Liquid Landscapes - An Adaptive Landscape Water Infrastructure

Water Peace and Security are inextricably linked Without effective management of our water resources, we risk intensified disputes between communities and sectors and increased tensions among nations.

Antonio Guterres, UN Secretary-General

Liquid Landscapes A proposal for an adaptive water management infrastructure An adaptive water management inrfastructure is a system of liquid landscapes

The Liquid Landsape Atmosphere Hydrological Cycle

Referes to the constant movement of hot and cold air that have different effects (condensation, evaporation, deposition)

Dew

Natural form of water that is formed as the water vapour condenses

Dew Point

Is the temperature at which the air is cooled and can not hold any more whater.

Air Humidity

The quantity of water droplets that is in the air, air humidity is different than relative humidity

- Temperature +

Relative Humidity

Ratio between absolute humidity and the total air mass, at the same temperature

System

Landscape Ground Water

Water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock

Surface Water

Water that collects on the surface of the ground (usually in lakes)

Canal

An artificial waterway constructed to convey water

Reservoir(Lake)

Large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply

Levee - Humidity +

Glossary

The quantity of water droplets that is in the air, air

Water Abstraction

The process of extracting water from the ground using boreholes

Filtration

Process that induces water vapour in the air to turn into liquid

Issues Population

Increase of population implies increased demand of water, which leads to overabstraction

Drought

Process of removing or reducing the concentration of particulate matter or any pollutant

A period of drier-than-normal conditions that results in water related problems

Storage

Global Warming

Holding

water, e.g. water towers, tanks, lakes

Transportation

Intentional movement of water over large distances.

Usually done through pipes or rivers

Catchment

Process of capturing the water, either from the air as it condenses, or by redirecting a river

Distribution

Condensation

Dungeness Edition, 2022-20421

Process of transporting filtered, drinking water from centralised plants to the consumer

Long term hearing of Earth’s climate system observed since pre-industrial period

Water Contamination

Stress on water management system might lead to system failures, which lead to water contamination

Irregular Weather

Due to climate change, the weather is more and more unpredictable, meaning traditional water system are prone to failure

Green New Deal

Set of policies that address climate change along with achieving other social aims like job creation

Water Management Typology - England Logic and Current Issues

We are facing increasing pressures on water resources Transitions are required for resilient water supplies and wider sustainable water management (addressing flooding, water quality

How water usage in the home breaks down

140 litres

per day

Bathroom: 56 litres, 40%

Toilet: 31 litres, 22%

Cold water (drinking etc): 31 litres, 22%

Washing machine: 13 litres, 9%

Dishes: 7 litres, 5%

Outdoor: 3 litres, 2%

Precedent Page System Typology

Waterfall - Land Difference

Steam Engine Pump House Typology

Reservoir

Channel - Natural Transportation

Fjord - Ice Formation Water Management National Scale - England The wet north versus the dry south

Does England have enough water?

Within 25 years England will not have enough water to meet demand, the head of the Environment Agency is warning

The highest water footprints per capita

2,483

m³ per year

2,389

m³ per year

2,344

m³ per year

2,322

m³ per year

2,233

m³ per year

United States

Greece

Malaysia

Italy

Thailand

19%

35%

28%

51%

8%

Water Management Global Scale Global North vs Global South Scale 1:50,000,000

As humanity adds nearly 2.5 billion more people by 2050, demand for water will rise by around 40% globally, according to the UN. At the same time, mismanagement of resources, rampant pollution, and climate change are straining existing water sources to breaking points.

Low water levels at Wayoh Reservoir near Bolton in the UK heatwave in July 2018

3.63£/m3 3.26£/m3 3.95£/m3

3.40£/m3

3.04£/m3 3.85£/m3

3.75£/m3 2.67£/m3

5.71£/m3 4.07£/m3 Water Prices

Climate Impact

Water Management National Scale - England Scale 1:125,000 The wet north versus the dry south

Data Source: Ground Water and Surface Water: Defra Discharge Treatment: Defra Water main Transfer: ofwat.co.uk; affinity water and southwest water Rainfall Data: met.office

Does England have enough water?

Within 25 years England will not have enough water to meet demand, the head of the Environment Agency is warning

UK Elevation

Bewl Water Levels Low

Bewl Water Map

Water Management Regional Scale -Kent Scale 1:500,000 Bewl Water Reservoir Water Transfers

Data Source: Ground Water and Surface Water: Defra Discharge Treatment: Defra Water main Transfer: ofwat.co.uk; affinity water and southwest water Rainfall Data: met.office

Rainfall 2019-2020

The cracked bed of a near-empty Bewl Water shows why water bosses are warning of a hosepipe ban

Water Management Local Scale - Dungeness Scale 1:250,000 Data Source: Ground Water and Surface Water: Defra Discharge Treatment: Defra Water main Transfer: ofwat.co.uk; affinity water and southwest water Rainfall Data: met.office

Overabstracted Land

Who gives water to Dungeness?

Most of the People are leaving from Dungeness as the nuclear power

Data Source: Dover Pipes: Affinity Water Catchment Water Body: Defra Management Boundary: Affinity Water Other Water Bodies: opensurveymap.com

Water Management Local Scale -Dungeness Scale 1:125,000 Affinity Water and Southern Water Ground water abstraction is prohibited due to the Natural Reserve and previous over-abstraction and illegal boreholes

Air Landscape Masterplan Wind direction and air humidity and temperature ratio (relative humidity) This helps show where the air is suprasaturated, therefore more likely to condense.

Low Relative Humidity

High Relative Humidity

Landscape Masterplan Natural water scapes - rivers and lakes, as well as flood risk areas cross referenced with the topography to help understand the natural water flow

Low Flood Risk

High Flood Risk

System Masterplan System Masterplan - surface water and air water interest areas as well as taking into account the existing pipe network

Water Management System Diagrams Landscape Water Journey Chart Flood in lower height area

Convergion Canals

Transport Canals

Accumulation Lake

Transport Canals

Condensation Tree Mesh

Condensation Tree Water Funel

water management systems already in use Operation Neptune Filtration, Disinfection and Distribution

Air Water Journey Chart Air Suprasaturated

Diagrams showcasing where the proposal will fit into the larger

Reservoir Lake

Water Tank

Underground Pipes

Project Brief Project Area: 180m^2 (Operation Neptune) Location: 50.944049, 0.966920 Lydd-on-Sea, Dungeness Because of the uniqueness of the site, water abstraction has been prohibited, which means the water supply of the settlements within Dungeness rely on the resources of the Bewl Reservoir(see map on previous page-Kent Water Management). Due to the drastic changes in weather patterns and the distance between the domestic area and the reservoir, the water security becomes less and less constant. Reliance on pipes put stress on the infrastructure as it is subject to massive leak. Therefore, my project comes as a passive reinterpretation of a traditional water management scheme, focusing on building resilience to the unprevented weather pattern by using the landscape and landform to redirect water. Resilience is also sustained by capturing water from different sources Based on the Areas of Water Stress Classification done by the Environmental Agency1 Southern Water is classified as a company operating in regions of serious water stress, scoring 41 (serious stress has a score of 34 or over).

The areas that I choose focus on maximising water catchment.

I therefore identified three main interest areas: 1) Water Zone 1 (Operation Jupiter) 2) Water Zone 2 (Operation Neptune) 3) Water Zone 3 (Operation Venus) Project Thesis Operation Neptune proposes a new water management typology that creates a performative landscape system of distributing and capturing water from multiple sources (condensation, rain, surface water and flood). The public water performative landscape is part of a larger infrastructure that spans across the coast of Dungeness and acts as a central piece that connects air capturing devices placed in the more humid and windy part of the coast, while the lake accumulates the flood occurring in the risk areas.

The project is designed as a prototype, a ‘proving ground’ for the declining water security due to climatic anomalies, especially in an already water-stressed area of England (Kent). To tackle that, water management companies2 propose reducing leakage, building resilience through water catchment as well as a decrease per capita consumption.

My proposal is focusing on catchment variety through air and land (condensation, rain and flood) and public engagement and education by creating a public mixed use infrastructural park.

The local water supplier, Affinity Water released in their 2020-2080 Water Resources Management Plant, that the per capita conspumption has to decrease by 2025 with 30L/h/day (from 152L/h/day to 129L/h/day). Affinity Water projected an increase of 50,000 people by 2045 in the Southeast area, which is thought to double by 2080.

However, the projections are for the whole area, not only Dungeness. ss.

1 Identifying areas of water stress: consultation document. Environment Agency January 2017.

2

Southern Water and Affinity Water - the two water companies that manage water in the area of Dover (including

Dungeness)

2022 Site Analysis

2024 2024 Air Farms Retrofitting the existing houses and inspecting existing 2023 infrastructure Landform Canals to redirect the flood

2025 Operation Neptune on site simulations

2027 Operation Neptune Excavations

2032 Opening as water park 2028 Operation Neptune Construction 2031 Opening as water treatment facility

infrastructure

human

water

Liquid Landscapes Toolkit What do you need for a landscape water management a1 - Vortex Energy Turbines a4 - Planters a5 - Lights b3 - Admin House/Final Purification b2 - Seating c3 - Water Tower Admin c3 - Deep Pool - Gymnastics d3-e3 - Final Flow - Narrow d5 - Shallow Pool - Mineralisation d4 - e 4 - Main Public Area (disinfected water)

f2 - g1 - Flood Canals f3 - g3 - Public Fountain g4 - Condensation Catchment Device h1 - Canals h2 - Mineralisation Steps h4- i 4 - Flow Roof i1 - Final Disinfection Tank (Chlorine) i2 - UV Disinfection i3 i -4 - Sand and Gravel Filters j1 - Centrifugal Pump j2-4 - Water Tower

architecture

Chapter 1 Air Atmosphere

Scenario 1 - Private use The device is plugged into the house pipeline

Scenario 2 - Testing and Harvesting On the headland there is a lot of air humidity which can be harvested.

Atmospheric Catchment To capture water vapours, I developed a device that can be used by an individual for his private use, as an array (farm) or inside the water management plant to minimise the evporation from the stationary or slow moving waters Water Journey Chart Air Suprasaturated

Condensation Tree Mesh

Condensation Tree Water Funel

Water Tank

Underground Pipes

Operation Neptune Filtration, Disinfection and Distribution

Scenario 3 - Operation Neptune

Part 1 - Condensation Capturing Part 1 - Condensation Capturing Part 2 - Water Collector

Part 2 - Water Collector

Condensation Device Rationale The device is divided into the air capturing mesh which was developed by using CFD simulations and the surface run-off maximisation which helps redirect the water harvested by the mesh into a reservoir Water Journey Chart Air Suprasaturated

Condensation Tree Mesh

Condensation Tree Water Funel

Water Tank

Underground Pipes

Operation Neptune Filtration, Disinfection and Distribution

Device CFD Set-up Condensation Simulation Logic

Air Quality Pyshics Air Temperature and Density Visualized from Shear Stress Vectors

Condensation Analysis Humidity and Pressure at 20*C

Zone 1 25*C Air Air Holding Water

Zone 2 Visible Water Vapour Dew Point Close or Reached

Zone 3 Surface Water Runoff Dew Point Reached - Condensation

Air Quality Pyshics Air Temperature and Density Visualized from Shear Stress Vectors

Base Geometry Zone 0 Surface Area: 828.262sqm

Zone 1 25*C Air Air Holding Water

Total Condensation Zone 2 Surface Area: 1153.02sqm

Zone 2 Visible Water Vapour Dew Point Close or Reached

Total Condensation Zone 3 Surface Area: 789.44sqm

Zone 3 Surface Water Runoff Dew Point Reached - Condensation

Condensation Analysis Dew Point Study Maximising Condensation

Thermal Equilibrium and Condensation Air Temperature and Density Visualized from Shear Stress Vectors

Condensation Device Water capture funnel Physical model and CFD simulation to test different textures and shapes Condensation testing materiality

Chapter 2 Earth Landscape

S-L

Sandy and Loamy Soils (Limited Clay)

S-NL Sandy Newfound Land ML-C Clay Loam to Silty Clay Loam

Levee Excavation

Canal Construction

Overview Materiality and Excavations The excavated material can be used to build the Operation Neptune Water Journey Chart Flood in lower height area

Convergion Canals

Transport Canals

Accumulation Lake

Transport Canals

Reservoir Lake

Operation Neptune Filtration, Disinfection and Distribution

Dungeness is predominantly sand, however, to build with sand, you need a bounding material, which in this case can be clay. The percentage can be 70% sand and 30% clay.

The figure on the right shows the soil type and where clay can be found locally.

4.5m Surface created by outline of flooded area to run flow simulation

4.3m

Flow simulation result - smaller canlas to convey water into the main canal

5.1m

4.9m 5.2m

Canals

Flow simulation result Highest Points of Flooding area to simulate the natural flow

4.8m

Sludge Gate

Types and Construction The canals accummulate the flood water and converge them to the canal that will then move the water to the first lake

Precast Canal Sections

Water Journey Chart Flood in lower height area

Convergion Canals

Transport Canals

Accumulation Lake

Transport Canals

Reservoir Lake

Operation Neptune Filtration, Disinfection and Distribution

Chapter 3 Human System

View From Condensation Trees

Building Perspective View Context Landscape Water Journey Chart Flood in lower height area

Convergion Canals

Transport Canals

Accumulation Lake

Transport Canals

Condensation Tree Mesh

Condensation Tree Water Funel

Reservoir Lake Operation Neptune Filtration, Disinfection and Distribution

Air Water Journey Chart Air Suprasaturated

Natural water scapes - rivers and lakes, as well as flood risk areas cross referenced with the topography to help understand the

Water Tank

Underground Pipes

natural water flow

Roof Water Flow Diagram

Roof Level Scale 1:500 @A2

A’ 11

5.1m AOD

d

e

5m BOD

f

6

1. Filtration Area (Sand and Gravel) 2. Accumulaton Pond 3. Water Tower Admin 4. Changing Room/WC 5. Seated Area 6. Water Exploration Area 7. Entrance/Welcome Area 8. Exercise Pool (Deep Pool) 9. Rejuventation Pool (Shallow) 10. Condensation Forest 11. Admin Building

10 f 9

6

6m AOD

8

6

5 c

5m AOD

a. Wind Vortex Energy b. Centrifugal Pump c. UV Light Desinfection d. Mineralisation Tank e. Wastewater Tank f. Flowing Fountain

c 4

b 3.

2.

1

1.

a 1

Human Level Plan 1:300@A2 Entrance Level

6m AOD A

When lake levels are low, this level might be dry

2.

N

Water Level 1:300 @A2 Water will always be present on this level N

1.

4

1.

2

5 6

3 7 9

VOID 8

1. Deep Pool 2. Solar Pipe 3. Waste Water Pipe 4. Dry Walkway 5 Fountain 6.Mineralisation Framework 7. Mineral Rich Beds 8. Waste Water Tank 9. Fresh Water Tank

1. Entrance 2.Ramp to Pool Area 3.Seating 4. Bridge 5. Mineralisation Area

2.

5.

3.

VOID

3.

4.

Detailed Plan Scale 1:100 @A1 Diagram Showing water treatment devices Gif Plan: Scan QR N

Filtration Area

Water Tower

Welcome Area

Admin Building

Public Pool Area

Dry Season

Wet Season

Long Section 1:300@A2

Computational Design Water Vortex Directions and computated through vector force fields to create the natural flow of water

Macro Rock Filter

Medium Sand Filter

Small Carbon Filter

Accumulation Pond

Filtration System Natural filtration obtained through water moving through rock and sand

Timber Roof Structure - Water Redirection Water Tower Joint Detail Reservoir Level

Timber Roof Structure

Social Platforms - Water Run-off Water Tower Joint Detail

UV Disinfection

Tue Thurs

Mon Water/day

Fri

Sat 6m

Sun

10 30m

m

43psi

The water tower is sized to hold a day’s worth of water for the community. In this case, almost 0.3Ml.

Water Tower Flow Diagram

Age

0-9

Shepway 10.8%

10-18

9.7%

19-40

18.1%

41-60

27.5%

61-84

17.6%

84+

3.2% Dungeness Education Level

Diagram Plan Social vs Functional

Green New Deal Agenda Community

General Public - All ages - Integration

Jobs - Different Levels

Water In

Generator

Water Out

Power Cable

275 buildings (including schools) ~ 10people/building (arithmetic average) 1 person = 110L 2750 p = 30,250L/day = 1260L/h Pump specs: 120 gpm - Energy Consumption 250-1000 Watt/h Vortex Turbine Capacity: 1kW/module

Mineralisation Shells Sediment Collection

Activation Magnets

Pre-filtration sediment tank

Filtration 1 silica sand

Filtration 2 0.5 micron ceramic filter

Purification carbon block

Reservoir Storage centrifugal pump

Disinfection 1 UV Light

Public Park

++

-

-

--

+

Green New Deal Agenda Energy 3000 spots - 12h full power

1260L/h - 120 gpm

12 spots - 3h full power

1 bike - 100W

1 spot 14W for 12h = 36kW/h

250-1000 W/h

1 spot 0.0264kWh/day

12 bikes - 1.2kW

Annual monthly wind speed: 11.31 knots

Green economy - green energy

Disinfection 2 and Distribution -

Deep Pool - Gymnastics

Mineralisation Pool - Therapy

Public Water Mineralisation and Exercise Pools Details and Materiality

Air View System Overview Flood canals and canal view where water flows into the lakes and finally into the Operation Neptune system

Landscape View Filters The filters have local planting around on the overflow are. The filters become a public place where people can observe the flow and filtration of water.

The irrigation system for the planters is powered by the movement in the activity pools

Underwater View The water flows from the water tower through the roof through the UV desinfectants which creates a water wall The movement inside the building is driven by how much water it is needed from the water tower

Pool View Activity The public area combines the technical with the social, making the process of water desinfection and purification visible