Mediating Time in Adaptive Reuse: The Role of Drawing as a Communicative Tool in Self-Build Communit

Mediating Time in Adaptive Reuse: The Role of Drawing as a Communicative Tool in Self-Build Communities

Special focus Studio 3A 9 th Semester - fall 2023 David Bjelkarøy Westervik

Mediating Time in adaptive reuse: The Role of drawing as a Communicative Tool in Self-Build Communities This Special Focus seeks to explore how architecture can surpass the traditional notions of permanence, examining the influence of self-build communities within the context of adaptive reuse. It investigates the role of self-build communities in the architectural and construction processes, examining how their involvement can influence the design and transformation of architecture over time. This includes a critical assessment of how different architectural tools such as drawings, manuals, and visualizations can be used to communicate to a community of self-builders.

“Architecture exists, like cinema, in a dimension of time and movement. One thinks, conceives and reads a building in terms of sequences. To erect a building is to predict and seek effects of contrast and linkage bound up with the succession of spaces through which one passes,”

- Jean Nouvel

In contemporary architecture, the influence of economic factors from developers, clients, and builders often shapes the construction process. Traditionally, a building is considered complete when construction ends.

Yet, in reality, this is when a building’s life truly begins. Over time, as it is used and inhabited, the building evolves, often without further input from the architect. This poses the question: could a user-centered approach within a self-build community challenge our conventional views of construction sites? In such a context, the traditional demarcations between construction and usage begin to blur.

The interest in self-build communities in Denmark is on the rise, driven by a desire to re-engage with handson skills, build communal ties around shared values, and create economically accessible options. ¹ Simultaneously, architects are recognizing the potential of repurposing old industrial buildings, which were once dismissed as outdated, unattractive, and worthless. ² Adaptive reuse extends beyond merely converting an existing structure for a new purpose; it presents an opportunity to uncover layers of social and economic significance. Across Europe, numerous old factories and industrial buildings are being transformed into workspaces, art collectives, and co-work spaces. As rental prices for such facilities continue to climb, the demand for affordable and accessible spaces has become increasingly prominent, which raises the question: Can the inclusion of self-build communities in transformation and construction processes make adaptive reuse more economically accessible?

This special focus delves into adaptive reuse through the lens of self-build communities. It examines the impact of such community-driven projects on the design process, the nature of the construction site and the architectural communicative tools. The exploration seeks to understand how these collaborative efforts can open up new ways of building and unbuilding.

Walter Segal - The Segal Method In this special focus, I explore ”The Segal Method” ³, a manual by architect Walter Segal, known for championing the Self Build movement. Segal, initially involved in conventional architectural projects in London, shifted in the 1970s to develop his Self-build method. This method faced criticism in its early stages for not considering the visual integration of buildings into their context. However, Segal emphasized the significance of inhabitants’ involvement in creating spaces, believing this emotional investment transformed spaces into places.

Contrary to a mere construction technique, Segal viewed his method as a mindset. It involves residents in the design process, allowing them to tailor spaces to their needs, whether in individual homes or larger community projects.

The method is based on a tartan grid system with standardized dimensions and components, simplifying the construction process for those with little or no architectural knowledge. Although Segal’s system may appear somewhat outdated and limited due to its standardization, my focus is particularly on his unique communication method. Segal devised a clear and concise manual for self-builders, featuring basic diagrams, material schedules, and instructions. The materials are locally accessible, standard-sized, economical, and user-friendly, requiring only basic tools for construction.

Additionally, the simple standardized system has several potentially profound implications: 1. The simplification of the building process would significantly change the role of tradespeople and professionals in the industry.

2. Buildings would be viewed as adaptable for various uses, rather than as fixed structures designed for a single purpose.

3. The ease of replacing worn parts would alter how we approach building maintenance.

4. People could initially build small, basic houses that are easy to upgrade and extend, leading to changes in how buildings are financed.

Illustrations from the segal method handbook

The Walter Segal method, while not directly suited for adaptive reuse projects in self-build communities, raises important questions. It prompts questions about how the involvement of self-builders impacts aspects like ownership, identity, and maintenance. There are also considerations about what a standardized and affordable system means for adaptability and reversibility in construction. Additionally, the method questions how architects can effectively use tools like diagrams, instructions, and manuals to convey ideas and techniques to self-builders.

Atelier LUMA in Arles by Assemble and BC Architects, 2023 As my building reference for this special focus I wanted to investigate The Atelier LUMA project in Arles⁴, realized through the collaboration of Assemble Studio and BC Architects. The project demonstrates a thoughtful approach to adaptive reuse and bioregional architecture, where Le Magasin Électrique, a historic building in Parc des Ateliers, was transformed into a versatile space that now serves as a cultural center, research hub, and experimental laboratory.

At the heart of Atelier LUMA’s design is a strong connection to its local environment, with the use of region-specific materials, in their own words they: “explore the potential of non-extractivist, and often discredited, local materials, such as invasive plants, agricultural coproducts, algae, and industrial waste.”

The building addresses the importance of adaptable, evolving spaces that respond to ongoing changes and needs.

The specific programmatic layout is divided into public and private functions, while the boundaries overlap and blur.

The tectonic language is characterized by its reversible features and visible joints, highlighting its flexible nature.

This project has great relevance to the general discourse of adaptive reuse in architecture, but specifically for my special focus, it is their approach to construction sites that I find most compelling. The project’s construction site is considered a testing laboratory for material and tectonic exploration, learning, and community involvement. Assemble Studio has years of experience in creating practical spaces which are economical, and utilitarian using the skill and expertise of the community members during construction.

Additionally, together with BC Material, this project explores how a construction site does not need to be confined by short deadlines, but rather an opportunity to experiment and learn during the construction process. Additionally, the project reveals important implications for the design process; by including the architects as well as the general community the project can evolve, change, and get more refined during the build.

In the context of self-build communities, the concept of a building and unbuilding can be rethought, as evidenced by the research from Atelier Luma and the works of Assemble. These examples illustrate that construction sites can be reimagined, functioning not just as places of building but as hubs of experimenting and learning. This reimagining is intertwined with the need to reconsider our traditional building supply chains.

Pictures of material testing lab by Assemble

In a self-build community, especially within an adaptive reuse project, the process of building and unbuilding can adopt a localized approach. This approach encompasses sourcing, storing, cleaning, repairing, and maintaining materials and components, setting the stage for a distinct kind of construction site. This site becomes more than just a physical space for construction; it transforms into a dynamic environment where the community engages deeply with the materials and methods used in the building process.

Such a construction site, akin to the model used by Atelier Luma, becomes an environment for understanding and experimenting with materials and tectonic systems. This hands-on involvement in the building process allows community members to learn about the materials they are using, fostering a deeper connection with the project, and encouraging a sense of ownership.

Pictures of material testing lab by Assemble

Drawing as a Communicative Tool in Self-Build Communities Through my special focus, I have delved into the use of various architectural tools that serve as intermediaries in the realm of temporary and evolving transformations within self-build communities.

In this exploration, it has become evident that materials play a crucial role in the articulation and communication of architectural concepts. Adopting a bioregional and circular approach to building materials is essential for a non-extractive architecture, involving a shift in how we manage supply chains, construction sites, and design processes. Insights from a study trip to Rotor DC, a Belgian architectural studio that focuses on reusing construction materials, highlight the disruption these materials pose on the design process and communication of the build.

In contrast to new materials, the lifecycle of reclaimed materials involves deconstruction, sorting, cleaning, and storage, with an emphasis on local sourcing and minimal transportation.

The ease of reusing these materials varies, requiring careful and informed decision-making.

Material library of reclaimed windows, drawing by Rotor DC

Rotor’s project in Zinneke, tasked with rebuilding the rear facade of a classical Brussels house, the studio faced a challenge: they had to proceed without precise dimensions for the windows planned for the facade. To navigate this uncertainty, Rotor produced multiple drawings that did not specify exact measurements but instead conveyed the desired qualities and aesthetics for the facade. ⁵

Example of open drawing by Rotor DC

This approach raises a pertinent question that aligns closely with my area of interest: Can architectural tools be used to set certain guidelines and conditions while allowing flexibility for individual interpretations by the material handler and self-builder? In Rotor’s case, the architect established a framework for the build and then sought materials that could fit these criteria.

An alternative strategy could involve reversing the previous process, beginning with the material — be it locally sourced, biogenic or reclaimed — and allowing its inherent dimensions and properties to guide the construction. This approach resonates with Walter Segal’s philosophy, where standardizing elements fosters a language of cohesion and clarity, while also being cost-effective, adaptable, and reversible.

Adopting a standardized approach, where materials or components are predetermined, can streamline communication through manuals, step-by-step guides, and visual instructions. These elements must be simple enough for construction by community members, yet sufficiently versatile to meet diverse spatial, functional, and aesthetic needs.

Illustrations from the segal method handbook

The last approach would be to use architectural tools, to depict time, to illustrate various stages of adaptive reuse through drawings, instructions, diagrams and renders for the self-build community to work within.

While time is difficult to predict, architects must consider time seriously, especially in transformation projects with limited resources. By prioritizing essential spaces and considering future needs, these drawings can sketch out the evolution over time in different building phases. Such drawings not only provide an overview of the transformation process but can also offer detailed drawings of how different spaces can evolve.

A good example of this is Assemble Studio`s project, Poppenbüttel Community Centre in Hamburg⁶, for a new self-build community center in an area of new accommodation for refugees. The project goal was that the first floor would also be formally activated in the future, when the project had further budget to invest in the fabric of the building.

Sketches from Assemble Studio showing phases of time

Through a series of collaborative workshops with community members, Assemble Studio effectively utilized a range of architectural tools, including diagrams, models, and renderings. These tools were instrumental in visualizing the potential evolution of the space over time, allowing for a shared understanding and collective input into the project’s development.

Renders and models from Assemble Studio

In this special focus, my exploration has centered on the intricate role of architectural tools in bridging time and self-build communities within adaptive reuse projects. This incorporation of self-build communities significantly impacts various aspects of architectural practice, including design processes, construction methodologies, and the use of communicative tools.

Throughout my investigation, I have identified three primary methods by which architectural tools can effectively convey a time-based approach in self-build adaptive reuse projects:

1. Open Drawings: These drawings provide a set of guidelines and requirements, offering self-builders and material handlers a certain level of autonomy within a defined framework. This approach facilitates creativity while ensuring adherence to the essential framework.

2. Step-by-Step Guides or Manuals: Utilizing a standardized construction system, or elements these guides present an accessible, affordable, and adaptable methodology. While they offer clarity and ease of understanding, they also maintain certain necessary constraints to guide the building process.

3. Time-Depicting Drawings: These drawings illustrate the various stages and phases of construction, offering a dynamic perspective on the project’s evolution. They are particularly useful in visualizing how spaces can be designed to be flexible and adaptable over time, accommodating changing needs and uses.

Sketches from Assemble Studio communicating to a community

Each of these approaches provides practical benefits for involving self-build communities in adaptive reuse projects. They enable community members to participate in construction processes and encourage a deeper connection with their built environment, contributing to a sense of ownership and involvement.

Sources: 1. Roskilde Kommune, Vandkunsten, Nordiq Group, Line Barfod, Gemainschaft, Anne Romme og Morten Birk, KADK, 2020-2021, Nye veje til urbant selvbyg, https://realdania.dk/-/media/realdaniadk/publikationer/faglige-publikationer/nye-veje-til-urbant-selvbyg/nye-veje-ttil-urbant-selvbyg-2022.pdf 2. Selma Harrington, 2022, Industrial heritage buildings: adapt, reuse, enhance! https://culturalheritageinaction.eu/industrial-heritage-buildings-adapt-reuse-enhance/ 3. Walter Segal, 1978, http://www.ianwhite.info/THE_SEGAL_METHOD.pdf 4. https://assemblestudio.co.uk/projects/luma-atelier 5. https://rotordb.org/en/projects/zinneke-feder-masui4ever 6: https://assemblestudio.co.uk/projects/begenungshaus-poppenbuttel-community-centre Bibliography: Deborah Berke and Thomas de Monchaux, 2023 , Transform: Promising Places, Second Chances, and the Architecture of Transformational Change Alice Grahame and John McKean, 2021, Walter Segal Self-built Architect 51N4E and l’AUC eds, 2023, How to Not Demolish a Building Liliane Wong, 2016, Adaptive Reuse - Extending the Lives of Buildings Sally Stone, 2019, UnDoing Buildings Adaptive Reuse and Cultural Memory Simone Farracina, 2022, Ecologies of Inception Design Potentials on a Warming Planet