Development across the life span 7th edition feldman test bank

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Chapter 8 Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years

8-1. According to Erikson, what is the term for development that encompasses changes both in the understanding individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others’ behavior(s)? a) b) c) d)

initiative-versus-guilt self-concept psychosocial development individualistic orientation

Answer: c Page: 241 Level: Medium LO: 8-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-2. Who was the psychoanalyst who suggested that during the preschool years, children face conflict relating to initiative? a) b) c) d)

Freud Erikson Vygotsky Skinner

Answer: b Page: 241 Level: Medium LO: 8-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.4 8-3. The preschool years largely encompass what Erikson called the ____________ stage. a) b) c) d)

self-concept autonomy-versus-shame individualistic orientation initiative-versus-guilt

Answer: d Page: 241 Level: Medium LO: 8-1 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-4. According to Erikson, children 3 to 6 years of age experience conflict between independence of action and the results of that action during the a) b) c) d)

initiative-versus-guilt stage. autonomy-versus-shame stage. individualistic orientation. collectivistic orientation.

Answer: a Page: 241 Level: Medium LO: 8-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

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8-5. When 4-year-old Allison is allowed to decide what to wear from several choices her mother presents to her, she is likely to develop a) b) c) d)

initiative. autonomy. self-concept. individualistic orientation.

Answer: a Page: 241 Level: Difficult LO: 8-1 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-6. Five-year-old Randy is in preschool, and his teacher is trying to show him how to use a pair of children’s scissors to cut paper. Randy tries to show his independence and ability to use the scissors without assistance and says to his teacher, “Let me.” Erikson may say that Randy is demonstrating what stage of development? a) b) c) d)

individualistic orientation psychosocial development initiative-versus-guilt self-concept

Answer: c Page: 241 Level: Medium LO: 8-1 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-7. Five-year-old Wendel is new to his kindergarten classroom. His teacher tries to use open and friendly questions to build rapport with him. His teacher asks him what he is good at and what he likes. Wendel responds “I can run fast” and “I like to eat pizza.” Wendel’s responses are examples of his a) b) c) d)

individualistic orientation. autonomy. self-concept. psychosocial development.

Answer: c Page: 241 Level: Medium LO: 8-1 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-8. What is the term for a person’s identity, or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual? a) b) c) d)

individualistic orientation self-concept psychosocial development ego

Answer: b Page: 241 Level: Medium LO: 8-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-9. Preschool-age children’s view of themselves also reflects the way their culture views self.

For example, many Asian societies tend to have

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a) b) c) d)

an individualistic orientation. self-concept orientation. a collectivistic orientation. nationalistic orientation.

Answer: c Page: 241 Level: Medium LO: 8-1 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.3 8-10. What is the term for the philosophy that promotes interdependence? a) b) c) d)

nationalism collectivistic orientation individualistic orientation socialism

Answer: b Page: 241 Level: Medium LO: 8-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-11. Western cultures, unlike many Asian cultures, foster a view of self that is reflected in a(n) a) b) c) d)

self-concept. collectivistic orientation. initiative-versus-guilt stage. individualistic orientation.

Answer: d Page: 241 Level: Medium LO: 8-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.3 8-12. The philosophy of ______________ emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual. a) b) c) d)

psychosocial development eastern culture collectivistic orientation individualistic orientation

Answer: d Page: 241 Level: Medium LO: 8-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-13. Robbie is a 4-year-old boy in the U.S. who is encouraged to stand out from the rest and make his needs known. Sean is a 4-year-old boy in Japan who is encouraged to blend in and refrain from making himself distinct. Robbie is growing up with a(n) _________, and Sean is growing up with _______. a) b) c) d)

self-concept; no self-concept self-concept; a collectivistic orientation individualistic orientation; a collectivistic orientation individualistic orientation; no self-concept

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Answer: c Pages: 241 Level: Medium LO: 8-1 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-14. What is the term for the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people? a) b) c) d)

race dissonance ethnic preference race identity cultural identity

Answer: a Page: 242 Level: Medium LO: 8-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-15. Four-year-old Sheila, an African American, is asked to choose between pictures of white children and black children. According to research regarding racial dissonance, Shelia is most likely to have negative feelings toward a) b) c) d)

pictures of white children. pictures of black children. pictures of black and white children together. neither of the pictures.

Answer: b Page: 242 Level: Medium LO: 8-2 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-16. Gender, the sense of being male or female, is well established by the time children are a) b) c) d)

adolescent age. around 8 years old. infants. preschool age.

Answer: d Page: 243 Level: Easy LO: 8-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-17. On the preschool playground, which of the following couples is most likely to be playing together before the others? a) b) c) d)

a Hispanic American girl and a Caucasian American boy an African American boy and a Hispanic American girl a Caucasian American boy and a Hispanic American boy an African American girl and a Caucasian American girl

Answer: d Page: 243 Level: Medium LO: 8-2 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-18. What is a sex-related biological characteristic that affects gender-based behaviors? a) height and weight b) hormones

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c) brain size/development d) prenatal development Answer: b Page: 244 Level: Medium LO: 8-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-19. Research indicates that when girls are exposed to unusually high levels of ________ prenatally, they are more likely to display stereotypical male behaviors. a) b) c) d)

testosterone estrogen androgens toxins

Answer: c Page: 244 Level: Medium LO: 8-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.3 8-20. The ____________ approach believes children learn gender-related behaviors and expectations by observing others and how they are rewarded for acting in gender-appropriate ways. a) b) c) d)

Freudian social learning Erikson’s conflict resolution individualistic orientation

Answer: b Page: 245 Level: Medium LO: 8-2 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.4 8-21. What is the term for the perception of oneself as male or female? a) b) c) d)

sexual identity individualistic orientation gender schema gender identity

Answer: d Page: 246 Level: Medium LO: 8-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-22. In order to develop a(n) ___________, a child must develop a(n) ________. a) b) c) d)

gender schema; gender identity gender identity; gender schema self-concept; gender identity individualistic orientation; gender schema

Answer: b Page: 246 Level: Difficult LO: 8-2 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.3 8-23. When a preschool-age child is developing a gender schema, he/she is

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a) developing his/her own sexual identity based on inborn expectations. b) increasing his/her own cognitive abilities to develop “rules” about what is right and wrong for males and females. c) developing his/her own ideas about how males and females are biologically different. d) developing his/her behaviors solely around what he/she sees from parents’ behavior(s).

Answer: b Page: 246 Level: Difficult LO: 8-2 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.3 8-24. Five-year-old Amy is getting dressed to go to preschool, and her mother has bought her brand new jeans to wear. However, Amy refuses and insists that girls wear only dresses. This may be an example of a) b) c) d)

gender constancy. autonomy. gender schema. gender identity.

Answer: c Page: 246 Level: Difficult LO: 8-2 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-25. _______________ is the belief that people are permanently males or females depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors. a) b) c) d)

Gender schema Gender constancy Gender identity Sexual identity

Answer: b Page: 246 Level: Difficult LO: 8-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-26. At approximately what age do boys and girls tend to understand the concept of gender constancy? a) b) c) d)

4 or 5 years of age 3 years of age 8 years of age 2 years of age

Answer: a Page: 246 Level: Difficult LO: 8-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-27. The concept that preschool-age children believe that differences in sex are based, not on biological factors, but on the differences in boys’ and girls’ appearance and/or behavior(s) is expressed by what researcher and theory? a) Skinner; social learning theory b) Freud; psychoanalytic theory

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c) Erikson; conflict-resolution theory d) Kohlberg; cognitive-developmental theory Answer: d Page: 246 Level: Difficult LO: 8-2 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.4 8-28. What is the term for a state in which gender roles encompass characteristics thought typical of both sexes? a) b) c) d)

gender identity androgynous gender schema gender constancy

Answer: b Page: 246 Level: Medium LO: 8-2 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-29. Marion and her husband Bill are trying to bring up their children, a boy and a girl ages 4 and 5 respectively, in exactly the same way: encouraging their son to demonstrate both assertiveness as well as tenderness, and encouraging their daughter to exhibit both independence and empathy. According to the researcher Sandra Bem, these parents are encouraging their children toward a) b) c) d)

gender constancy. gender schema. androgynous characteristics. gender identification.

Answer: c Page: 246 Level: Medium LO: 8-2 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-30. Preschoolers’ peer relationships are based on a) b) c) d)

care, protection, and direction. intellectual stimulation and cognitive growth. building skills through competition. the desire for companionship, play, and fun.

Answer: d Page: 248 Level: Medium LO: 8-3 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.3 8-31. Raul and Raymond are 3-years-old, and the main benefit they get out of being friends is a) b) c) d)

the enjoyment of carrying out shared activities. trust, support, and shared interests. the give-and-take of competing with each other in games. the intellectual stimulation of conversation and learning activities.

Answer: a Page: 248 Level: Medium LO: 8-3 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3

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8-32. What is the term for play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds? a) b) c) d)

constructive simple functional associative

Answer: c Page: 248 Level: Medium LO: 8-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-33. Which of the following is the best example of functional play? a) b) c) d)

skipping or jumping checkers adding items like cookies to see how many there are playing with Legos to build objects

Answer: a Page: 248 Level: Difficult LO: 8-3 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.2 8-34. Functional play is typical of a) b) c) d)

2-year-olds.

5-year-olds.

3-year-olds. infants.

Answer: c Page: 248 Level: Difficult LO: 8-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-35. What is the term for play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something? a) b) c) d)

functional parallel cooperative constructive

Answer: d Page: 248 Level: Medium LO: 8-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-36. When 4-year-old Anna uses Legos to build a playhouse, or puts a puzzle together, this is an example of a) b) c) d)

functional play. parallel play. constructive play. associative play.

Answer: c Page: 248 Level: Medium LO: 8-3 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3

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8-37. Constructive play is typical of a) b) c) d)

6-year-olds.

4-year-olds. infants.

3-year-olds.

Answer: b Page: 248 Level: Difficult LO: 8-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-38. What type of play involves action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other? a) b) c) d)

associative functional onlooker parallel

Answer: d Pages: 249 Level: Medium LO: 8-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-39. Melissa is sitting at her preschool table playing with a toy car, while Alex is sitting next to her playing with a toy car and making quiet engine sounds. These two children never interact together. What type of play are these two children engaged in? a) b) c) d)

parallel onlooker functional associative

Answer: a Pages: 249 Level: Medium LO: 8-3 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-40. What is the term for action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselves? a) b) c) d)

associative parallel onlooker functional

Answer: c Page: 249 Level: Medium LO: 8-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 8-41. Several 4-year-old boys are sitting at a table playing with cars in a makeshift race, and one boy stands by the table watching them. Occasionally, the boy who is standing calls out for the green car to go faster. This is an example of a) functional play.

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b) parallel play. c) onlooker play. d) associative play.

Answer: c Page: 249 Level: Medium LO: 8-3 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-42. What is the term for play in which two or more children actually interact with one another by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing? a) b) c) d)

functional associative parallel onlooker

Answer: b Page: 249 Level: Medium LO: 8-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-43. In preschool one day, 5 children decided to help each other build a fort with the items that were available to them. Each child took it upon him/herself to find objects in the classroom that could be put together to build a fort. This is an example of a) b) c) d)

associative play. parallel play. functional play. onlooker play.

Answer: a Page: 249 Level: Medium LO: 8-3 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-44. What is the term for play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests? a) b) c) d)

associative functional cooperative parallel

Answer: c Page: 249 Level: Medium LO: 8-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-45. Three children in the preschool class are working to complete puzzles, and they all take turns fitting in the pieces. This is an example of a) b) c) d)

cooperative play. associative play. parallel play. functional play.

Answer: a Page: 249 Level: Medium LO: 8-3 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3

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8-46. When do associative and cooperative play tend to become most common in children? a) b) c) d)

in infancy when children are 1- to 2-years-old when children are 2- to 3-years-old at the end of the preschool years

Answer: d Page: 249 Level: Easy LO: 8-3 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-47. The difference between a 3-year-old’s development of “pretend” compared to his/her development of “belief” can be illustrated by a) b) c) d)

show and tell. hide and seek. false belief task. truth or dare.

Answer: c Page: 251 Level: Difficult LO: 8-3 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 3.1 8-48. Children with autism find it particularly difficult to relate to others, in part, because they find it difficult to a) b) c) d)

listen to others. pay attention. understand what others are thinking. use visualization.

Answer: c Page: 251 Level: Difficult LO: 8-3 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-49. What is the term for parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, cold, and whose word is law? a) b) c) d)

authoritative involved authoritarian permissive

Answer: c Page: 252 Level: Medium LO: 8-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-50. Meredith’s 5-year-old friends at the playground run around from the rides to the slides, but Meredith’s mother told her she had to stay on the swings and not move to another place in the playground. When Meredith complained that the other children were allowed to play where they wanted, Meredith’s mother told her to stay on the swings “because I said so.” This is an example of

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a) b) c) d)

involved parenting. authoritarian parenting. permissive parenting. authoritative parenting.

Answer: b Page: 252 Level: Medium LO: 8-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 3.1 8-51. What is the term for parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children? a) b) c) d)

authoritarian authoritative involved permissive

Answer: d Page: 252 Level: Medium LO: 8-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-52. Billy is a 5-year-old child who does not have a regular bedtime, is permitted to neglect personal hygiene such as brushing his teeth, and doesn’t usually participate in any simple chores, such as picking up his toys in his room. It would appear that Billy parents’ style of parenting is a) b) c) d)

permissive. authoritarian. involved. authoritative.

Answer: a Page: 252 Level: Medium LO: 8-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 3.1 8-53. What is the term for parents who are firm, set clear and consistent limits, and try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way? a) b) c) d)

authoritarian permissive involved authoritative

Answer: d Page: 252-253 Level: Medium LO: 8-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-54. Five-year-old Benjamin and his younger sister were playing together in the living room, and his sister grabbed at the toy that Benjamin was playing with. He lashed out at his sister and punched her in the arm and took back the toy, making her cry. Benjamin’s mother immediately took Benjamin aside and, rather than punishing him, tried to explain how his choice of behavior made his sister cry, and that he needs to learn to share his toys. This is an example of what type of parenting style? a) authoritative

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b) permissive c) authoritarian d) uninvolved Answer: a Page: 252-253 Level: Medium LO: 8-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-55. What type of parents show almost no interest in their children and demonstrate indifferent, rejecting behavior(s)? a) b) c) d)

permissive authoritative authoritarian uninvolved

Answer: d Page: 253 Level: Medium LO: 8-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-56. Isabelle lives in a household where her parents are gone most of the time. Even when they are home, Isabelle goes to school with dirty clothes and no breakfast. What type of parents is Isabelle likely to have? a) b) c) d)

uninvolved permissive authoritarian authoritative

Answer: a Page: 253 Level: Medium LO: 8-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-57. In its most extreme form, _________ parenting results in neglect. a) b) c) d)

permissive authoritative uninvolved authoritarian

Answer: c Page: 253 Level: Medium LO: 8-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-58. The _________________ parenting style includes parental warmth, proactive teaching, calm discussion during disciplinary episodes, and interest and involvement in their children and peers’ activities. a) b) c) d)

authoritarian authoritative or supportive involved permissive

Answer: b Page: 253 Level: Medium LO: 8-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

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8-59. Maurice is a child of authoritarian parents. He is likely to grow up exhibiting all of the following characteristics EXCEPT a) b) c) d)

self-assertiveness. withdrawn behavior and low sociability skills. motivation to achieve. likeable and successful.

Answer: b Page: 253 Level: Medium LO: 8-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 3.1 8-60. Lucas is the child of permissive parents. He is likely to grow up exhibiting all of the following characteristics EXCEPT a) b) c) d)

dependent. moodiness. low social skills and self-control. assertive and cooperative behavior(s).

Answer: d Page: 253 Level: Medium LO: 8-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 3.1 8-61. Randy and Mandy are the children of authoritarian parents. They are likely to grow up exhibiting all of the following characteristics EXCEPT a) b) c) d)

little sociability. uneasy around peers. friendly and cooperative behavior. dependency upon their parents.

Answer: c Page: 253 Level: Medium LO: 8-4 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 3.1 8-62. Which of the following is the most frequent form of child abuse? a) b) c) d)

sexual psychological maltreatment physical neglect

Answer: d Page: 255 Level: Medium LO: 8-5 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-63. Approximately how many children are killed by their parents or caretakers every day? a) b) c) d)

10 5 15 25

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Answer: b Page: 255 Level: Difficult LO: 8-5 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-64. Approximately how many children are physically injured every year? a) b) c) d)

140,000 150,000 100,000 50,000

Answer: a Page: 255 Level: Difficult LO: 8-5 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-65. Steven is an abused 4-year-old child. Which of the following is NOT a likely contributor to his situation? a) Steven is a child who is fussy, resistant to control, and is not readily adaptable to new situations. b) Steven’s parents have a history of violence and marital conflict. c) Steven’s biological father is his abuser. d) Steven resides with a single-parent family who lives in poverty.

Answer: c Page: 255 Level: Moderate LO: 8-5 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-66. When considering the signs of child abuse, which of the following is LEAST likely to be an indication that a child has been abused? a) inappropriate attire (long sleeves and pants in hot summer weather) to cover marks or bruises b) over-affectionate behavior from the child; he/she wants to be held and nurtured all the time c) extreme behavior including highly aggressive or highly withdrawn or passive behavior d) feelings of pain for no apparent reason Answer: b Page: 255 Level: Medium LO: 8-5 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.3 8-67. While “spanking” may produce immediate compliance of children, the long-term side effects may include all of the following EXCEPT a) b) c) d)

poorer mental health for both child and parent. higher levels of delinquency and anti-social behavior. that children are taught that violence is an acceptable solution to problems. the child will develop a greater sense of independence and autonomy, and will adhere to social and cultural norms.

Answer: d Page: 256 Level: Medium LO: 8-5 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.3

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8-68. What is the term for the theory that the abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children? a) b) c) d)

psychological maltreatment victim-aggression theory cycle of violence hypothesis parent-child cycle

Answer: c Page: 256 Level: Difficult LO: 8-5 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 3.1 8-69. What percentage of children who are raised in abusive households grow up to be abusive parents themselves? a) b) c) d)

50% 33% 25% 40%

Answer: b Page: 256 Level: Difficult LO: 8-5 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-70. What is the term for abuse that occurs when parents or other caregivers harm children’s behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning? a) b) c) d)

cycle of violence hypothesis parent-child cycle victim-aggression theory psychological maltreatment

Answer: d Page: 257 Level: Medium LO: 8-5 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-71. Five-year-old Amanda is walking through the grocery store with her mother, and Amanda accidentally knocks over a display. Her mother is furious with her, calls Amanda names, and tells Amanda she is clumsy and stupid for causing a mess. This is an example of a) b) c) d)

cycle of violence hypothesis. child abuse. psychological maltreatment. authoritarian parenting style.

Answer: c Page: 257 Level: Medium LO: 8-5 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-72. What two parts of the limbic system in the brain can be permanently altered as a result of childhood abuse? a) prefrontal cortex and corpus callosum

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b) thalamus and corpus callosum c) temporal lobe and amygdala d) hippocampus and amygdala Answer: d Pages: 257 Level: Difficult LO: 8-5 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-73. The stress, fear, and terror accompanying abuse may also produce permanent changes in the brain due to _____________ of the ________. a) b) c) d)

understimulation; hypothalamus overstimulation; limbic system overstimulation; thalamus understimulation; amygdala

Answer: b Page: 257 Level: Difficult LO: 8-5 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-74. What is the term for the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical change? a) b) c) d)

psychological maltreatment cycle of violence hypothesis resilience character

Answer: c Page: 258 Level: Medium LO: 8-5 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-75. According to psychologist Emmy Werner, young children who are considered “resilient” have a) affectionate, easygoing, and good-natured temperaments. b) strong independent streaks that allow them to be able to function without nurturing and assistance from others. c) parents with excellent parenting skills. d) been brought up in households that have relatively few stressors.

Answer: a Page: 258 Level: Medium LO: 8-5 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-76. According to psychologist Emmy Werner, older children who are considered “resilient” a) are socially pleasant, outgoing, and have good communication skills. b) have strong independent streaks that allow them to be able to function without nurturing and assistance from others. c) have parents with excellent parenting skills. d) have been brought up in households that have relatively few stressors.

Answer: a Page: 258 Level: Medium LO: 8-5 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

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8-77. What is the term that refers to the changes in people’s sense of justice and of what is right and wrong, and in their behavior related to moral issues? a) b) c) d)

law and order morality moral development heteronomous morality

Answer: c Page: 259 Level: Medium LO: 8-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-78. According to Piaget, what is the term for the earliest, broad stage of moral thinking in which rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable? a) b) c) d)

preschool morality heteronomous morality resilience morality

Answer: b Page: 259 Level: Medium LO: 8-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-79. A group of 4 to 7-year-old children play a game of tag on the playground rigidly, assuming that there is only one way to play. This is an example of a) b) c) d)

resilience. preschool morality. heteronomous morality. incipient cooperation stage.

Answer: c Page: 259-260 Level: Medium LO: 8-6 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-80. A group of 7 to 10-year-old children are playing organized little league baseball. They have learned the formal rules of the game, and they play according to their shared knowledge; however, the rules are seen as unchangeable. Piaget would say that this is an example of a) b) c) d)

autonomous cooperation. heteronomous morality. incipient cooperation. resilience.

Answer: c Page: 260 Level: Medium LO: 8-6 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-81. When a child turns 10 years of age, he/she is able to, according to Piaget, be fully aware that formal game rules can be modified if the people playing agree. This is called a) autonomous cooperation.

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b) heteronomous morality. c) incipient cooperation. d) resilience.

Answer: a Page: 260 Level: Medium LO: 8-6 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.3 8-82. Prosocial behavior that is learned indirectly by observing the behavior of others is called a) b) c) d)

moral development. modeling. empathy. social learning.

Answer: b Page: 261 Level: Medium LO: 8-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-83. What is the term that describes helping behavior that benefits others? a) b) c) d)

immanent justice moral development autonomous cooperation prosocial behavior

Answer: d Page: 261 Level: Medium LO: 8-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-84. Clarice is a 5-year-old who is watching a movie and eating popcorn with her 3-year-old brother. Clarice’s brother finishes his popcorn long before Clarice, so she offers her brother some of her popcorn. Clarice’s mother praises her as a “good girl” for sharing. This is an example of a) b) c) d)

Piaget’s autonomous cooperation.

Piaget’s incipient cooperation. prosocial behavior of the social learning theory. modeling.

Answer: c Page: 261 Level: Medium LO: 8-6 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-85. According to the social learning theory, modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles in a process called a) b) c) d)

empathy. abstract modeling. immanent justice. autonomous cooperation.

Answer: b Page: 261 Level: Medium LO: 8-6 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-86. According to developmentalists, what lies at the heart of moral behavior?

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a) b) c) d)

cognitive ability empathy social skills development Freud’s “superego”

Answer: b Page: 262 Level: Medium LO: 8-6 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-87. What is the term for intentional injury or harm to another person? a) b) c) d)

anger retaliation aggression abuse

Answer: c Pages: 262 Level: Medium LO: 8-7 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-88. According to developmental research, what contributes to the decline of aggression in preschool children? a) b) c) d)

more access to better child care personality and social development of the child more authoritarian parenting more authoritative parenting

Answer: b Pages: 263 Level: Medium LO: 8-7 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 3.1 8-89. What is the term for the capability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity? a) b) c) d)

instrumental aggression relational aggression emotional self-regulation autonomous cooperation

Answer: c Page: 263 Level: Medium LO: 8-7 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-90. What is the term for aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal? a) b) c) d)

relational aggression instrumental aggression emotional aggression regulated aggression

Answer: b Page: 263 Level: Medium LO: 8-7 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

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8-91. Two boys, ages 3 and 4, are playing with cars, and both boys want the bigger red car. As one boy reaches for the red car, the other strikes him, knocking it out of his hand and taking the red car for himself. This is an example of a) b) c) d)

relational aggression. emotional aggression. regulated aggression. instrumental aggression.

Answer: d Page: 263 Level: Medium LO: 8-7 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-92. In the playground, Amanda calls Janey names, refuses to include her in the game of hopscotch, and makes fun of her. This is an example of a) b) c) d)

relational aggression. emotional aggression. regulated aggression. instrumental aggression.

Answer: a Page: 263 Level: Medium LO: 8-7 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-93. What is the term for nonphysical aggression that is intended to hurt another person’s psychological well-being? a) b) c) d)

psychological aggression instrumental aggression relational aggression emotional aggression

Answer: c Page: 263 Level: Medium LO: 8-7 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-94. Ethnologist Konrad Lorenz, evolutionary theorists and sociobiologists all suggest that aggression includes all of the following EXCEPT a) b) c) d)

a fighting instinct shared with the animal kingdom that stems from primitive urges. a learned behavior. a biological root of social behavior. a primitive urge that helps strengthen the species.

Answer: b Pages: 263 Level: Medium LO: 8-7 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-95. The social learning approach to aggression emphasizes that aggressive behavior is learned through a) direct reinforcement. b) biological and primitive urges.

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c) only direct methods. d) only indirect methods.

Answer: a Pages: 264 Level: Medium LO: 8-7 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-96. Bandura’s research indicates that when children watch adults modeling aggressive behavior with the Bobo doll, they are likely to a) b) c) d)

be frustrated. get frightened and angry. be as or more aggressive than the model. be less aggressive than the model.

Answer: c Pages: 264 Level: Difficult LO: 8-7 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.3 8-97. Despite the fact that results are primarily correlational, overwhelming research evidence suggests that observation of televised aggression leads to a) b) c) d)

no significant increase in aggressive behavior. increases in aggressive behaviors that can extend into adulthood. increases in aggression only for the male population. increases in aggression only for children who play violent video games.

Answer: b Pages: 265 Level: Medium LO: 8-7 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 2.3

ESSAY QUESTIONS 8-98. Briefly give explanations as to why “theory of mind” contributes to the changes in children’s play and social skills during preschool.

Answer: Using theory of mind, children are able to give explanations as to how others think and reason, and, therefore, behave. By age 2, children are able to understand that others have emotions. By age 3-4, children can distinguish between an idea in their mind and physical actuality. Preschoolers become more insightful regarding the motives and reasons behind people’s behavior. At age 4, children understand that people can be fooled or tricked. By the end of the preschool period, children can solve false belief problems.

Pages: 250-251 Level: Difficult LO: 8-4 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 3.1 8-99. Briefly explain each of the four major parenting styles identified by Diana Baumrind.

Answer: Authoritarian parents are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold. They value unquestioning obedience from their children. Permissive parents provide lax and inconsistent feedback, and expect little of their children. Authoritative parents are firm and set clear and

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consistent limits, but also are loving and emotionally supportive. Uninvolved parents show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached.

Page: 252-253 Level: Medium LO: 8-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-100. Briefly give some reasons why parents physically abuse children.

Answer: Although most parents who abuse their children later express bewilderment and regret their behavior, one reason for child abuse is that the line between permissible and impermissible punishment is vague. In the U.S., spanking is seen as often necessary and desirable, and half of mothers with children younger than four admit they have spanked their child. In some cultures outside the U.S., spanking is even more common. The American Academic of Pediatrics recommends no physical punishment is appropriate at all. The privacy of childcare in the U.S. (being raised in individual households) also contributes to the propensity to use physical abuse, which is less prevalent in societies where several adults, or the society as a whole, are responsible for how children are raised. Also, sometimes adults have unrealistic expectations for their children’s behavior.

Pages: 256 Level: Difficult LO: 8-5 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 3.1 8-101. Briefly explain the results of Bandura’s social learning experiment with aggression and the Bobo doll.

Answer: One group of preschool-age children watched a film of an adult playing aggressively with the Bobo doll, and another group of children watched a film of an adult playing calmly with Tinkertoys. Later, the children were led to feelings of frustration by being refused the opportunity to play with their favorite toy. Then the children were given access to the Bobo doll and the Tinkertoys. As predicted, the children modeled the behavior of the adult. Those who witnessed the aggressive model were more aggressive when playing, while those children who witnessed the less aggressive adult playing with the Tinkertoys were less aggressive when playing.

Pages: 264-265 Level: Difficult LO: 8-7 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.3 TRUE/FALSE 8-102. Preschool-age children usually underestimate their skills and knowledge across all domains of expertise.

Answer: False Page: 241 Level: Medium LO: 8-1 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-103. Preschool-age children have no knowledge of racial and ethnic identity.

Answer: False Page: 242 Level: Medium LO: 8-2 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2

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8-104. Research indicates that ethnic identity emerges in children at the same time that racial identity emerges.

Answer: False Page: 242 Level: Medium LO: 8-2 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 2.3 8-105. Preschool-age children do not have strict expectations, and do not follow stereotypes when it comes to gender-appropriate behaviors.

Answer: False Page: 243 Level: Medium LO: 8-2 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 3.1 8-106. The words “gender” and “sex” mean the same thing.

Answer: False Page: 243 Level: Medium LO: 8-2 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 3.1 8-107. Functional play involves doing something for the aim of creating some end product.

Answer: False Page: 248 Level: Medium LO: 8-3 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-108. Before the age of 3, most social activity involves simply being in the same place at the same time, without real social interactions.

Answer: True Page: 248 Level: Easy LO: 8-3 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-109. Because a typical 3-year-old’s understanding of “pretend” has developed, that means his/her understanding of “belief” has also completely developed.

Answer: False Page: 250 Level: Easy LO: 8-3 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 3.1 8-110. Most parents demonstrate a consistent parenting mode/style.

Answer: False Page: 254 Level: Medium LO: 8-4 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-111. Child abuse is typically a secret crime.

Answer: True Page: 255 Level: Medium LO: 8-5 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2 8-112. Studies show that when a child is reared in an abusive household, as an adult, he/she is also likely to abuse his/her own children.

Answer: False Page: 256 Level: Difficult LO: 8-5 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 2.3 8-113. Psychological maltreatment and physical abuse of children can produce permanent physical changes in the limbic system of the brain, which is responsible for regulation of memory and emotions.

Answer: True Page: 257 Level: Medium LO: 8-5 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 1.2

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8-114. The social learning theory approach to moral development mirrors Piaget’s approach.

Answer: False Page: 261 Level: Medium LO: 8-6 Type: Conceptual APA Outcome: 1.4 8-115. Preschool-age children rarely exhibit aggression.

Answer: False Page: 262 Level: Medium LO: 8-7 Type: Applied APA Outcome: 1.3 8-116. Children’s television programs contain less violence than found in other types of TV programs.

Answer: False Page: 265 Level: Medium LO: 8-7 Type: Factual APA Outcome: 3.1

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