"Abandonment and Freedom: Three new species uncovered"

A las arquitecturas insólitas y a aquellos que nunca construirán

(to unheard architectures and those who will never build)

The remnant of a stolen, ungraspable life is inside us. In state of exception we create and discover ourselves as creative beings, freedom is the end…00 “...Never question the seriousness of crafted fictions”0

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0

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Reflexiones Tardías (Late Reflections)

Luis Callejas, Pamphlet Architecture 33, (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2013), 51.

Abandonment and Freedom Three new landscape species uncovered

By David Cadena

‘Playground’, Paul Cadmus (1948)

Warning!

“Linear time is a western invention, time is not linear it’s a marvellous tangle, where at any moment points can be selected and solutions invented without beginning or end”- Lina Bo Bardi

A

bstract

Bare life lies on the border between opportunity and chaos. Its ungraspable and open to interpretation. “Nuda Vita”1 is human life reduced to its animality. For Agamben, there is no exit, no life out of the sovereign state, we are perpetual prisoners on the system as we now it. He makes emphasis on bare life as engine of the Holocaust and slavery. However, these essay advocates for the emancipation potential emerging from damaged life and isolation. The reality of new lives born from the struggle for liberation This is a visit to the wild Mexican jungle, a disturbed Caribbean sea and the unsustainable London Airspace in an initial attempt to uncover new landscape species that from abandonment may emancipate their creators, builders and inhabitants. ”Without slavery there would have been no freedmen”2 - Orlando Patterson

1

Italian for ‘Bare Life’.

Orlando Patterson’s seminal work Slavery and Social Death is quoted by Ewa Plonowska Ziarek “9. Bare Life” in Impasses of the Post – Global: Theory in the Era of Climate Change, Vol.2, ed. Henry Sussman. (Michigan: University of Michigan Library), accessedAugust 10, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/ohp.10803281.0001.001 2

Departure Vulnerable and as “remnants of destroyed human life”3;often, Agamben illustrates bare life as the life of inmates in Nazi concentration camps and slaves. It’s the life of the marginal, the ugly; life that emerges from states of exception in general.

Bare life can be also, to find yourself without a passport in the airport; a taxi driver in New York who, in the contemporary city, doesn’t find a toilet to serve his physical emergencies. As pointed out in “Bare life: Restroom anxiety and the urge of Control”: “The need for waste elimination reflects bare life meeting up with our civilization… people often have horrible dreams about the bathroom, and things that won’t flush and so on.”4 Nevertheless, Bare life is not a recent conceptualization. Agamben’s concept is rooted in the ancestors of modern civilization. For Greeks, the idea of lifegeneralized- as we understand it today was inconceivable. There were, instead, two types of life, Zoe and Bios.

Zoe would be the equivalent to Bare Life, the life of the illiterate, marginal, out of the good life (Bios); Zoe was the life of the homo sacer: A figure of ancient law that still lives between us. It’s life that anyone can kill with impunity, and still, life not worthy of sacrifice; Double edged, paradoxical.

In the other hand “Bios” is life lived in the system “good life” literate and successful under the sovereign power; controlled life.

“Every attempt to rethink the political space of the west must begin with the clear awareness that We no longer know anything about the classical distinction between Zoe and Bios“ 5

3

Ewa Plonowska Ziarek, “9. Bare Life” in Impasses of the Post – Global: Theory in the Era of Climate Change, Vol.2, ed. Henry Sussman. (Michigan: University of Michigan Library), accessedAugust 10, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/ohp.10803281.0001.001 4 Harvey Molotch, “Bare Life: Restroom Anxiety and the Urge of Control” in How We Go Wrong at Airports, Subways and Other Sites of Ambiguous Danger, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012), 25, accessed August 26, 2015, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x16d4.7 5 Ziarek, “9. Bare Life”.

In modernity, the concept of Bare life (Zoe) has been ungraspable, we only knew one type of life, the life in sovereign states that pretend a struggle to provide us a “good life” while at the same time are right to take it from us.

That’s the paradox of sovereignty; a volatile justice because the sovereign may declare a state of exception when vulnerable. The state manipulates the laws, imposed by them, rendering them valid or not. The system is unstable, contradictory and opportunistic. The exception has become the rule.

Us, Bare Life Today, as author Zaera-Polo highlights in “Cheapness: no frills and bare Life” we are witnessing a shift,. We’ve changed from a battle for equality of rights to a battle for access to goods. In other words, no more “Che Guevaras” or “Malcolms X” that’s the past, now we follow Steves jobs (Apple), and Kamprads (IKEA).

“Life in neo- liberal capitalist terms can be reduced to consumption and markets , economic fortunes are made in the reduction of plentiful life to bare life… reducing citizens to mere biological units.”6 For them we’re no more than statistics, a number representing next week sales. The week- to- week project. A market powered by the masses, by us the cattle. However, For Zaera-Polo, Citizens are “de facto outcasts”7 that have acquired a new dignity. In other words living this bare Life guarantees the right to non-participation, thus freedom.

“Must bare life necessarily mean the absence of rights…literally and physically speaking? Might it not also mean the presence of a form of demos that guarantees the right of non participation in the production, distribution and manipulation of capital?”8

6

Alejandro Zaera-Polo, “Cheapness: No Frills and Bare Life”, Log, No. 18 (Winter 2010):17, accessed September 9, 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41765316 7 Ibid., 17.

8 Ibid., 16.

Proposed Collage: ‘Magnifying Bare Life Conditions”

Using images from LCLA’s ’Weightless” (Proposal for ‘Airplot’ greenpeace competition 2013). http://www.luiscalleja s.com/filter/awarded/ LONDON-Weightless

We are living a bare life, an edgy state in between abandonment and freedom. In the era of global warming, we have a chance of liberation. As social scientist Ulrich Beck puts it, this is our time, the Era of “Emancipatory catastrophism” in chaos there is potential for liberation. Beck explains: “The amazing thing is that if you firmly believe climate change is a fundamental threat to all humanity, then that belief might bring a transformative, cosmopolitan turn in our contemporary life and the world might be changed for the better.”…“Global risks are highly ambivalent since the threat of ending also creates opportunities of new beginnings. Risk arrives as threat but it brings hope”9 These 3 study cases aim to illustrate the potential of architectures born in states of exception; exception that has become ‘rule’ in our times.

The lawless deep Mexican jungle, a politically disturbed Caribbean sea and the unbearable aerial space in London set the scenario to witness bare emancipatory architectures that embrace potential in a world set for destruction and new forms of slavery. These new emergent landscape projects and ideas, through few resources, reclaim dignity of their people and a space for the forgotten natures in a market driven world.

9

Ulrich beck, “How Climate Change Might Change the World”, 10. (Draft paper presented at the workshop held in Potsdam, Germany, November 2013.)

1 Jungle Species: Las Pozas de Xilitla, Edward James “Surreal Eden”.

“This was going to be a zoo in reverse, with the animals roaming freely and the humans behind bars”10

Collage by Edward James with photo by Michael Schuyt.

Found in Margaret Hooks’ Surreal Eden, 80.

Our trip starts with Las Pozas, a project by Edward James that is born in the abandonment and anarchy of the jungle. Conceived as a personal emancipation project, in the present, Las Pozas embodies a struggle for freedom, the project is under “threat” of appropriation by conservation organisms like Unesco.

10

Mathew Holmes, “A Garden of Earthly Delights”, AA Files, No. 66 (2013), 39, accessed September 16, 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23595437

Back in the 1940’s, Sir Edward James, a rich British artist and poet who sponsored emergent surrealist artists of his time like Dali when they lived in anonymity, embarked on the adventure of his life. Exhausted of a senseless billionaire lifestyle, he threw himself in a quest for freedom and authenticity.

In a restless oddity to find a home, he ended up in the yet virginal jungle of México. Aiming for a return to his passion and looking for muses that inspired his writings, James found the perfect ground to setup an orchid garden in a “75 acre area of semitropical rainforest that would eventually become las Pozas.”11 Las Pozas de Xilitla emerged from the dense jungle that had eaten the closest town “Xilitla”. A remote urban setting in Mexico that remained buried until families came and rediscovered the city of their ancestors, “descendants of Otomi and Maya speaking peoples”12 who devoured the Spanish Colony and the former sovereign and inclement Aztec Reign.

“If Xilitla seemed to balance precariously in the boundaries of imposed urban order and the Anarchy of the jungle”, -Las Pozas- “lent itself even more to feelings of Isolation and Vulnerability”13 Initially, the idea was to grow a garden of orchids, Edward’s favourite flower; a passion that had driven Edward’s life. However, the Hostile conditions of the jungle where weather changes heavily in reduced time spans, ended up destroying Don Eduardo’s dream of its own Wild Orchid Paradise. Rich and stubborn, James started building an invincible, timeless garden made of several concrete structures that would last in the jungle.

Las Pozas was built by local craftsmen, spontaneously, based on sketchy plans drawn by James “this was skilled workforce, who contributed their own ideas and knowledge. (In Mexico some 80 percent of domestic construction is self- build.. a large percentage of Mexicans know better than most architects who have just left school in Europe, how to lay bricks and build concrete structures)”14.

11

Margaret Hooks, Surreal Eden, (New York: Princeton Architectural Press: 2006), 52.

Ibid.,52 13 Ibid.,53 14 Mathew Holmes, “A Garden of Earthly Delights”, AA Files, No. 66 (2013), 38, accessed September 16, 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23595437 12

In the decade of the eighties and followed by James’s death in 1984 after almost half a century of intermittent development, Las Pozas had become a Surreal sanctuary; an ode to indeterminacy and the power of dreams. “A palpable and three-dimensional inhabitable art piece that mutated from surrealism to a magical realistic stage where “the concept of utility is noticeably absent”15. It’s the paradise of stairs that take to the sky without a handrail, Cinemas for the openness, libraries with no books, doors that do not open; an impossible project in Edward’s UK or in neighbouring U.S. where “James’ confections would be deemed to be in flagrant breach of every health and safety regulation and swathed in hazard tape”16 Las Pozas is a project born in abandonment and conceived in the anarchy of the jungle (a state of exception). It meant for Edward James, ground for creation and the antidote to his former life of excess in the normative world.

In that way, this is a new landscape that states a revolution of thought for its surrealist values in indeterminacy and spontaneity. “like surrealist automatic writing, it seeks only liberation, free association and beauty”17,” it also aspired to change the world”18 Today Las Pozas is being eaten by the jungle; nature is winning the battle, Las Pozas is going back to the origins and becoming ä “single whole”19 with the surrounding savageness. Las Pozas represents the birth of a new type of life; it is, as was “Désert De Retz”20 for André Breton, “a symbol of the death of man’s intelligence by forces that are primitive, elemental and irrational”21 Furthermore, Edward’s surreal Eden dignifies the knowledge of the empiric builders –descendants of native peoples- who worked for almost 40 years in a development that challenges contemporary architecture precepts through vernacular construction techniques in concrete, generating new fields for thought and inspiration for the current generations.

15

Mathew Holmes, “A Garden of Earthly Delights”, AA Files, No. 66 (2013), 37, accessed September 16, 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23595437 16 Ibid., 40 17 Ibid., 37 18 Unesco “Tentative Lists” for World Heritage Conservation http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5493/.

19 Holmes, “A Garden of Earthly Delights”, 39 20 Désert de Retz is an 18th Century garden in France, admired by surrealist artists.

21 Ibid., 39

“The buildings are vividly laden with this activity -this labour-, one that is linked to cultural and artistic activities and is potentially capable of humanizing and transforming the world without resigning itself to accentuating economy, order, efficiency, rationality, and, above all, the value of architecture as merchandise”22 The gardens were born as ruins, as remnants of a life that never was. They resemble damaged life, incomplete, Bare architectures. Las Pozas teaches from dead and damaged buildings. Today, entities like the Architectural Association School of Architecture, visit Las Pozas as an Archaeological site of “designed ruins”23.

In the present Las Pozas is subscribed in the tentative list for qualification and conservation by world heritage by Unesco. Conservation and domestication of the wilderness would mean the imprisonment of the project,. the interruption of an ongoing organic process of architectures being devoured by the jungle.

“If James ever thought about the after-life of his garden, he perhaps imagined it as an enigmatic ruin entwined with the encroaching jungle, his own contribution to Mexico’s rich culture of ruins”24

Map of Las Pozas buildings, pools and sculptures. From http://laspozas.aaschool.ac.uk/xilitla-las-pozas/

22

Unesco “Tentative Lists” for World Heritage Conservation http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5493/.

23 Las Pozas, Architectural Association Visiting School 2015. http://laspozas.aaschool.ac.uk/concrete/ 24 Mathew Holmes, “A Garden of Earthly Delights”, AA Files, No. 66 (2013), 39, accessed September 16, 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23595437

2 Oceanic Species: “And the ephemerality of balloons under constant threat of being erased right?, in that way they are like islands under threat of reclamation by the surrounding environments”25

Quitasueño “Islands”.

and The

represent

Serrana dark

Colombian

areas waters

after the transfer in 2012 of 128.000

Km2

of

water

to

Nicaragua. Now the islands live in foreign waters. Image from http://www.luiscallejas.com/filte r/research/SEA-SerranaQuitasueno

LCLA (Luis Callejas Landscape Architecture) Office, embraces a problem of water sovereignty as potential research ground for abandoned architectures to claim their territory in a political battle for land between Nicaragua and Colombia presented at the Hague Tribunal.

25

Luis Callejas, Pamphlet Architecture 33, (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2013), 42.

These are 2 structures which visibility and existence fluctuate according to sea levels. Two light houses only documented in a couple of postage stamps; they were built in the 70’s26 in response to the difficulties for ships navigating the shallow waters of the area. Many of those ships sunk, now they lay under water near the reefs of the atolls. From death, they are producers of life. They recreate new environments for fishes to live in.

“Colombian Stamp from 2010 showing a decaying Lighthouse and two scientists visiting one of the cays” From Luis Callejas’,” Pamphlet Architecture 33”, 6.

The abandoned and isolated coral formations in deep sea have been for hundreds of years- a fishermen’s oasis27- the source of subsistence for the “Raizales” ,Creole people natives of the surrounding bigger islands under sovereignty of different countries of South and Central America. The waters in which these islands and atolls exist have always been the natives own by culture and nature. Well before the creation of nation states like Colombia or Nicaragua the natives lived from the resources of these prolific ecosystems (Rich source of a great variety of fish, especially lobster)28.

Some of the “Raizales” stay up to 2 weeks in deep sea on canoes to gather fish and feed their families.

Today, and since 200729, a legal battle is in course between Nicaragua and Colombia, countries claiming sovereignty over those waters. The area in dispute has been Colombian since 192830 when the U.S dropped sovereignty claims. Colombia is infamous for being indifferent towards the native communities and their ecosystems.

Moreover, in a world thriving for

modernization and industrial development, the Caribbean Sea is a pandora’s box for oil companies and tourism exploitation. In fact, since 2002 “Nicaragua launched a competition for oil exploration aimed at U.S and 26

Luis Callejas, Pamphlet Architecture 33, (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2013), 4.

Daniel Salgar Antolínez, “Quitasueño un Edén para los Pescadores” El Espectador, November 19, 2012, accessed October 10 , 2015, http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/elmundo/quitasueno-un-edenlos-pescadores-articulo-387995 28 Ibid.

29 Callejas, Pamphlet Architecture 33, 4.

30 Ibid., 4.

27

European Companies” that allow rights for exploitation in their national territory.

“Birds’ eye view of the Island of Quitasueño nestled in Nicaraguan waters after The Hague’s verdict in 2012.” From http://www.elespectador.co m/noticias/elmundo/quitasue no-un-eden-los-pescadoresarticulo-387995

In 2012, 280.000 Km231 of oceanic waters were transferred to Nicaragua as result of the recognition of their claims at The Hague Tribunal. The Hague’s verdict left Colombia as sovereign -only- over the islands and atolls named Serrana y Quitasueno -the most of the year invisible- and surrounded by kilometres of foreign waters. The case is open and currently Colombia fights for the return of its former sovereignty.

In his book, Pamphlet Architecture 33,Callejas, (Founder and Director at LCLA) proposes the lighthouses as liberators of the islands. He argues that “now that the water is assigned to Nicaragua is very likely that the Colombian partly submersed territories will become the only protected ecologies in the Archipelago”32 Callejas’ idea is to transform these lighthouses in oceanic research stations in an effort to document the relevance of the atolls as part of a Colombian archipelago:

“controlled fishing outside the atoll and totally protected

landscape in the interior will be the soft tactic for reclaiming the reef”33

31

Luis Callejas, Pamphlet Architecture 33, (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2013), 4.

32 Ibid., 5 33 Luis Callejas, Pamphlet Architecture 33, (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2013), 6.

While this endless Caribbean drama develops, the lighthouses and sunken ships continue to house this accidentally generated ecosystem of oceanic abundance. These living systems are constituted by abandoned architectures and ruins, producers of life and engines of surrounding human settlements like the “Raizales”. These accidental ecologies have the potential to claim their space in the ocean and save the “Colombian” Raizales from their absolute cultural and physical extinction.

For Callejas, the tactical and soft interventions of these ecosystems have the potential, for Colombia, of recovering the lost sea. The historical rich cultural connection of the Raizales, however, is unrecoverable already. For native journalist, Harold Bush34, the reach of the political divisions in the ancestral structures of the native communities, is far beyond the dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia because the genealogy of those families extends to territories owned by many other Caribbean countries. Their cultural map is already fractured by relatively new political divisions.

The pure potential of this hybrid landscape species is in remaining abandoned,

allowing for the non-interruption of a natural life cycle.

However, the desired future seems Utopian in a panorama of oil and tourism exploitation.

“A Political Paradox”

“New Limits Verdict”

after

The

Hague

The map shows in light green the area in dispute and is a coloured version from the original. Coloured by user: “Shadowfox” of “Wikimedia commons database” From https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F ile:Mapa_B_Fallo_Litigio_Nicaragua -Colombia.svg

34

Harold Bush is a journalist Native from the Archipelago of “San Andrés y Providencia” in Colombia. He writes for “El Isleño” Local newspaper of the Colombian Archipelago. http://www.xn--elisleo9za.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10239:2015-09-28-14-3026&catid=60:actualidad&Itemid=96, accessed October 14, 2015.

3 Airborne “For whoever owns the soil, it is theirs up to Heaven and down to Hell."35

“Weightless” Inflatable copies of houses , farm animals , vehicles and small scale infrastructure that float around Heathrow airport.

Image from www.luis-calleja.coms/filterawarded/LONDON-Weightless

By mid-2015 the debate regarding the opening of a 3rd runway at Heathrow Airport in London opened again making, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Cameron words: “The third runway at Heathrow is not going ahead, no ifs, no buts”36 laughable.

In 2012 Greenpeace, confident of the permanent burial of the plans for the 3rd line, sold back to its original owner by the symbolic price of “1£” a

35

From the Original in Latin: “Cuius Est Solum Ejus Est Usque Ad Coelum Et Ad Inferos” From ancient roman Law. Progressively- sovereign states have taken air rights, leaving unsolved puzzles behind, that create paradoxes in property law until today.

36 Greenpeace UK, What Happened to Airplot”?, http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/blog/climate/what-happened-airplot-20150625 , Accessed October 13, 2015.

portion of land, previously bought by the organization in 2009 “backed by nearly 100,000 people including celebrities, politicians, and local residents”37 to

resist the construction of the new plane road.

The Greenpeace project was called “Airplot” and featured that piece of land as an obstacle to the construction of the runway.

Keeping the plot as

barricade for the development, .guaranteed the residents salvation from a project that would worsen the already unbearable conditions of noise and air contamination that the air traffic leaves behind.

However, after the campaign seemed to have reached a positive closure for the residents of the airport’s surrounding neighbourhood, last July (2015) debate for the project opened again and PM Cameron’s words were gone with the wind.

The initial proposal of Greenpeace started with the opening of a public competition that asked for ideas for a barricade to prevent the construction of the 3rd runway. Beyond an inland barrier, LCLA Office proposed “Inflatable copies of farm animals, vehicles and small scale infrastructures that float around Heathrow airport. The height and location depends on the proximity to the airfield” 38 Flying cows, bicycles, houses and others would populate the air space; exercising the present right of landowners to use about 150 meters39 above their properties. (our original rights over air space above private property have been gradually taken due to aeronautical industry growth). The project was proposed as a tool for demonstration that would prevent Airport operations for a few days.

The Airborne duplicates of inland entities illustrate a literal translation of the landowners Air Rights, an unsolved legal puzzle that exposes paradoxes of sovereignty. While landlords cannot deliberately impose obstacles for the prevention of navigation on their air space, they’re right to “make any

37

Greenpeace UK, What Happened to Airplot”?, http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/blog/climate/what-happened-airplot-20150625 , Accessed October 13, 2015 38 Luis Callejas, Pamphlet Architecture 33, (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2013), 73.

39 This measurement is just an average based on, “500 ft”, a recurrent number used in Air Rights Literature for the Air space a landowner has right to. However, the right is relative and fluctuates depending on the geographic location and other conditions of the property.

legitimate use of their property that they want, even if it interferes with aircraft overflying the land”.40 In areas surrounding airports, owners or potential buyers sign ‘Navigation Easement’ agreements yielding their air space allowing for landings and take offs in safe conditions. Nevertheless,

given the progressive growth of air

traffic, conditions become usually unbearable enough that the agreements become obsolete. The laws are taken and the rights of citizens violated.

“Exceptions are the rule in the contemporary city” 41

These floating structures claim legitimate rights and expose the potential power of the excluded and unheard inhabitants to claim their space from abandonment and singularity. In the process, a new type of emancipatory airborne architecture emerges.

Noise levels and air contamination produced by Heathrow airport constitutes big source of London’s already unsustainable ecological crisis. The opening of a 3rd runway continues in debate; it is very likely that the urge to attend the demands of the growing airline industry will perpetuate and worsen the environmental and social conditions for the people living near Heathrow.

Not participating in the capitalist mechanisms of production means emancipation from the catastrophic panorama derived from Climate

change. That’s the right that the neighbours at Heathrow are claiming from abandonment and exception through their “weightless” duplicates.

Plane Landing at Heathrow Airport.

Image from http://www.airportwatch.org. uk/2013/03/glasgow-andedinburgh-in-battle-of-theairports/

40

Pilot Counsel, Small Airports and the Law. http://www.aopa.org/News-and-Video/All-News/2000/November/1/Pilot-Counsel-(11) 41 Alejandro Zaera-Polo, “Cheapness: No Frills and Bare Life”, Log, No. 18 (Winter 2010):18, accessed September 9, 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41765316

Landing

From jungle creatures to airborne cows and houses, through the abandoned lighthouses on the Caribbean sea, we visited three unqualified, vulnerable architectures, that are under continual threat of reclamation by their natural surroundings and organisms of control.

These three tales of architecture amplify states of marginality and vulnerability that

facilitate

understanding the possibility of

Bare

Architectures [zoe] understood as unqualified, accidental, -damaged-;. emphasizing in the exciting fields for emancipation they bring in the era of Climate change. For instance, the right to be ruins of Las Pozas, the hope of abandonment at Serrana y Quitasueño and the capacity of non-participation in “Airplot”.

Moreover, these architectures magnify the ambivalences embedded in the rules of the contemporary state, showcasing paradoxes of law and sovereignty that illustrate the prevalence of a continual state of exception in our times, when the city is the epitome of “permanent states of emergency”42, as author Zaera-Polo highlights.

Furthermore, this essay is a discrete supplement to the possibilities of emancipation that bare life situations inspire from the perspective of “Nuda Vita” Architectures. For instance, the Surreal Eden as a modern archaeological site, the atolls as exemplary research centres of oceanic life and the Heathrow floating balloons as sustainable “guerrilla” architectures.

Finally, these 3 emerging new landscape species have the potential to dignify lives and places of peoples who dreamed, built and inhabit them, perpetuating their cultural legacy, restoring public engagement and producing new types of life. In our trip, they were –Mexican buildersdescendants of ancestral civilizations; Raizales whose backgrounds are bathed in

indigenous genocides and slavery; and the transgressed

neighbours of Heathrow.

42

Alejandro Zaera-Polo, “Cheapness: No Frills and Bare Life”, Log, No. 18 (Winter 2010):26, accessed September 9, 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41765316

Exit

“...The excess of bare life over the constituted forms of life not only does not authorize the sovereign decision in the state of exception but in fact marks openness to what is yet to come. – a possibility of political transformation , a creation of new forms of life , an arrival of a more expansive conception of freedom and justice... “43

.

.

43

Ewa Plonowska Ziarek, “9. Bare Life” in Impasses of the Post – Global: Theory in the Era of Climate Change, Vol.2, ed. Henry Sussman. (Michigan: University of Michigan Library), accessed, August 10, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/ohp.10803281.0001.001