Test bank for how children develop fourth edition

Test Bank for How Children Develop Fourth Edition

Test Bank for How Children Develop Fourth Edition To download the complete and accurate content document, go to: https://testbankbell.com/download/test-bank-for-how-children-develop-fourth-edition/

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

1. Psychoanalytic theories view development as driven by: A) external factors.

B) biological maturation.

C) the multiple contexts in which children develop.

D) children's active shaping of their own development.

2. Psychoanalytic theories emphasize: A) social reasoning.

B) external factors as sources of development.

C) discontinuity of development.

D) the importance of cognitive factors in development.

3. In Freud's theory, the biologically based, instinctual drives that inspire behaviour, thoughts, and feelings are referred to as: A) motivational orientation.

B) psychic energy.

C) erogenous zones.

D) intuition.

4. Freud's stages are characterized by: A) the context that is important during that time period.

B) a specific crisis that must be resolved.

C) the erogenous zones in which the psychic energy is focused.

D) a particular manner of responding to reward and reinforcement.

5. According to Freud, in every stage, children: A) must channel their psychic energy outside of their body.

B) face conflicts related to a particular erogenous zone.

C) constrain the id with the superego.

D) do all of these.

6. Freud theorized that individuals' development is propelled by: A) their instinctual drives.

B) the contexts in which they live.

C) interpretations of their parents' behaviour.

D) their attributional biases.

Page 1

7. According to Freud, which personality structure develops first?

A) id B) superid C) ego D) superego

8. The id is ruled by: A) the conscience.

B) the pleasure principle.

C) conscious impulses.

D) the reality principle.

9. If the id, as theorized by Freud, could speak, which statement would it be MOST likely to say?

A) “Let's consider our options.”

B) “I want it NOW!” C) “That's not the right thing to do.”

D) “That's going to cause problems in the future.”

10. Which characteristic does NOT describe the id?

A) unconscious B) dark C) inaccessible D) realistic

11. According to Freud's theory, infants fear: A) delay of gratification.

B) loss of love.

C) potty training.

D) hunger.

12. Danny is an adult who behaves selfishly and impulsively. He appears to seek immediate gratification and ignore any potential negative consequences. Freud would say that Danny is ruled by his: A) conscience.

B) superego.

C) erogenous zones.

D) id.

Page 2

13. According to Freud, infants are in which stage of development?

A) immediate gratification B) anal C) comfort D) oral

14. The goal of the ego is to: A) link the individual to the external world.

B) maximize the individual's pleasure.

C) control the individual's behaviour on the basis of moral beliefs.

D) seek security for the individual.

15. If the ego, as theorized by Freud, could speak, which statement would it be MOST likely to say?

A) “Let's figure out how to make this work.”

B) “I want it NOW!” C) “That's not the right thing to do.”

D) “That's going to cause problems in the future.”

16. Dawn, who is 3 years old, wants a toy that her friend is holding. Without regard for her friend's feelings or her parents' rules about taking other children's toys, Dawn uses all her strength to pull the toy from her friend's hands. Freud would assert that Dawn is primarily being led by her: A) superego.

B) id.

C) ego.

D) conscience.

17. During which stage does the ego develop?

A) phallic B) latency C) oral D) anal

18. The _____ is NOT a personality structure hypothesized by Freud.

A) ego B) superego C) id D) superid

Page 3

19. Which sequence lists the stages of Freud's theory in the correct developmental order?

A) anal, phallic, oral, latency, genital B) oral, latency, genital, phallic, anal C) genital, oral, anal, phallic, latency D) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

20. Individuals in the anal stage are focused on conflict surrounding: A) breastfeeding.

B) parents' choice of intellectual pursuits for the child.

C) toilet training.

D) the conscience.

21. According to Freud, the phallic stage encompasses approximately what age(s)?

A) ages 2 to 3 B) ages 3 to 6 C) ages 6 to 12 D) beginning of sexual maturation through adulthood

22. According to Freud, children begin to identify with their same-sex parent in the _____ stage.

A) genital B) phallic C) latency D) anal

23. During which stage does the superego develop?

A) phallic B) latency C) anal D) genital

24. Which personality structure is considered the conscience?

A) ego B) id C) superego D) subego

Page 4

25. The superego is based on: A) the reality principle.

B) internalization of parents' standards for acceptable behaviour.

C) the pleasure principle.

D) none of these.

26. According to Freud, _____ leads children to the emergence of the superego.

A) coping with the intense sexual desires of the genital stage B) coping with the intense sexual desires of the phallic stage C) need to suppress immediate gratification in the anal stage D) need to suppress immediate gratification in the phallic stage

27. If the superego, as theorized by Freud, could speak, which statement would it be MOST likely to say?

A) “Let's consider our options.”

B) “I want it NOW!” C) “That's not the right thing to do.”

D) “That's going to cause problems in the future.”

28. According to Freud, children's identification with the same-sex parent begins when: A) they imprint onto him or her.

B) their biological urges come into play.

C) they must repress their sexual feelings for their opposite-sex parent.

D) they internalize their parents' beliefs, values, and attitudes.

29. According to Freud, _____ experience penis envy.

A) girls B) boys C) both girls and boys D) neither girls nor boys

30. The Oedipus complex occurs during which of Freud's stages?

A) latency B) genital C) oral D) phallic

Page 5

31. The behaviour that is NOT part of Freud's concept of and resolution of the Oedipus complex is boys': A) experience of sexual desire for their mothers.

B) internalization of their fathers' values.

C) desire to have an exclusive relationship with their fathers.

D) view their fathers as rivals.

32. According to Freud, infantile amnesia results from: A) identification with the father.

B) internalizing parents' beliefs, values, and attitudes.

C) repression of anxiety-producing thoughts and impulses.

D) parental insistence on delay of gratification and toilet training.

33. Carlos feels guilty when he disobeys his parents' rule about not eating cookies before dinner. Freud would see Carlos's guilt as a sign that he has developed a(n): A) superego.

B) fixation.

C) id.

D) ego.

34. According to Freud, _____ is a way in which the ego protects the individual.

A) repression B) internalization C) systematic desensitization D) none of these

35. According to Freud, girls, but not boys, experience: A) the Electra complex.

B) the Oedipus complex.

C) infantile amnesia.

D) identification.

36. According to Freud, children's experience of the Electra complex results in: A) the development of the superego.

B) identification with the father.

C) infantile amnesia.

D) the development of a weaker conscience in girls than in boys.

Page 6

37. During which stage are sexual impulses repressed, leaving energy to be channeled into socially acceptable activities?

A) phallic B) latency C) anal D) genital

38. Which stage begins with the start of sexual maturation?

A) phallic B) latency C) genital D) oral

39. According to Freud, if a person's fundamental needs are not met during a particular stage, the person may: A) become fixated on the issues relevant to that stage.

B) experience an identity crisis.

C) make hostile attributions.

D) develop infantile amnesia.

40. To Freud, healthy development involves: A) developing a strong identity.

B) the ability to take other people's perspectives and thus learn from interactions with them.

C) surrounding oneself with the contexts necessary for an adaptive life.

D) the ability to derive pleasure from both love and work.

41. Compared to Freud's theory, Erikson's theory: A) has fewer stages.

B) is more focused on the influence of sexual pleasure on development.

C) has an enlarged scope.

D) views development as more continuous.

42. Erikson's stages are characterized by: A) the personality structure that emerges during the particular stage.

B) a specific crisis that must be resolved.

C) the erogenous zones in which the psychic energy is focused.

D) a particular manner of responding to reward and reinforcement.

Page 7

43. According to Erikson, if a person does not successfully resolve the conflict of a particular stage, the person: A) becomes fixated on the needs of that stage.

B) makes hostile attributions.

C) develops infantile amnesia.

D) continues to struggle with the issue.

44. The central issue in Erikson's first stage is: A) developing high standards.

B) achieving a sense of autonomy.

C) developing a sense of trust.

D) mastering skills important to the culture.

45. Freud's oral stage corresponds with which of Erikson's stages?

A) initiative vs. guilt B) basic trust vs. mistrust C) autonomy vs. shame and doubt D) industry vs. inferiority

46. What can parents do to help their children successfully resolve Erikson's basic trust vs. mistrust stage?

A) be consistent and warm in their caretaking B) help the children have successful experiences C) not be highly controlling D) instill socially acceptable behaviours

47. According to Erikson, when parents support their toddlers' development of self-control without instigating a loss of self-esteem, toddlers will develop a sense of: A) industry.

B) autonomy.

C) trust.

D) initiative.

48. According to Erikson, children develop a conscience during which stage?

A) initiative vs. guilt B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt C) basic trust vs. mistrust D) identity vs. role confusion

Page 8

49. Even though his parents have explained to him that it is dishonest and therefore wrong to tell lies, Zachary once again lies to his sister about where her favorite blanket is.

Shortly after doing so, he feels intensely sorry for what he has done. According to Erikson's theory, Zachary appears as if he has successfully resolved which crisis?

A) autonomy vs. shame and doubt B) industry vs. inferiority C) initiative vs. guilt D) basic trust vs. mistrust

50. According to Erikson, successful resolution of the industry vs. inferiority crisis involves: A) achieving a core sense of identity.

B) developing a conscience.

C) mastering important skills and cooperating with others.

D) identifying with one's powerful parent.

51. According to Erikson, if adolescents do not successfully develop a core sense of identity, they will experience: A) mistrust.

B) role confusion.

C) isolation.

D) shame and doubt.

52. Which property is NOT a goal theorized by Erikson to be important?

A) differentiation B) trust C) identity D) initiative

53. Which statement about the contribution of psychoanalytic theories to psychology is true?

A) Psychoanalytic theories have yielded important practical applications, such as the procedure of systematic desensitization.

B) The importance placed on subjective experience is now viewed as outdated.

C) The specifics have been scientifically tested and supported.

D) The emphasis on early experience has endured into current views of development.

Page 9

54. Freud's contributions to developmental psychology do NOT include an emphasis on the importance of: A) unconscious processes.

B) close relationships.

C) early experience.

D) objective experience.

55. On which point do Freud and current developmental psychologists disagree?

A) existence of infantile amnesia B) effect of repression on early memory C) importance of close early relationships D) idea that much of human behaviour stems from unconscious processes

56. Long-standing contributions of psychoanalytic theories to developmental psychology include all of these EXCEPT the: A) significance of early experience.

B) notion that a great portion of one's mental life occurs outside consciousness.

C) emphasis on the development of identity.

D) influence of one's sexual nature on development.

57. Traditional learning theorists emphasize the importance of _____ on children's development.

A) cognitive factors B) internal forces C) subjective experience D) external factors

58. Contemporary learning theorists emphasize the importance of _____ on children's development.

A) cognitive factors B) internal forces C) subjective experience D) context

59. On the topic of continuous versus discontinuous development, learning theories: A) propose that development is continuous.

B) propose that development is discontinuous.

C) propose that development is continuous within the major stages of development.

D) do not address the issue of continuity and discontinuity.

Page 10

60. John Watson was the founder of: A) psychoanalysis.

B) behaviourism.

C) information-processing approaches.

D) imprinting.

61. Which theorist claimed that he could train any child to become any kind of specialist, regardless of the characteristics of the child's ancestors?

A) Skinner B) Watson C) Freud D) Bandura 62. Watson employed _____ to create fear of a white rat in “Little Albert.”

A) systematic desensitization B) operant conditioning C) classical conditioning D) role taking

63. Repeated exposure to a feared object or experience in order to reduce fear is referred to as: A) systematic desensitization.

B) operant conditioning.

C) behaviour modification.

D) classical conditioning.

64. John Watson advised parents to treat their children with: A) respect.

B) hostile attributions.

C) affection.

D) objectivity.

65. Operant conditioning relies on the expectation that individuals: A) can reduce their fear of objects or experiences if they are repeatedly exposed to them.

B) are programmed to imitate others' behaviours and reactions.

C) tend to repeat behaviours that lead to favorable outcomes and stop behaviours that result in unfavorable outcomes.

D) are able to think and reason about their behaviours.

Page 11

66. The behaviour modification strategy of “time out” is based on the idea that _____ is a positive reinforcement.

A) whining B) learning C) withdrawal D) attention

67. Which statement about intermittent reinforcement is true?

A) Intermittent reinforcement is effective only with adults.

B) Behaviours supported by intermittent reinforcement are difficult to extinguish.

C) Intermittent reinforcement is the key to behaviour modification.

D) The discipline strategy of “time out” is based on intermittent reinforcement.

68. The parents of 2-year-old Joshua are frustrated with his screaming when he wants something. According to Skinner, which statement would be the BEST advice to give Joshua's parents if they wish to stop Joshua's screaming?

A) Give Joshua what he wants whether or not he screams.

B) Always give Joshua what he wants when he screams.

C) Sometimes give Joshua what he wants when he screams, and sometimes refuse to give him what he wants when he screams.

D) Never give Joshua what he wants when he screams.

69. The parents of 2-year-old Joshua are frustrated with his screaming when he wants something. Which scenario is an example of intermittent reinforcement?

A) His parents always give Joshua what he wants whether or not he screams.

B) His parents always give Joshua what he wants only when he screams.

C) Sometimes his parents give Joshua what he wants when he screams, and sometimes they refuse to give him what he wants when he screams.

D) His parents never give Joshua what he wants when he screams.

70. Behaviour modification is a(n): A) way to help children overcome a hostile attributional bias.

B) approach used to help people conquer their fears.

C) form of therapy that is useful for changing undesirable behaviours.

D) treatment to cure autism.

Page 12

71. Pria's friends love to gossip, and they wish Pria would gossip more than she currently does. According to operant conditioning, which scenario is likely to increase Pria's gossiping?

A) Her friends yell at her when she is not gossiping and threaten that they will not be friends with her if she does not gossip more.

B) Her friends stop talking to her altogether.

C) Her friends pay lots of attention to her when she is gossiping and walk away when she is not gossiping.

D) Her friends explain to her why they want her to gossip more and ask her to please do so.

72. Seth and his preschool friend frequently dump all the books off the bookshelf in the classroom. One day, Seth observes his friend being punished by their preschool teacher after she saw his friend dumping the books. After seeing his friend punished, Seth never again dumps books off the bookshelf. Seth has learned through: A) imitation.

B) punishment.

C) vicarious reinforcement.

D) reciprocal determinism.

73. Bandura's “Bobo” doll study did NOT demonstrate that: A) children can learn through imitation.

B) children's behaviour may be inconsistent with what they have learned.

C) seeing others rewarded and punished can influence a child's behaviour.

D) reinforcement is necessary for learning.

74. Social learning theory emphasizes the importance of _____ as a mechanism of development.

A) imitation B) punishment C) contexts D) reinforcement

75. Albert Bandura was a proponent of which theory?

A) psychosocial theory B) ecological theory C) behaviourism D) social learning theory

Page 13

76. Bandura's theory did all of the following EXCEPT: A) emphasize the role of cognitive aspects of learning.

B) hold that direct reinforcement is required for learning.

C) focus on the role of observations of others.

D) acknowledge the active role children play in their own development.

77. Bandura came to emphasize the role of all of these factors EXCEPT: A) attention.

B) memory.

C) retrieval.

D) role taking.

78. _____ is an example of the way in which children play an active role in their own development.

A) Reciprocal determinism B) Behaviour modification C) Operant conditioning D) Systematic desensitization

79. Which statement is an example of reciprocal determinism?

A) A child becomes fearful of snakes after being bitten by one.

B) A child who tends to treat others with kindness influences her peers' behaviour, which in turn influences the child.

C) A child with poor academic self-efficacy is more likely than other children to withdraw from school work.

D) A child continues to throw temper tantrums because he gets what he wants as a result.

80. A person's beliefs about how well he or she can control his or her behaviour, thoughts, and emotions in order to achieve a desired goal are referred to as: A) reciprocal determinism.

B) self-esteem.

C) perceived self-efficacy.

D) intelligence.

Page 14

81. Of these statements concerning perceived self-efficacy, which is true? Statement A: Perceptions of self-efficacy in various domains function independently. Statement B: Perceived self-efficacy has little impact on behaviour.

A) Statement A only B) Statement B only C) both Statement A and Statement B D) neither Statement A nor Statement B

82. _____ theories are primarily concerned with children's ability to think and reason about their own and other people's thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviour.

A) Social learning B) Ecological C) Psychoanalytic D) Social cognitive

83. With respect to the nature of children and development, theories of social cognition emphasize: A) self-socialization.

B) reinforcement and imitation.

C) the stages children progress through as they develop.

D) the contexts of which children are a part.

84. On the issue of continuous versus discontinuous development, theories of social cognition: A) view development as continuous.

B) view development as discontinuous.

C) vary as to whether they view development as continuous or discontinuous.

D) see the issue of continuity versus discontinuity as irrelevant.

85. Role taking refers to: A) adopting the perspective of another person.

B) forming a solid identity.

C) becoming intimate with another person.

D) deciding on a career path.

86. According to Selman, young children's thinking about other people is: A) surprisingly abstract.

B) egocentric.

C) complex.

D) unrelated to their level of cognitive development.

Page 15

87. According to Selman, 6- to 8-year-old children: A) believe that others' different perspectives stem from possession of different knowledge.

B) realize that others have different perspectives and are able to think about others' points of view.

C) are able to systematically compare their own and another person's points of view.

D) believe that others cannot have a different perspective from their own.

88. According to Selman, children in stage 4: A) believe that others' different perspectives stem from possession of different knowledge.

B) realize that others have different perspectives and are able to think about others' points of view.

C) are able to systematically compare their own and another person's points of view.

D) attempt to understand others' views by comparing them to the generalized other.

89. Which statement about Selman's stage theory of role taking is true?

A) Before adolescence, children are unable to acknowledge the existence of perspectives different from their own.

B) Children's progress through the stages is strongly related to their progress through Piaget's stages.

C) Although the theory describes stages, Selman believed that most individuals progress through these changes in a continuous fashion.

D) By approximately age 10, children can assess whether another person's view is typical of most people in their social group.

90. To examine children's use of aggression in dealing with social problems, Dodge and his colleagues: A) interviewed children about why they are aggressive with their peers.

B) examined the contexts in which children display aggression.

C) examined whether aggressive children are able to take the perspective of others.

D) presented children with hypothetical stories in which they were the victims of another child's ambiguous actions.

91. According to Dodge's information-processing theory of social problem solving, aggressive children's primary problem is that they: A) have a bias in their interpretations of others' behaviours.

B) expect aggressive behaviour to be useful in getting along with others.

C) do not possess the ability to formulate socially acceptable goals.

D) have a poor capacity to generate strategies to achieve their goals.

Page 16

92. While Alex is swinging on the school playground's monkey bars, he kicks Michael on the shoulder. If Michael has a hostile attributional bias, he will believe: A) Alex kicked him intentionally.

B) Alex kicked him accidentally.

C) he got in Alex's way.

D) he deserved to be kicked.

93. A hostile attributional bias is a likely result of: A) poor perceived self-efficacy.

B) a maladaptive pattern of reinforcement and punishment.

C) physical abuse.

D) an entity theory of aggression.

94. With his information-processing theory of social problem solving, Kenneth Dodge is particularly interested in children's: A) ability to take the perspective of others.

B) use of aggression as a strategy.

C) propensity to learn from others' rewards and punishment.

D) reactions to failure.

95. Children who demonstrate a mastery orientation in response to failure: A) tend to focus on their own evaluations of themselves rather than others' evaluations of them.

B) believe that intelligence is a fixed trait.

C) believe that they are smart in nearly all contexts.

D) give up when they experience failure.

96. An entity/helpless orientation refers to the: A) belief that intelligence can grow as a result of experience.

B) belief that intelligence is fixed.

C) tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure.

D) tendency to attribute success and failure to amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure.

Page 17

97. All of these concepts belong together EXCEPT: A) entity theory.

B) helpless orientation.

C) performance goals.

D) effort.

98. All of these concepts belong together EXCEPT: A) incremental theory.

B) mastery orientation.

C) performance.

D) learning goals.

99. Reza tends to base his self-worth on the approval he receives or does not receive from other people. When given a choice, he is likely to choose situations in which he can _____. He is considered to have an _____ orientation.

A) be assured of success; entity/helpless B) be assured of success; incremental/mastery C) enjoy the challenge of a difficult problem; entity/helpless D) enjoy the challenge of a difficult problem; incremental/mastery

100. Eliza tends to base her self-worth on her own effort and learning. When given a choice, she is likely to choose situations in which she can _____. She is considered to have an _____ orientation.

A) be assured of success; entity/helpless B) be assured of success; incremental/mastery C) enjoy the challenge of a difficult problem; entity/helpless D) enjoy the challenge of a difficult problem; incremental/mastery

101. Bernard believes that his intelligence is fixed and that there is little he can do to change it. When Bernard encounters failure, he would be expected to: A) work persistently to solve the problem.

B) believe that his failure is due to a lack of effort.

C) believe he is still smart regardless of the failure.

D) feel helpless.

Page 18

102. Rhonda believes that her intelligence can grow with experience. When Rhonda encounters failure, she would be expected to: A) work persistently to solve the problem.

B) believe that her failure is due to a lack of ability.

C) believe she is dumb.

D) feel helpless.

103. A person who believes that intelligence can grow as a function of experience is considered by Dweck and her colleagues to have a(n) _____ theory of intelligence.

A) learning B) entity C) incremental D) mastery

104. A person who believes that intelligence is fixed is considered by Dweck and her colleagues to have a(n) _____ theory of intelligence.

A) learning B) entity C) incremental D) mastery

105. According to the text, which type of praise or criticism would be MOST likely to be associated with children developing an incremental/mastery orientation in response to failure?

A) “I think you need to try harder.”

B) “You're very smart at these problems.”

C) “You just can't do math.”

D) “I'm proud of you.”

106. Research by Dweck and colleagues on the association between individuals' theories of intelligence and their math achievement demonstrated that: A) ability-focused praise had a positive influence on math achievement.

B) 7th-grade students with an entity theory of intelligence had stable math scores over 2 years.

C) teaching students to modify their theory of intelligence can lead to an improvement in their grades.

D) all of these are true.

Page 19

107. Which concept is MOST closely related to a hostile attributional bias?

A) entity theory B) incremental theory C) performance goals D) learning goals

108. One of the most notable contributions of social cognitive theories is that they: A) can advise parents on how to deal with children's problematic behaviour.

B) view the effect of children's social experience as dependent on their interpretations of the experiences.

C) focus on the role of the unconscious.

D) concentrate on the influence of biological factors on development.

109. Social cognitive theories are considered somewhat incomplete because they fail to: A) discuss the role of biological factors in development.

B) see children as actively involved in their own development.

C) fully consider cognitive factors.

D) have any real-world implications.

110. Ecological theories of development stress the importance of: A) self-socialization.

B) reinforcement and imitation.

C) the stages children progress through as they develop.

D) children as a part of larger contexts.

111. The active role children play in their own development is a central focus of: A) the bioecological approach.

B) all ecological theories of development.

C) ethology.

D) evolutionary psychology.

112. The theory that is primarily concerned with the survival value of particular behaviours is _____ theory.

A) social learning B) ethological C) psychoanalytic D) social cognitive

Page 20

113. Imprinting is of particular concern to _____ theorists.

A) bioecological B) psychoanalytic C) ethological D) social learning

114. Ethological theorists draw a parallel between imprinting in other animals and _____ in humans.

A) the extended period of immaturity B) play preferences of males and females C) innate visual preferences for an oval shape with more components in the top half D) the critical period for attachment

115. Which condition would be the MOST interesting to an ethological theorist?

A) aggression B) role taking C) societal value placed on independence D) divorce

116. In a study that examined the amount of time male and female newborns looked at human faces and at mobiles, results demonstrated that: A) both male and female infants primarily looked at mobiles.

B) both male and female infants primarily looked at faces.

C) male infants looked longer at mobiles and female infants looked longer at faces.

D) female infants looked longer at mobiles and male infants looked longer at faces.

117. Ethological theorists hypothesize that the play preferences of males and females are due to: A) parents' encouragement.

B) evolved predispositions.

C) imprinting.

D) the desire to be like others of the same sex.

118. Evolutionary psychology is primarily concerned with: A) the effects of various levels of context on human development.

B) understanding how humans are similar to and different from other animals, especially other primates.

C) the differences between developing within species-typical environments and developing within species-atypical environments.

D) the application of natural selection and adaptation to human behaviour.

Page 21

119. Evolutionary psychologists suggest that the prolonged period of human children's immaturity is: A) wasteful.

B) a result of the nested structure of human contexts.

C) caused by parents' reinforcement of children's immature behaviour.

D) adaptive.

120. According to evolutionary psychologists, all of these situations are associated with the large size of the human brain (relative to body size) in comparison with other species EXCEPT: A) birth occurring at a more mature stage of development.

B) increased social complexity.

C) prolonged period of immaturity and dependence.

D) high level of neural plasticity.

121. Many evolutionary psychologists believe that _____ is(are) an evolved platform for learning.

A) computers B) books C) school D) play

122. Evolutionary psychologists posit that parents spend the great deal of time and resources that they do in raising their children because: A) their genes will be perpetuated only if their children survive long enough to reproduce.

B) they have been socialized to do so by imitating their own parents.

C) their children's affection and attention serve as positive reinforcements.

D) their children are imprinted on them.

123. Parental-investment theory can be used to explain: A) differences in rates of child abuse perpetrated against biological children versus stepchildren.

B) imprinting.

C) societal changes in views of women in the workforce.

D) hostile attributional biases.

Page 22

124. Parental-investment theory explains the higher rate of murder committed by stepfathers against stepchildren than of murder committed by fathers against biological children in terms of the difference in: A) time spent with the children.

B) genetic similarity.

C) attachment.

D) societal endorsement.

125. In Canada, at which age is a child MOST likely to be murdered by his or her parent?

A) 1 year B) 3 years C) 5 years D) 7 years

126. In which of the following scenarios is an unintended death of a child (e.g. a drowning) MOST likely to happen?

A) in a single parent home B) when the child is being raised by his or her grandparents C) when a child is being raised by his or her biological parents who are in the midst of separating D) in a household with at least one step-parent

127. Evolutionary psychology would be MOST likely to support which piece of advice to pregnant women?

A) Provide fetuses with as much extra stimulation as possible while they are still in the womb: play loud music, shine bright lights, and eat particularly spicy foods.

B) Provide fetuses with as little stimulation as possible while they are in the womb by remaining in quiet, dark places and avoiding strongly flavored foods.

C) Allow a natural level of stimulation to fetuses while they are in womb: do not bombard the fetus with extra stimulation but also do not overly restrict stimulation.

D) Do everything possible to deliver the baby several weeks early so that the infant can get a head start on the stimuli typical of contemporary human culture.

128. Bronfenbrenner was the founder of: A) the bioecological model.

B) the theory of social cognition.

C) the psychosexual perspective.

D) behaviourism.

Page 23

129. The bioecological model views development as due to: A) nature.

B) nurture.

C) the interaction between nature and nurture.

D) nature when a person is young and nurture as the person gets older.

130. The bioecological model stresses the _____ nature of all relationships within the microsystem.

A) one-dimensional B) direct C) indirect D) bidirectional

131. The family is part of which level of the bioecological model?

A) mesosystem B) microsystem C) macrosystem D) chronosystem

132. _____ is part of the mesosystem.

A) Parents' contact with a child's soccer coach B) Societal importance placed on athletic prowess of boys C) A child's soccer team D) A father's job as a truck driver

133. _____ is part of the exosystem.

A) Parents' contact with a child's soccer coach B) Societal importance placed on athletic prowess of boys C) A child's soccer team D) A father's job as a truck driver

134. The macrosystem involves the: A) settings in which the child is not a direct participant.

B) temporal dimension.

C) general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society.

D) activities, roles, and relationships in which the child directly participates.

Page 24

135. _____ is part of the macrosystem.

A) The societal belief that men should be breadwinners B) A father's job loss C) The societal shift in the employment status of women over the past decade D) A mother's practice of taking her daughter to work on Take Your Daughter to Work Day

136. The chronosystem involves the: A) settings in which the child is not a direct participant.

B) temporal dimension.

C) general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society.

D) activities, roles, and relationships in which the child directly participates.

137. _____ is part of the chronosystem.

A) The societal belief that men should be breadwinners B) A father's job loss C) The societal shift in the employment status of women over the past decade D) A mother's practice of taking her daughter to work on Take Your Daughter to Work Day

138. The mesosystem involves the: A) settings in which the child is not a direct participant.

B) general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society.

C) activities, roles, and relationships in which the child directly participates.

D) connections among the contexts in which the child directly participates.

139. The exosystem involves the: A) settings in which the child is not a direct participant.

B) temporal dimension.

C) general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society.

D) connections among the contexts in which the child directly participates.

140. The age of the child is part of the _____ of the bioecological model.

A) mesosystem B) microsystem C) chronosystem D) macrosystem

Page 25

141. Which characteristic is common among parents who maltreat their children?

A) poor impulse control B) low self-esteem C) strong negative reactions to stress D) all of these

142. Which factor associated with child maltreatment is NOT within the microsystem?

A) parental alcohol dependence B) community violence C) children who are handicapped D) abusive spousal relationship

143. Parents who maltreat their children: A) always have a dependency on alcohol or illegal drugs.

B) tend to have poor social support.

C) are usually fathers.

D) are always poor.

144. In regard to the association between children's behaviours and child maltreatment, children who are maltreated: A) do not differ in temperament from other children.

B) are so poorly behaved that they are to blame for their maltreatment.

C) are more likely to have difficult temperaments than are other children.

D) are likely to have easygoing temperaments and thus have difficulty defending themselves against the abuse.

145. Children with ADHD: A) tend to be of below-average intelligence.

B) typically show severe emotional disturbances.

C) have difficulty inhibiting impulses to act.

D) are more likely to be female.

146. In Canada, approximately what percentage of male children have been diagnosed with ADHD? A) 2% B) 4% C) 7% D) 8%

Page 26

147. Which factor associated with child maltreatment is within the child's exosystem?

A) poor parental self-esteem B) difficult temperament C) parental drug dependence D) unemployment

148. Which factor involved in ADHD is part of the chronosystem?

A) perception of drug companies that ADHD drugs will be profitable B) FDA evaluation of ADHD medications C) requirement that children sit still and concentrate while at school D) advent of compulsory schooling

149. Which condition is NOT more common among children and adolescents who are maltreated than among their peers?

A) self-reliance and independence from teachers B) problems with peer relationships C) less secure attachments with parents D) eating disorders

150. Media is located in which bioecological level?

A) exosystem B) macrosystem C) microsystem D) mesosystem

151. The program implemented by Bugental in an experimental effort to prevent child maltreatment focused particularly on the: A) mesosystem.

B) microsystem.

C) exosystem.

D) chronosystem.

152. The promising child maltreatment intervention program described in the text focused on: A) parents' substance abuse.

B) parents' interpretations of their children's behaviour.

C) social support.

D) children's temperaments.

Page 27

153. A child watching children's television in Canada in 2001 would see approximately how many acts of violence in one hour?

A) 10 B) 25 C) 40 D) 60

154. What percentage of children in Canada spend more than the recommended amount of time watching television?

A) 20% B) 40% C) 50% D) 70%

155. Children spend the MOST time in which activity?

A) going to school B) nonspecific play with friends C) athletics D) media interaction

156. Which statement about media and children is true?

A) Media violence has been found to have little impact on children's aggressive behaviour.

B) It is still unclear whether media violence has an impact on children's aggressive behaviour.

C) The evidence is clear that media violence has an immediate but not long-term effect on children's aggressive behaviour.

D) The evidence is clear that media violence has both an immediate effect and a long-term effect on children's aggressive behaviour.

157. Which of the following statements does NOT describe an effect of media violence on children?

A) Media violence heightens viewers' psychological arousal.

B) Media violence increases viewers' emotional sensitivity to violence.

C) Media violence teaches new behaviours and inspires imitation.

D) Media violence increases accessibility of viewers' own aggressive thoughts and tendencies.

Page 28

158. Which is NOT a characteristic of children who use media screens heavily?

A) more advanced social skills B) poorer grades C) higher levels of obesity D) lower arousal levels when viewing violence

159. _____ is an example of a weapon against the negative effects of media on children that occurs at the microsystem level.

A) Parental control of children's access B) Legal controls C) Nonviolent media D) Regulation of advertising

160. _____ is an example of a weapon against the negative effects of media on children that occurs at the macrosystem level.

A) Parental control of children's access B) Community center programs aimed at children C) School-based programs to educate children about the effects of media D) Regulation of advertising 161. Which description BEST expresses the issue on which the concern about the “digital divide” is centered?

A) children from different backgrounds having progressively less opportunity to interact as computer use becomes more common B) difference in the access to and knowledge of computers among children from different economic backgrounds C) decreased computer use by children as their families' economic health decreases with job loss and/or homelessness D) all of these

162. Which statement about children's exposure to pornography is true?

A) Most pornographic Web sites require adult verification.

B) The number of pornographic Web sites is very small, preventing children from having ready access.

C) Exposure to pornography is associated with tolerance of aggression toward women.

D) Exposure to pornography is associated with less tolerance of extramarital sex.

Page 29

163. The fact that 30% of Canadian children would give their real names and addresses to sign up for a Web site is a concern to adults for which reason?

A) It makes the children susceptible to pedophiles.

B) It suggests the children may not be good decision makers when it comes to school.

C) It indicates that children care more about the digital world that the “real” world.

D) It makes children more susceptible to advertisers of unhealthy foods and beverages.

164. Which of these is NOT associated with growing up in an affluent family in comparison to growing up in a middle-class family?

A) increased substance abuse B) increased anxiety C) decreased feelings of maternal closeness D) increased happiness

165. Which characteristic is common in affluent families?

A) academic pressure B) diminished family time C) unsupervised time at home D) all of these

Page 30

Answer Key 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. D 11. B 12. D 13. D 14. A 15. A 16. B 17. C 18. D 19. D 20. C 21. B 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. B 26. B 27. C 28. C 29. A 30. D 31. C 32. C 33. A 34. A 35. A 36. D 37. B 38. C 39. A 40. D 41. C 42. B 43. D 44. C

Page 31

45. B 46. A 47. B 48. A 49. C 50. C 51. B 52. A 53. D 54. D 55. B 56. D 57. D 58. A 59. A 60. B 61. B 62. C 63. A 64. D 65. C 66. D 67. B 68. D 69. C 70. C 71. C 72. C 73. D 74. A 75. D 76. B 77. D 78. A 79. B 80. C 81. D 82. D 83. A 84. C 85. A 86. B 87. A 88. D 89. B 90. D

Page 32

91. A 92. A 93. C 94. B 95. A 96. C 97. D 98. C 99. A 100. D 101. D 102. A 103. C 104. B 105. A 106. C 107. A 108. B 109. A 110. D 111. A 112. B 113. C 114. C 115. A 116. C 117. B 118. D 119. D 120. A 121. D 122. A 123. A 124. B 125. A 126. D 127. C 128. A 129. C 130. D 131. B 132. A 133. D 134. C 135. A 136. B

Page 33

Test Bank for How Children Develop Fourth Edition

137. C 138. D 139. A 140. C 141. D 142. B 143. B 144. C 145. C 146. C 147. D 148. D 149. A 150. A 151. B 152. B 153. C 154. C 155. D 156. D 157. B 158. A 159. A 160. D 161. B 162. C 163. A 164. D 165. D

Page 34

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters