

San Luis 400 World Expo World Trade Center San Luis Potosí WTC Stockholm Agadir Convention Centre

TRADESCAPES

FIG 1.1 Imposed global spaces

12

Prospectus

The zone offers a clean, relaxed, air-conditioned, infrastructure-rich urbanism that is more familiar to the world than the context of its host country. Yet the masquerade of freedom and openness turns very easily to evasion, closure, and quarantine. Zones foster self-reflexive networks, and the same subset of corporations stick together in legal habitats that can be recreated anywhere in the world. The optimized, RFID-tagged zone promotes fluid, information rich, and error free environments. Yet because it only receives or recycles compatible information in closed loop, there is also the risk of what the industry calls “control error� - a potentially fatal denial of information to maintain the status quo.1

In Extrastatecraft, Keller Easterling critiques special economic zones, citing the spatial and programmatic potential of the zones but revealing the intrinsic flaws of their global geographies. Easterling argues that the Free Trade Zones sterilize local influences and impose alien environments to closed geographic areas. The ideas and observations towards global influences and local exclusivity presented in Extrastatecraft provide a basis for examination of global spaces and local context.

TRADESCAPES

Keller Easterling

13

PLAZA DE ARMAS

PLAZA SAN FRANCISCO PLAZA DE FUNDADORES

TRADESCAPES

FIG 1.2 Founding the city

14

Prospectus The city of San Luis Potosí attributes its rapid development to foreign investments. In the early 17th century a gold rush brought Spanish-born colonials to the area where the city now sits.

Early gold rushers settled around las Minas de San Pedro but the treacherous terrain and lack of access to potable water moved the development of the city from the mountain side to the valley. Congregations of Guachichil families inhabited the valley with no formal attitude towards land ownership or planning.

The colonials imposed traditional Spanish planning and infrastructure necessary to meet the needs of the new inhabitants and the silver trading market. The Spanish introduced the framework to make San Luis Potosí the hub for silver and gold trading in Mexico.2,3 The European influence on the fabric of the city prevailed until the 1970’s when automotive and chemical industries stretched the outer limits of the city creating the peripheral zone. In the late 1990’s the fabric changed again when American developments in San Luis Potosí fostered a state of metastability. The addition of the industrial periphery brought economic stimulation for the struggling region which lead to the denial or misinformation of its fabric altering qualities; These qualities being fundamental changes to transportation infrastructures and an exodus of economic nodes.

2. Marichal, Carlos. Bankruptcy of Empire: Mexican Silver and the Wars between Spain, Britain, and France, 1760-1810. New York: Cambridge UP, 2007. Print.

3. Stein, Stanley J., and Barbara H. Stein. Silver, Trade, and War: Spain and America in the Making of Early Modern Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2000. Print.

TRADESCAPES

1. Easterling, Keller. Extrastatecraft: The Power of Infrastructure Space.

New York, NY: Verso, 2014. Print.

15

CITY CENTER

IN LIMBO

INDUSTRY

TRADESCAPES

FIG 1.3 City shaped by industry

16

Prospectus

Spaces in Limbo

Like the fortified city, the disappearance of the industrial edge will occur. This causes the areas of limbo to blend together. The site of this thesis is set on the perceived edge of the city.

The project introduces a globalizing force and trading zone into the area.4 4. Nijenhuis, Wim. The Periphery: Profile No 108. London: Academy Group, 1994. Print.

TRADESCAPES

Analysis of the fortified cities of the ancient world reveal elements which are integral to the shaping of globalizing spaces. The fortified city consisted of the city center, the residences, then the wall which defined the edge or end of the city. The wall provided protection and revenue from taxation, and the area immediately beyond the wall became the zone of trade. This city form disappeared from modern planning and edge of the city is now an indistinguishable zone in limbo.

The industrial periphery adopted and reversed the fortified city form; The areas of trade inhabit the interior of the fortified zone and the city and its inhabitants live beyond it.

17

Catedral

Sears Deparpment Store

Plaza

Parking

TRADESCAPES

FIG 1.4 Adapted vs imposed circulation

18

Service

Road

Pedestrian

Parking

Prospectus

Inhabitable Circulation It is in the streets that the dialectics between void and poché, but also between poché and architecture are played out. Street-making is only one of the elements of city-making, but it is possibly the most revealing aspect of them all.5

Aureli’s analysis of Rome’s urban form in Rome, The Centre(s) Elsewhere advances the notion that form follows circulation. The text examines the relationships between the mode of circulation and the development of urban blocks. In San Luis Potosí, the historic city center remains unburdened by automobiles. The design of the city accounted for the modes of transportation most commonly used by the inhabitants; walking, riding a horse carriage, and biking.

When foreign companies arrived to the city they brought planning which was more suitable for American cities.

5. Ambrosio, Franco, and Pier Vittorio. Aureli. Rome: The Centre(s) Elsewhere. Mailand: Skira, 2010. Print.

TRADESCAPES

Pier Vittorio Aureli

19

To Monterrey

xico Gulf of Me

Tampico San Luis Potosí

Rio Verde

Ciudad Valles

To Mexico Cit

y

To

a

ar

aj

al

ad

Gu

Elevation 2.2km 2.0km

(San

Luis

Mean Temperature 25°C

Potosí)

Rain Fall

1.8km

110 cm

1.6km

100 cm

1.4km 1.2km

90 cm 20°C

(Rio Verde)

80 cm

1.0km

70 cm

0.8km

60 cm

0.6km

50 cm

0.4km 0.2km 0.0km

TRADESCAPES

FIG 2.1 Regional geography + Trade routes map

20

(Ciuda

40 cm

d Valle

s)

15°C (Tampico)

30 cm

Site

Context

Rain and moisture from the Gulf of Mexico must pass through the Sierra Madre Oriental (to the east of the city) before reaching the capitol city, meaning that rain scarcely arrives and the city is subject to long dry spells. The semi-arid region composed of dry lands produces vines and prickly-cactus abundantly, but capable also of growing black beans, and yellow corn, and suitable for raising cattle.

TRADESCAPES

The city of San Luis Potosí is the governing capitol of the state by the same name. The city sits perched up roughly 2,000 meters (6,500ft) above sea level, within the Mexican Central Plateau. The cities of Matehuala (north), Zacatecas (north-west), Aguascalientes (west), and Leon (south-west) are all within a two-anda-half-hour drive. Also, the city fits strategically situated in the center of a triangle composed of Mexico’s three largest cities; it takes four hours to get to Guadalajara (south-west), four and a half to Mexico City (south-east), and five hours to Monterrey (north).

21

m

00

2,0

m

00

1,0

A SE

TRADESCAPES

FIG 2.2 City Geography + City growth

22

m

L0

VE

LE

Site

The lack of water in the region dictated the location of the city; The capitol sits in the Valle de San Luis PotosĂ­ (VSLP). To the west the Sierra de San Miguelito (where gold and silver were mined), and to the east is the Sierra de Ă lvarez. Settlers chose the VSLP because of the abundance of water compared to along the mountains edge. Fluctuations between times of drought and times of excess rain encouraged the construction of a series of dams to mitigate the extreme water flow. This ultimately died out the river which ran though the city.

TRADESCAPES

City Form

23

1000

1000

210 800

1000

300 1000

800

800

1000

160

1000 900

270

460 750

In Sett digen elm ous ent

360

360

1000 200 800

Chichimeca Tribes

Guachichiles

230

San Luis PotosĂ­

160

500 220

Epithermal Vein Belt (contains silver)

x Epithermal Deposits

TRADESCAPES

FIG 2.3 Spanish advance into indigenous lands

24

Spa

nis

hA

dva

nce

Site

History

In 1546, a tribe of Chichimecas in Zacatecas reviled to a group of Spaniards that silver was abundant in the region from Jalisco to San Luis Potosi. What led after was a forty year war between the natives and Spaniards. Rather than murder all the indigenous inhabitants, the Spaniards enslaved them and used them to work in silver mines. Initially, congregations of Guachichiles were segregated from the Spaniards and allowed to live according to their cultural rituals as long as they did not disrupt the Spaniards and their extraction of silver and gold. Soon after the Spanish established rule over the area, the city of San Luis PotosĂ­ began to gain its form, and the mixing of Spaniards and Guachichiles became common. Christianization prevailed and the indigenous way of life began to fade.

TRADESCAPES

The area in which San Luis PotosĂ­ sits was originally settled by congregations of Chichimeca people called Guachichiles. The Guachichiles were the most feared of the Chichimeca tribes for their larger population and brutality. They were both hunter-gatherers and cultivators of the land, growing mostly corn. They were a semi-nomadic tribe which lived in Rancherias.

These Rancherias were often composed of multiple families living in impromptu shelters surrounded by their crops. The shelters, mostly made of adobe or stone, where single room dwellings with fire pits in the middle.

25

Los Angeles

104˚

112˚

San Diego

96˚

88˚

Phoenix

32˚

Tijuana

32˚

Tucson Ciudad Juarez

SLP TRADE AGREEMENTS USA Canada

Houston San Antonio

Australia China Corea India Israel Japón Singapur Trans-Pacific Partnership

Pb

MEXICAN EXPORTS

Chihuahua USA

80.3%

Canada

2.7%

China

1.5%

Spain

1.5%

Brazil

1.2%

Colombia

1.2%

Germany

0.9%

India

0.7%

Japan

0.7%

Netherlands

0.6%

Pb Fe Fe Pb

Nuevo Laredo

Ag Pb

Monterrey

Pb

24˚

Pb

Fe

Pb

Fe

Pb

Ag Ag

MEXICAN IMPORTS 49%

USA

16.6%

China

4.4%

Japan

3.4%

Korea

3.4%

Germany

2.5%

Canada

1.6%

Malaysia

1.6%

Taipei

1.3%

Italy

1.2%

Spain

1.1%

Brazil

69.1%

1.1%

Thailand

0.9%

France

20.1%

0.9%

India

0.9%

Netherlands

Pb

Au

Ag

Au

Pb Ag

Pacific Ocean

Tampico

Ag

o exic Gulf of M

16˚

Pb

San Luis Potosí

Guadalajara

Ag

S

Ag

Mexico

24˚

European Union Cuba

SLP TRADE NEGOTIATIONS

Veracruz

Jordan Turkey

Manzanillo SAN LUIS POTOSÍ EXPORT METHODS

Lazaro Cardenas

S

16˚

Argentina Bolivia Colombia Chile El Salvador Honduras Panamá Perú

Major Roads International Port

6.2%

International Airport

4.6%

112˚

Fe

Cargo Trains 104˚

96˚

88˚

Belice Brazil Costa Rica Ecuador Guatemala Nicaragua Paraguay Uruguay

SH EC

08

TH

RE

20

RA

PS HE

88

GT

19

FO

LIN

BE

FIL

IND

EN

GA

SH PU

IAL

19

US

TR

S

AR

42

FW

19

DO

RR

DU

FO

BE

AR

DW

RL

WO

1.8m

II

I

AN

AR

XIC

DW

ME

Gold Production (Troy OZ)

RE VO TIO

LU N

1.7m

R

170m

RL

WO

WA

AR

AN

NW

EXIC

ICA

-M

ER

ISH

-AM

AN

AN

SP

XIC

ME

Silver Production (Troy OZ) 180m

68

R

WA

12

ING

19

RS

WA

RE

17

89

FIG 2.4 National trade map

1.6m

150m

1.5m

140m

1.4m

130m

1.3m

120m

1.2m

110m

1.1m OD UC

ED

160m

1.0m

EN

TR

EIN

TR

100m

0.9m

S ME XIC

TM EN

51%

VES

0.6m

TIFO R

EIG

N IN

60m

0.7m

AN

TL

AW S

70m

OW NE

RS

HIP

LAW

0.8m

FO

80m

RE

IGN IN

VES

TM

90m

AN

0.5m

T IN

TED INV

TM ES INV

AM ITE

RE

IGN

0.3m

ICA

FO

NW AR

DYN

30m

0.4m

EN

EN

40m

-AM ER

0.2m

TRADESCAPES

10m

ME XIC

AN

20m

TR

OD

UC

ED

50m

1600 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL

0.1m

1700 CIVIC PLAZA

1800

1875

COMMERCIAL

1880

1890 CIVIC

1900

1910 RESIDENTIAL

1920 PLAY

1930

1940 RESIDENTIAL

1950 COMMERCIAL PARKING

1960

1970 UNUSED

26 FIG 2.5 Economic advancements in relation to international involvement

1980

1990

RESIDENTIAL

2000 INDUSTRIAL

2010

INDUSTRIAL GATE

Site

Economy Two of the largest railways in Mexico pass through San Luis Potosí: the Mexican National Railroad which runs from Mexico City to Nuevo Laredo and connects to US railways which reach to Canada: and the Mexican Central Railroad which runs from Aguascalientes to Tampico.

Foreign investors have controlled large portions of San Luis Potosí primary industries.

The Guggenheims monopolized the smelting industry in San Luis Potosí, as well as the whole region. The most skilled laborers flocked to the Compañía Metalúrgica Mexicana because of the higher wages offed by the Guggenheim owned company. This led to a high dependency on the silver trade, ultimately resulted in crisis after the fall of silver prices in the end of the nineteenth century.

TRADESCAPES

Silver mining steadily increased until the 19th century when the Spanish - Mexican War and Mexican – American War occurred.

27

TRADESCAPES FIG 2.6 Growth of city in relations to wars and industry

28 RE

RA

EC

SH

PS

GA

08 TH

20 FO

BE

HE

GT

88

19

LIN

FIL

SH

PU

68

IAL

TR

19

US

IND

EN

89

S

42

WA R

FW AR

19 DO

ING

12

TER

19 DU RR

CE N

17

CIT Y

Site

PLAZA DE FUNDADORES

PLAZA DE ARMAS

TRADESCAPES

PLAZA SAN FRANCISCO

FIG 2.7 Urban fabric

29

FIG 2.9 Site Issues eleva

ted ro

use

ck of ho

TRADESCAPES

big box ba

30

adwa

y

Site

Issues The site proposed for this thesis lies on two sides of an infrastructural boundary (elevated roadway). This boundary signifies the edge of the city. Beyond the roadway, suburbs and new developments sporadically appear in clusters.

The infrastructural obstruction acts as a gate, allowing passage only for a few instances and primarily in favor of automotive transport.

To the south of the site is the cities largest park which includes museums, amphitheaters, a runway for small aircraft, an artificial lake, bike and jogging paths, and sports fields. The park ranks second in largest urban park in all of Mexico. Despite the large density of residents surrounding the park, pedestrian access happens only where vehicular access already exists. The park attracts development around its perimeter making it one of the few multi-use nodes outside of the city center.

TRADESCAPES

Through out the site, American chain stores and their Mexican equivalents alter cultural behaviors of the locals. The site includes the big box stores: Walmart, Sam’s Club, Costco, Home Depot, Best Buy, Surburbia, Sears, and Mega. In addition, two shopping malls, two strip malls, small offices, banks and fast food restaurants inhabit the site. Parking spaces take up 145,000m2 of the 300,000m2 which proves inconsistent to a city where only 36.5% of families own a vehicle.

31

a

ng

ma

ga Tan za 2 Pla ,000m 65

TRADESCAPES

za

32 la aP ell ad 2 Cit ,000m 20

o stc 2 Co ,000m t 14 po

De me 2 Ho 500m 8,

FIG 3.1 Existing Site Program P 145 arki ,00 ng 0m 2

W

23, alm 000 ar m 2 t+

O 16, ther 000 m2

b

S 8,5 am’s 00m C 2 lu

a

rbi

bu

Su

Program

Existing Program

TRADESCAPES

The site currently contains 155,000 m2 of retail space which creates a node for local consumers.

Parking takes up another 145,000 m2. The relation between surface parking and building is that of objects on a field. The site and program ignores the needs of the local pedestrian and promote the use of vehicles to navigate the site.

33

3

s

ce

ffi

cO sti me 2 Do 0,000m

es

ffic

tO

en

x4

2

P SL de mo ris Tu sy cio rvi Se io, erc om ico eC óm ld n es o na ior Ec io cio ter llo erc Na Ex rro ra om a es C ma 2 es ion D Cá 00m a de e r lac d 3,0 ía Re ma 2 Cá ,000m retar de 2 ía 2 c Se 00m reta2r c Se ,000m 2,0

TRADESCAPES

9

rnm ve 2 Go ,000m

y

Sta

FIG 3.2 Introduced Program s

ll Ha po 2 Ex 0,000m 2

ter ea 2 Th ,000m 8

d de ten 2 Ex 0,000m 1

34

STAY TRADE

28,500m2 104,000m2

GATHER

41,000m2

2

2

er

mb m2

Me 000

50,

ern

2

Off

s

Off

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ice

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Kit Ca 1, Serv 200m 2 chen Ad 1,0 fet 000 ice G 1,0 mi 00m 2 eria m 2 1,8 athe 00m 2 nist rat 00m ri 2 ng ive Sp ac e

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2,0 pa 00m 2

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Program

Proposed Program The thesis looks to integrate foreign programs with local resources in order to reconfigure the isolationism of typical global spaces.

TRADE, at the local, state, national, and international level, requires coordination among governing bodies, research and development firms, logistics groups, manufacturing entities, resource managers, and domestic and international corporations. Traditionally, groups of traders compile into either office towers within financial districts or into campuses near industrial zones. The former proves unfitting for San Luis PotosĂ­ due to its lack of a financial district, where as the later isolates from local integration.

STAYing on site activates the spaces that would otherwise remain unfrequented during off hours.

The communities surrounding the area benefit from adding life beyond typical working hours because currently the site becomes a dessert for activities once retail closes.

TRADESCAPES

Spaces for gathering -both formal and informal, public and private- provide opportunities to rethink the disconnect between trade and the city. Conference facilities introduce dynamic uses and encourage the renewing flow of participants within the space.

35

PLAY

SHOP ARRIVE TRADE ARRIVE

A

ARRIVE

ARRIVE

B

C

TRADE

D SHOP

PLAY

2 CREATE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE

1 INTRODUCE ZONES CONNECTING SITE TO PARK AND NEIGHBORHOODS D B

D C

C

B

B

A

A

B A

D

A B C

B

B

D C

C

D

D

4 STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION

3 NETWORK OF PUBLIC SPACES

Hospitality Extended Stay Hotel Wellness Leisure

Retail Big Box Food Hard Goods Soft Goods Arts Entertainment Service

TRADESCAPES

5 PROGRAM PLACEMENT

36

Trade International Office Theater Expo Hall Ballroom Domestic Office Government Office Service

Design

Zones The design begins with breaking the site up into manageable zones. Four keywords become descriptors for the zones; Arrive, Trade, Shop, and Play. Exploration and explanation of each zone occurs later. The zones take shape based on the existing buildings which create boundaries and focal points.

Roads are introduced to provide vehicular access throughout the site and to break the site up into manageable sections closer to the scale of the surrounding neighborhood. Parking structures arrayed along the elevated roadway, provide signage for traffic announcements, visual indication of parking capacity, and quick access from the roadway to the parking. In addition, the structures provide walkways for pedestrians traversing the site.

TRADESCAPES

Infrastructure

37

SYSTEMS D B

PLAY

D C

SHOP

C

ARRIVE TRADE

B

B

ARRIVE

A

A

B A

A

ARRIVE

ARRIVE

B TRADE

D

A B C

B

B

C

D

D

Hospitality

C

Extended Stay Hotel Wellness Leisure

C

SHOP D

Retail

D

Big Box Food Hard Goods Soft Goods Arts Entertainment Service

PLAY

1 INTRODUCE ZONES CONNECTING SITE TO PARK AND NEIGHBORHOODS

4 STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION

3 NETWORK OF PUBLIC SPACES

2 CREATE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE

D

B C B

A B C

TRADESCAPES

D

38

5 PROGRAM PLACEMENT

Trade International Office Theater Expo Hall Ballroom Domestic Office Government Office Service

Design

Circulation A series public courtyards and plazas sit within a network of pedestrian paths. The open spaces provide a contrast to the added density and allow for program to bleed off to the exterior. The plazas also address the Spanish influence on the cities layout.

Structure An array of structural elements deployed throughout the site provides a system for organization and consistency.

The programmatic layout of the site is determined by the zones and existing buildings. Elements of trade are clustered together and given retail components to invite visitors throughout the site and to provide diverse amenities to the consistent users of the site.

TRADESCAPES

Program

39

40

TRADESCAPES

0m

10m

40m

100m

N

Design

Plan The floor plan (opposite) provides a more technical perspective of the designed layout.

Added and existing programs are drawn to emphasize the integrated use of big-box stores.

TRADESCAPES

The added density matches the surrounding fabric allowing the site to blend into the city but the consistent structural elements give the site a sense of a separate unified district.

41

Corrugated Steel (Lamina)

Brick (Ceiling)

Tarp (Lona)

Plaster (Ceiling)

Concrete (Moctezuma, Cemex, Cruz Azul)

Grey Stone (Ground Floor)

Grey Stone (Piedra Gris)

Plaster (Yeso)

Steel (Acero)

Corrugated Steel (Lamina)

CMU (Bloque)

Concrete (Moctezuma, Cemex, Cruz Azul)

Red Brick (Ladrillo Rojo)

Louver Windows

TRADESCAPES

MEP

42

LOCAL MATERIALS

Design

Basic Elements - Building The material make up of the structural array deployed throughout the site consists of all steel components. The use of steel construction in San Luis Potosí began to rise in the 70’s when car manufacturers and other technical industries arrived to the city. The use of custom trusses accommodates long spans and cross-bracing in the x & y-axis provide rigidity to the assembly.

In addition to structural support, the assembly also allocates space for the various building systems such as lighting, MEP, vertical circulation, shelving, and storage.

Vertical Surfaces The consistent structural system allows for flexibility of use. The surfaces which span between the structures define the spaces.

Functions which range from local vending to stock market trading are held up by the same repeating structure but enclosed by programmatically appropriate surfaces.

The myriad of wall types project the programmatic use of the space as well as define circulation, enclosure, and layout. Hybrid uses of local and generic materials create spaces of familiarity coupled with economic sensibility and practical functionality.

TRADESCAPES

Horizontal Surfaces

43

Bulk Goods (Local)

Bulk Goods (Foreign)

Shelving + Structure

Signage

TRADESCAPES

Solar Array

44

Solar Panels

Steel Mesh

Vehicle Platform (Concrete)

Advertisement

Design

Basic Elements - Storage An adapted variation of the sites structure replaces existing big-box shelving systems.

The new systems couple storage with structure in an attempt to rethink standard big-box construction. By allowing the storage system to rise, the exterior shell of the building can rely on it for structural integrity rather than use stand alone columns, beams and shelving.

Another adaptation of the structure provides vehicular storage through an automated parking system. The system includes the ability to attach surfaces much like the original system. These structures become hubs for leaving and arriving.

In addition they allow for signage for traveling and availability of parking, power generation (through solar arrays), and advertisement.

TRADESCAPES

Basic Elements - Parking

45

Materials R-01 Concrete R-02 Steel Screen R-03 C-Channel S-01 Hollow Steel Column S-02 Steel Truss S-03 Steel Tension Cable F-01 Metal Grating F-02 Perforated Aluminum Sheets F-03 Horizontal Louver Window

ms

tfor

Pla

ot

g Sp

in Park

ls

l Rai

onta

Horiz

Drop

rier

e Car

cl Verti

Off

ion ulat ge Circtrian Brid

es Ped

Roo f

+ Fa

รงad

e ture

truc

Pro

ces

Roo f

sion

Terr ace Trad e Off Stora ices ge + Trad Shop e Off ices + En tran ce

Stru

ctur e

Dou ble Cross Layere Fram Braced d es

TRADESCAPES

Cross Gird Bracin ers g +

46

S Frame e Cag

Design

Building Systems

TRADESCAPES

All aforementioned structural systems and surfaces, although generic, create complex structures when multiplied and layered.

47

48

B

TRADE

TRADESCAPES

Global Trade

Existing Walmart

B

D PLAY

New

Existing Walmart

A ARRIVE

C

SHOP

0m 1m

4m

10m

Design

ARRIVE

B

TRADE

Site Procession Traversing through the site provides diverse interactions from busy street-scapes, to calm interior spaces, and to extensions of the existing Parque Tangamanga.

TRADESCAPES

A

49

A

ARRIVE

D

B

TRADE

C

TRADESCAPES

C

50

SHOP

PLAY

SHOP

Design

Arrival into the site questions conventional entrances which exist in office buildings and big-box stores. Rather than including vast areas of surface parking or large garages underneath buildings, the scheme incorporates automated parking structures along the elevated roadway.

This allows users of the site to experience the surroundings rather than shielding them from it with direct access from vehicle to office space.

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Arrival

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Existing

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Design

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A

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ARRIVE

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Design

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FIG 5.1 Urban Markets

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Air M

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Precedents

FIG 5.2 San Luis 400

“Fui de mercado en mercado por años enteros, porque México está en sus mercados” - Pablo Neruda San Luis 400

The market housed over 200 local traders both formal and informal. A radial structural system creates overarching ceilings where spaces underneith can become adaptable to various unique functions and programs.

TRADESCAPES

The state owned market San Luis 400 sits next to the State Supreme Court building. Despite the proximity to a major civic institution and importance to the surrounding neighborhood, the market lacks maintenance and risks abandonment.

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TRADESCAPES

FIG 5.3 The Crystal Palace

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Precedents

World’s Fair

The evolution of the World’s Fair gives incite to the current state of national and urban identity and it’s relation to industry and commerce. In the early years of the Fair, one city hosted many nations boasting their industrial powers and technological superiority.

1. Segal, Howard P., John E. Findling, and Kimberly D. Pelle. “Historical Dictionary of World’s Fairs and Expositions, 1851-1988.” The Journal of American History 80.4 (1994): n. pag. Web.

TRADESCAPES

The World’s Fair evolved from the Industrial Exhibitions held in France in the mid-nineteenth century. The expos encouraged nationalism rather than showcasing industries as separate entities. The importance of industry carried on and became the focus of each nation’s exposition. Each country’s approach to industry could be compared to the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) of today which exhibits the cutting edge of digital technology.

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FIG 5.4 The Crystal Palace Plans + Elevation

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Precedents

Era of Industrialization The first World Fair’s occurred in Hyde Park, London, UK in 1851 under the name of the Great Exhibition. The event was held in the Crystal Palace designed by Sir Joseph Paxton.

The design of the Crystal Palace reflected the intentions of the fair; to promote advances in industrial technology through innovation.

TRADESCAPES

The first era could be called the era of “industrialization” and covered, roughly, the period from 1800 to 1938. In these days, world expositions were especially focused on trade, and were famous for the display of technological inventions and advancements. Inventions such as the telephone were first presented during this era. An important part of the image of world’s fairs stems from this first era. -cite this

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TRADESCAPES

FIG 5.5 MVRDV Netherlands Expo

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Precedents

FIG 5.6 World Fair 2000

The international exhibition in New York City in 1939-1940 presented a departure from the original focus of the exhibitions. From then on world’s fairs became more strongly based on a specific theme of cultural significance, and began to address issues of humankind. They became more future oriented and utopian in scope.

Technology and inventions remained important, but no longer were the principal subjects of the fairs. ‘Building the World of Tomorrow’ (New York 1939-40) is a good example of this theme.

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Era of Cultural Exchange

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ITED

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FIG 5.7 WTC + FTZ Industrial

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Precedents

WTC SLP In 2005 San Luis PotosĂ­ became home of the first Free Trade Zone in Mexico. The FTZ is located along the rail in the industrial area to the south-east of the city. Economic growth quikly followed and in early 2008, when the city was at an economic high-point, the World Trade Center Association (WTCA) announced plans for a 30 story office building. This building would have been the tallest building in San Luis PotosĂ­, almost doubling the hight of the next tallest building.

Currently, six low-rise office buildings are planned within the industrial park. The total floor area comes out to be 36,000 m2. No plans for convention centers, hotels, or commercial amenities exist yet.

TRADESCAPES

During the financial crisis of 2008 the plans were put to a halt and the WTCA tenets set up office in the industrial zone surrounding the FTZ. The current offices occupy 6,000 m2 as opposed to the 24,000 m2 building proposed prior to the crisis.

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50,000m2

BUS TERMINAL

FIG 5.8 WTC Stockholm analysis

17,000m2

TRAIN TERMINAL

Precedents

ES

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BUS

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FIG 5.9 WTC Stockholm Atrium

The World Trade Center of Stockholm integrate multiple functions in order to engage the surroundings. The building is located near the historic city center in a district filled with conference spaces, offices, and museums.

Underneath the building, is a terminal for long distance and commuter trains. On the street level, bus terminal facilities and retail shops invite participants. In the floors above, offices and conference spaces share an atrium which encourages interaction among the users.

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WTC STOCKHOLM

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FIG 5.10 Agadir Convention Centre analysis

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FIG 5.11 Agadir Program + Sections

The Agadir Convention Centre designed by OMA rethinks the typical convention center by integrating element normally thought of as complimentary functions separate from the convention center grounds. OMA add facilities for entertainment, sleeping, and public gathering.

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Agadir Convention Centre

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HER

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Figure 1.1 Marie Robinson Wrigt, Picturesque México, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1897. p. 238 Figure 1.2 San Luis Potosí City Center 17th Century, Retrieved from revistalacorriente.com.mx/wpcontent/uploads/2013/03/02-Plano-SLP-1794con-cargos-290x166.jpg Figure 1.3 F14A83c [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2008.

F14A84a [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2009.

F14A84b [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2008.

F14A83f [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2008.

F14A84d [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2009.

F14A84e [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2009.

Figure 1.4 ALPES Alianza Para la Educación Superior lh4. googleusercontent.com/-NhmjNChYxU4/VFe4_ uMpaEI/AAAAAAAAIoM/tqw4ygm7ujU/w1280h720-no/san-luis-potosi-hoteles-boutique-enmexico-10.jpg

TRADESCAPES

Google Earth Pro. (2009). Walmart, San Luis Potosí, Mexico [Street view]. Retrieved from google.com/maps/@22.1382265,101.0027751,3a,75y,255.25h,82.23t/

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Figure 2.2 F14A83c [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2008.

F14A84a [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2009.

F14A84b [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2008.

F14A83f [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2008.

F14A84d [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2009.

F14A84e [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2009.

Figure 2.3 Epithermal deposits in México—Update of current knowledge, and an empirical reclassification, Epithermal Vein Belt, Retrieved from specialpapers.gsapubs.org/ content/422/377/F1.large.jpg Las Naciones del Norte, retrieved from geocities.ws/revista_conciencia/MAPA_1.JPG Figure 2.4 World Trade Center Association SLP. (2013).

Countries with trade agreements. Retrieved from wtca.org/world-trade-center-san-luispotosi

Mining and Industry, Retrived from mapcruzin. com/free-maps-thematic/mexico_ industry_1978.jpg Agriculture, Retrived from mapcruzin.com/freemaps-thematic/mexico_ag_1978.jpg

Figure 2.1 Mean Annual Temperature, Retrieved from mapcruzin.com/free-maps-thematic/mean_ annual_temp.jpg

Figure 2.5 Mexico Gold and Silver Production, Retrieved from resourcespots.com/wp-content/ uploads/2012/11/Mexico-Silver-Chart-Final-01. jpg

Mean Annual Percipitation, Retrieved from mapcruzin.com/free-maps-thematic/mean_ annual_precipitaion.jpg

Crecimiento Urbano, Retrieved from http:// www.scielo.org.mx/img/revistas/bsgm/v65n1/ a3f3.jpg

Google Earth Pro. (2009). Platau to Gulf Coast, Mexico [Satellite view]. Retrieved from google. com/maps/@22.1382265,-101.0027751,3a,75y,25 5.25h,82.23t/ F14 [Map]. 1:1,000,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2010.

List of Figures

F14A84a [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2009.

F14A84b [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2008.

F14A83f [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2008.

F14A84d [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2009.

F14A84e [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2009.

Figure 2.7 Arellano, Alejandro Galván. Arquitectura Y Urbanismo De La Ciudad De San Luis Potosí En El Siglo XVII. San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México: Facultad Del Habitat, Universidad Autónoma De San Luis Potosí, 1999. Print.

Figure 3.1 Original Content Figure 3.2 Original Content Figure 5.1 Google Earth Pro. (2015). San Luis Potosí, Mexico [3D Earth view]. Retrieved from google. com/maps/@22.1382265,-101.0027751,3a,75y,25 5.25h,82.23t/ Figure 5.2 Torrescano, Gume. San Luis 400. Digital image. Foursquare. N.p., 28 Oct. 2015. Web. 1 May 2016. <https://irs2.4sqi.net/img/ general/width960/39193862_F94TrbLBigJM6DODGPkcHy3i71hV6m-ryhlsCzS7wY.jpg>.

Figure 5.3 Berlyn, Peter, and Charles Fowler. The Crystal Palace, Its Architectural History and Constructive Marvels. London: J. Gilbert, 1851.

Print.

Figure 5.4 Ibid Figure 5.5 “EXPO 2000.” MVRDV. MVRDV, n.d. Web. 01 May 2016. <https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/expo>.

Figure 5.6 World Expo 2000. Digital image. Architizer.

N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2016. <http://acdn. architizer.com/thumbnails-PRODUCTION/87/ ac/87acda21bb2fbba6071d1291c82821dd.jpg>.

Figure 5.7 Original Content Figure 5.8 “Cityterminalen/WTC.” Ahlqvist & Almqvist.

Ahlqvist & Almqvist, n.d. Web. 1 May 2016. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahlqvist-almqvist. se%2Feng%2Fcityterminalen_kontor.html>.

Figure 5.9 Ibid Figure 5.10 Koolhaas, Rem, Bruce Mau, Jennifer Sigler, and Hans Werlemann. Small, Medium, Large, Extralarge: Office for Metropolitan Architecture, Rem Koolhaas, and Bruce Mau. New York, NY: Monacelli, 1998. Print.

Figure 5.11 Ibid

TRADESCAPES

Figure 2.6 F14A83c [Map]. 1:20,000. San Luis Potosí, Mexico: INEGI, 2008.

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