Undergraduate Year 3 Work

Undergraduate Year 3 Work

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Horizons of Chaos

Darius Narmontas’

Table of Contents Brief Site Considerations

Context Analysis: Physical Properties of the Site Site SWOT analysis Weather Analysis Economical and Social Issues 2

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3D Fractal Geometry Experiments Exploring Fractal Rock Geometries

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Initial Sketches Design Development Through Sketching

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Final Project: 3D Printing Factory Worker Facilities Water Desalination Unit Housing Unit Type 1 Housing Unit Type 2 Vertical Farm Product Packaging Line Photobioreactor

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Individual Brief Narrative and technology is used in the project as drivers to create a programme for exploring synthetic landscapes and architectures. For the first stage Dante’s “Inferno” is simulated as a remote site using Dore’s engravings of the demon wing, fallen angels, khymeras. This is used as a computed tool to create models for the cantos. The first drawings are constructed using line drawings of derelict objects and structures. The constructed models are of a power station and a biofuel reactor system. The first part of the programme investigates energy sources and landscape geologies reviewing fractals from mineralogical samples as infinite spaces. The site in Holy Island is granite. The fractal geometries of stone are expanded to reveal interior architectures of the site as a virtual micro site of Gothic terrain. Some of these are manipulated to create perspective details of possible fractal Gothic interiors. The ornamental and decorative conditions of virtual programme fractal aesthetics are developed as materials for the detailing of the project as rhizomatic architecture.

Stage two is reassembling derelict element of industrial oil refinery architecture fused with fractal detailing to form a new self sustaining micro city.

The project is investigating a new type of architecture that: - Explores the digital fractal world as a new source of inspiration and architectural detailing - Uses existing industrial typographies and machinery as elements - that could be reused in the future but crafted from different materials - Does not distinguish nature from technology - Explores new energy and fabrication possibilities - Aims at creating systems that are more than self sufficient and are capable to produce materials that can be traded and used off site

The initial brief and sketches were used to generate ideas, drawings and designs for the final project. The poetic world of Dante’s “Inferno” was used to set the mood for the entire project. Technical objectives were adapted to respond to the visual narrative of the project.

Functions of the system: - A dredging platform to produce high grade sand suitable for 3D printing building elements - A factory capable of printing constructional and detailing elements for further expansion of the site - A water desalination plant to provide the buildings with clear water and extract magnesium from the water - An algae biofuel reactor system on Stack Island - A biofuel power plant - A hydroponic farm tower - Worker housing The aim is to create a self sustaining system that will act as an industrial estate that will produce building elements, fresh water, magnesium, food and energy.

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Initial Algae Photobioreactor Sketch Inspired by Dante’s “Inferno”

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Site Considerations The relevance of Dante’s “Inferno” in the expression of the landscape As the initial sketches were inspired by the writings of Dante Alighieri and engravings done by Gustave Dore, the poetic world of the “Inferno” played a key part in selecting the site for the project. The portrayed hell is a visual and allegorical masterpiece enriched by an extensive use of figurative language and concrete physical descriptions.

Dante’s representation of Hell was heavily inspired by Vergil’s Underworld. This comes as no surprise as Alighieri admired Vergil so much that he turned him into the guiding character that led Dante, the piligrim, in both the Inferno and Purgatorio. Dante used Vergil’s “Aeneid” to create the tools he needed to express his own vision of Hell. In the pursuit of creating his Christian vision of the afterlife he utilised the sixth book of “Aeneid” to structure his universe and to represent his concepts of justice and spiritual hierarchy.

The entrance to the “Inferno” plays a significant role in defining the boundary between the land of the living and the underworld. The main difference between the two worlds is that the poetic world of Dante lacks the concrete materiality of our world and is strongly expressed through the metaphysical properties embedded in the authors poetry. A gradual change in the light conditions accompanies Dante’s descent into hell. The metaphorical meaning of darkness is not always negative as expressed in Canto II: “The day was now departing; the dark air/ released the living beings of the earth from work and weariness...”. In this case the night acts as a liberating force freeing people from their daily routines and troubles, yet by the end of the canto darkness embodies a different idea. After Virgil’s uplifting speech about Beatrice the night embodies a crippling force that has an objective effect that contrasts life and the colourless world of the living lost souls. The relation between the lifeless and their lack of colour is easy to make and it is one of the dominating spatial and emotional features of Hell.

Gustave Dore’s illustrations and Dante’s “Divine Comedy” have become so entangled that even today Dore’s engravings form our visual concept of the “Commedia”. The apparent lack of colour has a strong connection with the “Inferno” and the poetic metaphor that was used to express the lifeless. The

illustrations match the poet’s vivid visual world and it was even speculated that Dore and Dante were communicating by occult. The shady and depressing environments convey despair to such extent that it seems to be a part of the fabric of Hell itself. The lack of morals and the expression of evil is evident in Dore’s engravings. The visual style and captured details of the Inferno look as if the poetry and the images were conceived by the same person. The dark yet expressive and cryptic environments capture the imagination of the viewer as he slowly drifts into the macabre world of the “Inferno”. The colourless quality of the images reflect deep emotions and a stronger sense of the contours of the environment.

The darkness embodies more than the immediate physical feature but also expresses the blindness of Hell and the lack of physical moral and spiritual values.

The value depth of Dore’s engravings represents the dark shades of the “Inferno” that depict the emotional, moral and spiritual sufferings of the lost souls.

The monumental significance of cliffs and mountains The landscape of the “Inferno” is shaped by cliffs and rock formations. These hard, impenetrable mountains and cliffs act as a barrier in the inferno, trapping the lifeless in the prison of Hell. The landscape embodies the monumental properties of the “Inferno” that are embodied and expressed through the boundaries and geographical contours of the cliffs. The emotional and poetic world of Dante could not exist without a set place and space in which the ambience could be developed.

While choosing a site it was very important to find a location that embodies the textures and light variations that are associated with the text and Dore’s engravings. Though careful selection a site near Holy island, Anglesey was selected due to the natural rock formations and environment that is highly reminiscent of the illustrations made by Gustave Dore.

Dante’s descent into Hell is used as a metaphorical driver both for choosing the site and visual seting for the project. The lack of colour is used as an opportunity to express geometry, depth and sculptural elements of decoration.

Gustave Doré’s illustration to Dante’s Inferno. Plate VIII: Canto III: The gate of Hell. “Abandon all hope ye who enter here” 8

Gustave Doré’s illustrations od Dante’s Inferno. Canto XII, Canto XXII.

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Context Analysis

An aerial photograph of the selected area in Anglesey for the potential building site

Location: Holy Island, Anglesy, United Kingdom The buildings will be located just off Holy Island and South Stack island in Wales.

Latitude: 53.3 Longitude: -4.7 11

Physical Properties of the Site Geomorphology The coastline from the breakwater and around the south western part of the site is made out of large granite cliffs rising sheer from the sea to 60 metres. 30 metres of turbulent sea separates Holy Island from the small islet known as South Stack Rock. One of the main attractions of the site is the South Stack Lighthouse which was opened due to the threat posed by the rocks to the vessels sailing the Irish sea. To reach the islet you need to go down 400 steps down the cliff face.

The islet is connected to the shore by a bridge. The lighthouse has been opened since 1809.

The site is also part of the nature reserve that is run by RSPB. The cliffs at South Stack annually provide thousands of seabirds nooks and crannies on which they can build their homes. Elin’s Tower is located on top of the cliffs and functions as the information centre for the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), who manage South Stack.

The cliffs are composed of the folded Precambrian greywackes of the South Stack formation. It is a Metamorphic Bedrock formation formed approximately 542 to 635 million years ago in the Edicarian Period Originally sedimentary rocks formed in the deep seas. Later altered by low-grade metamorphism.

According to the soil association map unit key the site is comprised of well drained very acid coarse loamy soils over sandstone with a bleached subsurface horizon.

Access: The site can by accessed by the main South Stack Road. The nearest train station stop is in Holyhead (3 miles away).

The no. 22 bus runs from Holyhead, Summer Hill stop to South Stack Kitchen.

The port of Holyhead is handling more than 2 million passengers each year.

Stena line and Irish Ferries sail from Holyhead to Dublin and DĂşn Laoghaire in Ireland.

An image showing the rock formations of Stack Island and nearby cliffs.

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Site SWOT analysis Strengths: - The site is already admired for its natural beauty.

- The proposed project will transform the site and create a new industry that will have a positive economical impact on the surrounding area and will provide raw materials for other industries.

- The site will provide inexpensive housing for the workers of the proposed complex.

- The site is not heavily populated by other buildings.

- The new buildings will attract even more people to the site.

- Fresh water, food and energy will be provided to the surrounding area and people.

Weaknesses: - The site is located in a nature reserve so care has to be taken to preserve the local environment - The initial deployment of the structures on the edge of the cliff will be expensive and will require external funding

Opportunities: - The closed down Wylfa power station may be an indication that the area needs a local power solution.

- The Hoyhead port nearby is a key international transport gateway with substantial trans-European traffic.

- The region is suffering from unemployment and economical difficulties. This can be used as a platform to gain funding and attract potential investors.

Threats: - The harsh weather of the area may influence the development of the project.

- Initial construction costs could delay the realisation of the project.

An image showing the rock formations of the cliffs.

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Weather Analysis The site experiences maritime climate just like the rest of the British Isles and Wales. The summers are cool and the winters are mild, often high winds, exacerbated by its location by the Irish Sea.

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Economical and Social Issues Local economical issues: Holyhead has been suffering from poverty, unemployment and deprivation for many decades. The recent welfare reform has caused adverse impact on the residents. Large scale work loss was caused by the closing down of two of the three main employers of the town in 2009 – 2010.

Holyhead is suffering from housing deprivation. There is a need for new affordable and age friendly homes. The town also scores high on the Housing, Income, and Employment deprivation ranking. Almost 2000 residents rely on work – related benefits.

The board of Anglesey Aluminium Metals decided to close the re-melt business in Holyhead. This is a second time people are laid off after the main plant closed four years ago leaving more than 400 staff out of work.

The persistence of these problems require a new approach to address the underlying issues.

Regional issues: Although Anglesey is the island of choice for working and living and working in one of the most attractive landscapes in the world it is suffering from high levels of migration of its young people, high levels of unemployment, significant levels of social deprivation, rural economic problems and problems with low skills employment sectors.

Anglesey has a higher than average levels of economic inactivity and unemployment with 2000 jobs lost in the last 10 years.

The GDP per head in Anglesey is well bellow the national average of 64%.

Economic forecasts predict that the prosperity gap between Anglesey and the rest of Wales/UK is expected to deteriorate in the next 10 years.

The region is over – dependant on a few key companies and the public sector, with 2% of companies employing 40% of the workforce.

The diagram shows the averag rank of the standard WIMD measurements for Holyhead. The town performs poorly on all indicators apart from “Access to services” The economical factors of Holyhead dipped in 2009 – 2010 when over 700 well paid jobs were lost. The Holyhead Travel to Work Area has the highest Job Seekers Allowance rate in Wales.

EATON Electrical closed in 2009 leaving 256 people without jobs. The corporation transferred their manufacturing to their German subsidiary whose factories can produce 20 times more circuit breakers a year than Holyhead.

10 wards on the Island represent 6% of the most deprived wards in Wales despite Anglesey having 2.5% of the Welsh population.

The outward migration of young people in Anglesey is the highest of any county in Wales.

The employment of the region has dropped by 21% since 1982. It is expected that employment growth will remain stagnant against significant growth in Wales as a whole.

The population of the island is ageing due to the inflow of older people.

A metal plant is due to close this year leaving more than 80 people unemployed.

Serious deprivation remains around Holyhead and Amlwch in particular.

Job Seekers Allowance claimants in Isle of Anglesey and Wales

Median house prices in Isle of Anglesey and Wales 175,000

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Isle of Anglesey

150,000

Wales

125,000

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House Price (£)

% of working age population

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100,000 75,000

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50,000

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25,000

Isle of Anglesey Wales

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Source: Department for Work and Pensions (from Nomis)

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Source: Department for Communities and Local Government

Key points: - Around 68,900 people live in Isle of Anglesey, which with 97 people per square kilometre is less populated than Wales as a whole.

- Life expectancy in Isle of Anglesey is slightly higher than the Welsh average.

- Around 74% of the working age population of Isle of Anglesey are economically active, and 2.8% claim Job Seekers’ Allowance. This compares to an economically active population of 75% for Wales, and 2.2% claiming Job Seekers’ Allowance.

- At £396, the median weekly pay for full-time workers in Isle of Anglesey is around £19 less than the Welsh median.

- 68% of the 28,400 households in the Isle of Anglesey are owner occupied. This compares to 71.3% for Wales.

- The median house price in 2006 was around £148,000. This was £15,500 more than the Welsh median.

- The Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2005 ranks specific small areas in Wales in terms of deprivation: 2% of Isle of Anglesey’s areas fall in the 10% most deprived areas in Wales, bu the majority of its areas are more deprived than the Wales average.

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3D Fractal Geometry Experiments

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Exploring Fractal Rock Geometries as a Driver for Architectural Detailing The term fractal was first used by Benoit Mandelbrot in the late 1970’s, but objects defined as fractal in form have been known to mathematicians and artists for centuries. Fractal geometry is quite a new subject as the first studies were only started in 1893 – 1973 by G. Julia.

According to the book called “ Fractals Everywhere” (M. Barnsley, 1988) one can get the impression that fractal formations can indeed be found and observed anywhere. The same applies to the location near Holyhead. The rock formations of the selected site heavily resemble fractal sets that tend to fill the whole space in which they are embedded and creates a highly irregular structure that is self replicating when viewed from increasing levels of magnification. This phenomenon can be observed by placing peaces of rock or granite under a microscope.

levels of detailing that conform to the definition of a fractal system.

The next stage of the experiments was to manipulate the fractal formulas to create interior images and detailing that could later on be used to detail and create structures for the proposed buildings.

The first fractal experiments were aimed at recreating geometry that resembles magnified rock structures appropriate to the project. The images were meant to represent both the microscopic structure of the rocks and the large scale rock formations alike.

Fractal geometry is already evident in architecture. Although most of the geometry used in buildings is Euclidean some fractal components can still be found.

An example of small scale fractal building decoration can be found in the cathedral of Anagni (Italy) where you can find a floor decorated with mosaics that resemble the Sierpinski Gasket fractal.

Fractals are clearly evident in the Gothic architecture style which is a good representation of Dante’s “Inferno” and has a direct religious link to the texts.

The rose windows and ceiling details are often self repeating and have multiple

Detail of the Anagni cathedral fragment.

The image above shows the initial image generated from a 3D fractal algorithm. The aim was to replicate the geometries found in volcanic rock and cliffs surrounding the chosen area in Wales so that the same algorithms and formulas could be used to create more detailed images. This creates a link between the context of the site and the experimental images. As more and more images were generated they became clearer and more decorative than abstract.v

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One of the first images resembling a rock formation

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Initial Sketches The initial site sketches combine fractal images with derelict technology. Various examples of military machinery, rifles, air craft and land vehicles were used as inspiration for the technical aspects of the project. The marine aspect of the site is expressed by incorporating elements of submarine craft. Inspired by the writings of Joris-Karl Huysmans, the images act as virtual collections of both objects and the embedded fractal geometries of the generated images. The aim was to create a balance between the man made (technology), the natural (rock formations) and the virtual (computer generated fractal imagery).

The first images show a large industrial estate developing alongside the cliffs of the selected site. The site develops as the cliff gets excavated and materials reused by 3D printing intricate geometrical spaces, voids and structures. The manufacturing facilities slowly take over the site and an industrial micro city develops as it keeps expanding.

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A sketch showing a possible design for the dredging platform based on an oil rig

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Design development through sketching The initial factory setting was abandoned for a more flexible system consisting of different modular buildings that could be replicated and positioned as needed. The sketches depict buildings in which technology, digital fractal worlds and the poetic worlds of Dante clash to create a total experience. The aim was to capture the emotional atmosphere of the Inferno and express it through the human relation to technology. The functional aspect of machinery plays a second role in spaces that are concentrated on pure emotion and ambience. The technological aspects of any building can always be solved, therefore the feelings captured in industrial architecture are more important in shaping the build-

ings and spaces. The monumental properties of the cliffs and rocks, expressed through the fractal detailing, play a key role in defining the ritual spaces. The occasionality of the building is embed in its context which in this case is the cliff formed by volcanic rock formations.

As some sketches explore the possibility to work directly with the rock and continuously excavate and reshape the environment, the later sketches explore the possibility of a system that has a relatively light impact on the site in terms of the footprint of the buildings. Contextual yet separated they show the division between the natural and the superimposed much like the entrance to the Inferno marks the boarder between the material world and the underworld.

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A sketch showing the tower like structure on which the smaller units can be hanged

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3D Printing Factory:

Main Supporting Structure:

Housing Unit Type 1:

A 3D printing tower used to print parts for new and existing buildings out of a rock type material that is achieved by mixing sand with a non organic binder.

A reinforced printed rock structure with couterweights and a steel frame to support the individual modules.

A small house designed for one to two people.

Worker Facilities

Water Desalination Unit:

Housing Unit Type 2:

A building that provides basic amenities for the workers of the 3D Printing Factory. Includes toilets, a storage room, a kitchenette and main office.

A water desalination system designed to provide fresh water for the project and material to produce magnesium.

A small studio type house designed to be inhabited by one person.

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Full Project Elevation Scale 1:400

Vertical Farm:

Product Packaging Line:

Designed to produce food and uses fractal geometry as a pattern to grow vegetables.

Building used to prepare and package the harvested vegetables for consumption on site and shipping.

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North West Elevation Scale 1:400

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South East Elevation Scale 1:400

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Site Plan Scale 1:400 50

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Perspective View

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Main Supporting Structure

Top Assembly: The top of the towers are shaped like aeroplane wings in order to withstand the harsh winds and help to keep the structure up.

Top Structure of the Towers: The hanging system of the towers provides flexibility and ease to position and deploy the modular buildings in a desirable position.

Counterweights are fitted to the side of the towers to help keep the buildings up.

Main Access Points: The main stairwells and elevators are located behind the main structures of the towers. All the buildings are connected to these points for easy access and means of escape.

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Perspective view of the top assembly of one of the towers.

3D rendered view The system allows the buildings to be repositioned or changed within the limits of the assembly.

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Initial 3D Building Printing Factory sketch based on photographs taken by Bernd and Hilla Becher

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3D Printing Factory Initial sketch: The initial sketch was made using photos taken by Bernd and Hilla Becher. The collaborative duo is best known for their photographic image series of typologies of industrial buildings and structures. Their first work was concentrated on documenting the disappearing German industrial architecture in 1959. Becher’s family worked at the Ruhr Valley steel works and therefore it became their first subject. The duo was fascinated by the similar shapes and attention to design.

Bechers took pictures of the entire industrial landscapes and then separate structures and buildings. This approach is similar to the strategy of this project.

The separate buildings will form an industrial landscape when assembled and hung on the main structures.

Rapid prototyping: Some of the finished architectural elements will be rapid prototyped on site using a sand printing system that resembles the commercially available “D-Shape 3D� printers.

The manufacturing process of the D-Shape system is similar to conventional inkjet printers as binder is sprayed on a layer of sand solidifying it to a concrete like material. The equipment is controlled by CAD 3D Computer technology and has incredible precision. Building parts or buildings themselves can be manufactured in a non stop session starting from the bottom and working up to the

top of the structure in sections of 5-10mm.

The solidification process takes 24 hours to complete. Any surplus materials can be reused on future builds.

The binder transforms sand into a marble like material that is superior to Portland Cement and does not need any iron reinforcement. The material is indistinguishable from real marble and is 100% environmentally friendly.

This new technology allows to create more complicated geometries through the utilisation of computer aided design. Any shape created by the architect can be produced with little to no compromises. The system is also more efficient and safer than traditional building methods.

Digital grotesque: Similar technology was used in the Digital Grotesque project created by Michael Hansmeyer and Benjamin Dillenburger.

Digital algorithms were used to create forms that appear both synthetic and organic. The topologically complicated architecture created by this process is purely geometrical. The resulting shapes are far more advanced than anything that is possible using traditional methods.

The project is situated between chaos and order. Any similarities to architectural styles are purely coincidental and not planned into the design process.

The project is not concerned with functionality and is focused on architectural expression and digital technologies.

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Final 3D rendered image of the Printing Tower in context

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3D Printing Factory The initial sketch was made using photos taken by Bernd and Hilla Becher. The collaborative duo is best known for their photographic image series of typologies of industrial buildings and structures. Their first work was concentrated on documenting the disappearing German industrial architecture in 1959. Becher’s family worked at the Ruhr Valley steel works and therefore it became their first subject. The duo was fascinated by the similar shapes and attention to design.

Bechers took pictures of the entire industrial landscapes and then separate structures and buildings. This approach is similar to the strategy of this project.

The separate buildings will form an industrial landscape when assembled and hung on the main structures.

3D Printing Factory The final render shows the building in context of the surrounding cliffs and sea.

The building functions as a 3D printer that prints architectural elements out of sand using a non organic binder. The centre core of the building is a steel frame mechanical assembly. Building parts are printed on a platform that is raised or lowered by 4 elevator motors controlled by the main computer. A crane is positioned above the printing assembly so that the finished element could lowered down on the dock through the bottom hatch. Sand is provided for the printer by the “grain elevator� system behind the main structure.

derived from the 3D fractal systems that were used to explore the geometries of the rock. The panels blend with the surrounding environment and introduce a direct connection with the context. The highly figurative decorative motives create a texture that has a similar typology to the surrounding cliffs. The panels are fixed to the main steel core of the building, therefore the structure is fully modular and can be disassembled and assembled on site.

The control room is hung next to the main building and can be positioned at any level and tied with the main stairwell that is the main access point. Both the control chamber and the stairwell are separate structures that can be repositioned according to needs. The printing system itself is fully automated.

The building is fully enclosed from the environment by large, highly figurative window panels that are based on fractal ornaments. The panels are fixed to the main core of the building and the side panels.

Worker facilities are located below the main building on the docks and include changing rooms, toilets, a kitchenette and an office. A crane nearby is used to lift the parts onto boats and shipping barges.

The building is hung on the main structure used as a scaffolding system to position the buildings on the site.

The side panels of the building are 3D printed and decorated with ornamentation

An image showing the 3D printer assembly from above with the roof removed

The 3D Printer is the first building erected on the site and is used to print panels and parts for the consecutive buildings. All elements can be customised and changed as needed. The 3D printer is the only way to quickly materialise the intricate fractal designs and ornamentation that is applied onto the panels of the buildings. The detailing is driven by computer generated geometry. Replacement parts can be printed as needed and the worn out parts grinded and reused as sand material for the printer.

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Side panels:

Control room:

Engraved side panels of the building printed out of side by the same 3D printing system.

Room holding the main control equipment of the system

Window assembly:

Bottom hatch:

Stairwell:

Main window frame based on fractal imagery

Used to lower finished parts onto the dock

Main access point to the building and the control room

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Image showing the building from top perspective view

The internal workings are based ont he D-Shape 3D printer that was used for the Digital Grotesque project

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Crane:

Sand refill system:

Printer head:

Used to hoist the finished peaces downward

A grain elevator type system to refill the sand tanks

Main printer assembly

Platform: Elevated platform that rases and lowers the part as it is printed

Main building core: A steel frame structure that holds the building together and acts as the chassis of the printer 62

Orthographic drawings

Front

Scale 1:100

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Front (South West) Section Scale 1:100

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Top roof plan. Scale: 1:100

Plan. Scale 1:100

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Worker Facilities: The building is located on the docks. The included facilities include male and female toilets, a disabled toilet, a kitchenette/ break room, storage facilities, security desk and the main office. The building acts as a shelter against the sea and weather in case of a heavy storm and therefore it has thick walls and is styled after a World War 2 bunker.

The layout of the building is very strict and linear. One must enter through the security room, then enter the corridor which has access to the storage lockers and the kitchenette, the storage room leads to the washing up area with toilets and an exit outside to the main tower access point. The office has a separate entrance for convenience and large windows to observe the loading dock.

Worker Facilities. Plan. Scale 1:50

Women’s toilets

Men’s toilets Kitchenette

Disabled people toilet

Washing up area

Locker room Security desk / Main entrance

Office room

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Orthographic Drawings

Scale 1:50

Front elevation (South West)

Front (South West) section

Back elevation

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Left (North West) Elevation

Bunker Reference Images:

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Right (South East) Elevation

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Final 3D image of the Water Desalination Unit

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Water Desalination Unit The building provides fresh water to the factory, vertical farm, the housing units and other buildings. It uses a 2 step filtering process that removes the hard particles from the sea water and then uses reverse osmosis to produce fresh water. The system has 2 main tanks: one for fresh water and the other one to store brine that would be used to extract magnesium and other minerals.

The system can be easily expanded by adding another unit and connecting it to the existing framework.

The sides of the building are decorated by fractal details and the window panels have a higly ornate pattern. The glazed sides of the building have openings for easy access to the equipment. The building itself is inspired by marine military equipment and aerodynamic design.

Water desalination: Currently the reverse osmosis membrane method has the highest energy efficiency among the desalination metho ds. The main active element in these systems is a filtration membrane. Impurities bigger than water molecules can not pass this barrier therefore are filtered. Fresh water and sea water are on opposite sides of the membrane. Pressure is applied on the sea water side so that the water molecules would move from the sea water side to the fresh water side to equal the pressure.

In the actual commercial reverse osmosis membrane the seawater passes through the centre of the spinning device with a cylinder shaped filtration membrane. The centrifugal force created by the spinning extracts the freshwater.

Production of Magnesium from Sea Water Desalination brines are a good source of recovering various minerals. It is usually advised to use this method in order to reduce the cost of water desalination.

Seawater is rich in various minerals such as sodium, magnesium, sulphur, calcium, potassium and etc. The earth is covered with seawater. The amount is equal to 1400 x 10^15 tons (1400 quadrillion tons). In 1kg of seawater with 3.5% salt, there is 19.35g chlorine, 10.77g of sodium, 1.29g of magnesium, 0.904g of sulfur, 0.412g of calcium, 0.391g of potassium, and so on.

The gross weight of magnesium in all the seawater in the world is approximately 1,800 trillion tons. Magnesium is an extremely valuable metal as it can be used in various metal alloys, magnesium cement and even energy production.

More than 33% of magnesium is already produced out of saline sources, mainly seawaters. Magnesium in sweater is found as MgCl2. Magnesium chloride is extracted using the Dow Chemical process. It is accomplished by addling lime to seawater to precipitate Mg(OH)2. Then by adding Hcl, MgCl is formed. Crystallisation and the soda ash process can also be used to produce MgCl2.

50% of magnesium is used to produce high quality aluminium alloys.

An experimental solar-pumped laser is being developed by Professor Takashi Yabe who is trying to perfect a new magnesium smelting method using experimental laser technologies.

The brine with magnesium would be transferred to Holyhead where existing but closed aluminium plants could be retrofitted to produce magnesium alloys. This would create new workspaces and a new industry for the city.

The main advantage of this method is low power consumption and small facilities are sufficient for the operation.

The ability to extract minerals and magnesium from sea water will act as an opportunity to develop new industries for the city of Holyhead. Both fresh water and brine can be transported to the city for consumption and refinement.

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Orthographic Drawings Scale 1:50

Right (South ast) elevation 74

Front (South West) Elevation 75

Right (South East) Section

Reverse osmosis system

Reverse osmosis system

Hard particle filters

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Water Filtration System Sea water is filtered in 3 stages: 1. Pre-treatment: The bottom level filters remove hard solids and other particles that would interfere with the desalting process.

2. Reverse osmosis: Membranes separate dissolved minerals (including salts and magnesium) and other impurities from the water.

3. Conditioning and disinfection: Minerals and chemicals are added to ensure produced water meets health, aesthetic and anti-corrosion standards. The chemicals are automatically dispensed into the main water tank.

Example of a typical commercial reverse osmosis system Reverse osmosis is the process of Osmosis in reverse. Unlike natural osmosis, the reverse osmosis process requires energy to be applied to the more saline solution. A semi-permeable membrane fitted in the filters allows the passage of water molecules but not the majority of dissolved salts, organics, bacteria and pyrogens. The applied pressure has to be greater than the naturally occuring osmotic pressure in order to desalinate water in the process while removing the majority of contaminants. The more concentrated the feed water, the more pressure is required to overcome the osmotic pressure.

Reverse Osmosis is capable of removing up to 99%+ of the dissolved salts, particles and bacteria. Any contaminant that has a molecular weight greater than 200 is rejected by the system.

Proper pretreatment using mechanical and chemical methods is critical in order to maintain a Reverse Osmosis system and prevent it from, scaling and costly premature membrane failure. For this reason the Water Desalination Unit is fitted with mechanical water filters that filter the water before it enters the Reverse Osmosis system.

Diagram explaining the process

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Final 3D render showing the Housing Unit in context

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Housing Unit Type 1

project. The bottom floor has a kitchen / dinning area while the first floor of the unit has an open living area that can be fitted with needed furniture.

The housing units are inspired by Mas Yendo’s living units UL-9205 and UL9304. The units act as survival pods that provide everything that is needed to survive the harsh conditions of the site. The units are fitted with a kitchen unit, toilets and livings spaces. An extra water tank is fitted on top of each unit for an emergency water supply in case the Water Desalination unit would malfunction.

Two septic tanks are fitted to each unit. One is for waste water from the kitchen and the other is for the bathroom.

The front of the first housing unit has a large window assembly that provides light and acts as a form of decoration that is based on the initial fractal images.

Windows are fitted in order to provide ventilation.

The shell of the building is 3D printed and can be produced in the nearby 3D Printing Factory.

The building is electrically heated as a biofuel power plant is planned for the

There is a platform in front of the house that is used for circulation around the project and as a meeting point for the inhabitants and workers.

The units can be replicated and positioned anywhere on the site as needed.

The interior spaces of the buildings contrast the external façades. The internal spaces act as shelters and are protected from the outer decay of the development. The inhabitant can feel safe and secure and have the comfort of normal living conditions.

Front (South West) Elevation Scale 1:50

Water tank

Septic tanks

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Perspective View

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Left (North West) Elevation Scale 1:50

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Right (South East) Elevation Scale 1:50

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Right (South East) Section Scale 1:50

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FInal rendered image showing the Type 2 Housing Unit

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Housing Unit Type 2 The unit is inspired both by Yendo’s housing projects and derelict sea vessels. The building is a studio type flat with a kitchen, bathroom, open plan living space, a mezzanine sleeping level and a balcony inspired by Gothic church pulpits. The front of the building is fitted with a large opening to let light in. Side windows are fitted near the kitchen and dining area.

Mas Yendo - Machines for Living

Front (South West) Elevation Scale 1:50

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Left (North West) Elevation Scale 1:50

Left (North West) Section Scale 1:50

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Right (South East) Elevation Scale 1:50

Plan Scale 1:50

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Initial Sketch of the Vertical Farm

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Perspective view of the Vertical farm and the Packagind Building

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Vertical Farm

Growing floors

Vertical farming is an alternative to industrial farming and is a viable option for small communities and large cities alike. Producing crops in a multi-storey building was first presented by Othmar Ruthner in “Apparatus for the Artificial Cultivations of Plants�. In 1970 Riethus and Bau conducted a vegetable production experiment in a 13m high greenhouse that lasted for 4 years.

The irrigation system for the proposed building is modeled after the geometry of a 3D Mandelbulb fractal that resembles microscopic greenery (broccoli). The environment and lighting of the growing floors will be optimised and adaptable to each growth stage of the plants. Additional artificial lighting will be needed to control the growth cycles. LED lighting seems to be the most efficient solution.

Hydroponics

Advantages of vertical farms:

Hydroponics is a soil-less culture in which plants are grown using mineral nutrient solutions instead of soil. The plants are grown with their roots placed directly into the nutrient enriched water. Sometimes sand, gravel or perlite is used as a supporting medium for the plants. Soil is not required for the plants to grow or be fertilised. Research has shown that plants grown using the hydroponic method usually grow faster and produce up to ten times the yield of conventionally grown plants and have a greater nutritional value.

- Multiple harvests throughout the year.

- Works as a closed system.

- Reduces environmental risks and energy consumption.

- Provides a local food source for the community.

- Crops are protected from environmental threaths.

Water recovery

Requires energy for lighting climate control and dehumidification.

Disadvantages:

Because vertical farms operate as closed systems it is possible to collect water lost through transpiration and evaporation. Transpiration mainly occurs through the leaves in the form of water vapour. Dehumidification devices can be placed on each floor of the building to collect and reuse all of the water in circulation.

Hydroponics uses 70% less water than current agricultural practices.

Image showing the Mandelbulb 3D fractal image 91

Front (South West) Elevation Scale 1:75

Back (North East) Elevation Scale 1:75

Left (North West) Elevation Scale 1:75

Right (South East) Elevation Scale 1:75

Front (South West) Elevation

Front (South West) Section

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Product Packaging Line The Packaging Building has the same amenities as the factory which include a security room, main office, a kitchenette, male and female toilets, a disabled person’s toilet, a locker room and a washing up area.

The packaging line consists of the main packaging area where vegetables are brought in from the top collection area sorted by hand and then vacuum packed by a machine. The packed goods are then stacked on euro-pallets and taken to the chilled storage area. The loading bay has direct access to the storage area and the packaging facilities.

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Product packaging line. Ground Floor Plan. Scale 1:100

Fire exit

Main Stairwell

Women’s toilets Chilled Storage Room

Washing up room Men’s toilets Locker room

Loading Bay

Kitchenette

Main entrance

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Ground Floor Packaging Line

Product packaging line. 1st Floor Plan. Scale 1:100

Product Collection Area

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Right (South East) Elevation

Left (North West) Elevation

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Algae Photobioreactor In order to provide energy for the buildings algae will be cultivated, harvested and turned into biodiesel fuel to drive the generators of the power plant.

The preferred way of cultivating Algae for this project is by using Photobioreactors that will take form of trees in a park on the South Stack islet next to the Lighthouse.

A photobioreactor is a closed system that provides a controlled environment that allows efficient production of algae. The closed nature of the system allows total control of the growth requirements. These reactors have a superior control over carbon dioxide supply, water supply, optimal temperature, efficient exposure to light, culture density, pH levels, gas supply rate, mixing regime and etc.

Flow description of the bioreactor: 1. The flow from the feeding vessel progresses to the diaphragm pump which moderates the flow of the algae into the actual tube. Built into the pumps is the CO2 inllet valve.

2. The tubes (or chambers) of the photobioreactor are made of acrylic and are designed to have a light and dark period cycle to enhance the growth rate.

3. A built in cleaning system cleans the tubes without the need to stop the production.

4. After completing the whole cycle through the photobioreactor the algae goes back to the feeding vessel. As it progresses the oxygen sensors determine how much oxygen has built up in the plant and this oxygen is released into the feeding vessel itself. At this stage the optical Cell Density sensor determines the harvesting rate.

5. When the algae are ready for harvesting, they pass through the filtering system. This then collects the algae that is ready to be processed, while the remaining algae passes back to the feeding vessel.

6. The cycle continues.

Main advantages of Photobioreactors: - Creates a completely controlled environment to boost productivity.

- Large surface to volume ration.

- Maximum light efficiency.

- Better control of gas transfer.

- Reduction of evaporation of the growth medium.

- Better temperature control.

- Better protection of outside contamination.

- Can be mounted in any possible way indoors and outdoors.

- Self cleaning mechanisms drastically reduce fouling.

Main disadvantages: - Very high initial cost.

- It is technically difficult to sterilise the inner workings of these systems.

In order to maximise the production the non illuminated parts of the bioreactor have to be minimised to a minimum. A fast transfer between CO2 and o2 has to be insured as well.

The reactors have to receive frequent maintenance and cleaning.

The proposed photobioreactors will be mounted vertically and will be protected by wing shaped canopies that will lower down during the night and harsh weather to protect the equipment. The canopies will also be fitted with an illumination system to control the light and dark cycles of the reactor for optimal performance.

Top view of the Photobioreactor

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