03_DANUrB STRATEGY_Doc 3+4

D 5.5.1: PLANS AT THE MUNICIPAL/INTERMUNICIPAL LEVEL FOR THE SPATIAL ORGANISATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE Golubac & the Iron Gates

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Editor: Dr. Aleksandra Djukić, associate professor

Coordinator:

Dr. Branislav Antonić, teaching assistant

Graphic Design:

Marija Cvetković, teaching assistant

Authors of text: Dr. Eva Vaništa Lazarević, professor Dr. Aleksandra Djukić, associate professor Dr. Branislav Antonić, teaching assistant

Marija Cvetković, teaching assistant and PhD student

Jelena Marić, teaching assistant and PhD student Milica Cvetanović, PhD student

Students:

Nevena Ćirić Milica Djurdjević Stefan Hadži Arsenović Aleksandra Ilić Monika Jovanovski Ana-Marija Korkanović Mladen Kostadinović Sara Kovačević Milica Lazarević Aleksandar Lukić Miloš Mandić Nevena Mandić Antonio Mareš Uroš Marković

Srđan Mićanović Jana Milovanović Srđan Radovanović Stefan Radunović Milica Raković Milica Ristović Ivana Savić Mila Stojanović Simona Tajić Margita Vajović Ana Marija Veljović Vanja Vujanović Milica Zukanović Boško Žakula

Publisher: University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Prof. Dr. Vladan Djokić, dean ISBN XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

What is DANUrB Project?

DANUrB - a regional network building through tourism and education to strengthen the “Danube� cultural identity and solidarity. Cultural network aims to strengthen the Danube regional cultural identity and to create a common brand by fostering transnational cultural ties between the settlements along the Danube, and by exploring the unused or hidden cultural and social capital resources for a better economic and cultural return

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INTRODUCTION

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METHODOLOGY

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Prof. Dr. Aleksandra Djukić

Prof. Dr. Aleksandra Djukić

THE IRON GATES MACRO-REGION

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Milica Cvetanović, PhD student

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THE GOLUBAC MICRO-REGION

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PLANNING AND STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE

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EXPLORING GOLUBAC

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Dr. Branislav Antonić, teaching assistant

Dr. Branislav Antonić, teaching assistant

Prof. Dr. Eva Vaništa Lazarević

THE IMAGE OF 6 SURVEYING GOLUBAC

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Marija Cvetković, teaching assistant and PhD candidate

THE SPACE 7 FORMING SYNTAX OF GOLUBAC

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Jelena Marić, teaching assistant and PhD student

SUMMING IN SWOT ANALYSIS

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Dr. Branislav Antonić, teaching assistant

SETTING NEW DESIGN CONCEPTS & SCENARIOS

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Dr. Branislav Antonić, teaching assistant

DESIGNING NEW SOLUTIONS FOR GOLUBAC Dr. Branislav Antonić, teaching assistant

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0. INTRODUCTION Prof. Dr. Aleksandra Djukić

The Faculty of Architecture – University of Belgrade has got a long history of cooperation with local Municipalities and Faculties from Serbia and abroad on different projects within the studio courses. The results from this cooperation, in the form of visions and scenarios for future development, as well as Master projects and urban design, are useful for development new ideas and could be used as a background for new urban and action plans.

The cooperation within DANUrB project has been realised with Golubac and Smederevo as Associated partners, and it included the involvement of local authorities, stakeholders and citizens. The students from obligatory course Methodology of Urban Design from the Master course Master of Integrated Urbanism did the research and projects for Golubac and students from the last semester of the same Master course did their Master thesis and Master projects for Smederevo.

The process of research and design included the research of documents and materials, in situ work and meetings with stakeholders and all interested parts in city development.

As the main topic of the research was strengthening of the cultural identity and solidarity along the Danube, students In their project’s tried to find the answers on the research questions: what the cultural identity is, how can we defined it and how we can use it in urban development, regeneration and promotion of a city. They are also searching the answers about the authenticity and uniqueness of local cultural identity and its use in forming the urban brand and the part of a new “Danube cultural promenade”.

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Research polygon – the Iron Gates and Golubac Towns.

Golubac is a small town located along the Danube with rich and valuable natural and cultural heritage. Although, the town has been shrinking during the past half century and it suffers from the luck of accessibility and infrastructure, and facing many socio-economic challenges today, it has a lot of potentials for development of tourism regarding the medieval Golubac Fortress nearby, which has been recently reconstructed and the entrance of Iron Gate next to it. The newest incentives and investments have made little influence to overcome this situation.

On the other hand, the Iron Gates are a large transboundary protection area, with “Đerdap” National Park in Serbia and “Porțile de Fier” Natural Park in Romania. The entire region presents a huge and rich ecosystem, with four inner gorges and three inter-valleys.

The landscape is characterised with many specific and different segments of scenery.

Small towns and villages along the Danube in Iron Gate have got a different impact across the gorge. The most important change that was done during 1970s is the formation of large Iron Gates artificial lake, which lead to the flooding the lowest part of the gorge with all previous islands and the reallocation of several settlements (Orşova, Donji Milanovac) and the most valuable heritage sites (Tabula Traiana, “Lepenski Vir” archaeological site), leaving old settlements to be flooded.

Accordingly, formation of the lake formed a new riverside, too.

However, there are many (>50) localities of immovable cultural heritage that are protected by Serbia and even more that are

preliminary protected or even not included in official protection lists. These localities are sprawled across the gorge, so they can play the role of nods in the prospective spatial development of network for cultural tourism in cultural routes Golubac municipality has developed a lot of planning and strategic plans for the most attractive areas within its territory.

It has enacted 12 important spatial and urban plans, urban design projects and strategic documents. More than half of these documents are mostly essentially orientated towards tourism.

The Spatial Plan of Republic of Serbia and the Spatial Plan of Municipality of Golubac are strategic plans and incorporated both strategic and regulatory elements by law.

The Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia 2010-2020 is an umbrella document in territorial planning Serbia. Landscapes are well-elaborated in this plan in two major topics – ‘nature and ecology’ and ‘sustainable use of heritage’. They are also represented in all sections of the plan, from planning objectives till the implementation at the end of the plan.

The main intention of the Spatial plan of Municipality of Golubac is strengthening of tourism development, in accordance with valuable cultural heritage and, particularly, the possession of Golubac fortress as a special cultural asset as well as preserving the natural heritage and identity.

The General Urban plan is focused on the built area within the town and supports mixeduse and mixed-density development in the part of the town along the river, where a mix of non-residential facilities is planned. This is also the area where the main concentration

of tourist infrastructure is placed as well as the bicycle route and pedestrian path along the riverbank.

Fig. 1: The first national workshop in Golubac: students and teaching staff from the course “Methodology of urban design“ and local experts (source: B. Antonić)

Expectation from the project and contributions The relationships between cultural heritage, specific patterns, identity on one side and different concepts, approaches and instruments of urban development on another one was investigated. The focus was on development of regional network through tourism, education, strengthening cultural identity and solidarity.

The expected results were development of the region and Municipality, incitement of cultural identity, connecting the existing settlements and creating common brand, as well as research of not recognised and hidden cultural capital.

The results should contribute to development of spatial – cultural network “Danube cultural promenade”, which would connect all the settlements.

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1. METHODOLOGY Prof. Dr. Aleksandra Djukić

The course Methodology of Urban Design is the obligatory course at second semester of Master Academic studies – program at Master of Integrated Urbanism. The course takes place for hours per week.

The course goals are to introduce the students with the methodologies of urban design and to accept the general methodology recognised by RIBA, which could be described as a process in four phases: analysis, synthesis, appraisal and decision, that pass through a series of linked decisions. The focus is on the training of students for work in the field of urban design, i.e. the development of their abilities to understand, systemise and implement the different methods of urban design, as well as to use acquired knowledge in practice – in urban plans and urban design projects.

The course consists of theoretical part and theoretical lessons.

Theoretical part includes the following topics: ·· Introduction in the methodology of urban design; ·· The review of research methods and techniques which are used in the field of urban design; ·· Implementation of different methods in urban design, Dialectical process; ·· Adequate organisation of research; ·· Definition of criteria for the evaluation of optimal solution. ·· Practical part includes the practicing of acquired knowledge in situ, i.e. on two selected polygons: the historic core of Smederevo and Golubac Fortress with the central part riverside of the town, through following steps; ·· Analysing the concrete polygons by the different methods and techniques of urban design, In situ research;

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·· Defining the problems that should be examined; ·· Organising of the entire research; ·· Creating a design concept; ·· Defining the programme for the concept evaluation; ·· Developing and presenting planning scenarios – development scenarios, with outcomes; ·· Checking previous steps and outcomes on the selected polygons.

Teaching is conducted through interactive and multimedia lectures (ex-cathedra lectures, discussion, surveys), through group work during practical classes and through the elaboration of acquired knowledge by its presentation (colloquia).

Work in situ is necessary part of practical work as well as use of methods and techniques presented in theoretical part of the course, such as mental mapping, space syntax, research data on internet.

The main aim of colloquia is the audit of the student implantation of obtained knowledge in a concrete site.

Learning outcomes of the course Attending lectures and acquiring presented information, students should: ·· Obtain their knowledge about the different methods of urban design and the possibilities of their use in practice; ·· Develop their ability for work in the states of both wide autonomy and active collaboration; ·· Expand their capacities to link and combine theory and practice in urban design and ·· Improve their skills in the various types of communications (verbal, written, graphical and digital).

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THE IRON GATES

2. THE IRON GATES MACRO-REGION Milica Cvetanović, PhD student

The Iron Gates is a gorge in Southeast Europe. It is located at the lower Danube and is a boundary space between Serbia and Romania. On both sides, it is protected due to its natural and cultural significance – in Serbia as a national park, and in Romania as a natural park. In Serbia, the location of the gorge is in its eastern part.

With a length of 100 km, the Iron Gates Gorge crosses the Carpathian ranges and connects Panonian Basin with the Pontian Basin (Marković & Pavlović, 1995). The Danube valley in this gorge is composite, which means that narrower and wider parts change.

Fig. 1: Veliki and Mali Kazan with the narrowest part in the Iron Gates Gorge – 180 m (source: B. Antonić)

The Đerdap National Park was declared in 1974. It spreads along the right bank of the Danube, from Golubac to Karataš near Kladovo. It is the largest national park in Serbia, and by its characteristics is the most complex. This park is known by great natural diversity and numerous cultural and historical monuments (Jovičić, 2009). Three municipalities – Golubac, Majdanpek and Kladovo manage this national park. The area of the gorge is actually accumulation Đerdap Lake, which was created after the construction of the hydroelectric power plant Đerdap I in 1972. It is the largest artificial lake in Serbia.

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In terms of river traffic, the gorge has a good position since it is on the route of the Danube Corridor or Corridor 7. It has positive effects in attracting tourists on cruisers. State roads 34 and 35 (smaller part) pass through the gorge.

Via state road 33, the road 34 is connected to the most important road in Serbia - the highway A1, which is part of the E75 road (connects Greece and Norway). However, the land traffic position is not enough transparent so most foreign tourists still come by river road.

Natural heritage of the Iron Gates in Serbia is characterized by numerous geomorphologic features and plant species. The borders of the national park that separate it from the rest of Eastern Serbia are the mountains: Miroč (768 m), Veliki Greben (655 m), Šomrda (806 m) and Liškovac (803 m). The mountain area of the Đerdap National Park is dissected with the valley of the Porečka River (Jovičić, 2009).

The territory of the Đerdap National Park is situated on the border of two different floristic regions: the middle-European region of temperate forests and the Ponto-South Siberian or steppe-forests floristic region (Stevanović, 1996). In this area there are more than 1.100 plant species, and especially forests of beech and oak forests are known.

The fauna of this area is also rich and various (Jovičić, 2009). It is thought that at least 200 bird species visit this area throughout the year.

Numerous species of mammals are present, including: wildcat, bear, wolf, jackal, chamois, deer, otter and others. A great number of species of insects, amphibians and reptiles also inhabit this territory (Macura at al., 2012).

The cultural and historical significance of the Danube banks in the Iron Gates Gorge is big.

Historical data on the right, Serbian bank speak about periods thousands of years

before the new era. The Iron Gates is best known for Mesolithic and Neolithic culture and historical settlements such as Lepenski Vir, Vlasac and Padina. Roman, Byzantine, Slavic and Ottoman cultures also lefted great significance. There used to be many more archaeological sites, cultural and historical monuments. By raising the dam due to the construction of the hydroelectric power plant on the Danube, most of these sites from various periods have been submerged.

Municipalities Golubac, Majdanpek and Kladovo have made a decision to proclaim a geopark whose beginning will be near Golubac, in the part of Usije-Vinci. Currently, it is being labeled, and some parts of the geopark will coincide with the borders of the national park.

In the geomorphological and geological view stands out the Boljetin River canyon, which is also part of the nature reserve. It is recognizable by its visible layers of sediments that date back to the time of the Tethys ocean. This canyon is one of the most valuable objects of geo heritage in this part of Serbia and also an inevitable place for adventurers.

Among the narrower and wider parts of the Danube valley in the Iron Gates, by its beauty stands out the gorges Veliki and Mali Kazan (also known as Danube Boilers), 19 km long.

The width of the Danube at this point is 180 m, which is the smallest width in the entire gorge, and the biggest depth in this part is 68 m. In several places in the gorges there are karst springs. The remains of Trajan’s Road can be seen, as well as the monument in the rock – Tabula Traiana (Trajan’s board).

(Stanković, 2008). On the Romanian side of this part of the gorge there is the famous statue in the rock – the face of Decebalus,

king of Dacia, but the view on it is possible from the Serbian side.

Lepenski Vir is considered to be the home of the oldest European civilization. The locality is dislocated, moved 100 meters away from the original location. It is estimated that it is about 9000 years old and that the culture of Lepenski Vir lasted about 2000 years. During that period, the look of the houses in Lepenski Vir has never changed.

Fig. 2: Archaeological site Lepenski Vir was a prehistoric urban settlement (source: B. Antonić)

The inhabitants of Lepenski Vir were fishermen and had some knowledge of nature. They had developed religious-magic and ritual practices. The characteristics of the space were similar to all the early settlements - a large compactness in a small area, enclosed with stone or wooden fence (Đorđević, 2009).

The houses were trapezoidal structures with lime plaster floors containing numerous large stone sculptures and other symbolic artefacts (among other finds), together with a record of complex burial practices associated with the structures and the areas between them (Bonsall at al., 2008). Today the archeological site is the central part of the museum of Lepenski Vir. It is a modern building with an archeological site in the central part, an impressive museum exhibition and media

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contents. However, tourist signaling to the site could be improved.

Tabula Traiana (The Trajan’s board) is the best preserved monument of the Roman culture in the Iron Gates Gorge. It is a sign in Latin that speaks of the great undertaking of building a Roman road through the gorge, during the regency of Emperor Trajan. The road was completed at the beginning of the second century. The inscription on the board is engraved in a rock (Petrović, 2004). During the construction of the hydroelectric power plant Đerdap I (1963-1972), the Roman road was sunk, and Tabula Traiana was cut from the rock and re-set 21.5 m above the former site. Today is visible from the river.

Medieval fortress Golubac is located at the entrance to the Đerdap National Park. It is one of the most recognizable fortresses on the lower Danube and attracts a large number of visitors. During the last years the fortress was renovated and reconstructed, and the road that had previously led through the fortress was displaced. Near the site, there is a modern visitor center and a dock. The construction of an ethno complex near the fortress is also planned.

The area of the National Park is in general poorly populated and it is also characterized by absence of larger industrial plants in the surrounding environment and lower level of construction of transport infrastructure (Jovičić, 2009). The process of depopulation and aging of the population spreads beyond the borders of the national park. The largest number of settlements in the gorge is rural (with the exception of Golubac, Donji Milanovac, Kladovo and partly Tekija). Still, urban settlements are smaller centers and the process of urbanization is actually a bit

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slow. Agriculture is limited, in certain places and prohibited. There are potentials for the development of viticulture. The main initiator of the development of this region is tourism.

Due to the sensitivity of the area and its protection, tourism must be sustainable and environmentally oriented. Cultural tourism should be established as the primary because in its frames it would include visits to natural resources, since all cultural motives of the Iron Gates are in a unique natural environment.

The intermixture of various ethnic groups Serbs, Romanians, Czechs, Turks, Germans, Hungarians. etc. - in the area of the Đerdap National Park has produced a richness of ethnography and folklore traditions passed from generation to generation (Patroescy & Vintila, 1997).

Spatial plan of the special purpose area of the international waterway E80 - Danube (PanEuropean Corridor VII) mentions construction of docks and marinas at priority locations, such as border sections. It was also said that the direct positive effects of the corridor development of the Danube waterway and its surroundings are expected from tourism.

According to plan, Danube is recognized as an important tourism route, but mostly for luxurious tourism. The plan mentions new waterway development projects in the municipality of Golubac such as a cruise pier at Golubac Fortress and a renewed marina next to the center of Golubac Town, as well as marinas in Lepenski Vir, Tekija and nautical center in Poreč bay. The small settlements like Usije, Vinci, Dobra, Brnjica are included among potential locations for small marinas.

(IAUS & IUV, 2015). Most of the priorities from this plan related to the area of the Iron Gates Gorge are still not fulfilled.

Spatial plan of the special purpose area of the Đerdap National Park foresees the adoption of the Law on the Đerdap National Park and the program of protected area management.

Priority activities that are planned: protection, presentation and controlled use of the area, preservation of natural areas, protection and improvement of the state of immovable cultural goods, construction and arrangement of new contents in the function of tourism (marinas, docks, visitor centers), development of rural tourism, development of hydropower, construction and modernization of the road network (construction of a bypass at Golubac Fortress), arranging of mountain, excursion, hiking, fishing and bicycle trails (bicycle trail on the Eurovelo 6 route). In addition to the basic environmental protection priorities, intensification of trans-national and international cooperation is also planned cooperation at the local level with Romanian municipalities on the Danube (IAUS, 2012).

The opening of the reconstructed fortress is planned for the spring 2019, but the tourist infrastructure in Lepenski Vir is not fully completed. The biking trail on the Eurovelo 6 route starts from the settlement Vinci to Golubac fortress and is still not completed due to lack of finance. About 70% of the trail is done, but for the rest the help of European funds is necessary. Spatial plan of the special purpose area of the Đerdap National Park says about the Law on the National Park and the program of protected area management. The law is not passed, but it is the Management Plan of Đerdap National Park. The most important is that the future development of the Iron Gates Gorge and Đerdap National Park must be exclusively sustainable

References:

Bonsall, C., Radovanović, I., Roksandić, M., Cook, G., Higham, T. & Pickard, C. (2008). Dating burials and architecture at Lepenski Vir, 175-204. In: Bonsall, C., Boroneant, V., Radovanović, I. (ed.), The Iron Gates in Prehistory: new perspectives. England: BAR International Series 1893. Đorđević, R. (2009). Najranija naselja na Balkanu – prilog istraživanju sociologiji naselja. [The earliest settlements in the Balkans - a contribution to the research of the sociology of the settlement]. Proceedings of Faculty of Philosophy, 39, 353-368.

Jovičić, D. (2009). Turistička geografija Srbije [Touristic geography of Serbia]. Belgrade: University of Belgrade, Faculty of Geography.

Macura, B., Bojović, D., Petrić, I., Ćosić, N., Tadić, M., Jarić, I., Knežević, J., Špirić, J. & Jarić, M. (2012). Local communities and management of the Đerdap protected area in Serbia.

Belgrade: Endemit – Ecological Society.

Marković, J., Pavlović, M. (1995). Geografske regije Jugoslavije (Srbija i Crna Gora). [Geography regions of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)]. Belgrade: Savremena administracija.

Patroescu, M. & Vintila, G. (1997). Natural, cultural and historical potential for tourism of the Iron Gates National park. Geographica Pannonica, 1, 35-38.

Petrović, V. (2004). Ekskursi o rimskim starinama na području Đerdapa u delu Bele de Gonde. [Excursus on Roman antiquities in the area of Đerdap in the Bela de Gonde work]. Balcanica - Annual of the Balkan Studies Institute, 34 ,71-95.

Stanković, S. (2008). Turistička geografija [Touristic geography].

Belgrade: Zavod za udžbenike.

Stevanović , V.(1996). Samonikla Botanička Bašta [Self-sown botanical Garden] , in J. Angelus(ed.) Nacionalni Park Đerdap – Pamtivek prirode i čoveka, [Đerdap National Park – From times of nature and man]. Belgrade: IP Ecolibri, Ministry of environment.

Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia, Public Company Institute for Urbanism of Vojvodina (2015). Spatial plan of the special purpose area of the international waterway E80 - Danube (Pan-European Corridor VII). Official Gazette of Republic of Serbia, No 14/2015.

Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia. Spatial plan of the special purpose area of the National Park “Đerdap”. Official Gazette of Republic of Serbia, No 43/2013.

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GOLUBAC FORTRESS

3. THE GOLUBAC MICRO-REGION Dr. Branislav Antonić, teaching assistant

The location of student investigations and design was Golubac Micro-region. Golubac is a town and municipality in the Braničevo District, in Eastern Serbia. It is located on the right side of the Danube River. Considering its location in the Iron Gates Region, Golubac Municipality makes its western third, towards Pannonian Plain to further west.

Fig. 1: Golubac Fortress in July 2017 (source: B. Antonić)

Golubac is mainly known by Golubac Fortress, one of the most important medieval fortresses in the country and a major tourist attraction in the Danube Region in Serbia (Fig. 1). It is located 4 km east from Golubac Town. The fortress is founded in 13th century on a strategically important position at the western entrance of the Iron Gates Gorge. In the following centuries, many realms battled for and possessed the fortress: Byzantines, Hungarians, Bulgarians Serbs, and TurksOttomans. The last ones, Ottoman Empire were rulers during several centuries, making it one of their strongholds against Habsburg Empire across the Danube as a border (Đidić, 2008). During this period, the fortress got its shape; it consists of an inner and outer fortification, built in irregular form due to its position of a rock above the river. In total,

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the fortress has nine massive towers, with socalled “Hat Tower” at the top of the rock as the most impressive one (Cunjak & Jordović, 2002). In early 19th century, Golubac Fortress lost its military function and started to fade.

It was officially protected after the World War II, as a cultural monument of exceptional importance. Nevertheless, its reconstruction and revitalisation has been carried only since 2010.

The significance of Golubac Fortress would not be noticed without knowing its position.

It is a “guardian” on the western entrance of the Iron Gates. It demarcates the scenic gorge with mountainous hinterland on east from the docile landscape of southeastern Pannonia on west. The first narrow part of gorge, east of the fortress, is known as Golubac Canyon (Stanković, 2002). The Danube is very narrow in the canyon, just 200 m wide. Further east, there is Liubcova Valley, where Dobra Village is located. This eastern part of the municipality is part of the Đerdap National Park, which imposes protection under the gorge space, considering its all values: geology, geomorphology, hydrology, and biodiversity. Locations with the most valuable natural heritage are under a strict protection regime (Maran Stevanović, 2017).

Such example is Bosman-Sokolac Natural Reservation at the eastern border of Golubac Municipality.

The dichotomy between the gorge and lowland also defines Golubac Municipality; its eastern half with only two villages (Dobra and Brnjica) belongs to the gorge and all other settlements (22 of them) are located in western, lowland half. Golubac Town and Fortress are positioned at this, natural border between two regions.

This division is visible in all aspects of local economy and life. Agriculture is the main economic activity in western half, while eastern half is more attached to livestock breeding and limited forestry. The only other source of local income is a tourism, which is mainly developed in five Danubian settlements of the municipality: Golubac Town, Vinci, Usije, Brnjica and Dobra villages (ARHIPLAN, 2011). Nevertheless, local economic prospects are still weak – Golubac Municipality is officially enlisted among the critically underdeveloped municipalities, where the level of development is under 50% of national average (SORS, n.d.).

Table 1: Comparison of the main population data for Golubac and upper levels, according the last three national censuses (source: SORS, 2014).

Nat. census

Census

Census

Census

Difference

NUTS/LAU*

1991

2002

2011

2011/1991

Golubac Town

1,995

1,896

1,653

-17.1%

12,513

9,913

8,331

-33.4%

253,992

200,806

183,625

-27.7%

1,940,252 1,753,004 1,563,916

-19.4%

7,822,795 7,498,001 7,186,862

-8.1%

(LAU 2) Golubac Municipality (LAU 1) Braničevo District (NUTS 3) Southern and Eastern Serbia (NUTS 2) Republic of Serbia * NUTS – Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics * LAU – Local administrative unit

Economic difficulties have been profoundly reflected in demographic sphere at local level. The lagging of both Golubac Town and Municipality is evident if they are compared with upper levels. This can be explained through the Table 1: The rapid demographic population loss in

Golubac is also connected with the other demographic and social problems, such as: rampant ageing at the first place, but also under-average education attainment, high level of unemployment. When demographic data are transferred in space, the other issue emerges. The average size of a settlement in Golubac Municipality is just 347 inhabitants per settlement (Census 2011). Then, the overall density is very challenging – just 22.6 inhabitant/km2 (Census 2011), which is the lowest among all Danubian municipalities in Serbia. Similarly, with less than 2,000 inhabitants, Golubac Town is among the smallest municipal seats in Serbia. Therefore, it is very complicated to plan any kind of the future communal service and infrastructure with these limiting demographic figures and trends (ARHIPLAN, 2011).

Socio-economic difficulties at municipal and regional level have mirrored in the physical state of Golubac Town. The town has a unique position at the widest part of the Danube in its entire flow – the river is more 6 km wide in the front of Golubac. The other advantage of the town is that this is the only settlement in the Iron Gates Gorge with preserved historic core and several valuable buildings from the 19th century under state protection (Fig. 2) The other settlements are rather new ones, built in the 1970s, after the flooding of old settlements by the lake of Iron Gates Dam Hydro Plant 1. Although some important parts of the town has been refurbished in the last decade, such as the main square (Fig. 2) and quay with a cycling-pedestrian path, many parts and buildings are in pretty neglected state. Then, the town itself is not under protection regime, which limits the possibilities to preserve the characteristic ambient of historic core by its many segments.

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The main driving force of local development is currently tourism. Aside of Golubac Fortress, a key attraction for local level is Tumane Monastery, situated 9 km south of the town Hence, cultural tourism is the most promising type of tourism for Golubac. Interestingly, the most of tourist capacities are located in Golubac Town and suburbia (Usije and Vinci in its western part), despite the main attractions are in vicinity. The small-format tourist entities (guest-houses, lodging houses, restaurants, cafes) are present across the urban zone and they contribute greatly to the vibrancy of Golubac during summer season. In contrast to them, the largest accommodation in the town, “Golubački Grad” Hotel from1980s, is in bad state. Retail sector is also alive, especially in small pedestrian zone around the main square and the town park.

bigger supermarket, the town museum/ gallery), as well as to supplementary offer in culture, retail and transportation. Despite these challenges, tourist sector has proven to be agile last years. The key stimulus was certainly the reconstruction and revitalisation of Golubac Fortress. The reconstruction is also important, because it included visitor centre with large parking lot and a pier for cruisers on the Danube (ALBO, 2009). More than 80 thousand tourists visited Golubac Fortress in 2018. Furthermore, the offer of tourist accommodation has been doubled in the last three years. New capital projects are in preparation or in progress. This is the case with the town marina, the renewal of the town beach in Vinci weakened zone, and the extension of the town quay to the fortress.

These tendencies wake up hope that there is a better future for Golubac.

References:

Fig. 2: The main town square is the centre of the historic core of Golubac Town (source: B. Antonić)

Nevertheless, many things in Golubac tourism still wait for revision and new development.

Just to mention that strategic framework is still traditionally oriented, without innovative approaches (Djukić, Djokić & Antonić, 2017).

Many problems are related to the general lack of big-format capacities (high-quality hotel,

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ALBO (2009). Revitalization of Golubac Fortress - Project Design. Belgrade: ALBO. Retrieved from http://www. temerinski.com/ mages-golubac/Golubac_revitalization.pdf.

ARHIPLAN (2011). Spatial Plan of Golubac Municipality.

Official Gazette of Golubac Municipality No 3/2011.

Cunjak, M. & Jordović, Č. (2002). The Medieval town of Golubac, Smederevo: Regional Institute for Protection of Cultural Heritage. Đidić, P. (2008). Fortress and Remnants of Fortified Towns: Publication 2, Golubac. Belgrade: PE Belgrade Fortress.

Djukić, A., Djokić, V. & Antonić B. (2018). Chapter 6: Territorial Planning as a Creative Tool for the Upgrading of Cultural Tourism. In: T. Ohnmacht, J. Priskin & J. Stettler (Eds.), Contemporary Challenges of Climate Change, Sustainable Tourism Consumption, and Destination Competitiveness (pp. 101-122). Howard House, UK: Emerald Group Publishing.

DOI: 10.1108/S1871-317320180000015011.

Lečić, N., Mitković, P. & Manić, B. (2017). Tourist Valorisation of Medieval Fortresses along the Danube River: From the Serbian Perspective. Facta Universitatis ACE, 15(3), 465-475.

DOI: 10.2298/FUACE170205036L. Maran Stevanović, A. (2017). Activities on the Establishment of Djerdap Geopark (Serbia) and Candidature of the Area to the UNESCO Global Geopark Network. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, 10, 7-28. DOI: 10.5937/bnhmb1710007M.

Stanković, S. (2002). The Djerdap National Park – The Polyfunctional Centre of the Danube Basin. Geographica Pannonica, 6, 38-44.

Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia - SORS (no date).

Tabela sa prikazom razvijenosti opština u Republici Srbiji [Table with the Preview of the Development of Municipalities in the Republic of Serbia]. Belgrade: SORS. Retrieved from http://www.nsz.gov.rs/live/ digitalAssets/2/2457_tabela_ razvijenosti_op__tina_u_republici_srbiji.pdf.

Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia - SORS (2014).

Comparative Review of Population number: 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002 & 2011. Belgrade: SORS.

21

4. PLANNING AND STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE Dr. Branislav Antonić, teaching assistant

Serbian territorial planning system is based on an operative Law on Planning and Construction of the Republic of Serbia. The law recognises two types of territorial plans: spatial plans and urban plans. The later ones consider settlements and their parts, while the former ones are related to abovesettlement level – regions and municipalities.

The planning system generally follows the territorial development that respects the horizontal and vertical coordination of plans (PS, 2009-2019, Art. 3).

The organisation of plans by their vertical coordination (PS, 2009-2019, Art. 11): Spatial plans: 1) Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia; 2) Regional Spatial Plan; 3) Spatial Plan of the unit of local administration; 4) Spatial Plan of the region of special use.

Urban plans: 1) General Urban Plan; 2) General Regulation Plan; 3) Detailed Regulation Plan.

Additional urban and technical documents, which follow spatial and urban plans, are (PS, 2009-2019, Art. 13): 1) Urban design project; 2) Design project of re-allotment and allotment; 3) Design project of correction of borders of adjoining lots.

All enlisted documents include both textual and graphical content.

Any new document in Serbian planning system should be created to be harmonised with the Spatial Plan of Republic of Serbia.

Currently, the operative plan is for the period 2010-2020 (Fig. 1).

22

Apart of the planning documents, in recent years, ministries and local self-governments (cities and municipalities) strategic documents have adopted numerous strategies. However, the legislative framework regarding strategies is still in progress, so their mutual coordination, as well as coordination between planning and strategic documents is still a challenging issue in Serbia.

Fig. 1: The title page of the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia 2010-2014-2020 (source: RAPP)

Planning and strategic perspective for the Iron Gates Region and Golubac Town (Table 1) For the purpose of this report, two types of territorial plans are especially important, because their coverage do not reflect official administrative borders between settlements and municipalities; there are shaped with special purposes, to enable the special regime of organisation, use and prospection of a certain territory (PS, 2015). This is the spatial plan of the region of special use at spatial/regional level and detailed urban plan at urban/settlement level. These plans

are thereby optional and their purpose is to better coordinate the development of the territories that are divided between different administrative units and with different ownership rights. Typical examples are spatial plans for Đerdap/Iron Gates National Park or for Danube Corridor in Serbia, as well as the detailed regulation plan for Golubac Fortress.

Golubac Municipality, the most of planning and strategic documents covers the area of Golubac Town and Golubac Fortress (Fig. 2): References:

Djukić, A., Djokić, V. & Antonić B. (2018). Chapter 6: Territorial Planning as a Creative Tool for the Upgrading of Cultural Tourism. In: T. Ohnmacht, J. Priskin & J. Stettler (Eds.), Contemporary Challenges of Climate Change, Sustainable Tourism Consumption, and Destination Competitiveness (pp. 101-122). Howard House, UK: Emerald Group Publishing.

DOI: 10.1108/S1871-317320180000015011.

Parliament of Serbia – PS (2011-2019). Law on Planning and Construction. Belgrade: National Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No 72/09, 81/09, 64/10, 24/11, 121/12, 42/13, 50/13, 98/13, 132/14, 145/14, 83/18 & 31/19.

Parliament of Serbia – PS (2011-2019). Rule Book on the Content, Method and Procedure of the Creation of the Documents of Spatial and Urban Planning. Belgrade: National Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No 64/15.

Fig. 2: The coverage by urban plans and urban design projects in the area of Golubac Town (source: Djukić, Djokić & Antonić, 2018)

The other plans are generally prescribed by law and their creation and enactment are obligatory. In the case of strategic documents, the most important ones are those that refer to tourism development.

Such example is the Master plan of “Donje Podunavlje” Tourist Destination (Donje Podunavlje = Lower Danube).In the case of

23

Annex 1

Table 1: The list of planning, urban design and strategic documents relevant for the Iron Gates Region and Golubac Town

24

Official / Serbian name

English name / translation

Year of

Relevance (order by importance)

enactment NATIONAL LEVEL – SPATIAL PLANS

Закон о просторном плану Републике Србије од 2010. до 2020. године Просторни план Републике Србије од 2010. до 2020. године

Law on the Spatial Plan for the Republic of Serbia 20102020

2010

General territorial development, tourism, heritage, culture

Spatial Plan for the Republic of Serbia 2010-2020

2010

General territorial development, tourism, heritage, culture

Просторни план подручја посебне намене међународног пловног пута Е80 – Дунав (Паневропски коридор VII)

Spatial plan of special-purpose area of E-80 international waterway – the Danube (Pan-European corridor VIII)

2010

Danube region

Стратегија просторног развоја Републике Србије 2009-20132020

Strategy on spatial development of the Republic of Serbia 2009-2013-2020

2009

General territorial development

Стратегија развоја водног саобраћаја Републике Србије од 2015. до 2025. године

Strategy on development of water transport of the Republic of Serbia 2015-2025

2015

Internal waters and ports

Стратегија развоја туризма Републике Србије за период 2016.

– 2025.

Strategy of tourism development of the Republic of Serbia 2016-2025

2016

Tourism

Стратегија Европске Уније за Дунавски регион (на српском)

Strategy of European Union for Danube region (in Serbian)

2010

Danube region

NATIONAL LEVEL – STRATEGIES

REGIONAL LEVEL – PLANS AND STRATEGIES (Iron Gate/Đerdap Region, Braničevo District, Podunavlje District)

Мастер план туристичке дестинације „Доње Подунавље“

Master plan of “Donje Podunavlje” tourist destination (Donje Podunavlje = Lower Danube)

2007

Local-self-government unit of Golubac

Регионални просторни план за подручје Подунавског и Браничевског управног округа

Regional spatial plan for area of Podunavlje and Braničevo Districts

2015

Local-self-government units of Golubac

Регионална развојна стратегија Браничева и Подунавља 2016- Regional development strategy 2020.

2016

Local-self-government units of Golubac

Просторни план подручја посебне намене Националног парка „Ђердап”

Spatial plan of special-purpose area of “Đerdap” National plan (Đerdap = Iron Gate)

2009

Local-self-government unit of Golubac

План управљања Националним парком „Ђердап”

Management plan for “Đerdap” National plan (Đerdap = Iron Gate)

2017

Local-self-government unit of Golubac

Braničevo-Podunavlje 2016 – 2020

LOCAL LEVEL – GOLUBAC MUNICIPALITY – PLANS AND DESIGN PROJECTS

Просторни план општине Голубац

Spatial plan of Golubac Municipality

2011

General territorial development

План генералне регулације

Plan of general regulation of urban settlement of Golubac

2011

Urban development of Golubac

План детаљне регулације за ревитализацију тврђаве „Голубачки град“

Plan of detailed regulation for revitalization of the fortress “Golubački grad”

2010

Golubac fortress

План детаљне регулације

Plan of detailed regulation of the Danube riverside, from Vinci tourist village to the fortress “Golubački grad”

2011

Danube riverside in Golubac urban area

Plan of detailed regulation of complex of Tumane monastery and “Bigrena akumulacija” natural monument

2011

Tumane monastery and “Bigrena akumulacija” natural monument

Урбанистички пројекат ревитализације Голубачке тврђаве

Urban design project for revitalisation of Golubac Fortress

-

Golubac Fortress

Урбанистички пројекат апартманског насеља код тврђаве „Голубачки град“

Urban design project of apartment village next to Golubac fortress

2009

Tourism

Урбанистички пројекат рибарског насеља у Голупцу

Urban design project of fishing village in Golubac

2013

Tourism

Стратегија локалног економског развоја општине Голубац

Strategy of local economic development of Golubac municipality

2010-14

General development

Стратегија одрживог развоја општине Голубац за период од 2015. до 2020. године

Strategy of sustainable development of Golubac municipal- 2015 ity for the period 2015-2020

General development

Маркетинг План - Унапређење туристичке понуде општине Голубац

Marketing plan – Upgrading of tourist offer of Golubac municipality

Tourism

Студија оправданости за проглашење туристичког простора „Тврђава Голубачки град“ (Општина Голубац)

Feasibility study for declaration of tourist side “Golubac Fortress” (Golubac Municipality)

градског насеља Голубац

приобаља Дунава, од туристичког насеља Винци до тврђаве „Голубачки град“ План детаљне регулације комплекса манастира Тумане и споменика природе „Бигрена акумулација“

LOCAL LEVEL – GOLUBAC MUNICIPALITY – STRATEGIES

2009

Tourism

25

5. EXPLORING GOLUBAC Prof. Dr. Eva Vaništa Lazarević

The process of student investigations and design in Golubac Micro-region in studio generally followed the explained curriculum of the course “Methodology of Urban Planning and Design”. In line with this, studio work and supplementary theoretical lectures passed through several phases during the summer semester 2016/2017.

The introduction of Golubac Micro-region was the first phase. Students got to know the region and collect the data from on-site research (Fig. 1) and the data available from provided plans and strategies and general literature and internet.

Fig. 1: Discussions between students and local experts at the second national workshop in Golubac (source: B. Antonić)

Thematic research is carried parallel with the introductory part. All students were organised in 2-3 member groups. Ten student groups investigated specific topics that bridge spatial development, culture and tourism: historic development, cadastre and ownership, geodata based on photography, natural and built heritage, spatial and urban patterns, functions and activities, mapping of visitor tours, networks and infrastructure, and Golubac in news, forums and blogs.

The second-phase research was developed

26

on two well-established theories: (1) the theory of the city image, developed by Kevin Lynch, and (2) space-syntax theory, based on the analysis of spatial configurations. Student conducted independent on-site research based on both theories, which both were customised to the purposes of the course.

The last phase in the first part was SWOT analysis, as an assessment of the current state of Golubac Micro-region. All groups made the SWOT analyses on their thematic topics, which were eventually merged in a final, comprehensive SWOT analysis. Upon this phase, the first colloquium was completed and orally presented in the first decade of April.

The phases that belong to design process were included in the second colloquium.

From the early beginnings, all students were focused on the central core f Golubac Town.

Group work was preserved till the end of the studio work.

The two phases, a concept and programme, were mainly interconnected. The concept was a link between the current assessment/ SWOT analysis and new proposals for Golubac.

The fundamental elements, settled by the concept, were then elaborated through programme, which actually detailed all possible functions, activities and facilities in urban space.

Then, these basic design postulates were used and additionally checked through design scenarios. Each member of a group created one scenario with a unique logo, motto or catchword, proposed actions and their graphical presentation in the space of central Golubac. After that, all groups chose their most appropriate scenario.

The last phase was the concrete design of

a small open space in central Golubac as one of key actions proposed by the chosen scenario. This phase was done as a typical urban design project, including drawings and spatial models.

The described student studio work was “disrupted” by four student workshops. Two of them were national workshops, conducted in Golubac, and the other ones were regional, conducted abroad and in international atmosphere, with students from the other DANUrB universities from Vienna, Budapest, Bucharest, Bratislava, Krems/Donau, and Novi Sad. The first national DANUrB workshop was in Golubac on March 2, 2017. Teaching staff and students had discussions with local experts from spatial development, heritage, cross-border cooperation, and tourism.

They also have fieldwork in Golubac Town, measuring spatial syntax and surveying the issues important for the city image theory.

The second national DANUrB workshop was happened in May 29, 2017 and it was in form of the second colloquium. Students orally presented their design proposals to local experts, who gave them remarks and comments how to further improve them for the final design solutions (Fig. 1). Aside of this major event, students and teaching staff visited Golubac Fortress in reconstruction as a short cultural tour.

Apart of the national workshops, the best students from Belgrade participates in two international DANUrB workshops in Wachau, Austria (March 2017) and Esztergom-Šturovo, Hungary-Slovakia (June 2017). They shared their research and ideas about Golubac to the other students from the above mentioned faculties from Danubian countries, making

partnership and synergy about solutions for the Danube towns and regions (Fig. 2).

Both studio work and four organised workshops showed students how to finalise their studio projects during July 2017.

Fig. 2: Students from Belgrade in the front of their posters at international DANUrB workshop in Esztergom (source: B. Antonić)

27

EXPLORING GOLUBAC STUDENT PROJECTS

Milica Ristović, Milica Djurdjević, Stefan Hadži Arsenović

E - SOURCES FOR CADASTRE AND OWNERSHIP

OWNERSHIP/SHAPE OF LAND PLOTS/SIZE OF LAND PLOTS AREA AND OWNERSHIP The private plots are predominant in the town centre. They are crossed by roads that are manifested as public property. The peripheral parts of Golubac are specific for mixed ownership, where several types of owners are overlapped (Đerdap Hydroelectric Power Plant, Agricultural Cooperatives, Golubac Municipality, Srbijašume Public Company). Large plot areas towards the Golubac Fortress are owned by the state of Serbia and Srbijašume Public Company owns the right to land. An exception is the area around the Golubac Fortress, which is surrounded by publicly owned land plots. The land plots that are located in the riverside of the town centre are medium-sized land plots (from 500 to 3000 m2). A new land emerged due to the riverside embankments and land expansion on the account of the river. Its area capacity can be used for building purposes, but it is located in a zone of the National Park of Đerdap.

Therefore it is necessary to further consider the land purpose.

N

DANUB

E OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE

scale 1:1000

COMMUNITY OWNED LAND 0.19%

STATE OWNED LAND

PUBLIC OWNED LAND 7.90%

MIXED OWNED LAND 4.43%

NUMBER OF OWNERS BY PLOTS FOUR OWNERS 2.51%

NO DATA 3.08% PRIVATELY OWNED LAND 64.54%

THREE OWNERS 4.51%

FIVE OWNERS 1.76% NO DATA 1.76%

TWO OWNERS 13.89%

PRIVATELY OWNED LAND MIXED OWNERSHIP

STATE HELD OWNERSHIP 18.30%

PUBLIC OWNERSHIP

ONE OWNER 75.73%

E-CADASTRE / OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE - SPATIAL DISPOSITION

SHAPE OF LAND PLOTS Most of the plots in the town centre are of regular rectangular shape with residen al buildings without any associated recrea onal facili es. Several triangular plots that exist are a result of land subdivision and two plots are located in the town centre, while the others are located in the riverside area at the exit from the town. Irregular non-jagged land plots are large agricultural lands that are situated in the hinterland of Golubac. The irregular jagged land plots have been created by dividing large agricultural land in small parts.

The jagged land located on the sloped terrain at the entrance to the urban centre of Golubac from Belgrade direc on. The land plot is divided between 12 different owners including the state and the municipality. The forest predominantly covers the land plot.The jagged land plot in the centre of Golubac on the Danube bank. A hotel is located at the land plot. The land plots that make the town park and quay on the Danube consist of four regularly-shaped land plots and six irregular non-jagged land plots. The land plots that make a wide area of Golubac are irregularly shaped (non-jagged) and have mixed ownership (public and state)

Land plots that make surroundings of Golubac fortress are non-jagged plots and are mixed owned (public and state held ownership).

N Jagged plot is located in the town center. Hotel is build on this plot.

Plots that create city park and promenade are contained of four rectangular plots and six non-jagged plots.

DANUB

E

scale 1:1000

The irregular jagged land plot is located on the steep hill in the beggining of urban part of Golubac. Land plot has 12 different owners among others Municipality of Golubac. Forest is dominante feature of this land plot

RECTANGULAR SHAPE PLOTS IRREGULAR JAGGED SHAPE PLOTS IRREGULAR NON-JAGGED SHAPE PLOTS TRIANGULAR SHAPE PLOTS

E-CADASTRE / SHAPE OF LAND PLOTS - SPATIAL DISPOSITION

SIZE OF LAND PLOTS The current plots meet the basic needs of the popula on of Golubac. The land plots of up to 500 m2 dominate the town centre, which are suitable for residen al construc on. Bigger investments in the form of hotels and business incubators are impossible because of the lack of adequate area of land plots in the town centre. The peripheral parts do not restrict the area capacity for construc on, but the morphology of the terrain significantly increases the financial costs of construc on.

N

DANUB

E

scale 1:1000 PLOT SIZE STRUCTURE LAND PLOTS OVER 3000m2 6.65%

LAND PLOTS UP TO 500 m2 LAND PLOTS FROM 500 TO 1500 m2

NO DATA 3.14 %

LAND PLOTS FROM 1500 TO 3000 m2 4.10%

LAND PLOTS FROM 1500 TO 3000 m2 LAND PLOTS OVER 3000m2 LAND PLOTS FROM 500 TO 1500 m2 23.48%

E-CADASTRE / SIZE OF LAND PLOTS - SPATIAL DISPOSITION

Mladen Kostadinović, Srđan Mićanović, Nevena Mandić

LAND PLOTS UP TO 500 m2

Mladen Kostadinović 22011/16; Mandić Nevena 22019/16; Mićanović Srđan 22011/16 Aleksandra Đukić; Ivica Nikolić; Branislav Antonić; Tamara Radić 2016/2017

E

E - SOURCES FOR CADASTRE AND OWNERSHIP LAND USE - UNDEFINED OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE / LAND PLOTS THAT DO NOT HAVE AN ACCESS TO THE ROAD

LAND USE / UNDEFINED OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE The number of land plots with unclear ownership is small compared to the total number of land plots in the Municipality of Golubac (a total of 13). However, some land plots occupy large areas (peripheral parts of the town centre and the area around the Golubac Fortress).

A number of land plots in the town centre belongs to the state, but are used as a land of coopera ve. Based on this we can conclude that there is a mutual overlap of interests and needs between the state and the municipality. This overlap can cause a conflict of interests.

E - SOURCES FOR CADASTRE AND OWNERSHIP The land is owned by state.

The right of use is exercised by the Public U lity Company of Golubac.

The right of use is exercised by private en es. Ownership is shared by the Golubac Municipality and the Republic of Serbia.

The land plot is owned by the state.

The Branko Radičević Primary School and gym are located at the land plot.

However, the privately owned facili es are also located at the land plot.

OWNERSHIP/SHAPE OF LAND PLOTS/SIZE OF LAND PLOTS

Ownership of the land plot is held by the state through its company HE Đerdap.

Ownership of the land plot is held by the state, municipality and private en es.

Ownership of the land plot is held by the state through its company HE Đerdap.

There is no data for the parcel On the RGZ site. On the plot Is located in a quarry.

Ownership of the land plot is held by the state through its company HE Đerdap.

AREA AND OWNERSHIP

Ownership of the land plot is held by the state and municipality.

The land is owned by the state, while the right of use is exercised by the Construc on Department of Golubac.

Ownership of the land plot is held by the state and municipality. The status of the land plot is of social nature and the land plot is used by the agricultural coopera ve of Golubac.

The land is owned by state, but the right of use is granted to the agricultural coopera ve.

The private plots are predominant in the town centre. They are crossed by roads that are manifested as public property. The peripheral parts of Golubac are specific for mixed ownership, where several types of owners are overlapped (Đerdap Hydroelectric Power Plant, Agricultural Cooperatives, Golubac Municipality, Srbijašume Public Company). Large plot areas towards the Golubac Fortress are owned by the state of Serbia and Srbijašume Public Company owns the right to land. An exception is the area around the Golubac Fortress, which is surrounded by publicly owned land plots. The land plots that are located in the riverside of the town centre are medium-sized land plots (from 500 to 3000 m2). A new land emerged due to the riverside embankments and land expansion on the account of the river. Its area capacity can be used for building purposes, but it is located in a zone of the National Park of Đerdap.

Therefore it is necessary to further consider the land purpose.

The right of use is exercised by the Municipality of Golubac and HE Đerdap. The private family houses are constructed on the land plot.

E- CADASTRE / LAND USE - UNDEFINED OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE - SPATIAL DISPOSITION

OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE

FOUR OWNERS 2.51%

COMMUNITY OWNED LAND 0.19%

NO DATA 3.08% PRIVATELY OWNED LAND 64.54%

PUBLIC OWNED LAND 7.90%

CONCLUSION

NUMBER OF OWNERS BY PLOTS

MIXED OWNED LAND 4.43%

THREE OWNERS 4.51%

FIVE OWNERS 1.76%

LAND PLOTS THAT DO NOT HAVE AN ACCESS TO THE ROAD

NO DATA 1.76% ĐERDAPSKA MAGISTRALA

TWO OWNERS 13.89%

STATE HELD OWNERSHIP 18.30%

ONE OWNER 75.73%

ON

DUNAV

CAR A

DU Š AN

Land plots that make surroundings of Golubac fortress are non-jagged plots and are mixed owned (public and state held ownership).

A

CARA LA ZARA

ots that create city park and promenade e contained of four rectangular plots and non-jagged plots.

E

SHAPE

DOSITEJ

CAR

RA CARA LAZA

AL

AZA

EVA

E- CADASTRE / LAND PLOTS THAT DO NOT HAVE AN ACCESS TO THE ROAD - SPATIAL DISPOSITION

RA

A small number of land plots do not have an access to the road. The land plots that have no access to the road are built from the preexis ng land plots and their areas do not exceed 400 m2. The facili es that are constructed on these land plots are a problem.

According to the building rules, the land plots that do not have a road access cannot be building plots. In these cases, it o�en happens that the public land and o�en privately owned land are usurped due to the access.

Even though there are 6 land plots that do not have a road access, only three land plots have facili es, while others are used agricultural lands. The redistribu on of land is possible for the of its enlarging.

OFpurpose LAND PLOTS

Most of the plots in the town centre are of regular rectangular shape with residen al buildings without any associated recrea onal facili es. Several triangular plots that exist are a result of land subdivision and two plots are located in the town centre, while the others are located in the riverside area at the exit from the town. Irregular non-jagged land plots are large agricultural lands that are situated in the hinterland of Golubac. The irregular jagged land plots have been created by dividing large agricultural land in small parts.

The jagged land located on the sloped terrain at the entrance to the urban centre of Golubac from Belgrade direc on. The land plot is divided between 12 different owners including the state and the municipality. The forest predominantly covers the land plot.The jagged land plot in the centre of Golubac on the Danube bank. A hotel is located at the land plot. The land plots that make the town park and quay on the Danube consist of four regularly-shaped land plots and six irregular non-jagged land plots. The land plots that make a wide area of Golubac are irregularly shaped (non-jagged) and have mixed ownership (public and state)

SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS ź Most land plots have a road access and a large number of

plots are suitable for residen al purposes.

ź An ar ficially created land with a view to increasing the

building capacity.

ź A large number of plots have a clear ownership structure.

ź Assignment of the state plots for construc on ź Planning cycleway in the riverside

OPPORTUNITIES

WEAKNESSES

CONCLUSION SWOT ANALYSIS

The current status of the cadastre and land policy of Golubac meets the basic housing requirements.

The areas of most plots range up to 500 m2 and this requirement is prescribed by the regula on on dividing, regula ng and building land plots.

A minimum width of land plots of 12 m that is prescribed under the regula on on dividing, regula ng and building land plots is not met in the most cases given the fact that many land plots have a width below the RECTANGULAR SHAPEprescribed PLOTS minimum.

IRREGULAR JAGGED SHAPE PLOTS Many small land plots in the town centre are a restric on due their small area.

The landPLOTS in the peripheral parts of the town can be redistributed IRREGULAR NON-JAGGED SHAPE provided that it is owned by the same owners or the land ownership is TRIANGULAR SHAPE PLOTS ź Undefined ownership structure of the land plots in the redistributed.

In order to further develop Golubac, it is necessary to create large land riverside zone (mixed competence). areas for capital investments (hotels, sports and recrea on centres, ź Undefined use of the land (primary school and residen al business incubators), because the current area capacity is una rac ve for buildings on the same land plot) investments due to the lack of land and manpower. ź A large number of small land plots in the town centre. ź A large number of irregular land plots (peripheral parts of the

square). ź Plots of large areas are not suitable for the construc on (peripheral parts of the town / sloped areas). ź A small number of land plots are suitable capital investments.

THREATS

SIZE OF LAND PLOTS

The current plots meet the basic needs of the popula on of Golubac. The land plots of up to 500 m2 dominate the town centre, which are suitable for residen al construc on. Bigger investments in the form of hotels and business incubators are impossible because of the lack of adequate area of land plots in the town centre. The peripheral parts do not restrict the area capacity for construc on, but the morphology of the terrain significantly increases the financial costs of construc on.

Mladen Kostadinović, Srđan Mićanović, Nevena Mandić

Jana Milovanović, Milica Zukanović

Jana Milovanović, Milica Zukanović

Sara Kovačević, Antonio Mareš

INTRODUCTORY RESEARCH - BUILDING PATTERN Swot

Urban structure - Facilities outside the building line / free standing They are located mainly in the inner parts of the blocks, without specific structured logically layout.

- Facilities at the building line / in a row, compact They are located on the peripheral parts of blocks, positioned buliding up to building making a row along a construction line.

- Facilities outside the building line / in a row.

They are located in the inner parts of the blocks, mostly positioned house by house along plot dividing line.

- Compact facilities Facilities that are located in the inner part of the blocks and are characterized by the fact that are chaotically distributed facility by facility.

- Urbanized area of the city Zone which has formed urban matrix - Zone of the city subordinated to geomorphological characteristics of the terrain Built in rural zone of the city, which is due to the slope, exposure and soil structure designed and field custom.

Urban structure Legend Building line Facilities outside the building line / free standing Facilities at the building line / in a series of compact Facilities outside the building line / in a row Clustered objects Urban zone of city Zone of city subordinated morphological the characteristics of the terrain

DUNAV

0

100

200

300

400

Floors not exceed G + 1 as the reason of the lack of urbanization of the city Not protected entire building heritage, only fortress Golubac Tuman Monastery and some buildings in the city center The rural part of the city is built unplanned, which can be perceived through the positioning of facilities, anatomy and urban structure The main road through the center of Golubac disrupts the environment of building heritage of Golubac city downtown and fortress Golubac.

Golubac, Tuman Monastery and some of the facilities in the city downtown

opportunity

threat

Building heritage through tourism network of Golubac Protection and enhancement of the building heritage by the participants Bringing investors in city of Golubac as tourist potential for investment.

Inadequate reconstruction and revitalization of building heritage The morphological characteristics of terrain prevent further spread of the urban core Illegally constructed buildings in the area of national parks Illegally constructed buildings in the rural part of the city violate the identity and type of construction

- Closed blocks Include urbanized city structure, where facilities are mainly in a row and on the building line.

- Open blocks Include rural part of the city and mainly objects that are free standing outside the building line.

- Special blocks Characterized by specific developement, such as hotel (high rise buildings), sports stadiums, hall of sports, park, quay, green area settled for football etc.

- Mixed blocks Mixed blocks include parts of urbanized structure where located facilities in a row and freestanding facilities.

OPENED / CLOSED BLOCK legend

Closed block Opened block Special block Mix block

DUNAV

100

weakness

Urbanized city structure Preserved building heritage in the central part of the city Protected Golubac fortress and Tumane monastery Existence of catering facilities with adequate capacity to receive guests Great variety of building heritage, as well as the potential for tourism The existence of the sports hall offers sports and recreational opportunities in addition to tourism

STREETS

Block tipology

0

strength

200

300

400

Streets are in urbanized structure with dual sidewalks without the line of trees and with nonporous materials such as concrete elements and asphalt. Floors largely varies from G, G + 1 and G + 1Attick.

Floring

SQUARE Flooring - G (ground floor) Flooring of the facilities consisting of mainly sports facilities and a gas station

FLORING LEGEND G

- G - G+1+Attick The most common flooring, mainly residential houses, not represented by Moravian type of construction but more contemporary simple construction and design.

G - G +1 +Attick G+1 G+2 G+4+Attick

G+1 School, municipality, The post office Srbije.

G+2 Hotel, Comercial bank.

DUNAV

G+4 Hotel Bogojević

9 0

100

200

300

400

The square is rectangular, with diagonal traced pedestrian paths, with large flowerpots on whose walls are sitting benches. Square surrounded by facilities mainly intended for commercial purposes and public buildings, modern buildings (the hotel) and old architecture

Density of development

SPACE SINTAX Density of development is the largest in the central part of the town, where moving to rural part is gradually reduced the level of development.

Density of development

Besides coastal part where development is with intention lower because it includes areas of quay, park and green area.

15 DUNAV

0

TYPOLOGY OF THE SETTLEMENT Golubac is a small town in eastern Serbia, positioned near the old town (Fortress Golubac), exposed Eastern, while along Danube Gorge and it makes “čaršija” (bazaar), which includes the heart of the town, while the peripheral part of the town mostly forms structure that is subordinate to the geomorphological features of the terrain.

ORIGIN OF NAME “VAROŠICA” (SMALL TOWN) Word “varošica” (small town) is derived from the word “varoš” (town) (ie. its diminutive or miniature), which is the Hungarian origin and literally translated means the town (hung. város).

HISTORY OF SMALL TOWN The concept of small towns appeared in the Principality of Serbia at the beginning of the 19th century. After 1815, ie. calming down situation after two of the uprising, former Serbia inherited the so-called. “Ottoman network” of settlements, where among settlements between city and village existed parochial and provincial town.

Edict of 1833 ordered the demolition of all the Turkish fortifications except those in cities.

Since parochial towns were related to fortification, many of them have been ruined. This was a powerful impetus for the development of small towns, and some of them, with good economic base, gradually join the list of towns.

For several decades of establishment of towns was spontaneous, by edicts of “case to case”, when in 1866 their legal position was established by Act of places. At this time tendency was small town to be the center of the small town district (municipalities), but this was not always the case, ie. number of districts was higher, so there were so called "rural districts".

In the second half of the 19th century by individual decrees was rapidly increased number of small towns, so then appears small town without the position of the seat of the district.

In the late 19th and early 20th century, small towns were rapidly developing and gaining population. Before the First World War in the former Kingdom of Serbia officially existed 61 small towns. During the 20th century the concept of the small town is still in use, but is not entered into legal acts.

MAIN CRITERIA OF SMALL TOWN: 1. The role of the network of settlements> small town had a role to connect nearby villages in the immediate environment with the cities (towns) as a degree above; Small town Golubac connects the villages that are close to the old town of Golubac.

2. population> small towns, unlike cities (towns) were smaller settlements, often less than the larger villages in the area; Small town Golubac has about 1600 inhabitants.

3. density> small town, like the cities (towns), were densely populated and developed, which separates them from the surrounding villages, which were less populated and developed; Golubac is a densely populated compared to the other villages in the area.

4. Legal position> small towns legally (by edict) received the title, which was related to the right to fair ("panadur"). Therefore, many of the larger and better-situated villages sought this title; 5. lifestyle> small towns are like cities (towns) were primarily places with a significant economic and transport benefits, from which they had "more urban" way of life, though far compared to similar cases in Europe. Golubac is located on the geographical position through which was paved highway.

City Hill

Location of town Golubac

River

100

200

300

Points 42, 43 are located at the geographic coordinates of Golubac quay where you can identify a small harbor for boats at point 42, the path routed along the quay, flood protective wall and furniture.

400

TYPOLOGY OF COUNTRYSIDES

Points 25, 26 are geographical co-ordinates located on the eastern edge of the park in Golubac and are characterized by routed path, furnishing and objects that have large view to the Danube Gorge. Point 26 covers and routed path that runs along the Golubac quay.

Legenda Razbijeni ibarski i starovlaški tip Poluzbijeni šumadijski tip Ušoreni mačvanski tip Razređeno-zbijeni moravski tip Potpuno zbijeni timočki i južnomoravski tip

Countryside: Usje

Author: Sara Kovačević, Antonio Mareš Supervisor: dr. Aleksandra Đukić, Ivica Nikolić, Branislav Antonić i Tamara Radić Academic year: 2016/17

Coutryside: Radoševac Map of urban-morphological types of rural settlements in municipalities (Savremeni rurizam, Milorad Ribar, 1988) Varošica: Golubac

Usje and Radoševac are diluted-compact type of Moravian village. Characterized by the fact that there is one main street around which are spontaneously formed the streets of lower rank. Usje and Radoševac are located near Golubac and belong to the municipality of Golubac, their exposure is east and are positioned along the Danube Gorge.

Kojić, B. (1970) Varošice u Srbiji XIX veka, Beograd: Građevinska Knjiga, str. 11-16 Kojić, B. (1970) Varošice u Srbiji XIX veka, Beograd: Građevinska Knjiga, str. 5-7

Sara Kovačević, Antonio Mareš

METODOLOGY OF URBAN DESIGN

GOLUBAC: CITY OF EXTREMES Thematic reseraches Thema c research:

Touris c tours and routes

ANALYSIS OF TOURS

1

2

N

Београд

3

N

N

Голубац

1. Traces of ancient past – a day trip from

Рам

Belgrade

Виминацијум

Smederevo – Viminacium – Fortress Ram – Golubac

Смедерево Голубац

4

N

Голубац

- every month during spring and summer - staying in Golubac about 2 hours

4. Danube Cruise - 3 days/2 nights, boat and bus

Тraces of Ancient Past-bus,one day trip

debarkation point-tour 1

boarding point-tour 2

bus route river route

debarkation point-tour 2

Bicycle tour

Danube Cruise- 3 days

Cruising to Golubacbus/boat, 1 day

Mountain Climbing

end point

stopping/ viewpoint transit point

CONCLUSION

Map Legend

boarding point-tour 1

direction of travel

Tumane Monastery Golo brdo (505m) Veliko Cerje (515m) Veliki Klokočar (554m) Viewpoint Sokolovica (509m) Brnjica

the starting point

Belgrade – Smederevo – Viminacium – Silver Lake – Veliko Gradište – Golubac

transit point

- organized by local and Belgrade mountaineering associations - Golubac as the end point (lunch break)

ź ź ź ź ź ź

Spreadsheet of Golubac position in tourist tours

5. Cruising to Golubac - boat and bus

- boarding a ship on Silver Lake - passing ship near Golubac Fortress with a short break for a sightseeing from the ship and photographing

Hiking trail

Tumane Monastery – Brnjica – 18km

- lunch break in Golubac (1h30min) - individual sightseeing of the fortress

- boarding a ship in Kostolac and debarkation in Tekija - passing ship near Golubac fortress with a short break for a sightseeing from the ship and photographing - on the return there is a lunch break in Golubac

N

3. Mountain climbing

Svilajnac – Petrovac – Kučevo – Golubac – Veliko Gradište – Požarevac – Svilajnac (184km)

Belgrade – Viminacium – Kostolac – Ram – Veliko Gradiste - Golubac – Iron Gate – Donji MilanovacTekija – Kladovo

5

10км

2. Bicycle tour

In organized tourist tours, which are mostly organized from Belgrade, Golubac is usually only stop along the way or the end point with stopping of 15min - 2hr.

Points and reasons for stopping – Golubac Fortress (short pause and photographing) – Break for the lunch in the town (up to 2 hours)

BICYCLE TRAFFIC International cycling route – EUROVELO 6

“Iron Curtain Route” – EUROVELO 13

In 2004 Serbia joined the international plan of the Danube cycling route that leads from Budapest to the mouth of the Black Sea. N

There are two alternative routes on this location: - Golubac – Donji Milanovac - Bela Crkva – Golubac

WATER TRANSPORTATION

ź Promotion of mountain bike tourism in the

Danube Gorge

ź Improving cooperation among people

living along the Danube river border between Serbia and Romania

ź Within the project was held sports and

recreational event “Mountain bike marathon” (30km)

Нова Молдова

Ferryboat transport Golubac – Nova Moldava

muncipality of Golubac

WHAT?_

EUROVELO 13 will further network Golubac on the European-cycling map. This will increase the tourism potential of Golubac.

CONCLUSION

By 2009 was completed only a phase of setting up signposts, which is not enough for this route comes to life. Today in cooperation with Romania are organized bicycle tours along this route, which is becoming more and more prominent, and is one of the most important tourist potential of Golubac.

CONCLUSION

bicycle trail

WHO?_ Muncipality of Berzaska and WHEN?_ 2015

The project includes construction of two physically separated paths, one of a width of 2.5 m for cycling path, and the other of 1.5 meters for the walkway.

WHO?

Општине Голубац и Велико Градиште и Нова Молдава (Румунија)

WHEN?_

2014

WHAT?_

The project is financing under IPA CBC Program of cross-border cooperation Romania-Serbia.

The project value is 2,352,674 euro; the budget of Golubac is 247,071.

In 1993 border-crossing Usije was open.

Усије

A major weakness of Golubac Municipality is unused river potential for to sports, river traffic, river crossings.

Muncipality of Golubac ź reconstruction of embankments and access roads, ź equipping facilities of customs and border police in Usije ź construction of appropriate pontoon for safe ferry access

Application BIKEMAP - Ability to share and search bike routes - In the past 6 years 34 tours uploaded that include Golubac (30 routes – foreign tourists).

International cycling route EUROVELO 6 and 13 increase visibility of Golubac on the Internet for all potential touristcyclists.

Monika Jovanovski, Boško Žakula, Srđan Radovanović

Muncipality of Veliko Gradiste ź widening and paving of the road Veliko Gradiste – Vinci to adapt

freight traffic

Nova Moldova ź border crossing landscape and purchase of ferry

Author:

Monika Jovanovski 22032/2016, Boško Žakula 22025/2016, Srđan Radovanović 22030/2016

Supervisor:

prof. Aleksandra Đukić, as. Branislav Antonić, Ivica Nikolić, Tamara Radić

Academic year: 2016/2017

Голубац

CONCLUSION

The project “Mountain bike trails in the region of Banat”

In 2015 Public Company Directorate for development of Golubac Municilapity began construction of cycling path and walkways with lighting, at the section 4 – entrance in Golubac. The length of this section will be 1438 m.

Through the area of Golubac is also planned section of Eurovelo 13, whose plan to link Russia and Europe through the route from the Barents Sea to the Black Sea. The plan is route to extend to the length of 10400 km, from Finland to Turkey. Route length in Serbia is around 800km.

Through the site passes bicycle lines of the main bike routes than are of importance both to Golubac and for international Danube route.

In Serbia most actual tour of this route is: Ram – Silver Lake – Veliko Gradište – Golubac – Donji Milanovac (95km) As part of the Golubac section route goes Golubac downtown – hotel – park – spring at the exit from Golubac – Golubac Fortress.

MUNICIPIAL LEVEL

Monika Jovanovski, Boško Žakula, Srđan Radovanović

Vanja Vujanović, Ivana Savić, Mila Stojanović

6. SURVEYING THE IMAGE OF GOLUBAC Marija Cvetković, teaching assistant and PhD candidate

In accordance with a plenty of information and instructions to conduct a survey by a questionnaire, theoretical focus to form a survey and a questionnaire was done by customisation of the principles of City image theory. It is created by Kevin Lynch, famous American urban planner, and published in the book “The Image of the City” in 1960.

Accoarding to Kevin Lynch there is a public image of any given city which is the overlap of many individual images. Such group images are necessary if an individual is to operate successfully within his environment.

This analysis limits itself to the effects of physical, perceptible objects. There are other influences on imageability, such as the social meaning of an area, its function, its history, or even its name. The theory describes that a city image in the eyes of an observer is formed by five physical forms as its elements (Lynch, 1960): 1. Paths are the channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or potentially moves. They may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads. For many people, these are the predominant elements in their image.

2. Edges are the linear elements not used or considered as paths to the observer. They are boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad cuts, edges of development, walls.

3. Districts are the medium-to-large sections of the city, conceived of as having twodimensional extent, which the observer mentally enters ‘inside of’ , and which are recognizable as having some common, identifying character. Always identifiable from the inside, they are also used for exterior reference if visible from the outside.

40

4. Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are the intensive foci to and from which he is travelling. They may be primarily junctions, places of a break in transportation, a crossing or convergence of paths, moments of shift from one structure to another, or even simple concentrations.

5. Landmarks are another type of point reference, but in this casethe observer does not enter within them, they are external.

They are usually a rather simply defined physical object: building, sign, store, or mountain.

Fig. 1: The hardcopy sample of fullfilled questionnaire.

Landmarks distinguish in this group, because they are the only elements to be external and utterly symbolic; the other ones are more spatial elements for an observer.

Furthermore, according to K. Lynch (1981), the concentration of landmarks in urban space is greatly important for dynamic city image – maximal distance between landmarks should be 200-300 metres.

SURVEY WITH QUESTIONNAIRE: A survey is a well known and very common method in social sciences as well as in the scientific disciplines where social sciences are applied as theoretical foundations. Urban planning and design are among them. The survey in Golubac was planned by staff with a simplified and shorter questionnaire, where every element of city image theory was a base for two questions. A special aspiration was made to make the questionnaire understandable and receptive for the wide range of respondents. The targeted threshold was 10% of permanent town population (or >150 respondents). Almost all questions are thereby shaped as semi-closed, where several concrete choices, well-known physical elements in Golubac, are given and the last one was left as a blank for additional and unexpected choice. Respondents could choose just one choice. The last question was different, because it was settled as a specific “synthesis” of the previous ones. Hence, there were no given choices in the question and a respondent could give one answer on his/her own.

Fig. 2: The survey with questionnaire in Golubac (source: B. Antonić).

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THE IMAGE OF GOLUBAC STUDENT PROJECTS

Jana Milovanović, Milica Zukanović

7. FORMING THE SPACE SYNTAX OF GOLUBAC

Jelena Marić, teaching assistant and PhD student

In order to plan and design cities first we need In order to plan and design cities first we need to understand them. Different techniques are used to achive a better and more comprehensive understanding of a city, its patterns, movement and development. One of the new, but rather effective technique is the space syntax. Built on mathematical algorithms and geospatial computer technology, space syntax provides for analysis of spatial configurations. As a very significant tool it has presented an improvement used in different fields, such as: architecture, urban design, planning, transportation and interior design (Al Sayed et al, 2013). The idea was firstly introduced by Bill Hillier, a professor at The Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London (UCL 20 years ago. Together with Julienne Hanson he wrote a book called “The Social Logic of Space” (1981) (Jacoby,2006).

Spatial syntax is an analysis of spatial configurations measured during one or more selected characteristic periods. In space syntax, the spaces are understood as voids such as streets, squares, rooms and fields, between walls, fences and other things that restrain pedestrian movement or the visual field. In the case of urban research, it consists of the following steps (Hillier, 1999): 1) selected urban area as a network broken into nods; 2) the analysis is based on the choices of users’ movement throughout the area: 3) choices of the users are represented in schematic maps (Hiller, Stonor, 2010). However, space syntax cannot measure the character of a city or a building; it also lacks the 3D perception (Ratti, 2004). While this method is a useful tool for detecting different kind of spatial changes and characteristics, the interpretation of the results from this analysis

44

must be done in accordance with the social aspects considering human behavior in open spaces (van Nes, 2014).

Fig. 1: Spatial syntax: network of nods selected for the counting

Regarding the case of Golubac, a space syntax method was conducted in March 2, 2017, by the programme staff and 21 students.

First, the urban fabric of Golubac centre was divided into 44 nodes in total representing street intersections. The date for the research was intentionally chosen because it was the only market day in Golubac in a week, thus enabling high concentration of people in the centre and the biggest pressure on urban fabric. The counting of pedestrians, cyclists, cars and long/heavy road vehicles was conducted in two 60-minutes periods.

After successful measurement were taken, all of the gathered data was processed using statistic tests in MC Excel programme and an online platform for data collected in situ. The next step required from students to set-up the numbers for all investigated issues and form the thematic maps.

During the research different limitations were observed such as: 1) the offer and variety of “leisure and free time” related activities are usually problematic in small towns such as Golubac; 2) the day of investigations was in March, i.e. out of summer holyday and tourist

season and 3) important locations, such as Golubac fortress, were excluded because they do not belong to the city centre. Analysing the gathered data results showed some places are significantly more used by people (pedestrians, cyclist, drivers, and passengers) than others. The most frequent street in Golubac is that which concurs with the state road No IB34 along the Danube, which connects Lower Danube region in Serbia with rest of the country. One of the least occupied place is the area along the Danube quay due to limited access for vehicles. Western half of Golubac centre is much more used than eastern part, even though this part is closer to Golubac fortress. The other subjects are more present – car and pedestrians are almost the same by numbers in many cases.

However, there was a huge gap between pedestrians and other subjects. Cyclists and all types of vehicles tended to use the state road, which is also the widest street in the town. At contrary, pedestrian movement make much more complex and dispersed network. In the main street and, especially, in its part around the main square with the highest concentration of central facilities, the number of pedestrians and other observed subject is usually equal.

These results were useful and significant for the overall study of the Golubac city area and provided some qualitative data that can be used in different development strategies and urban regeneration projects.

References: Al_Sayed, K., Turner, A., Hillier, B., Iida, S., Penn, A. (2014). Space Syntax Methodology - 4th Edition: UCL - LondonBartlett School of Architecture, available at: http://discovery.ucl. ac.uk/1415080/1/SpaceSyntax-fulltextbook_HigherRe.pdf.

Hiller, B, Hanson (1984) The social logic of space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Hillier, B, Stonor, T, (2010) Space Syntax – strategic urban design. In Future of Urban Space and Humanity, Special Issue, City Planning Institute of Japan.

Jacoby, K. (2006) Want is Space Syntax? Does the urban form of the city affect the level of burglary and crime?, Royal Institute of Architecture, Stockholm.

Karimi K (1998) “Conntinuity and change in old cities; an analysis investigation of the spatial structure in Iranian and English historic cities before and after modernization”, PhD thesis, The Bartlett School, University College London.

Ratti C (2004) “Space syntax: some inconsistencies”, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. van Nes, A, (2014), Space Syntax in Theory and Practice, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland 2014, D.J.Lee at all (eds.), Geodesign by Integrating Design and Geospatial Sciences, GeoJournal Library1. van Nes, A, Lopez, M (2007) Micro scale spatial relationships in urban studies. The relationship between private and public space and its impact on street life. In A.S. Kubat (Ed.), Proceedings space syntax 6th international symposium, Istanbul. van Nes, Yamu, C (2018) Space Syntax: a method to measure urban space related to social, economic and cognitive factors, In C. Yamu, A. Poplin, O. Devisch, G. de Roo (eds) (2018) ‘The Virtual And The Real in Planning and Urban Design: Perspectives, practices and applications’, Routledge: Oxon, UK / New York, USA

Fig. 2: Spatial syntax: the volunteer (right) counts pedestrians, cyclists and vehicles in the middle of related crossroad.

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THE SPACE SYNTAX OF GOLUBAC STUDENT PROJECTS

Jana Milovanović, Milica Zukanović

8. SUMMING IN SWOT ANALYSIS Dr. Branislav Antonić, teaching assistant

The assessment of current state of Golubac Town and its vicinity was given in the form of SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis is a wellknown method derived from economics science, but it has become prominent in urban studies and planning (Mu, Xiaoguang & Ming, 2007). It is a strategic planning technique. It is based on the determination of four types of features that influence on the planning and, eventually, competiveness of a certain entity (Dess, 2018): ·· Strengths: advantageous features of the entity; ·· Weaknesses: disadvantageous features of the entity; ·· Opportunities: features in the environment of the entity that it could exploit to its advantage; and ·· Threats: features in the environment of the entity that present a disadvantage for it.

In the case of student research in Golubac Micro-region, two steps of SWOT analysis were conducted. In the first step all student groups formed their own SWOT analyses, derived from their thematic research. The implemented approach enabled the mutual differentiation between SWOT analyses and an aspect-based assessment. However, this approach made these SWOT analyses rather sector-oriented. This was an obstacle for the next step, to start the design process through the settling of the design concept. Therefore, the second step was the joint formation of a final, comprehensive SWOT analysis from all thematic analyses. The explained twostep SWOT analysis fulfilled all elements of the proper assessment of the current state of Golubac.

Both steps were further spatially elaborated through mapping, which was customised

48

for SWOT analysis in urban studies. A special task in this process was how to adequately map all included features in one drawing. The features from environment (opportunities and threats) were particularly challenging to spatially determine due to their ‘external’ character.

Fig. 1: Discussion between students and local experts in Golubac about the most significant challenges in local urban developments. This discussion was important for forming SWOT analysis (source: B. Antonić).

References:

Dess, G. (2018). Strategic Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Mu, Y., Xiaoguang, Z. & Ming, Y. (2007). SWOT Analysis in Urban Strategic Planning: Application and Innovation. City Planning Review. Retrieved from http://en.cnki.com.cn/ Article_en/ CJFDTOTAL-CSGH200704011.htm.

Milica Milica Ristović, Milica Djurdjević, Stefan Hadži Arsenović

9. SETTING NEW DESIGN CONCEPTS & SCENARIOS Dr. Branislav Antonić, teaching assistant

The design process was narrowed to the central core of Golubac Town with the long Danube Riverfront as a polygon. This historically valuable and functionally and physically diverse urban space allowed the variety of ideas and approaches in student projects.

The first phase in student design process had two steps: a design concept and design programme. The first one was the concept.

It refers to the set a vision and to further develop it through aims and their basic spatial presentation – a matrix-look proposal of new links, networks, nodes, and neighbourhoods, without losing genius loci. The vision is scrutinised in a catchword of the proposed design project. Students were innovative and space-sensitive in this task; some of their visions pointed Golubac as the “treasure of the Danube”, “Dock of culture”, “City of Extremes” or “Smart”. Their widely specified visions enabled extensive sets of aims that targeted the economic, ecologic, and social sustainability of Golubac.

The second phase was programming, where it was expected from students to develop a comprehensive programme of proposed all urban functions, activities and facilities as their spatial representations that are applicable for central Golubac. The programme did not mean to simply enlist them, but to make a reasonable network or patchwork that would work in urban space. The most of students recommended a mix-use development with the special respect to culture, retail, tourism, leisure, and housing in their programmes.

Similarly to the concept, the design programme also included the mapping; students finished this phase by presenting their programmes as networks in the urban space of central Golubac.

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NEW DESIGN CONCEPTS & SCENARIOS STUDENT PROJECTS

Vanja Vujanović, Ivana Savić, Mila Stojanović

Vanja Vujanović, Ivana Savić, Mila Stojanović

GOLUBAC: CITY OF EXTREMES CONCEPT/VISION/GOALS/PROGRAM

CITY OF EXTREMES CONCEPT

EXTREME GASTRONOMY

Position of the Golubac city and its rough terrain lead us into thoughts about using it as advantage for creation of the new city identity - the city of extrems. Possibilities of development in the field of extreme sports, habitation and gastronomy makes the brighter

EXTREME SPORT

future image for Golubac. With constant changes in life dynamics and a lack of spare time, demand for extreme activities that provoke adrenalin rush gain on demands among human population.

Following the rise of extreme activities in town we also expect extreme rise in mainly tourist visits. This is esspecially expected during diverse manifestations that we are planing to develop in Golubac. Rise of visits would lead to urgent rise in bed capacity which is exactly what city needs to start devenoping in a positive manner rappidly. Cultural and historical legacy of Golubac has very strong

EXTREME LIVING

identity which could be used as a strenght in promotion of the city by synchronising such identity with activities that take place in the area.

MAP OF GOALS The PROGRAM purpose

industry/activities

1. Preventing

facilities

depopulation in Golubac in next 5 years

HABITATION

INDUSTRY AND PRODUCTION

ź

Land accommoda ons expansion

New accommodation units

ź

Building accommoda on complex on water

New accommodation units on water

ź

Manufacture of souveniers

ź

Manufacture of sport equipment

on and fes val organiza on

2. Rise in labour variety in next 5 years

Stonecutter Painters Sculptors

4. Strenghtening traffic connections between tourist attractions

ź Compe

PUBLIC SERVICES

Reac va on of main bus sta on

ź

TRAFFIC

ź

Bicycle infrastructure

ź

River traffic infrastructure

Main bus station

Bicycle urban related equipment Bicycle paths Marine

3. Patching bed

5. Better education in

capacity in close range

Golubac

settlements Tourist centre

BUSSINES MANAGEMENT

TOURISM AND CATERING

8. Improvement in

ź

Patching advantages of nerby municipali es

ź

Branding local products

ź

Hotel industry (increasing capaci es)

Center for tourism promotion

ź

Management of private accommoda on

Hotels

ź Catering varie es ź

Nearby a rac on visits

ź

Crea ng new tourist routes both by land and water

ź

Internet city promo on

public spaces

Bungalows

7. Location promotion through sport tourism

Restourants Caffes

6. More functional relation with close range municipalities

Center for sport promotion ź

Sports arena improvements

ź Mountainbike races through

SPORT AND RECREATION

ź

Multifunctional sport arena

Boško Žakula 22025/2016, Srđan Radovanović 22030/2016

Building mountainbiking trail

Mountainbiking trail

Supervisor:

Paragliding center

Academic year: 2016/2017

ź Freeclimbing

ź Bungee jumping ź River docks improvements and

sailboat center improvement

Training grounds for climbers Bungee jumping crane Gyms Bicycle center Alpinism center

ź Raw material collec on

BASIC PRODUCTION

Monika Jovanovski 22032/2016,

park-mountain

ź Alpinism

(agriculture, hunting, forestry)

Author:

Sailboat center

ź Produc on of local authen c

food (honey, cheese)

ź Distribu on of local food

Monika Jovanovski, Boško Žakula, Srđan Radovanović

Village households

prof. Aleksandra Đukić, as. Branislav Antonić, Ivica Nikolić, Tamara Radić

METODOLOGY OF URBAN DESIGN

GOLUBAC: CITY OF EXTREMES DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS SCENARIO 1 - Monocentric scenario MEASURES M01 Hotel adaptation and expansion in the city centre

DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS

M02 Park renovation and lighting system set up M03 Building of High school near kindergarten

SCENARIO OF MONOCENTRIC DEVELOPMENT / ,,HOT SPOT’’

M04 Building of culcture and sport manifestation centre M05 Building of skate and parkour park at location near stadium M06 Building of floating apartments on water PUBLIC SECTOR ź

Muncipality of Golubac

ź

Ministary of sports and culture

ź

Ministary of traffic,

construction and infrastructure ź

Ministary of education science

and technological development

PRIVATE SECTOR ź

private construction

companies ź

sport clubs

ź

catering fascilities

ź

tourist agencies

Phase 1 /2027 Development of Golubac in the nearest city of main square has a goal to focus activites in one main spot and rapidly improve its development. Hotel adaptation and expansion allows higher number of visitors due to improved accomodation capacity. Lighting system has been placed in the park to lead people to use new pedestrian routes during night. Building the centre for sports and cultural manifestation opens up new possibilities for Golubac activities through the whole year.

M06

M05 CIVILIAN SECTOR ź

local community

ź

visitors

ź

NGO

Phase 2 /2037 Investments of foreign embassys in Golubac are helping park improvements to follow active trends. Due to clearly formed of the core of the city new urban contents are appearing. New work places bring in younger people tolive and form families in here. Extreme sports organizations through town are creating the new identity of Golubac and pulls up creation of new urban courts as skate and parkour park.

investors

ź

Phase 3 /2067 City centre of Golubac is following current trends in every way and the space identity becomes recognizable even on the international level. Due to large number of organized competitions, with a goal of giving the different variety of accomodation capacities, floating accomodation units were built near the marine. Central zone of Golubac became one of the most recognized manifestation symbols on the national scale. Local population with highschool qualifications stay living and working inside Golubac in large percentage.

M02

M05

Measure 01 Measure 04 Measure 03

SCENARIO OF POLYCENTRIC DEVELOPMENT

Measure 02

Phase 1- 2027 Natural division of Golubac which brings challenges of rough terrain, after polycentric content

Measure 06

and infrastructure management, today is seen as attractive entity tich with challenges. Expected

Measure 05

rise in number of visitors during the next ten years has attracted investments for building of floating accomodation on Donau. Also periferal settlements are investing in modernization of private

Phase 1

accomodation for rent according to prognosis about organizing international events in Golubac.

Phase 2 Phase 3

Phase 2- 2037 2037

2027

SCENARIO 2 - Polycentric scenario

2067

There are extreme paths for mountain biking opened deep in the land part of Golubac and lead users through forests and steep streets of town. For these paths there is public transport organized and new road infrastructure. In close range of mountain biking paths new free climbing club has been opened and is already free climbing on nearby steep cliffs from medium to advanced level of

MEASURES

difficulty. Following trends of thrill and excitement throughout location, new ambition activities

M01 Renovation of existing transport infrastructure to tourism attractions

are appearing. Among these is the new restaurant on the cliff that has been opened near fortress of

M02 Construction of housing units on the water off the western marine

Golubac and even famous international 24 kitchen chanel is promoting it.

M03 Building a climbing center and training grounds near quarry

Phase 3- 2067

M04 Building a restaurant on the cliff near Golubac fortress M05 Building a mountinbiking trail in the woods and in the city

Decades behind existing accomodation capacities are constantly occupied with the increasing number of people interested in owning and renting their private accomodation. Certain number of

M04

M02

activities that were experimentaly organized on teritory of Golubac, has integrated and became tradition, such as catching giant cat fish from pool filed with murky water, sleeping over in imitation

PRIVATE SECTOR

PUBLIC SECTOR ź

Muncipality of Golubac

ź

Ministary of sports and culture

ź

Ministary of traffic,

construction and infrastructure ź

Ministary of trade, tourism

ź

private companies

ź

sport clubs

ź

catering fascilities

ź

tourist organizations

of medival dungeons close to fortress and similar.. Whole city became interesting for exploration

CIVILIAN SECTOR ź

local community

ź

visitors

ź

NGO

and telecomunication

and very evenly deveoped which enables stay in accomodation on different relations from centre of the town without losing attraction.

SCENARIO OF LINEAR DEVELOPMENT OF GOLUBAC

M05

M03

Phase 1 -2027 Development of river bank of Golubac allows organization of new events which attract interes groups for which this town hasn't provided much in the past ( 17-40 years of age). Opening of sailboat centre allowa organization of more adequate competition in sailing which attracts other

Phase 1

events during its duration like concerts and exhibition of nautical equipment. Newly built marine is

Phase 2 Phase 3

capable of accepting bigger tourist boats and there is rise in number of tourists that come via Donau. Swimming pool complex near hotel attracts swimming sports in national scale and 2027

2037

becomes popular place for teams and individuals preparing themselves for competitions.

2067

Sequentialy, there is diver's club for advanced training, extreme paths for running and a continuous linear contents that are being attracted by development of this part of the town (restaurants, shops,

Measure 03

souvenir shops, galleries). Experimental events such as bigger international competition in sailing,

Measure 04

bycicle racing slong Donau and first thriatlon are showing potential to stay and become tradition of

Measure 02

the town.

Measure 01

Phase 2 -2037

Measure 05

With identity of the town and terrain characteristics, extreme sports are concentrating even more in this town. River banks of Golubac became symbol of extreme competitions. After 10 years of

SCENARIO 3 - Linear scenario

traditional sailboat festival it has become ordinary for internatinal broadcasters to report from Golubac. During festival days, extreme number of visits is being reported. Hotel capacities have become insufficient, which provoked expansion of hotel complexes and also rise in number of

MEASURES

private accomodation rents. Location attracts large foreign intvestors.

M01 Urban planing of river coastline in marine area M02 Adaptation of existing marine with dock

Phase 3 -2067

M03 Opening a sailing center inside marine

Golubac becomes well urbanized town with high quality infrastructure, highly developed river

M04 Building a pool complex near marine

banks with park, hotels and famous restaurants. Golubac became recognizable sight of Serbia and

M05 Building an extreme trim trail and linear trampolines along the river bank

a “must visit” place. It is especialy recognizable as place for extreme sport fans because it has wide

M06 Setting up a crane for bungee jumping

variety in this field. International competitions are circulatory returning to Golubac, maintaining attraction of town on high level.

PRIVATE SECTOR

PUBLIC SECTOR ź

Muncipality of Golubac

ź

Ministary of sports and culture

ź

Ministary of traffic,

construction and infrastructure ź

Ministary of trade, tourism

ź

private companies

ź

sport clubs

ź

catering fascilities

ź

tourist organizations

CIVILIAN SECTOR ź

local community

ź

visitors

ź

NGO

M04

M03

Author:

and telecomunication

Monika Jovanovski 22032/2016, Boško Žakula 22025/2016, Srđan Radovanović 22030/2016

M05

Supervisor:

M06

prof. Aleksandra Đukić, as. Branislav Antonić, Ivica Nikolić, Tamara Radić

Academic year: 2016/2017

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 2027

2037

2067

Measure 02 Measure 03 Measure 04 Measure 06 Measure 01 Measure 05

Monika Jovanovski, Boško Žakula, Srđan Radovanović

Jana Milovanović, Milica Zukanović

Mladen Kostadinović, Srđan Mićanović, Nevena Mandić

Mladen Kostadinović, Srđan Mićanović, Nevena Mandić

Mladen Kostadinović, Srđan Mićanović, Nevena Mandić

Milica Ristović, Milica Djurdjević, Stefan Hadži Arsenović

Milica Ristović, Milica Djurdjević, Stefan Hadži Arsenović

CONCEPT AND PROGRAM Main goal

Common goal 2

Common goal 1

IMPLEMENTATION OF ADDITIONAL CONTENT FOR SPORT/RECREATIONAL TURISM

GL1.1

Rerouting national and international sports and recreational trail

Provide appropriate accommodation capacity for tourists

GL3.2

Rerouting bicycle,hiking and nautical routes

GL2.3

GL1.3

GL2.4

GL1.4

Provide agricultural areas for tourists

GL8.2.

GL9.2.

Possibility of contact with nature and local culture

Connecting the local inhabitants and tourists

GL8.3.

Capacity building for receptions and departures passenger

Opportunity for contact with nature and local culture

GL3.5

Provide adequate presentations

Implementation sport and recreational mobiliar

GL9.1.

Increasing the number of rural tourist households

Mapping potential sport and recreational tourist and comunication via web

Manifestation competion in recreational agriculture

GL2.5

GL1.5

IMPLEMENTATION OF AGRYCULTURAL ACTIVITIES THROUGHT RECREATION

GL4.4.

GL3.4

Provide tourist signage

Construction and arrangement of sports attraction

GL8.1.

Improve tourism’s infrastrucure and superstructures

Mapping offers and local presentations via the Internet

Improving existing events

Common goal 9

INCORPORATE NEW TYPE OF ACCOMODATION

Increasing the number of employees in tourism and complementary activities

GL6.3.

GL4.3.

GL3.3

Provide adequate infrastructure

Provide a wide variety of complex types of sport fields

GL7.1.

Construction and maintanace of roads and other communal infrastructure

Protection of green spaces of agricultural expansion

Mapping offers and international Internet portals

Common goal 8

INCREASE NUMBER OF IMPLOYMENT LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

GL6.2.

GL5.2.

GL4.2.

Implementation of recreational and entertainment events

GL6.1.

Effective menagment of national parks and vegetation around the city

Mapping offers on national internet portals

Common goal 7

BETTER TRAFFIC CONNECTION AND SUSTAINABILITY

PROTECT NATURE STRUCTURE

GL5.1.

GL4.1.

Implementation of cometitive events

GL2.2

GL1.2

Common goal 6

Common goal 5

PROMOTION OF SPORT/RECREATIONAL EVENTS THROUGHT E-MARKETING

DEVELOP EXISTING AND IMPLEMENTATION NEW SPORT/RECREATIONAL MANIFESTATION GL3.1

GL2.1

Implementation additional content for the purposes of sports and recreational tourism

Common goal 4

Common goal 3

CONNECT SPORT/RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES GOLUPCA WITH ANOTHER TOWN

GOLUBAC IN MOTION (throught development of recreation turism)

Recreational folk/countryside competition

GL4.1.

Mapping GOALS

GL4.4.

National association of turism GL4.2.

KOD GOLUBAČKE TVRĐAVE

SPORTS ASSOCIATION OF SERBIA (Adequate information of various sport clubs)

International association of turism Regeneration of the natural stand for the track threeClj5.1. Clj5.2. Clj7.1.

GL4.3.

Regeneration of natural stand for Clj5.1. Clj5.2. Clj7.1. hiking trail

Regeneration of the natural stand for the track two Clj5.1. Clj5.2. Clj7.1.

Clj3.4. Clj3.5. Clj7.1. Clj9.2.

Clj3.1. Clj3.2. Clj3.3. Clj7.1.

Clj3.1. Clj3.2. Clj3.3. Clj7.1.

Clj3.1. Clj3.3. Clj7.1.

Clj3.1. Clj3.2. Clj3.3. Clj7.1.

Clj1.1 Clj1.3 Clj1.5 Clj2.3. Clj3.1. Clj3.3. Clj3.5. Clj7.1.

Clj2.1. Clj2.2.Clj2.3.

Clj1.2. Clj6.2. Clj7.1.

Clj2.1. Clj2.2. Clj2.3. Clj3.3. Clj6.3.

Clj1.3.

Clj6.1.

Clj1.2. Clj7.1.

Clj3.3. Clj7.1.

Clj1.1. Clj1.3Clj1.4. Clj1.5 Clj2.3. Clj3.1. Clj3.5. Clj7.1.

Clj3.3. Clj7.1.

Clj2.5.

Clj2.4.

Clj6.3.

Clj7.1. Clj8.1. Clj8.2.Clj8.3. Clj9.2.

RELATIONS OF TOURISM AND RESTAURANT WITH RESIDENCE

LEGEND

Mapping PROGRAM

Stay in traditional holiday homes, rooms and apartments, secretarias (Ethno-turism).

Accomodation is networked with a range of recreational agriculture where tourists can participate in the production of agricultural or culinary products.

INFO TABLE, PATHSIGN Accomodation capacity and catering content Restaurant with tradicional kitchen and coffe shop Galery, atelier, souvenir

REČNA DUNAVSKA TRASA

i

INFO POINT

RELATIONS OF TOURISM AND CATERING SA OPERATIONS

FISHING SCHOOL

TRADICIONAL HOUSE, APARTMANTS

CONGRES, SPORT/RECREATIONAL CENTER

Networking old crafts, souvenir shops, studios, galleries ... (Cultural thematic route;Ethno-tourism); Business hotels, restaurants and cafes traditional food (all kinds of tourism).

Increasing sports and recreation facilities, will increase the demand for a certain activity.

OLD CRAFTS NAUTIC CENTER

DIVERSE SPORTRECREATIONAL OFFER

i

GREAT APPEARANCE TOURIST, RECREATIONISTS, SPORTSMAN

LARGER DEMAND FOR EMPLOYEES

RELATIONS OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY WITH AGRICULTURE

i

Carrying out everyday agricultural jobs - provision of agriculture Land for tourists (Ethno-turism). In relation to ethno tourism, in terms of recreation, agricultural tourism is a new aspect recreation where home-made and guest participate in everyday agricultural and other the activities of a household.

RELATIONS OF TOURISM AND ACCOMMODATION WITH SAFETY

CAMPING AREA

Developed network of traffic paths and adequate tourist signaling – connectivity Golubac at national and international level (All types of tourism and catering).Traffic connections are crucial for the development of tourism, if the traffic is improved, the flow of users through the routes will be greater, as well as the very variation of the arrival of tourists to Golubac.

BETER NETWORKING TRAFFIC

PURPOSE

SUBPURPOSE

CULTURAL-THEME ROUTES

NAUTICAL TOURISM

TURISM AND CATERING ETHNO-TOURISM

ECO-TOURISM

TOURISM MANIFESTATIONS

WORKS AND ACTIVITIES Festivals; fun; gastronomy; creative workshops and seminars; cultural events; tours

sailing; kayak rides; river cruise; tour around the place; sport fishing; cultural and sporting events; entertairment

walking; jogging; cycling; sports activities (volleyball, football, fitness ...); sightseeing nearby destinations and cultural and historical attraction; workshops; doing everyday agricultural activities

CONTENT Cultural and historical heritage; studios; galleries; hotels; restaurants With traditional cuisine; bars; Adequate infrastructure (roads, benches, selling places...); Tourist signaling (info table, road signs,marks ...); adequate presentation (info counters, guide services, locality maps ...);

all facilities of nautical infrastructure (marine, gasoline stations, numerous moorings and piers at the site of interest); nautical center; sailing camp; sailing school; sailing team for the preparation of representatives and organization of competitions; weighing and storage hangars for sailboat; fishing school; boarding school; accommodation capacities and hospitality cultural and natural heritage; traditional products; national creativity; pld crafts; souvenir shops; restaurants and other catering facilities for traditional food preparation; traditional holiday houses, rooms, apartments, camps; bowery; appropriate infrastructure (road network, the post office ...)

sightseeing of the local wildlife and wildlife; visit national parks; getting to know local culture areas; educating the passengers about significance

naturally preserved spaces; following cultural objects from the past and present; Infrastructure developed in accordance with the environment; simple accommodation facilities; decorated walk track with markings; tourist signaling

visit manifestations of cultural, artistic, entertaining, and sporting of similar character and content; festivals local communities;

hotels; congress and sports-recreation centers; camps; adequate infrastructure (roads, runways, selling places ...); tourist signaling (info table, road igns, marks ...)

Sara Kovačević, Antonio Mareš

LESS TIMES FOR ARRIVAL TOURIST

GREAT APPEARANCE OF TOURIST

RELATIONS OF TOURISM AND CATERING WITH NATURAL VEGETATION

Dealing with various sports activities in nature, biking and cycling through natural areas (ethno-turism, eco-tourism), sightseeing of the local plant and animal life areas (eco -tourism). Vegetation is a crucial factor for human health, especially when it comes to recreation and sports tourism, where we make our own initiative more effort and where we can not be risk factors such as viruses, bacteria, dust, etc.

RICH DIVERSE NATURAL STRUCTURE

Author: Sara Kovačević, Antonio Mareš Supervisor: dr. Aleksandra Đukić, Ivica Nikolić, Branislav Antonić i Tamara Radić Academic year: 2016/17

HIGHER INTERVENTION TOURIST FOR TOUR NATURAL GOOD

scenario: GOLUBAC U POKRETU - GOLUBAC IN MOTION

MEASURES / PRIORITIES

GOALS Implementation additional content for the

Gl1.1. purposes of sports and recreational tourism Gl1.2.

Gl1.3.

Gl1.4.

Gl1.5.

Gl2.1.

Gl2.2.

Provide appropriate accommodation capacity for tourists

Provide a wide variety of complex types of sport fields

Construction and arrangement of sports attraction

Implementation sport and recreational mobiliar

Rerouting national and international sports and recreational trail

Rerouting bicycle,hiking and nautical routes

Gl2.3.

Provide adequate infrastructure

Gl2.4.

Provide tourist signage

Gl2.5.

Provide adequate presentations

Gl3.1.

Implementation of cometitive events

Gl3.2.

Implementation of recreational and entertainment events

Gl3.3.

Improving existing events

Gl3.4.

Manifestation competion in recreational agriculture Recreational folk/countryside competition

Gl3.5.

Gl4.1. Mapping offers on national internet portals Gl4.2.

Gl4.3.

Gl4.4.

Gl5.1.

Gl5.2.

Gl6.1.

Gl6.2.

Gl6.3.

Gl7.1.

Gl8.1.

Gl8.2.

Gl9.1.

Mapping offers and international Internet portals Mapping offers and local presentations via the Internet Mapping potential sport and recreational tourist and comunication via web Effective menagment of national parks and vegetation around the city Protection of green spaces of agricultural expansion Construction and maintanace of roads and other communal infrastructure Improve tourism’s infrastrucure and superstructures Capacity building for receptions and departures passenger Increasing the number of employees in tourism and complementary activities Increasing the number of rural tourist households Possibility of contact with nature and local culture Provide agricultural areas for tourists

HOLDERS / ACTERS

IMPLEMENTATION STAGE (YEAR)

ASPECTS

LEVELS / SCALE

MEASURE 1.1.2. Concrete arrangement of football pitches in the form of multi-purpose sprts surfaces with a soft material (a recycled rubber)

2020-2030year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL

MEASURE 1.2.1. Provide accommodation possibilities for athletes networking deals in sprts and recreational tourism

2020-2025year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 1.2.2. Provide space and supporting camping (Internet, furniture, outbuilding, toilet)

2025-2050year

PUBLIC

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL

MEASURE 1.2.3. Arrangement landscape architectural space for caravans and camping tents

2040-2050year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL

MEASURE 1.2.4. . Locating the new storage capacity for sports and recreational tourism

2050-2070year 2030-2040god

PUBLIC

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL

MEASURE 1.3.1. Networking of existing school sports hall in sports and recreatonal tourism

2020-2025year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 1.3.2. . Implemetation of the multifunctional outdoor terrains for team sprts (Basketball, Volleyball, Handball, Futsal, Football)

2025-2040year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL

MEASURE 1.3.3. Provide multifunctional outdoor green ground for team sports

2030-2050year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL

MEASURE 1.3.4. Provide area with obstacles for practicing psycho-psysical and motor skills

2035-2055year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL

MEASURE 1.3.5. Provide area with entertainment sports facilities

2025-2070year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 1.4.1. Equipping entertainment sports and recreation area with adequate content (table tennis, table tafootball, ..)

2025-2070year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

1.

ANALYSE OF TEXT FORM, IDENTITY Dynamic form (geometric human silhouette) The capital letter of crucial words Color blue (nature identity of the Danube gorge)

MEASURE 1.4.2. Space design and implementation content with obstacles for practicing psycho-physical and motor skills

2030-2050year

PUBLIC

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL

MEASURE 1.4.3. Design green fields in a multifunctional sports and recreational green areas

2017-2030god 2030-2050year

PUBLIC

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL

MEASURE 1.5.1. Equipping the park, multifunctional fields adequate furniture in accordance with their concept

2020-2040year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 1.5.2. Positioning and design bench group seating along bicycle track (aspect of design: communication, intimacy, vistas)

2025-2050year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 1.5.3. Implementation smart and modern sustainable mobiliars (lighting with solar panels, dynamo lighting, ..)

2050-2070year 2017-2030god

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL-INTERNATIONAL

MEASURE 1.5.4. Positioning and design separated eco-multifuncional garbage

2035-2060year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL-INTERNATIONAL

MEASURE 2.1.1. Rerouting cycling routes in city and networking with the existing route EuroVelo 6

2030-2045year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL-INTERNATIONAL

MEASURE 2.1.2. Rerouting walking trail and networking with existing international walk trail route

2025-2035year

PUBLIC

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL-INTERNATIONAL

MEASURE 2.2.1. Rerouting network cruise on the Danube

2020-2030year

PUBLIC

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

REGIONAL-NACIONAL

MEASURE 2.2.2. Indetification of existing routes and networking Golubac of the existing Danube sailing inland waterway network.

2020-2030year 2017-2035god

PUBLIC

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

REGIONAL-NACIONAL

MEASURE 2.2.3. The routhing paths for a tour of the national park with handouts for resting tourists

2017-2035god 2020-2050year

PUBLIC

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL-REGIONAL

MEASURE 2.2.4. . The routhing paths for running and fast walking through the natural features for athletes with possible designed obstacles and without, length up to 2km.

2020-2030year

PUBLIC

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL

MEASURE 2.2.5. The routing paths for running and fast walking through the natural features for athletes with possible designed obstacles and without, the length from 2km to 10km..

2025-2050year

PUBLIC

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL

MEASURE 2.2.6. The routing paths for running and fast walking through the natural features for athletes with possible designed obstacles and without, the length more then 10km.

2017-2030god 2050-2070year

PUBLIC

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL-REGIONAL

MEASURE 2.2.7. The routing kayak route between two docks in parallerel with Golubac downtown

2020-2030year

PUBLIC

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL

MEASURE 2.3.1. Designing and arranging dock for kayaking, sailing.

2025-2070year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL

MEASURE 2.3.2. The formation of pedestrian routes with potentiated views of the landscape features of the area

2025-2070year

PUBLIC

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL-REGIONAL

MEASURE 2.4.1. Marking cycling routes with signs and maps

2030-2050god 2020-2025year

PUBLIC

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 2.4.2. Marking pedestrian routes with signs and maps

2025-2030year

PUBLIC

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 2.4.3. Marking nautical routes with signs and maps

2025-2030year

PUBLIC

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 2.5.1. Securing and positioning info point at Golubac castle and the city center

2025-2040year

PUBLIC

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 3.1.1. Running through the mountainous route, the coastal part (track 100m), running with obstacle

2020-2030year

PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 3.1.2. Race mountain biking

2030-2035year

PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 3.2.1. Entertainment facilities in the area and competition through entertainment (table tennis, billiards, darts, chess, marbles, ...)

2017-2030god 2025-2070year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 3.3.1. . International Canoe Regatta and competition, state championship in sailing, walking eco tours, a fishing contest

2025-2035year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOKAL-REGIONAL

MEASURE 3.4.1. Traditionally, mowing lawns, collecting fruit brandy, picking fruit for processing, planting, transpanting plants, pruning

2030-2035year

PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 3.5.1. Throwing stones, cutting logs, oxen steering, steering pajvana hawser

2030-2035year 2017-2030god

PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 4.1.1. Mapping offers the national organizations agency for tourism

2020-2030year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

NACIONAL

MEASURE 4.2.1. Mapping offers the international organizations agency for tourism

2020-2040year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

INTERNACIONAL

MEASURE 4.3.1. Mapping offers at the official presentation of the website with a infographic map and supporting dynamic content

2020-2025year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 4.4.1. Mapping of potential clubs, school sports. Mapping and netwokng offer information to customers

2020-2025year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

NACIONAL

MEASURE 5.1.1. Regeneration of damaged surfaces areas with local vegetation

2017-2035god 2020-2070year

PRIVATE

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL-REGIONAL

MEASURE 5.2.1. . Protection of natural vegetation around the city, in order to preserve the natural landscape of the city

2017-2035god 2020-2070year

PRIVATE

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL-REGIONAL

MEASURE 6.1.1. Patching potholes, edit green corridor along the travel route

2020-2030year

PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL-REGIONAL

MEASURE 6.2.1. . Arranging pavements, accompanying content transport infrastructure, parking

2025-2035year

PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 6.3.1. Arranging the bus station for the reception and departure of a larger number of vehicles

2017-2030god 2040-2070year

PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

MEASURE 7.1.1. Employment in maintaining bicycle, pedestrian paths, sports equipment, communal infrastructure, experts from various professions

2025-2070year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

2.

3.

ANALYSE OF COMPLEX DESIGN

ANALYSE OF SPACE IDENTITY

FIRST LETTER OF WORD GOLUBAC ‘’G’’

FIRST LETTER OF DYNAMIC WORD ‘’P’’

Symbolize the movement and dynamic undulation of contour lines that represent the wave, and blue in a circular symbolizes one of the water molecules.

i SPORTS ASSOCIATION OF SERBIA (Adequate information of various sport clubs)

National association of turism

International association of turism

$

MEASURE 8.1.1. Expansion of the urban development Golubac in the form of traditional construction eastern Serbia.

2030-2070year

PUBLIC

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL

MEASURE 8.1.2. Design garden area within the parcel of traditional house

2030-2060year

PRIVATE

ECONOM.-ECOLO.-SOC.

LOCAL

MEASURE 9.1.1. Networking local households involved in agriculture in the recreational tourist offer

2025-2035year

PUBLIC - PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL

2025-2035year

PRIVATE

ECONOMIC-SOCIAL

LOCAL-INTERNATIONAL

Gl9.2. Connecting the local inhabitants and tourists MEASURE 9.2.1. Promotion of recreational agriculture to tourists who are interested in ethno-recreational turism

DESIGN STAGES FOR LOGO

MAPPING

Mapping measure on wider range area

Mapping priorities / measure

$ $

$

i

$

$

$

$

i

$

$

i

$

$

$ 500m Regeneration of the natural stand for the track three

Regeneration of the natural stand for the track two

Agricultural recreation

Protection of the city landscape

Diagram economy development and population.

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% -10% -20% -30% -40% -50% -60% -70% -80% -90% -100%

Dijagram analize mera kroz vreme

MEASURE 9.2.1.

MEASURE 9.1.1.

MEASURE 8.1.2.

MEASURE 8.1.1.

MEASURE 7.1.1.

MEASURE 6.3.1.

MEASURE 6.2.1.

MEASURE 6.1.1.

MEASURE 5.2.1.

MEASURE 5.1.1.

MEASURE 4.4.1.

MEASURE 4.3.1.

MEASURE 4.2.1.

MEASURE 4.1.1.

MEASURE 3.5.1.

MEASURE 3.4.1.

MEASURE 3.3.1.

MEASURE 3.2.1.

MEASURE 3.1.2.

MEASURE 3.1.1.

MEASURE 2.5.1.

MEASURE 2.4.3.

MEASURE 2.4.2.

MEASURE 2.4.1.

MEASURE 2.3.2.

MEASURE 2.3.1.

MEASURE 2.2.7.

MEASURE 2.2.6.

MEASURE 2.2.5.

MEASURE 2.2.4.

MEASURE 2.2.3.

MEASURE 2.2.2.

MEASURE 2.2.1.

MEASURE 2.1.2.

MEASURE 2.1.1.

MEASURE 1.5.4.

MEASURE 1.5.3.

MEASURE 1.5.2.

MEASURE 1.5.1.

MEASURE 1.4.3.

MEASURE 1.4.2.

MEASURE 1.4.1.

MEASURE 1.3.5.

MEASURE 1.3.4.

MEASURE 1.3.3.

MEASURE 1.3.2.

MEASURE 1.3.1.

MEASURE 1.2.4.

MEASURE 1.2.3.

MEASURE 1.2.2.

MEASURE 1.2.1.

MEASURE 1.1.2.

2017 year

2017 year

economic growth

population growth

economic decrease population decrease

2020 year

2025 year

2030 year

2035 year

Negative scenario GOLUBAC CITY OF WEEDS If business continues in the form of non-projected long-term and short-term goals and measures, the following critical events will take place. The economic downturn will continue in that direction because commercial agriculture swallows small households, and will therefore reach large migration to 2050 years . Also near agriculture, poor offer tourism will disturb only the potential of this and it is a natural whole and building heritage. 2070 it would probably be ¼ of the population in Golupac and will do so mostly pensioners and those who work in public administrations.

Scenario for the future GOLUBAC U POKRETU

In the initial stages of development, there will be economic growth because it begins a new form of collaboration, cooperation and offers the market by Golubac through sports and recreational tourism. The population will decline in the first 35-40 years, when the development of this scenario to achieve optimum and economic growth, and in bringing the population to a constant nuisance. From 2050 years there will be a mutual growth, because it will expand the demand for labor as a result of the introduction of new measures and improve sports and recreational tourism of other activities that are in between.

2020 year

2025 year

2030 year

2035 year

2040 year

2045 year

Time period

2050 year

2055 year

2060 year

2065 year

2070 year

2040 year

2045 year

Time period

2050 year

2055 year

2060 year

2065 year

2070 year

1km

HIKING TRACK

Regeneration of natural stand for hiking trail

Dijagram analize ponuda sportova kroz vreme skvoš padobranstvo paragvajding tenis stolni tenis powerlifting dizanje tegova profesionalno jedrenje jedrenje za početnike sportski ribolov kurs sportskog ribolova kurs veslanja veslanje kadeti veslanje pioniri rukomet juniori rukomet kadeti rukomet pioniri košarka juniori košarka kadeti košarka pioniri futsal juniori futsal kadeti futsal pioniri odbojka juniori odbojka kadeti odbojka pioniri 2017 year

Author: Antonio Mareš Supervisor: dr. Aleksandra Đukić, Ivica Nikolić, Branislav Antonić i Tamara Radić Academic year: 2016/17

2020 year

2025 year

2030 year

2035 year

2040 year

2045 year

2050 year

2055 year

2060 year

2065 year

2070 year

Time period

Antonio Mareš

10. DESIGNING NEW SOLUTIONS FOR GOLUBAC Dr. Branislav Antonić, teaching assistant

The last phase during studio work in Golubac was a concrete design for a small open public space in central Golubac as one of key actions proposed by the chosen scenario. Moreover, the design did not limited students to give up from architecture and building design; many of them integrated these elements in their final solutions for urban space in central Golubac. Interestingly, some of them also included the Danube River as a polygon for their solutions. Therefore, this phase was done as an urban design project with architectural segments, with presentation in both 2D drawings and spatial modelling.

Fig. 1: The presentation of draft student projects in Golubac in May 2017 (source: A. Djukic).

The ideas and character of student design projects indirectly emphasise the potential of Golubac Town. Some students opted for balanced mix-use design without clear preference to any function or activity; the other ones were strictly attached to new places for culture, socialisation, innovative housing on water, or new tourist and accommodation capacities.

64

Fig. 2: The presentation of draft student projects in Golubac in May 2017.

This mixture is also preserved in the locations of their design projects in central Golubac.

Some of students chose to further develop or enlarge the main town square as a focal point in the town; the other ones tried to form new spaces for gathering at the edge of the centre of Golubac; the last ones got into the river and created water structures in the front of the town centre. However, for all of them could be concluded that the Danube was their inspiration and constant for their design projects in Golubac regardless they directly touched the river in their projects, indirectly included the view on it or symbolically involved the Danube as a motive in their designing process.

65

NEW SOLUTIONS FOR GOLUBAC STUDENT PROJECTS

Nevena Mandić, Mladen Kostadinović, Srđan Mićanović,

A

street DU

NAVSKA

street Đ ERDAPSK

RIBA RSKA stree t

LEGEND COFFEE SHOP

Pavement 1

CAFFEE SHOP

RESAUTORANT

Pavement 2 Pavement 3

KA

street GORANA TOŠIĆA MAČ

KA STREET GORANA TOŠIĆA MAČ

PARK GOLUBAČKI VIR

Pavement 4 Grass

Park Wirpool of Golubac

Running with barriers

Candelabra “Winner”

Workout (equipment)

Eco-multifunctional garbage Bench

Big tree Medium tree Shurbs

N I KEJ DUNAVSK 0

1.

2.

ANALYSE OF WORD WHIRLPOOL, SHAPE AND FORM

1.1.

3.

ANALYSE OF DESIGN FUNCTIONALITY

2.1.

2.5

5

7.5

10

ANALYSE OF VIEW AND SIMBOLISM OF MOBILIAR DESIGN

3.1.

Terrains are intended for pionner, there are multifunctional and variable dimensions.

ATTRACTION

ENERGY

POWER

WIRPOOL

WORKOUT AREAS ARE PROPOSE FOR ALL AGES

značenje reči?

Whirlpool illustrate power, energy and atrraction, which is sport area crucial concept of development, where power and energy have built and where its content attract users to return again.

Whirlpool also an integral part of the natural phenomena which are connected to the concept of space that created actually WHIRLPOOL OF GOLUBAC in Danube Gorge.

1.2.

Analyse of possible paths for the heating before training. Main paths that sourrounds the concept which is used for fitness training, while other tracks that frame the workout areas used for heating before training.

2.2.

Radiating finger structure can achieved widespread system views, where in the points in space that are known analyzing the at least line of sight along the walkway with the deep penetrations by city and by coast.

3.2.

start

http://www.litlepups.net/tag/flying-birds-in-the-sky/21

cilj

Analysis of the resulting depth and radiating finger structure

1.3.

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-3501725/Azarenka-beats-error-proneWilliams-win-BNP-Paribas-Open.html

Analyse of track called “start/goal”. Track with start and goal, are designed to strenght motorical and mental capaty, where spiral shape guides the users to continually changes direction and thereby strenghten joints and mental dexterity and dynamic of its practice.

2.3.

3.3.

http://www.pehari.com/plakete1.html

Candelabra is one of the segments that strenghten the identity of this concept because the solar panel with stand is set to symbolycally represent the winner holding his trophy. Also net with natural landscape of Golubac is achieved with a birdhouse in the top of the candelabra, thus we save flora as an ecological cycle where birds eating insects which transmit protects our health.

Pull the handle

Seats

Area of throw the waste

Pedaling

Analyse tracks variable lenght. Tracks of variable lenght offer different degrees of fitness training, and both will offer the possibility of seperating athletes on various tracks in relation to their conditions.

Analysis to obtain a spiral shape and depth (symbolism of whirlpool)

1.4.

2.4.

Eco-multifuncional garbage is also one of details that strenghtens identity of space. The shape represents ship sailing throught Golubac Gorge. Recreational concept is achieves by users who metal and plastic trash animate with recycling, which they have to do a certain function to pressing waste.

Author: Sara Kovačević, Antonio Mareš Supervisor: dr. Aleksandra Đukić, Ivica Nikolić, Branislav Antonić i Tamara Radić Academic year: 2016/17

Analysis to obtain amorph shape and depth (symbolism of water moleculs)

Sara Kovačević, Antonio Mareš

Analyse of vegetation. Its important that implemented vegetation are heterogeneus (local deversified) vegetation framed workout areas, because its emits negative ions that impact by: Clean pollution, like dust, viruses, bacteria. Improve people brathing who have respiratory problems (allergy, bronchiti, hay fever). Strenghten the immune system and positively affect on human glands and cell in the body. Increase the level serotina (happines hormone), which prevent depression. Reduce tiredness, improving mental ability of organism.

12.5 15 17.5 m

METODOLOGY OF URBAN DESIGN

GOLUBAC: CITY OF EXTREMES DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS

MICRO LEVEL SCENARIO

a - complex of housing units on water b - trail with obstacles for extreme running c - trampoline d- bicycle trail

SECTION A-A

Monika Jovanovski, Boško Žakula, Srđan Radovanović

Milica Ristović, Milica Djurdjević, Stefan Hadži Arsenović

Milica Ristović, Milica Djurdjević, Stefan Hadži Arsenović

Vanja Vujanović, Ivana Savić, Mila Stojanović

Jana Milovanović, Milica Zukanović

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The editor of this catalogue wants to thank to the following representatives and experts from Golubac: Municipality of Golubac ··Nebojša Mijović, president ··Saša Bogićević, local development Tourist Organisation of Golubac ··Jelena Petrović, director (2017) ··Milen Bogojević, director (2018) ··Biljana Dautbašić ··Snežana Arsić Rakić ··Sanela Stevanović ··Dragana Ćirković ··Aleksandar Djukić Golubački Grad” Public Enterprise ··Iskra Maksimović, director Golubac Town library: ··Jasmina Glišić, director (2017) ··Slavica Ilić, director (2018) “Lepenski Vir” Public Enterprise ··Vladimir Nojković, director

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75

INTEGRATIVE STRATEGIC PLANNING AND DESIGN FOR THE STRENGTHENING OF IDENTITY AND CULTURAL TOURISM IN THE DANUBE CITIES - SMEDEREVO

INTEGRATIVE STRATEGIC PLANNING AND DESIGN FOR THE STRENGTHENING OF IDENTITY AND CULTURAL TOURISM IN THE DANUBE CITIES - SMEDEREVO EDITORS Prof. Dr. Aleksandra Djukić, Prof. Dr. Balint Kadar REVIEWERS Prof. Dr. Eva Vaništa Lazarević, Prof. Dr. Melinda Benko, Prof. Dr. Aleksandra Stupar, Prof. Dr. Darko Reba.

GRAPHIC DESIGN Marija Cvetković, M.Arch.

PUBLISHER University of Belgrade - Faculty of Architecture Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia COVER PHOTO Touristic board of Smederevo ALL COPYRIGHTS ARE RESERVED ISBN

BELGRADE, 2018

CONTENT

0 1 2 3

FOREWORDS AND INTRODUCTION

10

INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS FOR SUSTAINABLE TERRITORY DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY OF SMEDEREVO

20

CULTURE AND YOUTH NETWORKS RELEASING URBAN POTENTIALS

FOR

38

IMPLEMENTING SUSTAINABLE PLANNING OF SMEDEREVO TERRITORY THROUGH CONCEPTS OF AGRO TOURISM AND HEALTHY CITY

54

Aleksandra Djukic, Balint Kadar, Vladislava Živanović Ristović, Ivan Nišlić

Danijela Milovanović Rodić, Božena Stojić, Marija Maruna

Ratka Čolić, Marija Maruna, Jovana Bugarski

Biserka Mitrović, Tamara Vuković

4 5 6 7

BRANDING PLACES THROUGH CULTURE AND TOURISM

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PARTICIPATORY WEB-GIS PLATFORM TO SUPPORT COMMUNITY-LED LOCAL DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL TOURISM IN SERBIA

86

URBAN REGENERATION IN THE HISTORIC CORE OF SMEDEREVO: A TOOL TO REDESIGN AND NETWORK OPEN PUBLIC SPACES FOR A PROSPECTIVE TOURIST DESTINATION.

106

EXHIBITION "STRENGTHENING OF CULTURE IDENTITY IN DANUBE REGION - SMEDEREVO" AND CATALOGUE

126

Uroš Radosavljević Aleksandra Đorđević

Ksenija Lalović, Jelena Živković

Aleksandra Djukić, Branislav Antonić

Exhibition of 25 final master works of students from the INTEGRATIVE URBANISM Programme at the University of Belgrade - Faculty of Architecture / Smederevo Cultural Hall, September 25-29, 2018

0

FOREWORDS AND INTRODUCTION

Aleksandra Djukic, Balint Kadar, Vladislava Živanović Ristović, Ivan Nišlić

FOREWORD FROM EDITORS

This monograph contributes to the framework of the Regional Network Building Development Strategy through tourism and education by strengthening the “Danube” cultural identity and solidarity and promoting discussions related to the future cooperation between the towns and cities along the Danube in line with new and future needs of inhabitants, stakeholders and local communities. It presents the results of the cooperation between the University of Belgrade - Faculty of Architecture and its Department of Urbanism and the local community/City of Smederevo within “DANUrB – DANube Urban Brand” INTERREG project. This cooperation was realised through the 25 Master theses and Master projects, done during the summer semester 2017/18 at the “Integrative Urbanism” Master Programme at the Department of Urbanism. All theses and projects were completed in 6 studios.

Each studio explored the specific topic related to the main strategic goals of the DANUrB project: (1) web platform to support community-led local development of cultural tourism, (2) sustainable urban and spatial planning as a support to enhancing local cultural identity, (3) cultural tourism, (4) integrated projects for the sustainable development of territory, (5) instruments for the management of territorial development, and (6) urban regeneration.

The City of Smederevo has been a subject and polygon for student research at the courses at

10

the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade for many years, because of its rich history and cultural heritage, which includes Smederevo Fortress and industrial heritage, as well as the historic core of the city and a few preserved religious structures. The city excellent location on the touch of the Danube River and the first hills of Central Serbia has been recognised for many centuries, creating the fruitful framework for development of the city. The Danube River, the physical and political border for centuries, is now considered as a potential for future connection of different cultures, strengthening prospects for small and medium-sized towns. Identification and strengthening of the local and regional identity of the territory along the Danube are a challenge and great potential for tourism within the area.

The stated general objectives point to the sustainable multi-layered development and the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach to this matter, as well as the identification and establishment of relationships between different issues, such as cultural heritage, built environment, technological advances, environmental protection, social change, economy, tourism, and cognitive science. However, the main foci of the articles are related to what extent the multidisciplinary approach and collaboration with local communities and stakeholders can provide sustainable development of built environment and to provide the powerful tools for the realisation of the urban plans and strategies.

The monograph is divided into the two parts.

In the first one, the supervisors of Master theses and projects presented methodology and the theoretical framework for the further development

within the studio. The topics are different and cover all the scales and different problems within the City of Smederevo, highlighting the main challenges: identity, tourism, technology and collaboration with inhabitants, local community, and stakeholders. Together with the students, all supervisors were raising the different questions about the future development of Smederevo, underlining multidisciplinary and multi-layered approach and creative ideas for solving them.

In the second part of the monograph, the illustrations of student master projects and researches are given emphasising the results.

In the end, the catalogue from the exhibition of student master projects and theses, which was held in Smederevo during September 2018, is presented.

EDITORS: Dr. Aleksandra Djukic, Associate Professor, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture

Dr. Balint Kadar, Associate Professor, Budapest University of Technology and Economics – Faculty of Architecture

11

FOREWORD

FROM LOCAL REPRESENTATIVE There are three key terms that determine the identity of Smederevo: Danube, Fortress and Iron and Steel Plant. Each of them individually and correlated with many other impacts earned Smederevo recognition as one of the essential urban centres of Serbia.

The position on the Danube does not mean only a source of local identity for Smederevo, but defines it both in the regional and transnational frameworks – owing to a relatively large bank length (about 22 km), existence of an international river port and position at the crossroads of two major panEuropean corridors (water corridor VII and land corridor X). X).

However, it is certain that the backbone of the historical and urban development is the Fortress of Despot Đurađ Branković and the heritage of the last Serbian medieval capital. This context, above all, has a great symbolic significance for the local community. On the other hand, it left a deep mark on the physical structure of the city: in addition to the preserved spatial integrity of the Fortress, the elements of a recognizable and spontaneously formed triangular urban matrix, based on the specific triangular form of the fortification, have also been preserved.

Many transformations through history shaped the urban image of Smederevo with minor or major spatial and functional impacts. The first major change occurred with the construction of the

12

railroad between the Fortress and city in 1884, which led to its physical and functional isolation.

The Second World War devastations had the most dramatic impact and, in particular, the ammunition explosion at the Fortress in 1941, after which an orthogonal street matrix was established in the area of a devastated suburb, which radically changed its inherited urban structure. Finally, the systematic urban renewal efforts left a significant mark in the post-war socialist period. These interventions brought massive collective construction to the city core, which was based on new spatial principle, changing the existing building fund and urban matrix.

When it comes to the third important factor, the Iron and Steel Plant, it can be said that the first decades of the twentieth century witnessed a transformation of Smederevo from a traditional agricultural area to a new industrial centre. Thanks to the further generation of economic activities (especially after World War II), the city managed to maintain this reputation till today.

In this milieu, today, the city of Smederevo is a dynamic urban centre in which many spatial and functional interests intertwine. Through the current development processes, the city strives to improve its competitiveness by articulating these interests and establishing stronger connections at the regional level and beyond, insisting on the preservation of its own identity. In recent years, a whole spectrum of activities that should strengthen Smederevo on this journey has been brought into focus. In additional to the already intensified constant development of the industrial zone and construction of new capacities, the decades-old railroad problem through the city core is about to be solved. The construction of the

railroad through the industrial zone to the new port is in progress, creating conditions for the removal of tracks and relocation of the cargo port from the city centre. According to the applicable planning documents of the city, the city port will be used for international passenger transport. In the meantime, in its immediate vicinity, a passenger port has been set for international ships. At the same time, the project of forming a modern marina for small and medium-sized vessels in the immediate vicinity of the Fortress, at the mouth of the Jezava river to the Danube is currently underway. Based on the planning and study documents, the project for the indoor swimming pool at the Marina is currently being prepared. Simultaneously, the city continuously implements public space landscaping projects in an effort to reaffirm local values and improve its own urbanism.

Vladislava Živanović Ristović, BSc in Architecture Engineering.

Chief Urbanist of the City of Smederevo

13

INTRODUCTION The City of Smederevo has an exceptionally favourable geographical position. Spreading between the Danube in the north, the second longest European river, and the Great Morava in the east, Smederevo occupies the area on the southern edge of the Pannonian Basin and on the northeastern slopes of Šumadija. Mildly ruffled lowland area, large river flows and moderate continental climate have always provided favourable living conditions, and had a significant impact on strategic development of the city throughout the history. Stretching between two European land and water corridors, Smederevo has an excellent traffic connection with other parts of Serbia and a great connection with the neighbouring countries.

Smederevo is located on the international route E-75, corridor 10, which connects Budapest, Belgrade, Niš, Thessaloniki and Athens. It is 46 km away from the capital City of Belgrade. This favourable location of the city gives it a great potential for the further development in terms of tourism.

The total surface area of the City of Smederevo is 481.7 km2. The City area encompasses 27 village communities and 11 city communities with around 110 000 inhabitants. The City is an administrative centre of the Podunavlje District.

Rich cultural heritage of Smederevo is seen through the city’s continuity from prehistoric times, throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages up to

14

the present days. In the Roman settlement of Mons Aureus, located on the current territory of the city, Roman Emperor Prob planted the first grapevine in the third century A.D., and today we can say that this move defined the future development of the city. One of the biggest tourist manifestations in the city today is directly connected to the celebration of grapevine, grapes and wine.

The second turning point in Smederevo history happened in the Middle Ages when Đurađ Branković, the last Serbian medieval ruler, inherited the Despotate without the capital City of Belgrade and had to build his new capital city for the purpose of resisting the Ottoman advancing. In the period from 1428 to 1430, the Inner City (Mali grad) was built within the Smederevo Fortress, with the Despot’s Court inside, and the whole structure, constructed after the Fortress in Constantinople, was finished within next ten years.

During the 16th and 17th century, Smederevo continued to have a wider regional significance and functioned as an oriental town.

Smederevo was among the first Serbian territories to be freed from the Ottoman occupation. In 1805, Smederevo became Serbian capital for the second time, after 346 years of Ottoman rule.

Another turning point in the historical development of Smederevo was the construction of summer house of the Obrenović ruling Dynasty. The real Court life was established in the Villa Obrenović during the reign of King Milan and Queen Natalija Obrenović, and flourished again during the reign of their son Aleksandar. It was one of the most important meeting places of Serbian cultural elite, luxurious entertainments were organized and well established names of Serbian literature and art

gathered here. In 1882, Queen Natalija organized the ceremonial arrival of 36 officials with their wives, for grape harvest. The guests arrived from Belgrade on a steamship cruising on the Danube. The Queen was the one who started a tradition of celebrating the grape harvest and was the idea maker for the establishment of the Smederevo’s Autumn festival, the second oldest tourist manifestation in Serbia today.

Throughout the whole 19th and 20th century, Smederevo ranked as one of the most developed cities of Serbia. The City suffered devastations in both World Wars. It was heavily bombed by Austrian forces in World War I, and in 1941, during World War II, it suffered great losses both in population and infrastructure wise when German ammunition, which was stored in the Fortress, exploded.

In order to understand the tourism potentials of Smederevo, it was important to give a brief history of the city as well as the geographical position which has a great impact on the identity of the city.

In accordance with the Tourism Development Strategy of Smederevo, adopted by the city’s assembly for the years 2015-2020, in the period to come, the main emphasis will be put on the different aspects of tourism development, mainly cultural tourism, rural tourism, event tourism, city break, and wine tourism. All of the aspects of tourism mentioned above are interconnected, and they cannot develop separately, rather they are developed through synergy.

When talking about the cultural tourism, the main emphases is being put on the material aspects of cultural tourism: Smederevo Fortress, Golden Hill Villa (Obrenović dynasty summer villa), City Museum, Church of the Assumption of the Holly

Mother of God are among the most important tourist sites. Non-material aspects of cultural tourism: local traditions, music and dances, etc. are also a part of the cultural tourism and are included in the Strategy. Both material and non-material aspects of cultural tourism are being valorised through the different sets of manifestations in the city. The material ones are also valorised through organized tourist guided tours. The short description of the most significant sites for the development of cultural tourism is given below.

At the confluence of the rivers Jezava and Danube, on the very north of the country, the Smederevo Fortress was built by order of Despot Đurađ Branković in the 15th century. During Despot Đurađ’s reign, this monumental structure was the seat of the Serbian state and Church Authorities.

The Inner City with its six towers was built in two years accommodating the Court, library and a big reception hall. The Outer City with its 19 towers, intended for accommodation of its residents, was finished by 1439, covering the area of 10.5 hectares.

The base of the Fortress consists of two irregular triangles, surrounded by the Jezava river and the Danube. Today, it is the largest flat-landed fortress in Europe.

Villa “Zlatni breg” has a special place in the cultural and historical heritage of Smederevo, as once a summer house of Serbian ruling dynasty Obrenović. From 1900 to 1903, the Villa in Smederevo was the King’s summer Court. Villa Obrenović was transformed into German hospital during the World War I, after the World War II, the Villa had become the state property, and as such it was used as the Executive Council Villa and then as a residential building of the Government of the Republic of Serbia. In 2009, Villa Zlatni breg was

15

granted a status of cultural monument of special importance, and in 2014, it finally became available for tourism purposes and is being advertised as one of the most important tourist sights of the city.

The Medieval Church of the Assumption of the Holy Mother of God is located in the central part of the Old Cemetery in Smederevo. The Church was built in the 15th century on the site of the older necropolis, and the wall paintings date from the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century. Archaeological researches conducted in the 1980s proved that the Church dignitaries were buried here and before that the members of the immediate Branković family – which gave birth to some theories that the Ktitor of the Church was Despot Đurađ Branković himself.

Rural tourism is relatively underdeveloped in the city, so the further strategies are needed for the development of this aspect of tourism.

Event tourism has a long tradition in Smederevo.

Smederevo’s Autumn is one of the most important manifestations in town. It is one of the oldest manifestations in Serbia. It was established at the end of the 19th century in order to support the development of the city and to reinforce its identity; it expresses and affirms the distinctive features of the city. The idea behind the manifestation was and still is to reinforce the producers of grapes and wine and help them get national and international recognition. During the time, it has become one of the main brands of the city, and a great part of the city’s identity. It takes place every year in the beginning of September and incorporates a great variety of cultural and artistic events related to wine and grapes. The central event during the manifestation is a ceremonial parade of costumed medieval knights and the most significant figures

16

from Smederevo’s history.

A theatre festival “Theatre in the Fortress” is being organized for 10 years. Every year in July, an open air theatre festival “Theatre in the Fortress” is held in Smederevo, with general sponsorship provided by the Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Serbia and the city of Smederevo.

Theatre program is performed in the Inner Town of the fortress. Numerous local and international theatres have participated in this festival until now.

The Danube Movie International Festival has been organized for the first time in 2018 at several locations in the town, and it valorises the cultural heritage of the city, mainly the Smederevo Fortress, where some of the movie projections took place.

“Plavinac haymaking” is traditionally held in June and it symbolically represents meadows’ mowing.

During the past ten years, “Plavinac haymaking” has outgrown the status of a local manifestation, both by the number of visitors and participants. More than 150 haymakers gather to participate in this manifestation.

Even though there is a whole spectrum of different manifestations in the city related to the cultural heritage, both material and non-material, tourist potentials of the city are still underused and the further tourism development is needed. Attracting more foreign visitors is necessary for the future development, since most of the tourist visiting Smederevo today, according to the data provided by the city, are domestic tourist.

Ivan Nišlić, Head of touristic board of Smederevo

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1

INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS FOR SUSTAINABLE TERRITORY DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY OF SMEDEREVO Danijela Milovanović Rodić, Božena Stojić, Marija Maruna

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INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS FOR SUSTAINABLE TERRITORY DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY OF SMEDEREVO Dr. Danijela Milovanovic Rodic Assistant professor, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Božena Stojic, MA PhD student, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Dr. Marija Maruna Associate professor, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture ABSTRACT One of the basic characteristics of Serbian territorial development is the concentrated development of several major urban centres driven by a rapid decline of the quality of life in villages, their depopulation and impoverishment. The basic thesis of this paper is, in accordance with the current global, European and national development agendas, that the sustainable territorial development can be achieved exclusively through balanced rural-urban development.

This paper introduces integrated rural development projects (IRDP) as instruments for reaching sustainable territorial development for the city of Smederevo. They are developed within the Master Program in Integrated Urbanism at the Faculty of Architecture of the University of Belgrade supported by the DANURB project and the city government. The main aim of the paper is to present the pedagogical model and IRDP development methodology, as well as results produced within the teaching process – five master theses. These projects differ in main themes, the size of the territory, types and formats of the solutions, but have the same objectives - to improve the quality of life of individuals, families and rural communities, and, thus, increase their visibility and attractiveness. Their aim is not only to prevent out-migration of young people from the villages, but also to encourage in-migration of new population.

When viewed from that perspective, besides straightening rural areas, these IRDPs can contribute to the reduction of pressure on urban areas, whose spatial, infrastructural, institutional and ecological capacities are increasingly burdened and hold back sustainable development.

KEYWORDS: Integrated rural development projects; sustainable territorial development; pedagogical model; master thesis; Smederevo

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1.

INTRODUCTION

Since the beginning of XXI century, Serbia has been going through the transitional and structural socioeconomic reforms. These reforms triggered the processes of privatization, changes and harmonisation of the legislation with the EU norms, giving an onset to the market liberalisation. While Serbia is striving to achieve the goals of reforms, overcome the economic crisis and join the EU, the main characteristics of current development are far from what we could call the sustainable development. The concentration of political and economic power in few cities, foreign trade being oriented towards importing, privatization of domestic production and creating a stimulating economic environment for foreign investors are the factors that have been affecting the deterioration of domestic production in Serbia, and especially agriculture. The downturn of agricultural production, alongside with transitional consequences such as increased unemployment rate, intensive depopulation and rapidly aging population are contributing to the low quality of life in rural areas and to the vitality loss of villages in Serbia.

Within the on-going on EU accession process, the Serbian government has aligned laws, development strategies and public policies with the EU framework.

Despite that fact, the main stumbling blocks of sustainable rural development are (1) centralized government and planning system without much space for bottom-up initiatives on the local level, and (2) the lack of development programs for strengthening rural social capital.

This paper aims to discuss the potential of an integral approach to development planning and governance in rural areas by presenting the student’s integral projects for sustainable territory development of Smederevo.

These projects have been developed within the Master Programme in Integral Urbanism at the Faculty of Architecture of the Belgrade University and their framework was the DANURB project “Regional Network Building through Tourism and Education to Strengthen

the Danube Cultural Identity and Solidarity”. The specific methodology used in developing these projects is of great importance because the students had an opportunity to study in real environment, to learn and implement real development problems and potentials of subject territory and to collaborate with local governance and field experts. The described methodology resulted in specific products – integral projects which present the instruments for achieving sustainable future of rural areas in Smederevo territory.

The first part of the paper briefly describes the development context of rural areas and villages in Serbia as well as the main characteristics of governing the rural development system in Serbia. Furthermore, the paper presents the development concepts and integral approach to improving the quality of life in local communities through an analysis of the EU, national and local strategic and regulatory documents. The third part of the paper discusses six integral projects developed by students as well as the methodology applied. The findings are summarised in the conclusion outlining the key strengths and weaknesses of integral projects as instruments for sustainable development of territory.

2.

RURAL AREAS OF SERBIA: DEVELOPMENT AT THE MARGINS

There are 6.158 settlements in Serbia, of which 5.965 are non-urban and automatically considered as villages [1]. In rural areas, the villages are widely spaced with a low density of population raging between 100 and 500 inhabitants, while the infrastructure is in extremely poor condition. Agriculture is a dominant economic activity in most villages, but the aggravating circumstances for people who are engaged in agriculture are poor access to markets of goods, information and financial capital (Strategija prostornog razvoja Republike Srbije 20092013-2020., 2009).

The results of the Population Census conducted in 2011 showed the increasingly unfavourable demographic trends at the national level, but especially in rural areas.

21

Namely, the consequences of negative natural population growth and intensive migrations towards urban areas and EU member states are reflected in a decrease in rural population of 311.139 (10.9%) inhabitants in the period from 2002 to 2011. In rural areas in South and East Serbia, population decreased by 19% during this nine–year period and the trend continues all over Serbia (Strategy of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Serbia 2014-2024, 2014).

Another characteristic of rural areas in Serbia that is directly related with pervious one is the change in the population age structure. There is less and less population aging between 15 and 65, i.e. every fifth inhabitant in rural areas is older than 65 Serbia (Strategy of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Serbia 20142024, 2014).

In terms of education of rural population, 37% of inhabitants are holding the high-school degree. The trend of decreasing population with high education degree can be noticed across all regions in Serbia. This phenomenon is due to the lack of attractive jobs that are compatible with their education.

When combined, the problems of rapidly aging population, decreasing working-age population and low-educated population are resulting in villages and rural areas being the poorest and underdeveloped, and its inhabitants becoming the most vulnerable socioeconomic category of the population. In addition, women in rural households are in the particularly unfavourable socio-economic position due to the lack of employment and patriarchal social environment where the gender inequalities in the field of economic participation are highly expressed.

The national and local rural development policies of are mainly focused on the economic aspect of encouraging development. The development measures undertaken by the national and local government mainly include support to agricultural production and access to the market. But in terms of sustainable development, these measures are not comprehensive and do not

22

solve the problem of rural development entirely. The state in which rural areas are shows that the existing institutional, organizational and planning mechanisms are inadequate. Although there are laws, development strategies and public policies in place, which declare and formally seek to implement the principles of sustainable rural development, in reality the system is slow, inert, incompatible, non-communicative and inadaptable.

The part of the problem is the still used traditional topdown approach to urban planning that does not leave enough room for involvement of local communities.

During the last decade, new approaches, methodologies and instruments have been introduced step by step, such as local, strategic and action planning, but there is still more progress to be made. Currently, the national and local governments are implementing policies and solutions received as international level demands as a part of integration processes. These policies are implemented without essential understanding of their values, which results in insufficiently adaptable solutions compared to changing conditions at the local level.

Likewise, the causes of these problems can be found in the decay of social capital in terms of insufficient capacity, of both, the employees in institutions and organizations in charge of development management and civil society (Milovanović Rodić, Lalović, & Nenadović, 2011).

The modest knowledge and lack of additional skills of the rural population are confirmed by the data according to which 97% of the rural population have not attended any additional training programs, and 54% do not have any special knowledge and skills. The percentage of rural population with computer literacy is 20%, while 66% of them are still computer illiterate (Strategy of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Serbia 20142024, 2014). In addition to this data, the situation on the field shows that the productive engagement of citizens in local development issues is very low. A large proportion of rural population is unaware of their own position and abilities, or they do not have enough knowledge and ability to build relationships in the community and launch bottom-up initiatives to achieve sustainable

solutions for reconstruction and improvement of their villages (Milovanović Rodić, Lalović, & Nenadović, 2011).

To conclude, sustainable development of rural areas in Serbia requires new urban planning and governance mechanisms and instruments in addition to the already applied ones.

3.

STRENGTHENING RURAL AREAS AS A PRECONDITION FOR SUSTAINABLE TERRITORY DEVELOPMENT

The strategy for sustainable recovery of EU member states and their regions from economic crisis that brought Europe and the world into certain transformation process states some important principals and strategic goals of future sustainable urban and rural development. The “EUROPE 2020 - A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth” strategy puts forward three mutually reinforcing priorities:

mid-1990s, the EU had a wide set of mechanisms, instruments and regulations for facilitating territorial/ rural development and cohesion, that were mainly financial. With the Agenda 2000 Reform Agreement and Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), all these measures have been included into one main regulation.

The benefits of this action are reflected in the idea that it is not enough to support rural development only by financial means (1st pillar), but it is necessary to introduce one comprehensive regulation that will cover economic, ecological and social dimension of rural development (2nd pillar) (Fig. 1) .

1. ‘Smart growth: developing an economy based on knowledge and innovation.

2. Sustainable growth: promoting a more resource efficient, greener and more competitive economy.

3. Inclusive growth: fostering a high-employment economy delivering social and territorial cohesion.’

(European Commission, 2010).

Some of the important flagship initiatives that should catalyse the progress and achievement of listed priorities and are referring to urban-rural development include • “Platform against poverty” - that should connect people from different regions and ensure social and territory cohesion.

• “Agenda for new skills and jobs” – an initiative to modernise skills and educate people with a view to allowing them to equally participate in labour market (European Commission, 2010).

Empowering the EU’s rural development policy has become one of the Union’s main priorities. By the

Fig. 1: Sustainable agriculture and rural areas (Source: The EU rural development policy, 2007-2013)

Through the further rural development policy regulation improvements, the main areas that need greater attention in the future were contained in the conclusions of the Second European Conference on Rural Development held in Salzburg in November 2003, “Planting seeds for rural futures – building a policy that can deliver our ambitions”. These included: • Agriculture and forestry – need additional consideration in the future since they play an essential role in maintaining the vitality of rural communities and landscapes, • Wider rural world – vitality of rural communities can

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no longer rely only on agricultural production, so the diversification of economic activities is necessary,

group of measures: sustainable use of agricultural land, sustainable use of forestry land;

• Food quality and safety – it is important to preserve the quality of food, animal welfare and rural environment,

3. Enhancing the quality of life in rural areas and promoting diversification of economic activities with group of measures: diversification of the rural economy, improvement of the quality of life in rural areas, training, skills acquisition and animation (European Commission, 2006).

• Access to public services – it is necessary to ensure the equal rights and opportunities for all inhabitants, • Covering the EU’s territory – rural development policies must apply in all areas in order that all rural actors can meet the challenges, • Stakeholder participation – all rural actors have to have equal opportunities to participate in devising policies, • Partnership – policies have to ensure the partnerships between all sectors, • Simplification – rural development policies have to be simple and based on programming, financing and control systems (European Commission, 2006).

In the context of the new financial perspectives for the programming period 2007–13, the European Commission conducted a thorough analysis of rural development policy. Reflecting the conclusions of the SALZBURG CONFERENCE ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT and the strategic orientations of the LISBON AND GÖTEBORG EUROPEAN COUNCILS (2001) emphasizing the economic, environmental, and social elements of sustainability, the following three major objectives for rural development policy have been set for the period 2007–2013: 1. Increasing the competitiveness of the agricultural sector – that includes sets of measures within groups such as: human resources, physical capital, quality of production, transitional measures for the new member states, 2. Enhancing the environment and countryside through support for land management – with

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As mentioned above, national and local governments are following and implementing the guidelines of EU’s policy into domestic legislation and strategic documents. According to that, the rural development framework is based on The strategy of agriculture and rural development of Republic of Serbia, 2014-2024.

The basic data analysis of rural development in Serbia is summarized in the following SWOT analysis (Table. 1) Table 1: SWOT analysis STRENGTHS

WEAKNESSES

- Diversity of rural environment, - Rich cultural heritage, - Preservation of traditional knowledge and technologies, - Successful examples of good practice in the field of rural tourism and related activities, - Initiatives initiated to form local social networks, - Solid state of infrastructure in some rural areas

- Unfavourable demographic trends, - Inactive labour market, - Unfavourable social structure, - Unused possibilities of diversification of income in households, - Insufficient utilization of cultural heritage, - Low infrastructural equipment, - Difficult access to social services, - Low level of social capital

OPPORTUNITIES

THREATS

- Possibility of creating new products and services; - Possibilities of private and public partnerships; -Revitalization of resources and social structures -Possibility of intensifying regional cross-border cooperation; - Use of preaccession period for competitiveness growth, -Application of standards with the use of EU funds (IPARD); -Possibilities for development of all types of tourism related to rural environments.

- Insufficient recognition of rural specificities in local and national policies; - Poor investor interest; - Rising rural poverty and regional poverty differences; - Insufficient recognition of the specificity of small farms in national policies, including agricultural policy; - Stagnation in the EU integration process.

sustainable rural development demands consistent and predicted annual finances. (Strategy of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Serbia 2014-2024, 2014).

In order to achieve rural development vision and its goals, strategy puts forward several PRIORITY AREAS of rural development policy, such as: 1. stabilization of the agricultural producer’s income, 2. financing of agriculture and rural development as well as risk management activities, 3. efficient land management availability of land resources,

and

increased

4. improvement of the condition of physical resources, 5. improvement of the knowledge transferring and human resources development, 6. adapting and mitigating the impact of climate change, 7. technological development and modernization of agricultural production,

(Source: The strategy of agriculture and rural development of Republic of Serbia, 2014-2024)

8. development of market chains and logistical support to the agricultural sector,

The key principals of rural development in Serbia are referring to:

9. protection and improvement of the environment and conservation of natural resources and heritage,

1. Sustainable agriculture – multifunctional agriculture is seen as one of the most important production sectors in rural areas 2. Polycentric development – based on respecting the diversity of production systems and types of agricultural householdings 3. Modernization of governing organizations – their training in the efficient management of public policies is the key factor in implementing the strategy 4. Stability and consistency of the agricultural budget –

10. diversification of rural economy, 11. improving the social structure and strengthening social capital, 12. modernization and adjustment organizations and legislation,

of

governing

13. Improving the quality and safety of products.

(Strategy of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Serbia 2014-2024, 2014).

Although the development strategy and policy of rural development in Serbia are very aligned with the EU’s policy, as shown, Serbia lacks the mechanisms

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and instruments to implement its strategic goals and programs (priorities). Unlike the EU, Serbia is still directing its financial support mostly to priority areas that represent agricultural production and market participation.

(Strategy of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Serbia 2014-2024, 2014).

The next chapter presents integrated projects for sustainable rural development and analyses their potential to include several different aspects and priorities of sustainable rural development into their solutions.

4.

INTEGRATED PROJECTS FOR STRENGTHENING RURAL AREAS AND SUSTAINABLE TERRITORY DEVELOPMENT: THE CITY OF SMEDEREVO CASE

Traditionally structured, bureaucratic and hierarchical, the governance structures of cities and regions are increasingly losing their ability to respond to complex development challenges.

Likewise, traditional instruments and approaches to urban planning are all weaker than the challenges they are facing (Innes & Booher, 2010).

The newly emerging socio-economic context(s) required a change in approaching urban development planning, which contributed to the development of the concept of integrated planning - the approach that can address these challenges. However, changing the approach to urban planning is inseparable from the change in education of new urban planners (Čolić, 2015). In 2012, the Department of Urbanism at the Faculty of Architecture of the Belgrade University affirmed the need to educate new urban planners due to the perceived socio-economic challenges of urban-rural development in Serbia by establishing a new study program - master academic studies: Integrated Urbanism (Maruna, 2015).

According to Ellin (2006), the integrated approach starts from analysing and understanding the local community, or a specific area of ​​ the city/village, their needs and development potentials, and strives to preserve all that represents parts of the built environment and

26

social processes that the local community values. The integrated approach in concert with the projects strives to rehabilitate, revitalize and restore social, economic, natural and cultural processes within a particular community. In co-operation with citizens, through various forms of participation, and on the basis of commonly defined needs, an integrated approach seeks to “add” what is lacking in that particular city/village tissue, or to generate interventions in a space that, like a domino effect, will cause new interventions in an already ongoing process.

With the development of an integrated approach, various theoretical frameworks and the definition of the approach were developed (Brown, 2005; Healey, 1998, 2006a, 2006b; Laszlo & Krippner, 1998; O’Brien & Hochachka, 2007). Likewise, by putting an integrated approach to the service of sustainable development of cities and regions, many regulatory and development documents at the international and global level provide a framework for defining this approach and the principles of sustainable integrated development. Some of the most important are Leipzig Charter on European Cities (EU, 2007), Toledo Declaration (EU, 2010), European Commission’s Cities of Tomorrow Report (EU, 2011), Urban Agenda for the EU (EU, 2016) and The New Urban Agenda (UN, 2017).

The integrated approach, as stated, strives to integrate the following segments into urban planning and governance: • Different aspects of sustainable development – economic, ecological, social and cultural • Urban, suburban and rural areas of the specific region • Developmental, strategic, planning documents and legislative • Different governance levels • Different stakeholders and institutions • Potential funds for the realization of the project

• Built and natural environment.

During the process of developing the students’ integrated projects (which include above listed principals of integrated urbanism), it is of particular importance to establish cooperation with local governments of the cities / municipalities whose territory represents the spatial framework of the projects, since it enables students to have more complete and comprehensive insight into the development problems and potentials. Equally important is the cooperation with experts and experts in the teaching process (University of Belgrade Faculty of Architecture, 2017). The process and the results achieved by this practice-oriented teaching methodology are presented in several publications (Maruna, Čolić, 2014, Maruna, Čolić, 2015; Čolić, Maruna, Milovanović Rodić, Lalović, 2015, Milovanović Rodić, Maruna, Čolić, 2016).

The main topic of integrated projects for this generation of students was “Strengthening cultural identity in the Danube region” on the territory of Smederevo city.

Developing students’ projects was part of the cooperation with DANUrB project through the INTERREG Danube EU Programme (INTERREG, 2014).

The methodological framework of this course is primarily the concept of sustainable urban development and an integrated approach to development planning. In relation to the given territory, the city of Smederevo, students analysed and collected information about the current state of the territory and its developmental problems and potentials as well as development goals in order to find their specific topics of research and projects within the thematic framework of the given DANUrB project. After they select their topics, students are encouraged to start their research and project development (Milovanović Rodić & Stojić, 2018).

As a result of the studying process on this course and the applied research methodologies guided by the principles of integrated approach to the sustainable development of the territory of Smederevo, the students developed five integrated projects:

1. “CULTURAL AND RECREATIONAL ITINERARIES”, MLADEN KOSTADINOVIĆ The main goal of the project is integration of natural values and cultural and historical heritage in order to develop tourism and improve the quality of life by developing traffic / cycling infrastructure and promoting natural wealth in villages Šalinac and Kulič. (Poster 1) 2. “SMEDEREVO ORGANIKA” - CENTRE FOR ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN THE SARAORCI VILLAGE: INTEGRATION OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE AND RURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT, MILICA RAKOVIĆ The main goal of the project is to develop and improve the rural areas of the city of Smederevo by encouraging the development of organic agricultural production and enhancing diversification of rural activities by building the regional organic centre and encouraging collaborative action of local farmers. (Poster 2) 3. “FORMING A WIND BREAK NETWORK OF HIGH RECREATIONAL VALUE IN FUNCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-TOURISM IN MACROZONE OF ŠUMADIJA REGION”, MILICA ZUKANOVIĆ The main goal of the project is environmental protection as well as the development of tourism by forming the network of cycling pats within wind break network. Local community can gain recreational space, develop local economy and protect their agricultural land.

4. “FESTIVAL OF MEDIEVAL CULTURE: AN INSTRUMENT FOR BRANDING THE CITY AND DEVELOPING CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL TOURISM”, MILOŠ MANDIĆ The main goal of the project is to brand the City of Smederevo by encouraging the development of cultural and historical tourism based on rich medieval heritage. The tools for achieving the goal are linking tourist offer of cultural and historical

27

heritage as well as founding the festival as new tourist attraction for youth.

5. “DIVERSIFICATION OF THE LOCAL ECONOMY AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN RURAL COMMUNITIES”, STEFAN RADUNOVIĆ The main goal of the project is the improvement of the quality of life in the villages on Smederevo territory, through the economic and social development of communities in socially vulnerable rural areas. Diversification of the rural economy has been recognized as an instrument for improvement, which should be carried out by restoring the old crafts as a new source of income for local community.

The table below (Table 2) shows the level of integration of the stated principles of an integrated approach to sustainable development in each of the five student’s project. According to the table, we can conclude that in each project there is an aspect of economic development of the city region, but also that the research was done in such a way that in most cases it is inseparable from the social and cultural development of the city, as well as ecological (Column I). It is possible to notice that each of the five projects integrates two or more development problems of Smederevo, among which tourism and agriculture are predominant (Column II). The largest number of these projects integrates the urban and rural area of the city, which is an exceptional quality of working results (Column III). Likewise, in all five projects, the research has integrated, analyzed and considered developmental, strategic, planning documents and legislative, so that these projects have a good basis and argumentation (Column IV). In the fifth column the integration of strategic priorities stated in Strategy of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Serbia for the period 2014-2024, which are listed in chapter 3, is shown (Column V).

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Table 2: Integration of different (I) aspects of sustainable development, (II) development problems of Smederevo region, (III) spatial levels of Smederevo, (IV) documents and (V) priority areas in national Strategy of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Serbia 2014-2024, into student’s integrated projects for rural development.

TABLE LEGEND: Legend of the column (I) Aspects of sustainable development: (1) economic aspect, (2) ecological aspect, (3) social aspect, (4) cultural aspect; Legend of the column (III) Spatial levels of the city: (1) urban area, (2) suburban area, (3) rural area; Legend of the column (IV) Integration of different documents: (1) developmental and strategic, (2) planning documents, (3) legislative; Legend of the column (V) Priority areas in national strategy: (1) stabilization of the agricultural producer’s income, (2) financing of agriculture and rural development as well as risk management activities, (3) efficient land management and increased availability of land resources, (4) improvement of the condition of physical resources, (5) improvement of the knowledge transferring and human resources development, (6) adapting and mitigating the impact of climate change, (7) technological development and modernization of agricultural production, (8) development of market chains and logistical support to the agricultural sector, (9) protection and improvement of the environment and conservation of natural resources and heritage, (10) diversification of rural economy, (11) improving the social structure and strengthening social capital, (12) modernization and adjustment of governing organizations and legislation, (13) improving the quality and safety of products.

PROJECT TITLE

(I)

(II)

ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE PROBLEMS DEVELOPMENT

(III)

(IV)

(V)

SPATIAL LEVELS OF THE CITY

INTEGRATION OF DIFFERENT DOCUMENTS

PRIORITY AREAS IN NATIONAL STRATEGY

1.“Smederevo Organika”

1, 2, 3

organic agriculture, tourism

1, 2, 3

1, 2, 3

1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13

2. “Forming a wind break network of high recreational value in function of environmental protection and development of ecotourism in macrozone of Šumadija region”

1, 2, 3

agriculture, infrastructure, tourism

3

1, 2, 3

3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 13

3. “Festival of medieval culture: an instrument for branding the city and developing cultural and historical tourism”

1, 4

urban marketing, tourism

1

1, 2, 3

9, 11

4. “Cultural and recreational itineraries”

1, 3, 4

tourism, infrastructure, quality of life

1, 2

1, 2, 3

6, 9, 10

1, 3, 4

quality of life, unemployment, tourism, social inclusion

1, 2, 3

1, 2, 3

1, 5, 8, 10

5. “Diversification of the local economy as an instrument for improving the quality of life in rural communities”

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5.

CONCLUSION

Rural areas in Serbia, in this case at the territory of the city of Smederevo, stand at the margins of development mainly due to an inadequate institutional support to the rural-urban synergy and balanced development. The existing governance system is insufficiently successful in dealing with the flows of urbanization and consequently the villages weakening and disappearance. New instruments and approaches are needed to encourage the diversification of economic activities and agricultural production, capacity building for individuals and communities, support cooperatives and environment protection.

This paper presents an integral approach to addressing these challenges and articulates the methodological concept of formulating integral rural development projects. The collaboration with different actors and new types of partnership between private and public sector are seen as key presumptions for formulation and implementation of local development projects for both urban and rural areas that can improve land management, provide technical and social services, support of low-income groups’ employment (women in rural areas), and natural and cultural heritage protection.

The presented pedagogical model allowed students to understand and apply the principles of an integrated approach to the planning of sustainable development of the territory. The five presented master theses show that students can understand the complex challenges of rural-urban development. Multidisciplinary approach, collaborative learning model and a direct cooperation with local government representatives and experts resulted in projects proposals that, if implemented, could be able to change negative trend and give new life sparkle in order to reach sustainable territorial development of the city of Smederevo.

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6.

ENDNOTES

[1] The Republican Bureau of Statistics in Serbia has been applying the administrative criteria for determining the type of settlement, according to which the settlements are divided into “urban” and “non-urban”.

7.

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Milovanović Rodić, D., & Stojić, B. (2018). Integralni pristup za održivi razvoj dunavskog regiona: prikaz pedagoškog modela i ostvarenih rezultata – master teza [Integral Approach for the Sustainable Development of the Danube Region: Pedagogical model and Achieved results - Master Thesis]. U zborniku radova sa međunarodnog naučno-stručnog skupa 14. Letnja škola urbanizma. Bjeljina UUS, RGZ, GIZ. pp. 72-82.

Milovanovic Rodić, D., Maruna, M., & Čolić, R. (2016). Instrumenti upravljanja integralnim urbanim razvojem na primeru grada Pančeva: Katalog izložbe završnih radova generacije studenata 2014/15. [Instruments for Integrated Urban Development – Case of Pancevo: Final Works’ Exhibition Catalogue: Generation of Students 2013/2014]. Beograd: Univerzitet u Beogradu, Arhitektonski fakultet Milovanović Rodić, D. (2015). Local Development Strategies Without Strategic Thinking: Lost In Between Politicians’ Games, Administrations’ Rigidity And Planner’s Depression., SAJ Serbian Architectural Journal, 7, 3, pp. 381 – 400.

Milovanović Rodić, D., Živković, J. & Lalović, K. (2013). Changing Architectural Education for Reaching Sustainable Future: A Contribution to The Discussion. Spatium, 29, pp. 75-80. DOI: 10.2298/SPAT1329075M Milovanović Rodić, D., Lalović, K., & Nenadović, A.(2011). Virtual social networks as a booster for reaching livable villages: examining Serbian cases. In 47 th ISOCARP Congress proceedings Liveable Cities: Urbanising World, Meeting the Challenge, pp. 1-14 O’Brien, K., & Hochachka,G. (2007). Integral adaptation to climate change. Journal of Integral Theory and Practice. Vol 5(1). pp.

89–102.

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2024]. SluĹžbeni glasnik RS, 85/14. Retrieved from http://uap.gov. rs/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/STRATEGIJA-2014-2020-.pdf Nacionalni program ruralnog razvoja od 2011. do 2013. godine.

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AUTHORS Dr. Danijela Milovanović Rodić Assistant Professor Department of Urbanism University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: danmilrod@gmail.com Phone: +381(0)11 3218765 Božena Stojić, MA Teaching associate and PhD student Department of Urbanism University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: bozena.stojic@gmail.com Phone: +381(0)11 3218765 Dr. Marija Maruna Associate Professor Department of Urbanism University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: m.ma@sezampro.rs Phone: +381(0)11 3218765

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Poster 1 CULTURAL AND RECREATIONAL ITINERARIES Mladen Kostadinović, master candidate

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Poster 2 “SMEDEREVO ORGANIKA” - CENTRE FOR ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN THE SARAORCI VILLAGE: INTEGRATION OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE AND RURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Milica Raković, master candidate

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CULTURE AND YOUTH NETWORKS FOR RELEASING URBAN POTENTIALS Ratka Čolić, Marija Maruna, Jovana Bugarski

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CULTURE AND YOUTH NETWORKS FOR RELEASING URBAN POTENTIALS Dr. Ratka Čolić Assistant professor, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Dr. Marija Maruna Associate professor, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Jovana Bugarski, MA Teaching assistant, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture ABSTRACT The paper presents an overview of the possibilities for application of networks and collaboration in planning and urban governance in the case of complex and changing places in a specific local transition context. Culture and youth networks were developed through six master students’ projects in the City of Smederevo within the thematic framework ‘Strengthening Cultural Identity in the Danube Region’ under INTERREG IV transnational cooperation programme. Network governance represents one type of governance. Culture and youth networks are used in urban governance due to their spatial dimension and the results they may achieve. The main aim of this paper is to point out at some of the advantages of network coordination within students’ integrated urban projects identified as: improved capacities to solve complex problems, increased recognition and competitiveness, more efficient use of resources, and development of other governance and planning instruments. Completed students’ projects point to the possibility of applying networks as urban governance instruments for activation of underused urban potentials, incorporation of new activities and land uses and establishing standards for entering European regional networks, integrating spatial interventions with actors and resources, and proposing new governance practices, which aim to enable innovation, as well as complementarity with traditional planning instruments.

KEYWORDS: Culture and youth networks; integrated urban projects; new products; new urban governance practice; Serbia

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1.

INTRODUCTION

This paper discusses possibilities for the application of the urban governance instruments within the culture and youth (including employment) networks. The networks have been developed through six integrated urban projects (hereafter IUPs) modelled by students of the Master Programme in Integral Urbanism for the City of Smederevo under thematic framework of ‘Strengthening cultural identity in the Danube area’.

This specific topic was derived from the orientation of the master programme towards the subject of sustainable and integrated urban development. Final master projects are developed within the platform for collaboration, established by the Faculty of Architecture with local communities, international faculties and projects, professional institutions and organizations from the public, private and civil sector (Maruna et al, 2018; Milovanović et al, 2018). Collaboration with various institutions, especially international faculties and projects aims to promote the use of EU instruments of sustainable urban development in order to develop and strengthen capacities in the field of planning and governance. The collaboration was initiated to enable: 1) international support with a view to introducing new knowledge from the European urban practices into the teaching process and education of the profile of experts in accordance with the changing socio-economic context in Serbia, and 2) testing the application of new instruments in the local environment (Maruna & Čolić, 2015; Čolić, 2015b). From 2013 to the present, the following topics of integrated urban development have been incorporated through the teaching process: climate resilience and risk disaster management, multi level governance, public property and public interest, localization of SDGs, cultural identity and urban governance instruments.

The paper discusses the possibilities for the application of networks and collaboration in planning and urban governance on the case of complex and changing places in a transitional context of a post-socialist country of Serbia (Čolić, 2015a). The main argumentation for the application of urban governance, and specifically

application of its instruments, is based on the viewpoint that students should acquire knowledge about a wide range of urban problems in order to be prepared for new planning roles that require understanding of urban and regional policies, work of public services and other actors, and where knowledge of different governance and planning instruments is of importance (Innes et al., 2010).

As urban governance is better assessed when it relies more on practical experimentation and learning new norms’ (Hyden, 2011, p. 19), this paper assesses certain aspects of the application of the networks and network governance on the case of the City of Smederevo.

2.

NETWORKS

Network governance is one perspective of the broader idea of governance (Rhodes, 1997). Along with partnerships, pacts and hierarchies, networking becomes more and more present. Networks are less formal, less stable, less noticeable, but they can be effective. They appear as a form of governance aimed at establishing a balance in the fragmentation of the administration’s work with regard to territory (Innes at al., 2010), also understood as a socio-economic category (Čolić, 2015a).

Networks allow for information exchange, better coordination, establishment of a common culture and gathering stakeholders around a common vision. Such networks enable greater sensitivity in relation to the local reality (Hajer & Vagenaar, 2003) and can enhance coordination and understanding beyond the boundaries of public sector competences, levels of administration, professional disciplines, etc. Networks have a spatial or, territorial base (Blanco et al., 2011). In other words, they are place-based (Innes et al., 2010). They are mostly self-organized and task-oriented. They are comprised of interdependent actors who recognize the possibilities of adding value to working together, accessing and mobilizing resources. From a practical point of view, the network is a group of individuals or institutions linked by connections that are not hierarchical or contractual. As such, networks are flexible systems.

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In cities, networks are recognizable – they also gather public sector actors from multiple levels in order to solve problems that no one directly is responsible for (Hajer & Vagenaar, 2003). There are examples of collaboration between private and public sector where the focus is mostly on economic development, employment, culture, or examples of networks in the field of urban regeneration, climate change, water management, economic competitiveness and social justice, and more (Blanco, 2013; Innes et al., 2010; Kearns & Padison, 2000).

Such networks can lead to the formation of more formal partnerships or initiate work on concrete projects, along with the development of other governance instruments.

Vranken, 2011).

Network governance does not exclude the application of traditional governance instruments – plans, decisions, regulations, etc (Blanco, 2013). Both of these are required in order to ensure the funding and legitimacy for the results of cooperation networks. In conditions of great complexity and uncertainty, the use of networks’ capacities to connect people, ideas and knowledge in changing combinations of organizations and problems, may be necessary (Booher & Innes, 2002; Innes et al., 2010).

3.1. Master project as field for testing urban governance

The characteristics and results of urban governance, and in particular the application of networks, can be diverse. The experiences of successful examples of network governance (Innes et al., 2010, p.21) highlighted the importance of involving different, interconnected stakeholders, collaborative dialogue, joint knowledge development, creating social and political capital, and boundary spanning. The benefits of network coordination include improved learning, more efficient use of resources, increased capacity for planning and solving complex problems, greater recognition and competitiveness (Provan & Kenis, 2008). Urban governance is characterized by creativity through the process of developing a ‘new product’ (Healey, 2004, p.89). These can be cultural buildings, commercial, public spaces and physical structures that represent the city’s social culture, as well as new governance practices operationalized through different forms (Tasan-Kok &

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Some of the above mentioned results of the networks are recognized within the students’ projects - a better recognition and improved urban identity based on cultural assets and social capital, a new way to access and utilize resources, inclusion of different stakeholders, creation of a ‘new product’. These results are presented in the following section.

3.

CULTURE AND YOUTH NETWORKS FOR RELEASING URBAN POTENTIALS – THE CASE STUDY OF THE CITY OF SMEDEREVO

The work on master projects served as a polygon for testing the applicability of instruments for urban governance and territorial development. In addition to the topics of culture and youth in relation to the instruments of urban governance, attempts have been made in applying practice-oriented and collaborative learning within the master project development. Thus, the students had an opportunity to work on live examples from practice in solving real problems. Beside the studio method, field visits, presentations and consultations with representatives of local institutions and interviewing citizens, the consultations with members of the mentoring commission, were organized as well. The aim was to achieve better understanding of problem and proposal for its solving, gain knowledge on different governance and planning instruments, while the expected result should take a form of integrated urban projects for strengthening cultural and urban identity.

Within IUPs, the networks served as a ‘release potential’ or synergy through collaboration, to locate specific interventions in space, and aimed at improving the urban environment in general. The problems and potentials of the local context were further examined through the dialogue with representatives of the local community.

The place-based aspect of urban intervention enabled

considering cultural, economic, ecological and social aspects as a whole, and their complex and intertwined relationships.

3.2. Master project as field for testing urban governance An emphasis on networks was initiated by students during their work on master thesis, which preceded the development of IUPs (Fig. 1).

Table 1: The goals of applied networks NETWORK NAME

GOALS -the extension of the concept of the route to the whole Europe,

ERIH

-organization and participation of events related to industrial heritage, -linking with other cultural networks, -fundraising or other sources of financial support

TICCIH

-study of industrial archaeology, protection, promotion and interpretation of industrial heritage, -attracting enthusiasts and experts from many complementary areas

Fig. 1: Applied IUPs networks (Source: Authors)

The support for interventions in students’ projects were the following networks: EU ‘INTERREG IV Program for Danube Region’ / Culture and Solidarity; a network of public spaces, including the Smederevo Fortress, nominated for UNESCO protection of cultural property, whose proclamation is preconditioned with the regulation of public spaces and the removal of the railway; UNESCO creative cities network; EUROVELO European cycle route network; UNCTAD Creative Economy Network; Culture Action Europe; ERIH - European Route of Industrial Heritage; TICIH - the International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage; ICOM - International Council of museums; ATRIUM - Architecture of Totalitarian Regimes of the XX Century in Europe’s Urban Memory (socialist heritage); ECOP - Youth Cooperative Entrepreneurship, YFI as European Youth Forum; Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe, Roman emperors and Danube wine route, etc. The goals of these networks are shown in Table 1.

ICOM

-preservation and protection of cultural assets, -setting standards for museums

Culture Action Europe

UNCTAD

UNESCO

-raising awareness about the contribution of culture to the development of sustainable and inclusive societies, -cooperation and dialogue between different actors in the field of arts and politics -development of knowledge and examples from practice, facilitation of strategic alliances and networking among governments, creators, business community and civil society -promotion of international cooperation agreements to secure the world’s cultural and natural heritage

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ATRIUM

-enables the research of cities through structures typical for the different sociopolitical systems - facilities recognized as a part of this heritage are promoted as openair museums, -opening critical historical discourse at local and European level in order to create a common perception of citizens about the history and acceptance of its products, including urban spaces

ECOOPE

YFJ

Vitis Route Cultural Route of the CoE, 2009 Roman Emperors and Danube Wine Route Cultural Route of the CoE, 2015

-raising awareness, interest and knowledge about the importance of a cooperative business model and its potential to influence the problem of youth unemployment -greater participation of young people, -stronger youth organizations and strengthening autonomy and inclusion of young people -promotion of the quality of life in rural areas, wineries, people and technologies as a part of culture and ways of preserving European tradition

-promotion of Roman heritage and winegrowing culture

The networks initially served as a source of inspiration and creativity for project proposals, setting standards for accessing networks, and more. In addition, during work, it became clear that some features and potentials of network application can also be considered in the IUPs, such as: greater recognition based on cultural identity

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and social capital, new ways to access and use resources, involvement of different stakeholders, creation of new cultural and employment modalities, introduction of new urban governance instruments.

3.3. Assessment of application of networks in students’ projects Relying on the specificities of the local context, the framework for assessment of networks in students’ IUPs was established. The assessment of IUPs is composed of the following aspects: 1. Strengthening of urban and cultural identity by activating under-utilized potentials, 2. Implementation of networks for establishing standards and criteria for spatial interventions and introducing new topics and land use, 3. Linking place-based interventions with actors and funding, and 4. Enabling new governance practices, including complementarity with traditional instruments.

STRENGTHENING OF URBAN AND CULTURAL IDENTITY BY ACTIVATING UNDERUSED POTENTIALS – The activation of underused potentials enables raising of attractiveness and strengthening of urban identity, which is one of the goals of urban governance (Healey, 2009). The underused potentials recognized in master students’ projects are: registered and unregistered cultural heritage, brownfield locations, public spaces, youth activism, youth employment and social capital, and resources – capacities and funds.

The potentials for revitalization of registered cultural heritage, buildings under previous culture heritage protection, architectural and urban heritage from the socialist period, industrial heritage, are not based only on the architectural value of the buildings, but also on contributing local economic and social development.

Brownfield locations, mapped in the Smederevo area

are: old Ironworks complex, tobacco monopoly, salt monopoly and silos, Hotel ’Smederevo’, wine cellar ’Godomin’, ’dom JNA’, barrack ’Ivan Stefanović Srba’, tilery ’Nikola Krga’, construction company ’16. Oktobar’ and others. Although one of the recognised potentials is the possibility of re-activation of brownfield locations through their revitalization, the focus of the projects is not only on physical intervention, but also on defining a possible management model which would allow their further development. Public space in the city is considered as a field with great potential for interventions including: the arrangement of waterfronts, public spaces, renewal of common spaces in housing blocks, and the development of a network of open public spaces.

IUPs emphasize the importance of youth activism, youth employment and social capital, and recognize knowledge and skills as their most prominent potential.

The local context is characterized by the unclear strategic commitment through policies and plans, insufficiently harmonized market and education needs, as well as lack of systems and programs that allow the transition of youth from the sphere of education to the sphere of business.

At the same time, youth are recognized as a socially vulnerable group. Another potential recognized in IUPs is an overview of available resources - competencies of existing institutions and sources of funding.

IMPLEMENTATION OF NETWORKS FOR ESTABLISHING STANDARDS AND CRITERIA FOR SPATIAL INTERVENTIONS AND INTRODUCING NEW TOPICS AND LAND USE - IUPs incorporate an analysis of standards and criteria for inclusion in the networks: UNESCO Heritage (Smederevo Fortress), ERIH and TICIH networks, ATRIUM network of cultural heritage from totalitarian regimes, ECOP and YFI networks dealing with the issue of social entrepreneurship and active inclusion of young people, etc. Such an analysis of standards for networking gave the initial criteria for interventions. At the same time the IUPs’ aspiration was joining the European networks after meeting standards.

The IUPs’ interventions were set up at different spatial

scales of individual buildings and locations, urban areas, paths and routes, networks and territory of the city (Figure 2).

A wide range of topics opened up a set of possibilities for the application of various place-based interventions: extension and revitalization of public spaces including the Danube river waterfront; reconstruction and revitalization of cultural heritage of different levels of protection; urban regeneration of deprived locations and quarters; better use of underused construction land, and renewal of urban pockets and neighbourhood common places (Table 2).

Table 2: Aspects of activation of underused urban potentials in IUPs

PLACE-BASED INTERVENTIONS

-better use of underused construction land -revitalization of public spaces -reconstruction and revitalization of cultural heritage -urban regeneration of deprived areas -renewal of urban pockets and neighbourhood common places

THEMES

-brownfield development -creative economies -promotion of industrial heritage and socialist urban heritage -public spaces networking -youth entrepreneurship -social inclusion and social capital -maintenance of the housing stock -new urban governance models

NEW LAND USE

-mixed land use -public use (public spaces, green areas, culture, education, social protection ...), -commercial -housing

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NEW PRODUCTS

-new culture and youth employment facilities -new elements of the city urban dimension -’new market niche’ -new governance practice

NETWORKS’ INFLUENCE

-meeting standards and joining European networks

New activities also included the themes such as: reuse of brownfield sites, development of new management models for brownfields, thematic industrial heritage routes, creative economies, a museum of wine and viticulture, activation of water front public space in a participatory manner, youth entrepreneurship, start up companies, social inclusion (youth centre), development of social capital through activation of youth as a vital part of society, initiation of urban protection treatment for socialist architectural and urban heritage, maintenance of residential buildings and introduction of the neighbourhood committee as a new urban governance model , reuse of facilities under previous protection for accommodation capacities, inclusion of investors through public-private dialogue, introduction of bicycle paths and urban mobility, etc. In this way, a whole range of new land use was obtained, including mixed land use, public use (public spaces, green areas, culture, education, social protection ...), commercial and housing land use. As a result of releasing urban potentials and creative endeavours (Healey, 2004), the students identified the following ‘new products’: new spaces for culture and youth employment; new elements of the urban dimension of the city manifested in public spaces and rehabilitation of cultural heritage, urban regeneration of deprived areas, rational use of construction land through reuse of brownfield sites, etc.; ‘new market niche’ - the Danube river water front, new segments of Eurovelo bicycle route, youth inclusion and employment opportunities, and the new governance

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practice consisting of various governance instruments, as outlined below.

LINKING PLACE-BASED INTERVENTIONS WITH ACTORS AND FUNDING - The analysis of problems and potentials of the local context enhanced students to recognise the lack of funding, the lack of planning documents, unresolved property issues, as well as insufficient institutional capacities for better urban governance. The importance of raising the capacities of the public sector has been recognized as one of the objectives of the IUPs and proposed through inclusion in international networks and facilitating peer to peer learning, involvement of actors from the private and civil sector through public-private dialogue and partnerships, and active citizen participation.

The IUPs emphasize the relevance of institutional and cross-sectoral cooperation, since it offers an opportunity of gathering all stakeholders, their joint discussions and collaboration that would lead to defining priorities and adjusting projects to the local context. Besides opening of the new themes, institutional and cross-sectoral coordination facilitates linking and harmonization of the work of various institutions dealing with similar topics, enable more efficient budget management, decision-making transparency, and enhance projects’ implementation. A review of the potential stakeholders is given in Table 3.

Table 3: Potential stakeholders of Smederevo IUPs

LOCAL, PUBLIC ACTORS

-City of Smederevo -Local Economic Development Office -Public enterprises -Tourist organization of Smederevo -Cultural Centre -Smederevo Museum

REGIONAL

-Regional Institute for Culture Heritage Protection, Smederevo -Regional Development Agency „Braničevo-Podunavlje“

NATIONAL

-Institute for Culture Heritage Protection of Serbia -Development Agency of Serbia -JSC Serbian Railways -Republic Water Directory -University in Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture

INTERNATIONAL

-Interreg IV Cross Border programme (INTERREG IVA) -Transnational programmes (INTERREG IVB) -Interregional Co-operation (INTERREG IVC)

Each IUP defines the main stakeholders, partners and other involved actors. Beside the existing institutions and departments at the local and regional level, the key stakeholders are also recognised as a new governance entity, such as the neighbourhood committee envisaged in the project ‘Residential Commune in the Pocket’ which deals with the mobilization and renewal of socialist urban and architectural heritage. Also, the multidisciplinary workgroups are proposed as a potential stakeholder in the IUP dealing with the development of the facilities for managing the complex of Old ironmongery.

The budget is planned for each of the projects local budget, private investments and public-private partnership, and national and international funding (Table 4).

Table 4: Potential national and international funding for IUPs

NATIONAL SOURCES

-Development Agency of Serbia -Ministry of Culture and Information -Open Society Foundation -Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund

INTERNATIONAL FUNDING

EU funds

Banks

IPA Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance

-IPA 2014 2020.

-Crossborder and transnational cooperation (Danube Transnational Programme)

EU programmes

-COSME -Programme for Employment and Social Innovation -Creative Europe -Europe for Citizens -Horizon 2020

Cohesion policy and other funds

-Cohesion policy -Western Balkans Investment Framework – WBIF -Solidarity Fund (EUSF)

-CEB -EIB -EBRD

ENABLING THE NEW GOVERNANCE PRACTICES According to contemporary trends in urban governance, the IUPs stress that the implementation of the proposed projects requires the use of new instruments of urban governance that exceed the recognized limitations of a traditional, sectoral approach to urban planning. Relying upon previously identified and analyzed urban policies and initiatives that are already launched in the public sector (at local, regional, national and international level), students emphasized the need for introduction

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of instruments that allow more efficient multi-level governance and involvement of different stakeholders at different levels.

Table 5: Complementary urban governance and planning instruments

NEW URBAN GOVERNANCE INSTRUMENTS

TRADITIONAL URBAN PLANNING INSTRUMENTS

-networks -public participation -public-private dialogue -public-private partnership -increase of transparency in decisionmaking -neighbourhood committee -management models -capacity development -Urban Design Project -Detailed Regulation Plan -General Regulation Plan

In addition to the European culture and youth networks, the IUPs initiated introduction and combination of other urban governance tools such are public participation, public-private dialogue, atlas of locations for investors and increase of transparency in decision-making, public-private partnerships, neighbourhood committee, management models and capacity development (Table 5). For example, projects dealing with a problem of re-activation of brownfield locations - ‘Capacity Development for Networking and Management of the Old Ironworks Complex’ and ‘Revitalization of Brownfield Locations through Creative Economies - Brown-up’ foresaw the introduction of public-private partnerships and project management. Project ‘Atlas of Cultural Heritage (for Investors) - Pearls of the Danube’ introduces an interactive map of locations for investors, as a tool for a transparent communication, and a public-private dialogue, while project ‘Residential Commune in the Pocket’ has envisioned a neighbourhood committee and citizen participation.

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4.

CONCLUSIONS

This paper is an analysis of IUPs developed by students within their master projects within the perspective of application of culture and youth networks. The time will show if some of the IUPs will be realized in practice.

It should be noted that students’ master projects do not have a practice-based research design that would allow for a critical overview of the results of the use of governance networks. However, the intention of the analysis of the application of networks in students’ projects was to indicate the possible fields of intervention by their application. The results of this analysis are encouraging.

In seeking for the new ways to be creative and to access and utilise resources, testing of instruments for urban network governance was intended towards not only problem solving but also for the better use of underused potentials. In this way, it is possible to raise attractiveness and strengthen the urban and cultural identity.

The applied networks can set standards for place-based interventions at different spatial scales – from single location to the entire city territory. These interventions relate to the better recognition of culture heritage, development of new commercial, public spaces and physical structures that represent the city’s social culture.

Also, these interventions relate to more intensive use of underused construction land, reuse of existing urban structures through urban renewal and regeneration.

Each of the interventions is related to available funding - local budget, public-private partnership, EU funds, national budget, etc., where the resource blending has been applied. By understanding of the influences and interests of various stakeholders, each project contains a detailed analysis in relation to the steps in the process of formulating the proposal. In addition to European networks of culture and youth, a combination of other urban governance instruments including capacity building, participation, public-private dialogue, and public-private partnership, has been initiated. Traditional urban plans were also considered within the process.

The aim was not to exclude each other but to point

to the complementarity between traditional and new instruments for urban development, depending on the purpose of urban interventions.

One of the first steps in evaluation of the success of student projects was the nomination of student project ‘Capacity Development for Networking and Management of the Old Ironworks Complex’ (‘Stara železara’) by the Commission for the selection of the most successful final master projects of the Faculty of Architecture 2017/18 for the ‘’Inspireli’’ Awards competition in Urban Planning (UBFA, 2018). Also, graduated students presented their IUPs at an exhibition in Smederevo at the Cultural Centre in September, 2018. IUP ‘Urban Management of Public Spaces Network as a Cultural Heritage of the Community - Connect (for) the City’ won the first prize in category of students’ projects at International exhibition Salon of Urbanism in Ruma in November 2018.

In addition to learning through collaboration and examples from practice, networks have proved to be an inspiration for working in a studio. Namely, at the first presentation of the project proposals in Smederevo in June 2018 students prepared a list of possible European networks, and suggested them to local partners. Worth to mention is that the process of working in studio substantively changed during the course. The students insisted on the joint work in the group. They constantly exchanged the data on the results of the research, field and interview data and complemented each other with new ideas and contributions. They discussed in group the underused potentials and open field for future research.

These contributions created an environment for a joint work on a joint project, whereas the studio began to function as a network itself.

This paper aims to demonstrate that the orientation of academic institutions towards the contemporary issues of sustainable and integrated urban development and urban governance, within the partnership with local community and the EU transnational cooperation project, supports the better recognition and strengthening of local urban and cultural identity. It has

a social relevance too. Dynamics of development of IUPs enable the formation of new capacities in interaction with the social environment. Under the conditions of change, the academic institution holds the potential for reflexion and flexibility in order to respond to the new urban challenges.

5.

ENDNOTES

Supervisor Ratka Čolić, PhD, Assistant Professor; Junior Supervisor Jovana Bugarski, MA Teaching assistant; Students: Stefan Hadži Arsenović - ‘Revitalization of Brownfield Locations through Creative Economies Brown-up’; Milica Đurđević - ‘Smederevo – European Youth Capital’; Nevena Mandić - ‘Atlas of Cultural Heritage (for Investors) - Pearls of the Danube’; Srđan Mićanović - ‘Capacity Development for Networking and Management of the Old Ironworks Complex’; Milica Ristović - ‘Urban Management of Public Spaces Network as a Cultural Heritage of the Community Connect (for) the City’; Margita Vajović - ‘Residential Commune in the Pocket’.

6.

REFERENCES

Blanco, I. (2013). Analysing Urban Governance Networks: Bringing Regime Theory Back in. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space. January 1, 2013.

Blanco, I., Lowndes, V, Pratchett, L. (2011) Policy Networks and Governance Networks: Towards Greater Conceptual Clarity.

Political Studies Review: 2011 Vol 9, 297–308.

Booher, D. E., & Innes, J. E. (2002). Network Power in Collaborative Planning. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 21:3, pp. 221-236.

Cars, G., Healey, P., Madanipour, A. & De Magalhaes, C. (Еds).

(2002). Urban Governance, Institutional Capacity and Social Milieux. Ashgate: Aldershot. Hants. Čolić, R. (2015a) Integrated Urban Development Strategy as an Instrument for Supporting Urban Governance, Serbian Architectural Journal SAJ. Vol.7, No.3. 2015, pp: 317-342. Čolić, R. (2015b). Results of collaborative and practice oriented learning. In M.Maruna & R.Ćolić (Eds.) The innovative

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methodological approach to the development of master work: contribution to the education of urban planners profile, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade, GIZ/ AMBERO Belgrade, pp: 75-94.

DiGaetano, A., & Strom, E. (2003). Comparative Urban Governance: An Integrated Approach. Urban Affairs Review, 38, 356-395.

Hajer, M. and Wagenaar, H. (Eds.) (2003). Deliberative Policy Analysis: Understanding Governance in the Network Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Healey, P. (2004). Creativity and urban governance. Policy Studies , Volume 25, 2004 - Issue 2. pp. 87-102.

Hyden, G. (2011). Making the state responsive: rethinking governance theory and practice. In G. Hyden, & J. Samuel (Eds.).

Making the state responsive: Experience with democratic governance assessments. (pp. 5-28). New York: UNDP. Innes, J.E., Booher, D.E. Di Vittorio, S. (2010) Strategies for megaregion governance: Collaborative dialogue, networks and self organization, Working Paper, No. 2010-03, University of California, Institute of Urban and Regional Development (IURD), Berkeley, CA Jessop, B. (1998). The rise of governance and the risks of failure: the case of economic development, International Social Science Journal, Vol.155, pp. 29–45.

Kearns, A and Paddison, R. (2000). New Challenges for Urban Governance. Urban Studies, Vol. 37, No. 5–6, pp.845–850.

Maruna, M., Milovanović Rodić, D., Čolić, R. (2018) Remodelling Urban Planning Education for Sustainable Development: The case of Serbia. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, pp. 658-680.

Milovanović Rodić, D., Čolić, R. and Maruna, M. (2018) The Role of University in a Policy Making Process - Introducing Integrated Urban Projects for Effective Urban Governance in Serbia. In E.Anguillari and B.Dimitrijević (Eds.) Integrated Urban Planning Directions, Resources and Territories, TU Delft Open, 2018, pp.63-82.

Maruna, M., Čolić, R. (Eds.) (2015). Inovative methodological approach in developing the master thesis. Belgrade: Univesity in Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture Moulaert, F., Martinelli, F., González, S. & Swyngedouw, E. (2007).

Introduction: Social innovation and Governance in European cities: Urban Development between Path Dependency and Radical Innovation. European Urban and Regional Studies, 14(3), 195-209.

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Provan, K.G., Kenis, P. (2008). Modes of Network Governance: Structure, Management, and Effectiveness, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Volume 18, Issue 2, 1 April 2008, pp. 229–252.

Rhodes, R.A.W. (1997). Understanding Governance, Buckingham: Open University Press.

Tasan-Kok, T. & Vranken˛J. (2011). Handbook for Multilevel Urban Governance in Europe. Analysing Participatory Instruments for an Integrated Urban Development. European Urban Knowledge Network, The Hague, the Netherlands.

University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture (UBFA)(2018) http://www.arh.bg.ac.rs/2018/07/09/komisija-izabralanajuspesnije-master-radove-201718-za-nominacije-na-vaznimkonkursima/?pismo=lat NETWORKS LINKS: https://www.erih.net/ http://ticcih.org/ http://icom.museum/ https://cultureactioneurope.org/ http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/CreativeEconomy/Networkingand-Synergies.aspx https://en.unesco.org/ https://www.coe.int/en/web/cultural-routes/atrium-architectureof-totalitarian-regimes-of-the-20th-century http://youth.ecoope.eu/ https://www.youthforum.org/ https://www.coe.int/en/web/cultural-routes/the-iter-vitis-route https://www.coe.int/en/web/cultural-routes/the-romanemperors-and-danube-wine-routeIter

AUTHORS Dr. Ratka Čolić Assistant Professor Department of Urbanism University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: colic.ratka@gmail.com Dr. Marija Maruna Associate Professor Department of Urbanism University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: marija.maruna@arh.bg.ac.rs Phone: +381(0)11 3218745 Jovana Bugarski, MA Teaching assistant and PhD student Department of Urbanism University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: jovanabugarski90@gmail.com

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Poster 1 APPLIED IUPS NETWORKS Margita Vajović Student-master candidate Milica Ristović Student-master candidate Nevena Mandić Student-master candidate Srđan Mićanović Student-master candidate Stefan Hadži Arsenović Student-master candidate Milica Đurđević Student-master candidate

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Poster 2 THE STUDENTS’ IUPS WITH BASED INTERVENTIONS

PLACE-

Margita Vajović Student-master candidate Milica Ristović Student-master candidate Nevena Mandić Student-master candidate Srđan Mićanović Student-master candidate Stefan Hadži Arsenović Student-master candidate Milica Đurđević Student-master candidate

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3

IMPLEMENTING SUSTAINABLE PLANNING OF SMEDEREVO TERRITORY THROUGH CONCEPTS OF AGRO TOURISM AND HEALTHY CITY Biserka Mitrović, Tamara Vuković

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IMPLEMENTING SUSTAINABLE PLANNING OF SMEDEREVO TERRITORY THROUGH CONCEPTS OF AGRO TOURISM AND HEALTHY CITY Dr. Biserka Mitrović Associate professor, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Tamara Vuković, MA Teaching assistant and PhD Student, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture ABSTRACT The chapter presents the process, methodology and results during the development of Master thesis and Master project in 2017-18., at the Master course Integral Urbanism – Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, under the topic: Sustainable urban and spatial planning as a support for cultural identity development of the territory of the city of Smederevo. The focus of the chapter is to enlighten the pedagogical methodology, and educational and creative process which led to high quality results – projects for, and with the support of the local community of Smederevo.

The background research is rooted in ecological sustainability as the most important and possibly the most developed and implemented aspect, while other aspects of sustainability are treated as secondary. Although the ecological sustainability was mentioned 30 years ago, it remained one of the biggest concerns for the territory development and planning, equally important in urban, as well as in protected natural areas. Having in mind the resources, but also constrains of the territory of Smederevo, it was a challenge to test the applicability of different sustainable models through the development of Master thesis/projects. The complex structure of this case study of the territory showed conflicted land uses, and underutilized or derelict zones, which urged for a specific approach, detailed information base and insight into the valid planning documentation. At the same time, it was an exhaustless source of inspiration and ideas. The result was a comprehensive and multi-levelled approach to the urban planning and urban design solutions, which are feasible, implementable and acknowledged by the local authorities and experts.

KEYWORDS: Ecological sustainability, healthy city, agro-tourism, urban planning; educational process; pedagogical methodology

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1.

INTRODUCTION

Under the broad topic ‘Strengthening the cultural identity in Danube basin: case study of Smederevo’at the Master class within the master course Integral Urbanism at the Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, various sub-topics were developed during spring semester in 2018. The scheme (Fig.1) shows the interconnection between the overall international project, topics and sub-topics.

The chapter focuses on the topic related to the sustainable urban planning as a support to cultural identity development of the territory of the city of Smederevo, which was the research area for the master thesis and projects. The first part, master thesis was based on a theoretical research grounded in broad ecological sustainability framework, as well as on the analysis of the current conditions of the territory of Smederevo.

The results of the thesis created a starting point for the development of the master project, which showed the possibilities of the transferability and applicability of the chosen sustainable territorial development models on the territory of Smederevo. The aim of the master studio (Mitrović and Vuković, 2018) was to address the sustainability and educational methods in high education, as well as to promote the sustainable approach to urban planning.

Main goals were to research and test the possibilities of the implementation of the sustainable models of healthy city, eco-park and agro tourism, as well as to examine the possibilities of an advanced activation of suburban green areas in the territory of Smederevo. The other important goals were focused on implementing the principles of the integrative and sustainable urban planning, creating feasible solutions that follow a realistic planning assignment, while showing full understanding of the complex feedback between the built and natural environment.

Fig. 1 Diagram setting up a thematic framework; Author: Stanojević, M. (2018)

2.

BACKGROUND REASEARCH: ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY AND ITS APPLICATION

2.1. Sustainability framework The starting point for the creation of a concept for the Master thesis research was the ever actual and present framework of ecological sustainability. On one hand, it remains one of the most important pillars of the urban and territorial development, creating the conditions for the quality of life and preservation of nature. On the other hand, the ecological sustainability seems to have been seriously neglected in the territory of Smederevo, bearing in mind its poor ecological characteristics, low air quality and under-developed green areas. Finally, it was an inspiring way to think about the possible rebranding the Smederevo identity, through testing the new developmental models during the Master thesis and project course, aiming to contribute to the general goal of the international project related to the fostering Smederevo’s cultural identity.

The concept of sustainability is well known over decades and it has proven itself as the main foundation of contemporary urban and territorial planning. Along with the social progress, the overall development of the civil society, the efficient and locally sensitive economy, natural conservation and care for the environment remains one of the most important features of the long

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term general development (Haughton and Hunter, 1996). Ranging from theoretical discussions to the results and outcomes in the planning practice, the ecological sustainability is being renewed by introducing new models, defining new set of goals, and addressing arising problems, such as climate change combat, deforestation, declining quality of urban life and many more. The UN HABITAT (2004) brings the attention to the sustainable urbanisation, giving a new meaning to the relations between the aspects of sustainability and urban-rural territory. At the same time, different authors give priority to the self-sustaining communities and use of renewable resources (Choguill, 1996; Hardoy, 1992).

Globally adopted framework - Sustainable Development Goals, adopted by the UN in 2015, offered the new platform for the development by 2030 and created a set of priorities. The importance of the environment is emphasized in several SGGs, targeting healthy living, sustainable cities and human settlements, protection of eco-systems, etc.

The further elaboration and applicability during the master thesis research was done in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals no. 2, 3, 11 and 15, all referring to the different development of the ecological aspect. Goal no. 2 draws attention to achieving food security and promotion of the sustainable agriculture, while Goal no. 3 is devoted to ensuring the healthy living.

Goals no 11 and 15 emphasized the sustainable city and human settlements development, and protection, restoration and promotion of sustainable use of ecosystems and forests, respectively.

The global agenda on Sustainable Development Goals indubitably drew attention to the topics of interest related to the case study area of Smederevo and inspired the students and teachers to work together on new concepts that would promote and implement the core idea of the SDGs. 2.2. Healthy city concept As it was aforementioned, the Sustainable Development

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Goal no. 3 (UN, 2015) was a foundation for further research of a healthy city concept, taken as a very broad approach to the city and territory development. It starts for the understanding the necessity of a healthy environment and good quality of life in urban areas (Edwards and Tsouros, 2008). The improvement of the conditions of the public health is seen as an overwhelming and constant process (WHO, 1999), while the same organisation (2009) later emphasizes that the health of population depends on conditions in the local community and the environment.

By broadening the different local community resources, improving and preserving health by enabling the citizens to be physically active in everyday life, the community is able to transform to a healthy city (Živković, 2015).

According to World Health Organisation (WHO Europe, 2010), the three main characteristic, significant to the urban planning and design are: healthy living, healthy urban design and supporting environment, while at the same time it is important to ensure the adequate infrastructure and physical and social surrounding. It is necessary to develop strategies and interconnected programmes of urban development aimed at establishing a healthy urban environment. These programs need not to imply big planning interventions, rather a series of small, but intertwined actions, including preserving and reactivating of the existing green areas (Mitrović and Vuković, 2018).

The healthy city concept, as a fresh global approach offered various possibilities for the research and implementation within the Master thesis and Master project, from raising the awareness of the need for healthy lifestyle to the overcoming of the negative impacts on the Smederevo environment.

2.3. Eco-park concept During the research phase of the Master thesis and Master project that focused around the creation of a healthy green network, a connection between the healthy city concept and the eco-park model was found.

Eco-parks primarily fall into the domain of ecological sustainability, preserving the natural elements of an area while adapting to climate change and changes in the biosphere, while also offering solutions that are economically self-sufficient and being able to convey specific characteristics of a local culture (Rahnama and Razzaghian, 2012). They are a way to create a specific type of activity within an urban or non-urban green area, which can incorporate very different functional elements and open green spaces meant for recreation and public use, such as in Fig. 2. These parks can be implemented anywhere and also function as a way to minimize the effects of different types of pollution and preserve the local flora and fauna, while trying to avoid the integration of new, non-native species. (Cranz and Boland, 2003).

can also be incorporated within it, and they can help in making the area more attractive for different types of visitors. Each eco-park should work on developing a connection between different open space fragments, striving to create a cohesive and clear network that should work towards the increase of social and individual well-being as well as benefit the natural environment.

(Razzaghian and Rahnama, 2012) 2.4. Agro-tourism concept The other students’ work on Master thesis and project dealt with examining the potential benefits and developmental possibilities of rural areas within the municipality of Smederevo through the agro-tourism concept as one of the possible ways to promote sustainable agricultural and rural development.

In the last decade, several ways of defining and understanding the term of agro-tourism have emerged.

The topic remains widely debated by experts, leaving the concept without a clear and widely accepted consensus over its meaning. The main cause of this debate is due to the many overlapping and intertwined terms that can be and are used to describe tourism in rural areas.

Terminology such as ‘rural tourism’, ‘farm based tourism’, ‘agritourism’, ‘farm tourism’ or ‘agro-tourism’ is very often used interchangeably by different authors, whereas others underline the importance of distinguishing these labels that should be meant to define different conceptual frameworks and spatial or functional typologies that encompass a specific form of tourist activities in a non-urban setting. (Phillip at al., 2010)

Fig. 2 Typology of Eco-parks (Author: Mila Stojanović)

After a broader and thorough theoretical analysis in the Master thesis, the model identified as the preferable type of eco-park was determined. It was seen as an open public green space that would meet the needs of its users, while also emphasizing the qualities of the natural landscape. Activities such as research and education

Agro-tourism is mainly seen as a tourist activity specific for rural areas, where the service providers are individuals whose main occupation is within the field of agriculture, where certain authors emphasize its typically small scale and family or co-operative organization model as some of its defining characteristics. (Phillip at al., 2010) The scope of activities that can be present in such complexes can vary greatly and can range from just basic accommodation for the visitors, to a more participation based framework

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where the tourists engage in day to day farming activities to a different extent, while sometimes including other activities, such as education. These different variations of the concept and its typological variety can be seen on the diagram below (Fig.3).

ism in rural areas (Author:Nevena Ćirić)

Due to the challenge of this topic, the work on the Master thesis project set a significant focus on defining the terminology of the theoretical framework in and by itself. The conclusion that emerged from the research determined that agro-tourism was as a specific subgroup of rural tourism, defined as any type of tourist activity in the non-urban setting (Ammirato and Felicetti, 2013), that is primarily located within an rural settlement, that offers the visitors to take a part in the agricultural production through a wider array of educational and recreational activities (Shembekar, 2016, p.2) trying to emerge them into the ‘rural way of life’ (as seen on Fig.4).

3.

Fig. 3 A typology for defining Agro-tourism(Source: http://macaulay.webarchive.hutton.ac.uk/LADSS/papers/AgritourisAgritourismTyp.pdf / Author: Sharon Philips at al (2010))

METHODOLOGY APPROACH

The topic: ‘Sustainable urban and spatial planning as a support for cultural identity development of the territory of Smederevo’, conducted by B. Mitrović and T. Vuković was a general framework for the Master thesis and project. The aim of this studio was to foster and promote sustainability and contemporary approach to the urban and territorial planning in high education, as well as to achieve the development of skills on specific knowledge. Furthermore, it was important to address the understanding the relations between natural and artificial surroundings (Mitrović at al, 2017).

Master thesis comprised of two parts: research related to the case study of Smederevo territory, and theoretical discussion about the relevant sustainable concepts. The content research was related to the valid plans and studies of Smederevo.

The main task of the master project was to use and implement the above said research results and to offer feasible and implementable solutions, which are both contextually specific and modern.

Fig. 4 Simplified diagram showing the relationship between the different theoretical frameworks of different types of tour-

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While the research model for the master thesis was based on the case study methodology approach and analysis, the master project was mainly based on the educational

model used in a studio. This model is commonly used in architectural and urban planning studios and is widely approved, since it is most appropriate form for enhancing students’ levels of expertise through practical learning and applying learning-by-doing approach.

Though this methodological approach was criticized, it has been proven that students achieve high levels of expertise through practical learning, as students are the best inspired to learn while engaged in solving problems (Schön, 1983; Gibbs, 1988; Casakin and van Timmeren, 2014; Mitrović and Vuković, 2018). The importance of the studio in architectural and urban planning education is the reason why it represents the core of its curriculum.

The three main pillars of the work in studio are: the theoretical part skills, taught by practice and demonstration and creating (Chakradeo, 2010).

The master project enabled the creation of solutions at different planning levels, thus presenting the strategic and general approach as well as regulatory detailed solutions. It covered the diversification of the activities, but also the proposals for the future capacities, in accordance with the realistic conditions of the chosen case study area.

4.

CASE STUDY OF SMEDEREVO

Due to its many developmental possibilities as well as challenges, the city of Smederevo was chosen in collaboration with Interreg and the DANUrB project as a fitting location for the realization of the 2018 Master course. With a very diverse range of areas that showcased mutually unsupported land usage, as well as an even greater amount of underdeveloped or underutilized areas, the case study territory presented itself as a very fertile ground for implementing contemporary and sustainable planning solutions. By utilizing the existing spatial framework, available detailed information base, official planning documentation, and by examining the complexity of the region, the students could test out new and diverse theoretical concepts, which could directly or to a certain extent, be spatially implemented through

multi-level solutions.

4.1. General characteristics Located in the Podunavlje District of eastern Serbia, Smederevo is a city defined by medieval history, heavy industrialization, agricultural tradition and the Danube river. All of these elements combined, make the area a cultural and social melting pot with undeniable developmental potential and regional importance, identified and further emphasized by the current Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia (2011), while also of international importance due to it being an integral part of the European water transportation network.

The contemporary social, economic and environmental problems that emerged in this area are closely tied to its course of urban and industrial development in the mid and late 20th century. The then built heavy industrial facilities left a great impact on the region, and also determined its current course of progress while shifting the primary focus away from its historical and natural resources. Today the City of Smederevo is a highly polluted environment and the importance of adequate regulatory actions are stressed, as well as the implementation of the general principles of sustainable development. (Miladinović, S., at al. 2013) Preservation, renewal, and densification of the existing green areas were identified as one of the courses of action that can be taken as a good step in this more environmentally friendly direction, going hand in hand with other actions focussed around the improvement of human health and overall quality of life. This problem corresponds with the idea of refocusing certain aspects of local economic growth towards other means of production, utilizing the city’s many agricultural and natural resources. The spatial analysis, done through the course, showed that through natural and untouched green areas within the municipality of Smederevo are scarce, there is a considerable amount of areas that are used for farming (approximately around 81%), thus this aspect was also identified as one of the possible ways of

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stimulating development in the area.

The two aforementioned issues identified through extensive research during the course of the Master thesis/project also represented the initial sparks that later on formed the students’ final conceptual and theoretical framework.

4.2. Specific characteristic regarding reviving tributary green areas The analysis of the territory of the city of Smederevo, in accordance with the Spatial Plan of the City of Smederevo, 2010 – 2015 – 2020, shows that there are four distinguished types of landscapes within it: • Natural, • Urban, • Suburban, and • Cultivated is the plan covers a special category classified as natural and cultural landscapes, all of them being areas that showcase a representative aspect of the city’s cultural heritage and identity. These specific locations have suffered greatly due to human influence and are scattered throughout the borders of the area of Smederevo most being in bad shape or underutilized.

(Mitrović and Vuković, 2018) The Regional Spatial Plan of Podunavlje and Braničevo Administrative District (2015) underlines that the city of Smederevo is a ‘black spot’ with highly polluted and endangered environment.. The untouched natural green areas of the municipality are very scarce and confined to the Danube river’s tributary spaces, the very few areas that fall into the category of the mentioned natural and cultural landscapes and even fewer protected natural areas.

It is important to underline that the Smederevska Ada, an island located in the Danube river in the close proximity to the city’s urban centre, which was identified as one of the most important natural resource and locations for potential development in the Spatial Plan of the City of

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Smederevo, 2010 – 2015 – 2020, does not fall under the jurisdiction of the city of Smederevo and administratively belongs to the municipality of Kovin (located on the other side of the Danube river).

4.3. Specific characteristics regarding potentials for agro-tourism One of the most distinguished qualities of the municipality of Smederevo is its vast amount of agricultural areas, and the majority of its population resides in non-urban settlements. A deeper analysis of this region showed that the very favourable climate, fertile soil and other natural resources contributed to the development of this phenomenon. The most predominant activity in this production sector is focused around pomiculture and viticulture in the western regions of the municipality, while the presence of animal husbandry and olericulture is more dominant in its eastern parts. The strategy for agricultural and rural development of the city of Smederevo for the period of 2015-2020 defined the most suitable areas for further growth of this area of development, defining the south-western territories of Smederevo as the most important ones.

Though spatially prevalent, further research determined that agriculture does not represent a dominant field of work for the local population, thus leaving space for further exploration of this phenomenon and also left the possibility to broaden the scope of possible and implementable rural activities.

5.

RESULTS AND FINDINGS

As aforementioned, the urban area of the city of Smederevo is characterized by a high level of pollution, which urges for action towards creating a healthier and more sustainable environment. The creation of a green network that would spread from the city’s urban centre to the farthest outskirts of the municipality area was proposed as a solution to this ever growing concern. The diagram below shows the key elements of the concept of green route (Fig. 5), starting from the

city core, stretching by Šalinac lake and Šalinac grove [Serb. Šalinački lug] and ending at the Great Morava [Serb. Velika Morava] confluence.

new forms of tourism, with a detailed program and assessment being given. The main goal was to connect places with different, but compatible attributes, thus achieving attractiveness in different ways. The attractiveness ought to be achieved through the set of criteria: identity, diversity of ambients and activities, compatibility, optimal capacity related to the environmental protection, uniqueness, and branding the green places.

Fig. 5 Diagram of the key elements of the green route concept (Author: Mila Stojanović)

The improvement of this environmental, but also social aspect, was chosen to be implemented through the use of principles of the healthy city concept. The basis of the theoretical framework was the starting point for determining the needed dominant activities and spaces suitable for such an endeavour, which enabled the development of a contemporary and feasible solution and final project. Through the analysis of the Spatial Plan of the City of Smederevo, 2010 – 2015 – 2020 and the important existing natural and cultural landscapes that were identified through it, main points of the envisioned green route were determined, with the most distinguished one being the Šalinac grove [Serb. Šalinački lug] - one of the few protected natural areas in the city of Smederevo.

A detailed proposal was given for the four points of the network (Fig 6), each encompassing a very diverse list of activities meant for different groups of users – both inhabitants and visitors, such as: recreation, leisure, entertainment, culture and education, as well as

Fig. 6 Illustration of the proposed ‘eco-route’ concept (Author: Mila Stojanović)

These green nodes were treated as mix-use areas with one distinct predominant function based on their existing characteristics and their location within the network. These four main nodes of the network were: 1. The urban centre of Smederevo – ‘Eco-start’, seen as a place of gathering which offers a variety of educational, recreational and cultural activities. It was named a starting point because of its potential for raising awareness of a healthy lifestyle and environmental preservation and improvement, as well as of its importance.

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2. The Šalinac lakes [Serb. Šalinačka jezera, named ’Eco pool’, being close to the city centre, can serve as a highly active, sports and recreational centre.

It was aimed to be visited and used both by the tourists and farther visitors, as well as by the local community. ’Eco pool’ is planned to contain open courts, areas designated for sports manifestations, playgrounds, recreational tracks, healthy food restaurants and shops, but also tourist capacities (hotels). It included the revived beach area by the lake as well.

3. The Šalinac grove [Serb. Šalinački lug] was named ’Eco park’ because of its rare natural features and protected resources and serves as the main point along the green route. Its basic and dominant activities and land uses include science, research and education. There were several specific planned capacities for accommodation, designated for scientists, researchers, experts and specific types of tourists. Within the highly protected area of the grove the building capacities are prohibited.

4. The confluence of the Great Morava [Serb. Velika Morava], called „Eco river’ represents the last point in green route and marks yet another specific type of green area – untouched natural beauty, combined with the important archaeological site of Kulič city [Serb. Kulič grad]. Other than existing cultural heritage, the area includes museum and the space for cultural manifestations, in the way that they correspond well with the untouched greenery.

During the research phase and through the Master thesis a connection between the healthy city concept and the eco-park model was found, and each of the segments was examined in details in order to conduct a study of planning possibilities that would accommodate such a complex model within it. The final outcome was a detailed regulation plan of the Šalinac settlement where the protected area of the Šalinac grove [Serb. Šalinački lug] is located. The aim was to

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preserve, reactivate and redevelop the existing green and built areas, while also developing a new and very specific function within the treated space - the ecopark complex. This way it was possible to introduce a new and contemporary uses in ecologically sustainable and implementable manner.

The concept based on the improvement of agricultural areas was examined through the other Master thesis and project in the course, and it was focused on the betterment of the local economy by introducing agrotourism as a new means of developmental focus in the area. The main idea was to determine the most suitable locations throughout the territory of the Smederevo municipality (Fig. 7)

Fig. 7 Diagram depicting possible suitable locations for the development of agro-tourism with the three most favourable ones visually highlighted (Author: Nevena Ćirić)

These areas would serve as a possible testing ground for the development of an implementation model conceived during the course of the Master thesis and

previous phases of the Master project. The mentioned model represented a detailed list of possible structures and activities in such complexes and their optimal spatial distribution, and capacities, desirable stylistic characteristics, and all their possible interconnections.

The goal was to create a common scheme that could be implemented within different types of existing settlements found in the area of Smederevo.

During this phase, the possible users of such agrotourism complexes were also determined through a detailed analysis, with the focus never shifting away from the needs and benefits of the local population.

The settlements of Kolari, Dragutinovac and Vrbovac were chosen to test out this concept, resulting in a project that showcased the implemented model in its optimal proposed form, using the previously established guidelines within one of them.

The main quality of this approach and project is that they opened up a great topic concerning the possibility of creating solutions that can be directly put into effect by the members of local communities in rural areas and also scratched upon an even wider topic of standardization of the existing and currently non-uniform concepts of agro-tourism and its many different possible spatial practices.

6.

CONCLUSIONS

The presented theoretical approaches, methods, case study and results show the advantages of the implementation of the chosen integrated approach both to the field of urban planning as much as to the educational model. Combining different educational methods has proven itself as efficient and effective to the students and teachers, as well as to the local community of Smederevo.

Though being led through the firm methodological structure, students were able to develop their own unique concepts and to express their affinities, at the same time beneficial to the local authorities.

The special quality of the results is tied to the fact that the local professionals were involved in the educational process from the very beginning till the end. The collaboration was expressed through the information basis, guided field work, the discussion of the chosen topics and areas, and finally through the discussion about the results and projects. This has given the students the chance to feel as a part of the planning process, so the educational model worked as a simulation of a professional practice in the area of urban planning.

The approval of the chosen approaches is shown through the extended interest of the local community and their planning experts and authorities, though the exhibition of the students’ master thesis and project, as well as through the public presentation in the City hall of Smederevo.

The addressed locally specific problems and the interdisciplinary approach to solving it prepared the students to tackle future professional challenges.

7.

REFERENCES

Ammirato, S., Felicetti, A. (2013). The Potential of Agritourism in Revitalizing Rural Communities: Some Empirical Results. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. 408.

10.1007/978-3-642-40543-3_52., April 15, 2015] Casakin H. and van Timmeren A. (2014) Analogies as Creative Inspiration Sources in the Design Studio: The Teamwork. Atiner Conference Paper Series No: ARC2014-1188, Athens, Greece Chakradeo, U. (2010) Design pedagogy: A tested path.

International Journal of Architectural Research, 4(2-3), p. 107115.

Choguill, C. L. (1996) Toward sustainability of human settlements.

Habitat International, 20(3), VIII. Cranz G, Boland M. (2003) The Ecological Park as an Emerging Type. Places.,15 (3). ISSN 2164-7798 Edwards, P. and Tsouros, A. (2008) A Healthy City is an Active City:A Physical Activity Planning Guide. WHO Europe, Copenhagen.

Gibbs, G. (1988) A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods.

Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development Oxford, Oxford Brookes University, (Online edition (2013)), UK.

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Hardoy, J. E. (1992) Environmental problems in third world cities.

Earthscan, London, UK. Haughton, G. and Hunter, C., (1996) Sustainable cities. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London, UK. Institute of Agricultural Economics (2016). Strategija razvoja poljoprivrednog I ruralnog razvoja grada Smedereva za period 2015-2020. Godina [The strategy for agricultural and rural development of the city of Smederevo for the period of 20152020] Miladinović, S., Jaćimovski, S., Nikač, Ž. i Kekić, D. (2013).

Utjecaj ‘Željezare Smederevo’ na kvalitetu okoliša i mogućnost njezinog poboljšanja pomoću sustava nadzora. [The impact of ‘Smederevo Steel Plant’ on the quality of the environment and the posssibility of its improvement through bodies of control].

Tehnički vjesnik, 20 (2), 237-246.

Mitrović, B. at al, 2017. Food Tourism Concept - Creating Synergy Between Urban and Rural Places - Case Study Of Maglič, Serbia.

Conference proceedings, Places&Technologies 2017, Sarajevo.

Mitrović, B, Vuković, T, (2018). Teaching sustainability: concept of Smederevo as a healthy city, Conference proceedings,International Conference on Urban Planning 2018, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nis. Rahnama, MR. Razzaghian, F. (2012). Ecological Analysis of Urban Parks (Case Study: Mashhad Metropolitan, International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 2(7).

Republic Agency for Spatial Planning, (2011). Prostorni plan Republike Srbije 2010 – 2020 [Spatial plan of the Republic of Serbia 2010-2020] Republic Agency for Spatial Planning, (2015). Regionalni prostorni plan za područje Podunavskog i Braničevskog upravnog okruga [The Regional spatial plan for the Podunavlje and Braničevo Administrative District] Schön, D. (1983) Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new design for teaching and learning in the professions. London, U. K.: Temple Smith.

Sharon P, Hunter C, Blackstock K (2010). A typology for defining agritourism. Elsevier Journal: Tourism Management, 31(6), 754758.

Shembekar PS. (2017) Scope and challenges of agritourismLiterature review. Journal of Advances in Bus. Management, 3(2), 52-56. DOI: 10.14260/jadbm/2017/12 Stanojević, M., (2018). Integralni pristup unapređenju kvaliteta i aktiviranju pejzažnih celina u Smederevu - Formiranje Eko

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- parka na principima koncepta Zdravog grada [Integrative approach to the improvement of the quality and activation of natural landscapes in Smederevo - Forming an eco-park based on the principles of the healthy city concept], (Master thesis).

Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade.

United Nations, (2015) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform World Health Organization - WHO. (1999) Health21: The Health For All Policy Framework for the WHO European Region World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark World Health Organization Europe - WHO Europe. (2009) Zagreb Declaration for Healthy Cities. World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark.

World Health Organization Europe – WHO Europe. (2010) What is a healthy city?. http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/ environment-and-health/urbanhealth/activities/healthy-cities/ who-european-healthy-cities-network/what-is-a-healthy-city [Accessed April 15, 2015]

AUTHORS Dr. Biserka Mitrović Associate professor Department of Urbanism University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: biserkamitrovic@gmail.com Phone: +381(0)64 2715779 Tamara Vuković, MA Teaching assistant and PhD student Department of Urbanism University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: tamara.vukovic@outlook.rs Phone: +381(0)63 8987175

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Poster 1 THE STUDY OF THE PLANNING POSSIBILITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ŠALINAC GROVE (Sebr. ŠALINAČKI LUG) AREA THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HEALTHY CITY CONCEPT AND THE ECO-PARK MODEL Mila Stojanović Student-master candidate

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Poster 2 THE POTENTIAL OF AGRO-TOURISM FOR SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT WITHIN SMEDEREVO Nevena Ćirić Student-master candidate

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4

BRANDING PLACES THROUGH CULTURE AND TOURISM

Uroš Radosavljević, Aleksandra Đorđević

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BRANDING PLACES THROUGH CULTURE AND TOURISM Dr. Uroš Radosavljević Associate professor, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Aleksandra Đorđević, MA Teaching assistant, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture ABSTRACT The main purpose of this paper is to expand the possibilities for linking local urban development and educational process in the field of creative use of culture and tourism in relation to the place branding. Therefore, the chapter presents a model of cooperation between municipalities and higher education institutions in addressing important issues for local development. The research was conducted through the cooperation between the City of Smederevo and the University of Belgrade - Faculty of Architecture, realised during the spring semester of the school year 2017/18 on the Master Project at the Master Integrated Urbanism Programme. A specific aspect of cultural tourism resulted in the development of different research topics, mentored through two lines of reasoning. One line investigated how new concepts of cultural tourism can be employed in using local values as a key element of place branding strategy and the second that line explored the means of better management and activation of already appreciated assets of the city. New possibilities and successful case studies of the creative use of cultural heritage were examined at the same time.

The research indicates the importance of cultural innovation and creative projects for the extension of cultural and tourist offer of the city of Smederevo as well as for the enabling conditions for conception and successful implementation of place branding strategies. Creative exploration of cultural tourism can hold a nucleus for improving the quality of life in physical, social and economic terms for residents and tourists.

KEYWORDS: Cultural tourism, place branding, urban management, education in urban and spatial planning, Smederevo

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1.

INTRODUCTION

In the last quarter of a century, a large number of world cities use cultural innovations and physical improvement in urban regeneration in promoting and branding the city as a high-quality place for the inhabitants and for attracting visitors, investments and international companies. Accordingly, new trends of entrepreneurial urban strategies in liberal capitalism (Harvey, 1989; Jessop, 1998) made a city a place that is innovative, exciting, creative and safe for life.

On the other hand, as Harvey (1989) and Fainstein (2010, p. 2) further elaborate, competition between cities and entrepreneurial approach to regeneration strategies opened up urban space to new development patterns through serial reproduction, producing sameness across the urban landscape, typical for capitalism: cultural and entertainment centres, shopping centres and science parks, thus focusing on economic development, which as an effect produces higher social polarization and gentrification. As a consequence, innovations and investments for creating attractive locations as cultural, tourist and consumer places have been imitated in a large number of cities to a greater and lesser extent.

The focus, thus, becomes investment and economic development with the speculative construction of place and concentration on spectacle and image, rather than on residents needs (Harvey, 1989, p. 8). Therefore, although selling of the city as a location for an activity depends heavily upon the creation of attractive urban imagery, urban entrepreneurialism searches for local identity in the presentation of self in a surrounding of spectacle and play. This state can produce a sense of belonging to the place, while the ideology of locality, place and community becomes central to the political rhetoric of urban governance which concentrates on the idea of togetherness in defence against international trade and city competition (Harvey, 1989, pp. 13-14).

As an addition to this entrepreneurial setting, Richards and Wilson (2005) recognize that globalization and city competitiveness result in the serial reproduction of

cultural attractions and commodification of the cultural tourism product as well. Having these circumstances in mind, the challenges to develop new unique cultural tourism strategies that can preserve local assets, highlight values and create distinctive and diverse cultural products are set ahead of urban planners and city representatives.

Therefore, this chapter considers the role of cultural tourism in the process of place branding and wider urban regeneration, through the cooperation between the educational institutions and public, private and civil sector. In doing so, it tries to contribute to the theoretical development of the link between place branding and culture and tourism at the conceptual level and highlights its usefulness through the operational instruments tested through the students’ master project research in the specific post-socialist Serbian context of urban governance. In this way, students were directly engaged in the real-life governance context with stakeholders from the local community and representatives of the City of Smederevo.

2.

BRANDING PLACES THROUGH CULTURE AND TOURISM

Ashworth (2009) underlines that place branding deals with discovering or creating uniqueness, which can differentiate specific place from others to gain competitive brand value.

Richards highlights the conceptual definition of cultural tourism as ‘’the movement of persons to cultural attractions away from their normal place of residence, with the intention to gather new information and experiences to satisfy their cultural needs’’ (2005, p. 24).

Those two conceptual definitions reveal two major challenges in regeneration processes placed in front of the local governments in the entrepreneurial setting.

One is how to discover the uniqueness of certain places and still achieve a competitive advantage, while the other is how to make local specific assets and cultural attractions understandable to tourists and make them

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interesting for different perceptions that go beyond ordinary experiences.

Furthermore, the interplay between place branding and local identity, as recognized by Karavatzis and Hatch (2013), consists of four main features: expressing the place’s cultural understandings, mirroring impressions and expectations, reflecting and adding new meanings and symbols and leaving an impression on others.

The development of cultural tourism strategies at heritage sites always implies cooperation and the series of negotiations with various stakeholders regarding the heritage as a resource and its possible reuse (Cassel & Pashkevich, 2014). At the same time, in governance terms, traditional planning techniques are characterized by insufficient involvement of relevant actors in the process, low level of available recourses for the implementation and low organizational capacities of local governments to organize the whole process. In this process, higher educational institutions can be of great importance as they can introduce contemporary ideas based on a wider theoretical research tested and applied in practice.

At the same time, the process of cooperation between higher educational institutions and municipalities, along with various representatives from public institutions, can have an impact on building capacity at the local level.

Despite already acknowledged relations and mutual benefits between higher educational institutions and municipalities, the research conducted in Cardiff and Dortmund reveals still insufficiently developed links between culture, creativity, and spatial planning in University curricula (Kunzmann, 2004). Additionally, Kunzmann (2004) highlights that culture has been often a neglected subject in spatial planning and architectural education.

In that sense, following section describes academic efforts for bridging this gap between cultural tourism and place branding in spatial planning.

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3.

EDUCATIONAL PROCESS AND METHODS USED FOR PLACE BRANDING AT THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE

In the process of the transformation of Serbian society from the socialist system to Western market democracy from 2000, the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade has also transformed its educational process according to those shifts and due to the Bologna convention in order to adopt European values. In that respect, the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade has been developing a new model of academic education of students of architecture and urbanism in supporting local development processes regarding the needs of local self-governments in Serbia. This practice already exists in many European countries and brings multiple social benefits, both in terms of preparing new experts ready for modern professional work in practice, as well as regarding professional assistance to local governments through the preparation of expertise and expert studies related to specific local development issues.

In the period from 2000 till today, at the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade, educational projects aimed at promoting cultural and tourism development have been implemented in cooperation at different national and local government levels. Although these educational projects were envisioned and exercised at the local level, they have produced spatial, economic and social effects at the national, regional and international level. The cooperation has been realized within array of different, yet important partners, such as the Ministry of Economy and Regional Development, National Tourist Development Corporation of Serbia and their local tourist organizations, as well as with the international organizations such as the GIZ German Cooperation Agency within the project “Municipal Economic Development in the Danube Region”, and various local contexts such as Negotin (Radosavljević, i drugi, 2012), Golubac (Radosavljević, Mrđenović, Pavić, & Krell, 2010), Kragujevac (Radosavljević, Đorđević, & Živković, 2015) and Kikinda (Radosavljević, Đorđević, & Radosavljević, 2016).

During the spring semester of the school year 2017/18 at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Architecture educational process on the Master Project at the Master Integral Urbanism was conducted in cooperation with the City of Smederevo. The specific theme was Strengthening cultural identity in the Danube area in the city of Smederevo through DANUrB project within the INTERREG Danube EU Program.

reaching consensus by creating a common vision, offering different options and scenarios of developing and transforming space. This means establishing rules about possible land uses in space, planning new activities and hallmark events while providing spatial capacities in accordance with the recognized brand and cultural identity of the space, the protection of urban and rural heritage and the natural environment.

Among six offered and guided topics at the Faculty of Architecture, one of the topics was Cultural tourism, comprised of the research of culture, cultural identity and tourism. This studio was led by authors of this chapter, with the mentor committee, which included also professor PhD Mirjana Roter Blagojević, an expert in the protection and revitalization of heritage and professor PhD Milorad Mladenović , an expert in art and architecture, originally from the City of Smederevo. The methodology (Fig.1) in this studio included synthesis of previously gained knowledge related to analytical, urban design and planning skills in general at the master course, and specific methodology in line with place branding concepts and urban management issues. These specific issues were further intertwined with the interdisciplinary knowledge provided by the mentor committee.

Such process aimed to explore potentials through the research of the authentic cultural identity of urban and rural areas, assets and households, food, agricultural products, music, folklore and customs, and analyse and explore the possibilities of using these elements in the future place branding strategies developed in an integrated approach. In addition, the goal was to create an integral concept for the development and design of spatial solutions with contemporary principles of protection of authentic cultural heritage through active use in accordance with the recognized elements of local identities and potentials of the territory.

Theoretical and research-practical work on the subject area implied processes of reprogramming and transforming the space in which students acquire new knowledge based on contemporary paradigms of urban management involving stakeholders in the envisioning creation and implementation of place branding strategies. This implies knowledge and skills in reaching consensus on the common interest in re-creating urban and rural space at the local level, as well as the implications about the position of the city of Smederevo at the regional level and possible links with the global audience and networks. These exercises also help to develop different contemporary ways of communicating and creating the basis for understanding of specific interests in the pluralistic society. It could be achieved through open communication about the possibilities of realization of different interests within the same space,

In the first stage of the educational process and according to the recognized field of interest that each of four students expressed, the individual methodological approach was developed by the mentoring team. This approach was further tested and upgraded through collaborative workshops conducted in order to identify the needs of local stakeholders and recognize key development constraints and opportunities of the territory of Smederevo. In that particular way, the students analysed existing relations between cultural and tourism uses and programs on the one side and urban structure and the entire territory and its development potentials on the other side. The students also researched spatial planning and strategic documents to gain an understanding of city strategic aspirations in the field of tourism and economy, spatial planning and rural development. The students’ research of the existing documents reviled that most of the strategic documents in most cases were based on generalized solutions neglecting specific local identities, needs and interests of the local population and in few cases neglecting specific

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assets of the territory.

The representatives that took part in formal workshops intended for all six mentoring teams and students were The Mayor of the City of Smederevo, the city urbanist and representatives from Local Economic Development Office, Regional Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments in Smederevo and Tourist organization of Smederevo. Beside them, the research process required the organization of several additional individual meetings with the city urbanist of the City of Smederevo and residents and rural households in the wider territory of Smederevo municipality. Accordingly, few additional individual students’ site visits were organized related to their particular specific work at the Faculty.

New possibilities and successful case studies of the creative use of cultural heritage in place branding were examined at the same time. On the basis of such research, a comprehensive place branding vision was developed, accompanied by the creative student master projects dealing with urban regeneration aiming to produce expansion of cultural and tourist attractions in Smederevo and therefore introduce an improvement of the city image in the physical, social and economic terms.

Fig. 1: Model of the applied methodology (Source: chapter authors)

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4.

STUDENT PROJECTS FOR PLACE BRANDING THROUGH CULTURE AND TOURISM

After the preliminary research, four main topics on how to interlink culture and tourism in Smederevo were introduced and furthered researched in the students’ design thesis and projects. On the one side, two topics can be observed as attempts to introduce new concepts in order to manage local values, such as the introduction of cultural industries regarding craftsmanship and introduction of gastro-tourism in rural households. On the other hand, two of the remaining topics can be perceived as projects that emerged from the already appreciated assets of the city: the Fortress and the industrial steel tradition, aiming to explore new ways on how the Fortress could be activated to satisfy the needs of the contemporary tourists and how steel can be used for the city branding.

Fig. 2: Spatial distribution of students’ project (Source: chapter authors)

Regarding spatial distribution of student projects (Fig. 2) each of them can be perceived as a network of nodes (4.1 and 4.2), area (4.3) or line (4.4). In the remainder of the text, each of the four approaches will be described in detail.

relying on the strategic plan and what Smederevo could offer in the touristic field. The research was conducted through the site analysis, where six local villages were researched in depth and with whose residents, student conducted semi-structured interviews (Fig. 3).

4.1. Sustainable gastro-tourism in rural communities This project was focused on the research of the relation between cultural tourism, cultural identity and local communities, particularly on the way in which these interrelations could contribute to the strengthening of the cultural identity of the city. A broad explanatory basis for the project was built on the existing theoretical notions of the definition of cultural identity (Feldman, 1990, Hyman, 1990), globalization influences (Giddens, 1990, p. 64; Jagić & Vučetić, 2017), importance of the culture in the relation to tourism and identity (Stebbins, 1997), food significance for the local identity (Hughes, 1995), and the general reasons for the introduction of cultural tourism(Richards, 2005; Richards & Hall, 2000).

Following their line of reasoning, food can be perceived as a reflection of the culture of one nation and its people, and as such can provide basic ground to increase place attractiveness (ibid). As such, gastro-tourism is distinguished as a specific branch of cultural tourism, which plays a very important role, since food, in addition to being an important element of the local identity of the postmodern society, becomes a central place in the tourist experience as well. Accordingly, gastrotourism can be perceived as a blend of unique natural and cultural characteristics, services, infrastructure and behaviour towards tourists, and as such can enhance the overall experience of the city. Additionally, authenticity has always been an important factor in the tourist offer, while the search for authentic local and regional food can motivate tourist to visit a particular place. Guided by the assumption that strengthening of culture at the local level could have a positive impact on the strengthening of the identity, this project highlights gastro-tourism as a branch of cultural tourism with the potential for development in the rural areas of the city of Smederevo,

Fig. 3: Analysis of the potentials of specific villages (Author: Aleksandra Ilić)

The main goal of the site analysis was to explore the possibilities and conditions for the implementation of gastro-tourism in the specific rural communities of Smederevo in order to strengthen the identity, but also to reveal potential threats that this strategy could produce.

In this regard, the specific goal was set to enhance the way how tourists perceive Smederevo rural setting through specific gastro tourism offer and thus enhance the economic vitality of local residents and social cohesion among various actors. In the next phase of master work, the project focused on the development of an action plan for the single village, defining the realization phases, management plan with activities and responsible stakeholders, project time span, evaluation criteria as well as the budget needed for project implementation. Five main activities for the project implementation included the development of tourist accommodation facilities, introduction of cooperative kitchen involving tourist in

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the cooking process, construction of the market store with local products, construction of bicycle paths that will connect all the villages and establishment of tourist signalization (Fig. 4). For each of them, technical, location, program and organizational requirements were defined and illustrated.

Fig. 4: Market store with local products in village (Author: Aleksandra Ilić)

As researched, the project can be implemented within a year and a half in one village, and if successfully evaluated and re-examined, it can become a model that could be transferred to the rest of the rural area. Having in mind that rural area covers 92% of the Smederevo area, along with the high fertility of the land, unique natural values of the landscape and tradition in fruit growing and viticulture, this project provides a unique perspective on how gastro-tourism can be used to enhance the connection between culture and tourism while its integrated strategic approach offer ways on how to operationalise and implement those ideas into real setting.

the traditional production, social history and way of life, has been recognized as main potentials for the cultural tourism in Serbia due to the diversity and variety of crafts in areas that emerged several centuries ago and that are becoming forgotten in modern days. Along with this assumption, the main goal was set to promote traditional craftsmanship through cultural tourism in order to preserve tradition, cultural and natural heritage and enhance local economic development on the micro level. The basis for the project was developed through the research of good examples of the old craftsmanship promotion such as the open-air museum in Riga (brivdabasmuzej, 2018), establishment of national association for the old and artistic crafts and handcrafts in Serbia (Our Hands, 2018) and organization of manifestations that promote old crafts such as Belgrade Manifest (Beogradski Manifest, 2018) and Ugljevik handmade product’s fair (Todorović, 2014). The student project was developed through several urban management instruments, mostly promotional and organizational. The projects proposed the inclusion of Smederevo’s old crafts into national and international Danube region strategies, development of promotional campaigns, use of subventions and incentives for the local production and organization of cultural manifestations, development of the web platform, informational material and pavilions for the promotion of local products.

4.2. Old craftsmanship promotion The focus of the project is on the immaterial heritage, identified as one of the most important elements of the local identity. The old craftsmanship, along with

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Fig. 5: Pavilion’s typology (Author: Aleksandar Lukić)

The project included the development of the pavilion’s typology (Fig. 5) regarding program (food, art, manufacture, information, mix type), durability and incorporation into the existing open public spaces and urban structure (permanent or temporary, free-standing, interpolated or integrated into the existing urban structure).

Furthermore, the spatial distribution of types (Fig. 6) was developed along with the program for the pavilions.

Consistent of the touristic offer specific for Smederevo: wine production, fruit growing, production of middle age tools, fishing and tasting the royal cheese. Local touristic guided tours were provided, connecting different types of pavilions and thus providing the specific experience of the city and its hinterland.

All of the suggested activities should serve as a stimulus for the revival of old and artistic crafts and the introduction of contemporary modes on how this type of production could attract tourist, connect people, provide additional incomes for local households and promote the city of Smederevo. Consequently, it is expected that the project will, directly and indirectly, influence the development in the field of tourism, culture and education while increasing awareness of the importance of the preservation of cultural values ​​ and assets which Smederevo has.

4.3. Activating Fortresses to satisfy the needs of the modern day tourists The project starts with the identification of the changed concepts of tourism from “sight-seeing” to “life seeing”, emphasizing the importance of experience, atmosphere, participation in everyday life (Đukić Dojčinović, 2005).

Having this in mind and the importance of old fortifications, the question that arose was how to make these locations more attractive to tourist and yet preserve the cultural and historical values of the site? Fortresses, once with the defensive role, can now be observed as a potential ground for reading the layers of national history and culture and as a place for new activities to emerge.

The ways of activating the Fortresses were defined related to previous Nešković’s research(1986), such as ideas to transform fortress into historical ambience, archaeological park, revitalization of specific parts into museums, galleries, accommodation and service facilities were taken as a starting ground of the project.

Additionally, open space of the Fortress was envisioned as a place for various manifestations to take place, but recognizing risks that those activities could have a negative impact on the preservation of the Fortresses.

Fig. 7: Fortress thematic routes (Author: Sara Kovačević)

Fig. 6: Spatial distribution of pavilions (Author: Aleksandar Lukić)

As an alternative to massive events, it is possible to develop cultural routes (Fig. 7) that will present a unique set of values, connect specific cultural resources. The main goal of focusing on a single theme is to provide a better insight into the historical and cultural aspect

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of the destination that tourist visits. (Matić, Zubanov, &Tomka, 2015).

Any of these ways of activation will require construction works on technical protection of the specific parts of the Fortress, adaptation of existing infrastructure, lightning and safety improvement measures as well as the establishment of the tourist informational centre.

The rest of the measures, such as providing space for open-air performances, promotional market spaces and construction of the restaurant, accommodation facilities and port on the Danube River will depend on the way of activation and available resources.

Fig. 8: Thematic routes (Author: Sara KovaÄ?ević)

In the next stage, the project was focused on the creation of thematic routes (Fig. 8), mainly historic, sports and culture and art routes. The historical route is designed to connect towers, gates, Turkish bath and sacral complex of the Big City with the facilities in the Small City. By this means, it shed new light into the historical importance of the Fortress and highlights the specificity of each tower and gate that are neglected nowadays. Sports route is intended to bring a new life into the once very lively city, through the outdoor gym, playgrounds, chess field and open-air cinema for sports live stream. Cultural and art route should initiate construction of facilities and public space that would provide spatial capacity for

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food tasting, library, park of sculptures, exhibition space, open-air theatre and temporary stage for music shows.

The project provides a general allocation strategy for the above-mentioned activities and program.

4.4. Steel as a city branding element The main goal of the project was to identify conditions on how specific element can become a carrier of the city identity and evolve into a brand attractive for tourists thus contributing to the local economic development. The theoretical background of the project was developed on the findings dealing with place branding (Hankinson, 2004), urban tourism (Law, 2002; Costas, 2011) and cultural tourism (Richards, 2005).

Besides theoretical research, the successful case from Belfast was described and analyzed since it has used Titanic as a historical brand (Coyles, 2013).In the case of Smederevo, steel has been recognized as a cultural and material legacy of the city (Fig. 9), while four goals were defined to create a comprehensive branding strategy. The first goal deals with the education about the innovative use of steel to increase promotion of the brand through the organization of workshops and seminars. The second goal is the promotion of the steel use while third goal states the need to include the old Steel factory into the touristic offer. The second and third goal are further interconnected through the production of new products- traditional tools, jewellery, decorations and providing necessary subsidies to support and enhance steel production. The fourth goal is concerned with improving city image, suggesting the development of new urban furniture and development of design guidelines prescribing the use of steel in the projects of reconstruction of the existing buildings and new ones.

One of the first object to be reconstructed with steel would be the Fortress towers.

In the next phase, these goals were operationalised and tested on a specific area, the Danube riverfront in which the river and historical industrial heritage were recognized as carriers of the identity.

Beside the implementation of new urban structures made of steel, the project suggests the use of art to fulfil project goals. Accordingly, it was planned that international artists exhibit their steel sculptures on the newly regenerated river promenade and thus create a place that is unique and attractive for tourists.

Fig. 9: Steel as a brand (Author: Uroš Marković)

Having this in mind, detailed design of specific urban elements was designed and presented in detail (Fig. 10): design of stands at sports courts; steel oversized chess field; implementation of steel wires into the existing factory cranes intended to more adventurous ways of movement; enabling two rails and introduction of mobile electric-powered trolleys to connect Old Steel Factory and the Fortress; installation of lighting, urban furniture, canopies of steel and sliding track along the promenade; upgrading the former silo’s building into viewpoint and redesign of the public space in front of the Fortress with the use of water mirrors with steel elements.

Fig. 10: Steel as a brand in detailed specific urban elements (Author: Uroš Marković)

The project was planned for realization through several phases, from the development of the initiative for plan development, through plan design and formalization to the formation of working bodies and implementation.

It was expected that the project can be financed by the EPCTE, IPA funds with the support of Ministry of Tourism and steel processing private companies.

5.

CONCLUSION

The research indicates the importance of cultural innovation and creative projects for the extension of cultural and tourist offer of the city of Smederevo.

Both of the applied strategies in terms of using new concepts such as gastro-tourism and creative tourism or introducing better management and activation of the already appreciated assets of the city such as active use of the Fortress and use of steel as an main element of the branding strategy can enable conditions for conception and successful implementation of place branding strategies. The cooperation between the educational institution and local municipality on the final master project provides a platform for the creative exploration of cultural tourism, thus creating a nucleus for improving the quality of life in physical, social and economic terms for residents and tourists.

Taking into account that the governance component of place branding through culture and tourism is a challenge in today’s globalized world, this type of educational process may hold the key for increasing capacities and developing organizational skills, both for students and municipalities, complementary to the traditional planning techniques that could be used in other contexts.

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6.

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Ashworth, G. J. (2009). The Instruments of Place Branding: How is it Done? European Spatial Research and Policy, 16(1), 9-22.

Beogradski Manifest. (2018). About Festival. Retrieved March 2, 2018, from www.beogradskimanifest.rs: http:// beogradskimanifest.rs/festival brivdabasmuzej. (2018). Museum. Retrieved August 7, 2018, from www.rivdabasmuzejs.lv: http://brivdabasmuzejs.lv/en/ Cassel, S. H., & Pashkevich, A. (2014). World Heritage and Tourism Innovation: Institutional Frameworks and Local adaptation.

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AUTHORS Dr. Uroš Radosavljević Associate Professor Department of Urbanism University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: yros@arh.bg.ac.rs Phone: +381(0)11 3218741 Aleksandra Đorđević, MA Teaching assistant and PhD student Department of Urbanism University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: aleksandra.dj@arh.bg.ac.rs Phone: +381(0)11 3218741

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Poster 1 CULTURAL TOURISM -STEEL AS A CITY BRANDING ELEMENT Uroš Marković, Student-master candidate

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PARTICIPATORY WEB-GIS PLATFORM TO SUPPORT COMMUNITY-LED LOCAL DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL TOURISM IN SERBIA Ksenija Lalović, Jelena Živković

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PARTICIPATORY WEB-GIS PLATFORM TO SUPPORT COMMUNITY-LED LOCAL DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL TOURISM IN SERBIA Dr. Ksenija Lalović Associate professor, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Dr. Jelena Živković Associate professor, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture ABSTRACT Community-Led Local Development (CLLD) is recognised as fundamental for achieving social, economic and environmental goals of Horizon 2020 Strategy. Recognising the importance of its place-based dimension of development, it promotes process of “territorialisation” perceived as co-production of society and environment, in which both have agency. Therefore, it implies implementation of an integrated community collaborative research and action in the process of discovering and innovation of the sustainable economic trajectories. The CLLD concept is implemented within the EU territory throughout LEADER Programme and the implemented local initiatives ware evaluated as very successful. However, operationalisation of the concept of territorialisation and CLLD present a methodological challenge. In the context of the Republic of Serbia, due to the initialised EU pre-accession process, Leader Plus program was initiated. However, in spite of the several very successful pilot initiatives, this program did not reach the expected success. One of the main reasons identified was insufficient capacities to perform and implement collaborative research process at a local level, as in the case of Smederevo. As a consequence, the cultural tourism territorial resources are not used in its full capacity. This research focuses on the exploration of possibilities to build up local capacities with a view to improving cultural tourism offer trough a participatory Web-GIS platform.

KEYWORDS: Territorialisation; Community-Led local development; collaborative action research; community action; Participatory Web-GIS platform

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1.

COMMUNITY-LED LOCAL DEVELOPMENT FOR THE SUSTAINABLE REGIONAL ECONOMIC TRAJECTORIES

The current debate on local development highlights the importance of its place-based dimension, recognizing that local development is much more framed by endogenous forces than by exogenous factors (Stimson et. all, 2011). This approach has been translated into European Union (EU) policies and regulations with the concept of Community Led Local Development (CLLD). The assumption is that CLLD concept could be an instrument to mobilise and deeply involve local communities and organisations to contribute to overall effort to achieve the Europe 2020 Strategy (EC, 2010) goals of smart, sustainable and inclusive growth fostering local territorial cohesion toward socioeconomic regional policy objectives. The approach is based on the concept of a new understanding of the process of “territorialisation” perceived as co-production of society and environment, in which both have agency (Dessein et. all, 2015; Battaglini et. all, 2015). It refers to “a process in which communities (although in unbounded networks) perceive the specific nature and characteristics of their place, attribute symbols to resources and to local peculiarities, and reify structure and organise space.”(Lummina et. all, 2015, p. 6). In these terms, the concept of territorialisation describes the local dynamics and processes in the context of regional development, driven by collective intentionality and stretching beyond localities and geographical or administrative boundaries. Therefore, CLLD implies implementation of the integrated community collaborative research and action in the process of discovering and innovation of the sustainable economic trajectories.

A collaborative research can be generally be defined as “researchers working together to achieve the common goal of producing new scientific knowledge” (Anaquot, 2008, p. 1). In more narrow sense, it is “a research effort done by research groups from different disciplines (interdisciplinary collaboration), either belonging to the same country (national) or several countries (international)

or it may be a parallel research effort by groups from different countries applying the same protocol across various locations or a combination of the above.”

(Katsouyanni, 2008, p. 1). In theory, the key components for the collaborative research (with multiple and diverse stakeholders) as defined, are: inclusion, participation, individual and collective action, social change and empowerment (Kirby et. all, 2017). The basic premise of collaboration in any initiative is that collaboration supports relational exchange and production of new knowledge contributing to increased productivity, better problemsolving, better communication and improved human capacities. It is assumed that collaboration increases the probability that the knowledge, skills and techniques required will be available within the collaborators, and the time spent learning information or skills is minimized (Anaquot, 2008). Collaboration in research usually happens between individual researchers on specific topic and through team collaboration in research projects, but it can also exist in forms of community and network collaboration. In team research collaboration – focus is on task, the members of the group are known, there are clear task interdependencies, expected reciprocity, and explicit time-lines and goals.

In community research collaboration, on the other hand, although there is a shared area of interest, people share and build knowledge rather than complete specific projects. Truly collaborative research in community “involves respecting and understanding the participants and recognizing the knowledge and capabilities of the local people who can work with researchers to obtain analyses and solutions”(Anaquot, 2008, p. 2).

This form of collaboration is of particular importance for relating science and innovative approaches to regional development. It refers to how differently situated stakeholders (researchers, policy makers, practitioners, impacted communities, etc.) may come together in productive and well-integrated ways to address the different dimensions of the challenges in relation to development (Gonsalves, 2014). Links between participants in collaboration can exist on wide spectrum between weak and strong. In both research

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and policy support for collaboration in research, it is assumed that continuity in collaboration matters for both strengthening scientific and interpersonal links and that both elements contribute to the quality of research outcomes (Henderson, 2002; EC, 2010). Collaboration in research can vary in its size and structure, and be of a formal (funded, collaborative research projects) and informal nature. It is performed in real life forms (conferences, presentations, meetings, workshops…) or as virtual collaboration (virtual ambience for conferences, presentations, meetings…). Groups and networks can vary in size and can have inter/trans-disciplinary, intercultural, academia–practice, national – international structure.

Viewed as fundamental for innovation, heterogenic collaborations are widely supported in research programs. But, literature review reveals difficulties in conducting the research projects that are based on the problem of knowledge translation between disciplines and cultures (Katz & Ben, 1997; Jari et. all, 2006). The literature on collaboration in research also examines the role of communication and the effects of physical and social proximity and acknowledges that spatial proximity seems to encourage collaboration since it tends to generate more informal communication (Katz & Ben, 1997). Although development of ICT made it possible through variety of devices and tools to overcome physical distances in collaboration, physical proximity still matters especially for the collaborative research in social sciences, which aims to contribute to regional development.

In relation to EU development, collaborative research is recognised as fundamental for achieving social, economic and environmental goals, and funded by European Commission through the Framework Programmes (1-7) and Horizon 2020. Expected outputs express how the value and importance of collaborative research projects is perceived in the EU and include: Human capital development; Research infrastructures, Partnerships & international openness, Outputs for knowledge transfer, Early outputs for subsequent innovation, Outputs for research or market integration, Closer to market outputs, Outputs for wider society, Policy outputs (EC, 2010; EC, 2010).

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2. OPERATIONALISATION LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

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COMMUNITY-LED

Operationalisation of the concept of territorialisation and CLLD presents a methodological challenge.

The CLLD concept is implemented within the EU territory throughout LEADER Programme targeting development of small municipalities whose territorial capital is spread-out throughout urban-rural continuum (ENRD, 2018). The CLLD is a “term used by the European Commission to describe an approach that turns traditional “top down” development policy on its head.

Under CLLD, local people take the reins and form a local partnership that designs and implements an integrated development strategy. The strategy is designed to build on the community’s social, environmental and economic strengths or “assets” rather than simply compensate for its problems. For this, the partnership receives long-term funding - and they decide how it is spent.” (EC, 2014). The application of the principles of CLLD have spread over the last twenty years, from a small cluster of 200 pilot LEADER projects to around 2600 partnerships covering nearly all rural Europe areas (EC, 2014). The implemented local initiatives ware evaluated as very successful in the cases when and where CLLD approaches work well, and underline how they contributed adding the value to national and regional programmes. The experiences underline main benefits of CLLD concept on a local level (EC, 2014): 1. CLLD PUTS PEOPLE IN A POSITION TO PERSONALLY EXPERIENCE A DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGE. Strategies are designed and projects are selected by local entities. This is the most distinctive feature of CLLD and its greatest advantage. Compared to other classical local approaches, the people who were previously the passive “beneficiaries” of a policy become active partners and drivers of its development.

2. CLLD STRATEGIES CAN RESPOND TO GROWING DIVERSITY AND COMPLEXITY. This diversity is often described as a cornerstone of the European

social model but the challenge is to find ways of conserving it and transforming it into an asset rather than a liability. In certain areas, differences between countries and regions are growing and it is increasingly difficult to deal with them through standard policies conceived from above – even if they are delivered through a local level.

3. CLLD STRATEGIES CAN BE MORE FLEXIBLE THAN OTHER APPROACHES. Some public authorities are concerned that the delegation of certain decisions to local partnerships can make the delivery of CLLD too complex. However, CLLD has been made simpler and more versatile by allowing it to be programmed under one “thematic objective”, while at the same time allowing it to be used to achieve any or all of the economic, social and environmental goals of the Europe 2020 Strategy. Similarly, the activities supported under CLLD do not have to be bound to the standard measures described in the programmes, as long as they are consistent with their overall objectives.

4. THE SCOPE OF CLLD HAS BEEN BROADENED TO ALLOW LOCAL STRATEGIES TO FOCUS ON SENSITIVE OR COMPLEX CHALLENGES like social inclusion, climate change, the segregation of Roma and other disadvantaged groups, youth unemployment, urban deprivation, urban-rural linkages and so on.

5. CLLD BUILDS ON LINKAGES BETWEEN SECTORS AND ACTORS IN WAYS THAT HAVE MULTIPLIER EFFECTS ON LOCAL DEVELOPMENT AND ON THE MAINSTREAM PROGRAMMES. CLLD strategies should not be seen as islands separated from other programmes. On the contrary, they are also tools for enhancing the results of national and regional rural development programmes and sustainable urban development strategies financed under Article 7 of the ERDF Regulation. As such they can form part of or work alongside other tools including Integrated Territorial Investments (ITIs).

6. CLLD IS ABOUT INNOVATION AND ACHIEVING RESULTS THAT BRING ABOUT LASTING CHANGE. The first step usually involves building the capacity and resources of local communities to take initiative.

CLLD can also be used to cover some of the small scale investments in infrastructure that are preconditions for innovation and further development.

But these are generally a means to an end. The participative, multi-stakeholder approach of CLLD leads to a different “demand” or “needsled” way of looking at challenges, which connects the experience of users to the more specialised knowledge of different types of providers. CLLD can go beyond the “usual suspects” to generate new ideas and finance the small “seed” and pilot projects required to test these out in practice.

7. PARTICIPATION IN CLLD OPENS UP ACCESS TO A LARGE AND GROWING EUROPEAN NETWORK AND BODY OF EXPERIENCE. Over the last 20 years, the existing LEADER and FARNET partnerships, and many EU, national and regional networks, have developed a significant number of methods, guides, toolkits and case studies, which can be of great help to new partnerships. As mentioned, international organisations like the World Bank also have a long experience and have developed many useful methodological manuals.

8. CLLD IS A FINANCIALLY ATTRACTIVE TOOL FOR CARRYING OUT LOCAL DEVELOPMENT. The European Commission recognises that local development is a long term process, which normally lasts several funding periods, and it recommends an equally long term financial commitment to building community capacity and assets. Local partnerships are, therefore, not seen as one-off projects which are simply disbanded at the end of a funding period, but part of a process to put communities on a more sustainable path.

In the context of the Republic of Serbia, due to the initialised EU pre-accession process (RS, 2008), Leader

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Plus program was initiated providing start-up financing, professional support services, connections to networks across the rural communities and social sectors, and a platform for people dedicated to sustainable development of the rural areas (Leader+, 2018). However, in spite of the several very successful pilot initiatives this program did not reach the expected success. One of the main identified reasons was insufficient capacities to perform and implement collaborative research process at a local level. Above that, another very specific constraint is identified. It is the hierarchical governance construct and the “culture” of centralised and executive territorial management that was predominant in the last more than twenty years of post-socialist transition period. As a consequence Serbian local communities often become passive waiting for the “top” directive or support.

In that context, the new Italian - Serbian bilateral research program was initiated with the aim to identify and construct a CLLD - intervention model on the regional sustainable development paths in Serbian regions trough the implementation of a proactive participatory Web-GIS platform providing a valuable interface between firms, communities, authorities with solution-oriented innovative approaches in a public and participatory dimension (Battaglini, 2016) (Đukanović, et al., 2017) (Živković et. all, 2018).

Main aim of this policy- focused research was placebased identification and construction of a CLLD model of intervention on the regional sustainable development trajectories that will enable (Battaglini, 2016): 1. Analysis and mapping of regional territorial characterisation and local heritage dimensions through the interpretative perspective of Territorial Capital (TC).

2. Identification and mapping of the perceptions meanings and values attributed to TC by the local institutions and communities.

3. Identification and mapping of the main strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of CLLD’s

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sustainable development paths of these regions in order to further promote bilateral economic and commercial cooperation between regions.

4. Analysis and clustering the identified agricultural and tourism good practices towards the adaptation and mitigation of the Climate Change impacts, environmental protection and place - based development.

5. Analysis and clustering good practices of environmental and sustainable development governance cases collected at the policy level.

The overall objective of the research was to: - support Local authorities, communities and companies’ strategic visions and policies with “decision aiding” data, instruments and tools in the perspective that local territorial development will depend on the capacities of the entire community to offer different opportunities based on their own social, economic and environmental conditions and options, - valorise the local milieu and the cultural and economic potential of the territories for inhabitants, firms and visitors, - inform the Italian and Serbian tourist and agri-food companies wishing to operate in the regions involved in the project. Leaning on the previous experiences of pilot Territorial Information Systems (TIS) initiatives implemented on a Serbian local level (UN-HABITAT, 2008; Lalović, 2008) and the TIS (participatory Web-GIS platform) model developed upon (Lalović, 2013), research on CLLD intervention model was performed on a territory of Zlatibor and Eastern Serbia Regions, resulting with the concept of participatory Web-GIS platform to support CommunityLed Local Development.

According to the general territorial analysis of Smederevo, in case of this particular research of Danube regional networking on the cultural tourism development, it was recognised that this developed concept could significantly contribute to the overall objectives of Danube strategy. Additionally it could bring significant changes in local capacities for cultural tourism resources management. Therefore, the concept of participatory

Web-GIS platform to support Community-Led Local Development was implemented through master project researches examining possible impacts and outputs in the field of cultural tourism development.

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PARTICIPATORY WEB-GIS PLATFORM TO SUPPORT COMMUNITY-LED LOCAL DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT

The key principles and governance tasks necessary to develop information support to local territorial development were derived within the previous research of the development of the TIS model to support to sustainable development in Serbia (Lalović K. , 2013).

They represent the result of the induction of the content analysis of several international documents that define the standards of good governance practice and modern concepts of urban planning for sustainable development (UN-HABITAT, 2007; 2010; ESCAP, 2011; Lalović , 2013) and in this research were taken as starting, general position of the conceptualisation. Here, we will underline key principles of territorial information support to community collaboration processes (Lalović, 2013): • INFORMATION ON THE TERRITORY IS AS PUBLIC GOOD AND IT IS AVAILABLE TO ALL DEVELOPMENT ACTORS_ The essential prerequisite of effective participation and informed decision making is quality information on the territorial capital and its transformative processes through time. Therefore, it is of particular importance to ensure public information availability on the territory without any special conditions.

• DATA AND INFORMATION ON THE TERRITORY ARE INTEGRATED_ This principle is closely linked to the standards of integrated planning and operation through partnerships of the public, private and civil sectors toward subsidiarity and responsibility decentralization on all social development entities.

Efficiency in achieving the consensus and further effectiveness of decisions made directly depend on the territorial information integration in terms of

relational logic, not simple collection in one place, which effectively supported with GIS technologies.

• QUALITY AND ADEQUATE INFORMATION SUPPORT TO TERRITORIAL COGNITION IMPLIES DECENTRALIZED, OPEN TO GROW AND CHANGE, FLEXIBLE TO EXPLORE KNOWLEDGE BASE_ Ensuring adequate and quality information to support sustainable territorial governance is a challenging task due to constant, more or less intensive territorial transformations through the time. It is wieldy considered that this task is only possible to achieve with the support of the ICT. Considering the issues of enabling the participation this kind of digital knowledge base has to support very complex social communication and cognitive processes. Experiences in the field of building and formalizing such complex knowledge bases favour the decentralization of data collection procedures, using participatory web GIS applications. In the case of local territorial information systems, this means locally coordinated data collection activities from various sources, which, in addition to the public sector as a “data producer” implies the involvement of the civil and private sectors in the information production process.

• TERRITORIAL INFORMATION IS RELIABLE, ACCURATE, HORIZONTALLY AND VERTICALLY COHERENT_ It is of particular importance that decision making in the process of territorial development is based on as accurate, up-to-date and reliable information, as a prerequisite for the rule of law, public and environmental safety and market accountability. Therefore, it is necessary to provide information quality monitoring. It implies the documenting of the acquiring knowledge procedures, which is publicly transparent and therefore subject to critical review.

• TERRITORIAL INFORMATION ENABLES MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF CHANGES_ International sustainable policy makers and

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broad scholar community insist that an increase in efficiency is not possible without constant monitoring of the plans implementation, context changes and achieved outcomes. Additionally, the increase in effectiveness is impossible without the implementation of procedures of both formative and summative evaluation. This means that modern information support must provide all these functionalities with mandatory periodic public dissemination of the commonly defined indicator sets of statuses.

• INFORMATION ON THE TERRITORY IS TIMELY AND EASY ACCESSIBLE, PRESENTED IN A COMPREHENSIBLE AND EASY TO EXPLORE WAY_ Achieving the highest standards of comprehensibility of information services to the needs of users is very important, as it directly affects the efficiency and effectiveness of the communication process, achieving common understanding and increasing the chances of achieving consensus. This principle is in direct relation with achieving the efficiency and effectiveness of planning / managing sustainable development, emphasizing an important aspect of a strategic approach to sustainable development that relates to the importance and validity of the methodological approach from the visionary position.

• INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS - “STEP BY STEP” _This task is in direct relation with the requirement that information support provide timely, easy access to data and information, comprehensible and tailored to the needs of citizens, but also with the requirement that the whole process of information support development as one of the key components of development also be sustainable. Achieving results on all previously defined tasks is a kind of process of social transformation and requires time, continuous operation and careful programming of the steps so that the cone can, without great pressure, evolve to a higher level. In this sense, a number of world

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experiences point to the need for incremental approach, the strategic development of information support, with a defined vision, but step by step (cyclical, with qualitative and quantitative progress in each one), problem oriented and integral.

3.1. Methodological approach The basic methodological approach to the implementation of this research is based on Soft System Methodology (SSM) approach (Checkland & Poulter, 2006; Reynolds & Holwell, 2010). It origins from the field of organisational and management science.

Traditional approaches to organisational management tend to foster expert consulting approach. However, this approach proved to be non effective in the application areas of strategic thinking, innovation and change management (Hindle, 2012), such as development of local Web-GIS platform to support CLLD. In support of this thesis, we underline the experience of six Pilot Territorial information systems project implementation in municipalities of Serbia where SSM methodological approach had to be implemented in order to ensure effective results and sustainability of the developed information support (UN-HABITAT, 2008; Lalović K. , 2008; Lalović K. , 2013). The main problem with the expert approach “stem from the unique and complex nature of many organisational situations, the need for continuous month-by-month innovation by most organisations (rather than intermittent one-off projects) and the need for effective implementation of new ideas by the employees” (Hindle, 2012). Therefore, since the goal of this research is set to support new innovative and long term sustainable local community organisational practice (in this case informed communication and collaboration) we decided to apply the alternative SSM approach.

Often labelled as a “process approach” (Hindle, 2012), SSM was developed within the organisational development community arguing that the effective results could be reached if participants within an organisation are facilitated to innovate their own processes and solve their

own problems, and that this capability should become established within the culture of the organisation in order to provide long term sustainability. The SSM actually represents facilitated modelling approach, an action learning process that support the work of groups of diverse composition in order to help them address complex problem situations in a variety of organisational domains (Hindle, 2012). It is based on a holistic analysis of the way of understanding the situation of those involved in the problem and then applying the methods of systemic thinking (in response to the limitations in the reductionist and narrow technical approach to problem solving) in the conceptual modelling (Hutson, 1993; Duan & Cruz, 2011) of the human activities and relationships to achieve a common goal (Checkland, 1998). The SSM approach integrates thinking about socially and politically feasible operational logic in order to improve the situation and it implies a constant analytical “switching” between the real world and the conceptual thinking of the world (Checkland, 1998; Lalović K. , 2013). It consists of the seven process phases ranging from the explanation of an unstructured problematic situation through the creation of ideal or conceptual models of human activities that would help to improve the situation, which are then comparatively analysed in relation to the problem situation, in order to identify the desirable and feasible changes (Fig. 1).

However, the application of SSM approach within the specific local/regional governance organisation as in this case, puts this particular research in the group of the critical action researches (Davis, 2008). CLLD concept of territorial governance organisation implies optimisation of variety of stakeholders’ interests and common organisational behaviours. Therefore, the critical action research is necessary for governance innovation, because it represents a form of social inquiry whose central theme is problematization of local community organisational knowledge, which is not only a matter of representing and explaining reality, but a social phenomenon itself, which has material-constitutive relations with personal identities, social practices, institutions, state and political structures, including the knowledge produced

by researchers through the self-reflex component (Carspecken, 2008).

Fig. 1: Phases of Soft System Methodology according to Checkland (1998), (Lalović K., 2013)

Since the development of participatory WEB-GIS platform for the specific territories in Serbia aims to produce the concrete utility CLLD instrument, ideally, the methodological process of its CONCEPT development would be carried out trough SSM approach within the community-based research (Finley, 2008) characterized by three key features: - the focus on problem solving, - the research of the nature of phenomena, and - the common learning effort of the researchers and participants (Fig. 2.).

However, in this case the expected result is more complex.

It should lead not only to an organisational improvement, but also to an innovative governance cultural change (Hindle, 2012). Accordingly, we argue that the process of the participatory web - GIS platform conceptualization trough SSM in the ideal case should be realized through

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the methodology of a community-based critical action research (Davis, 2008): 1) recognition and articulation of the social problem, 2) convening all stakeholders, 3) determining the scope of research and the desired type of social change, 4) selecting a joint research team, 5) programming research, defining research questions and methods, 6) training research associates, 7) guiding exploring and analysis, 8) reporting on the findings in an accessible manner to all stakeholders, 9) identification of an independent body for monitoring and evaluating the quality of research, 10) conduct the research through planning further steps and monitoring of social change.

could not be implemented at full intensity within this preliminary studies of Smederevo.

3.2. Social action necessary to enable CLLD participatory Web-GIS platform development Starting point is initialisation of a local public (TIS) territorial information system. The emphasis on the word “system” marks the importance of a systematic and deeply thought-out approach to this task and is closely linked to local leadership competencies: the ability to represent local interests, communication and facilitate the linking and forming of partnerships (UNHABITAT, 2005). These competencies are considered the most important and in the same time most complex, because they are related to the fundamental values of ​​ representative, collaborative and deliberative democracy.

The public TIS plays a key role as an instrument of sustainable development. It contributes to the widest dissemination of knowledge and the creation of public opinion on issues of sustainability. In operational terms, the development of TIS implies enacting the information strategy, programs and action plans in achieving excellence of public information at all levels of government. The choice of means and “language” of public information directly depends on the specificity of the cultural context in which it is being implemented.

From the point of meaning, this system/platform should support following social processes that would enable collaborative research within the community:

Fig. 2. Soft System Methodology preformed trough communitybased research key features by (Finley, 2008)

As the subject of work is defined broadly - participatory Web-GIS platform, trying to cover as wide as possible range of complexity of European local/regional territorial CLLD governance situations throughout the focused regions of Serbia, implementation of the communitybased critical action research model (Lalović K. , 2014)

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• FOSTERING INTEGRAL TERRITORIAL INTELLIGENCE_ This task is the most complex.

The first level of complexity is generated at the level of the meaning of the term “integral” which is interpreted in different ways from different disciplinary and cultural perspectives (Hamilton M. , 2006). Secondly, the complexity is generated on an operational level since it implies implementation: 1) Object-Oriented Relational Geodatabase, 2) Development of distributed model territorial data bases, and 3) Collecting quantitative and qualitative

data about the territory, which tasks are not recognised commonly within the Serbian context.

• FOSTERING TERRITORIAL NETWORK (MESHWORK) AND INQUIRY INTELLIGENCE_ It means, firstly, the process of identifying and analysing the structure of stakeholders in the local community, including vulnerable groups, and then networking them in order to raise the level and intensity of engagement in nurturing the community values.

Experience shows that these processes often occur informally, often leaving those with weaker powers outside the process (Hamilton M. , 2006; Hamilton M. , 2008). Overcoming these problems is considered to be the governance task and depends on leadership skills (UN-HABITAT, 2005).

Experiences show that systematic support to the social networking contribute to the development of community inquiry intelligence by increasing the intensity of social interaction and information exchange, contributing to the social capacities by encouraging reciprocity and building trust among network members. The development of network intelligence by systemically stimulating the development of virtual social networks is one of the basic components of information support for sustainable urban development (Hamilton M. , 2008).

• DEVELOPMENT OF NAVIGATING INTELLIGENCE_ It relates to the requirement of ensuring the continuous monitoring of changes in the totality of territory, as well as the evaluation of the achieved results of governed social transformation. One of the internationally accepted forms of global universal navigation “language” is measurement and publication of socially verified development indicators, which proved to be very useful at higher territorial levels of governance. However, this professional navigation “language” in not sufficiently communicative, or is not widely cognitively acceptable. The development of navigation intelligence is aimed to develop a reporting system

that uses “life” indicators in accordance with the cultural norms of people who use them. The system should communicate public with a universal language, publishing data that are “valuable” at the local and on a global level, revelling vital communities’ life signs and the extent of ecological footprint in relation to the climate, the boundaries of bearing natural resources, social health, economy, infrastructure, etc. (Lalović K. , 2014a).

• DEVELOPMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY INTELLIGENCE: WEB GIS BASED PLANNING SUPPORT SYSTEMS (PSS)_ development of evolutionary intelligence is seen as a task that is directed at all stakeholders, including planners and professionals. It implies development and application of modern PSS instruments, which bring together a family of highly diverse scientific and heuristically based GIS analytical tools and functionalities (Geertman & Stillwell, 2009).

PSS enable the rationalization and improvement of planning decision-making, focusing on analytical results (rather than analytical procedures) by comparing more different interpretations of reality through multi-criteria evaluation in finding the optimal solution with numerous ways of visualizing and presenting data. Exceptional researches in the ICT field have been conducted, exploring to what extent the structuring and “visualization” of information affects the acceleration of the cognitive process of the community, resulting in User experience design. It is believed that PSS based on web-GIS technologies is a key basis for the development of individual and collective skills of imagining, expressing, understanding, visualizing the future of the city with the consciousness of an eco-regional context and its own contribution to the quality of its environment and the general survival of the planet. Web accessibility with built-in analytics tools increases the motivation of the wider public for inclusion in the process, since it provides the possibility of free and unlimited individual or group user-specific analytical research.

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• APPLICATION OF ICT/GIS TECHNOLOGIES AND PERMANENT EDUCATION_ Operationalization of modern information support for sustainable territorial development is impossible without the use and application of modern ICT and GIS technological solutions. At present, the available technology overcomes the knowledge and skills of people to maximally use them in everyday work.

Therefore, the application of modern technological solutions must be accompanied by permanent education of all participants in the development, both in methodological and technical technological sense of using information support.

The programs of permanent education are an inseparable part of improving information support for sustainable urban development.

4.

CLLD PARTICIPATORY WEB-GIS PLATFORM TO SUPPORT SMEDEREVO CULTURAL TOURISM

The research of Smederevo case identified that there is no culture, tourism or information strategy at the local level, therefore there is no harmonization with the national level. Trough, further research carried out on the documents that define territorial development it was discovered that the Strategic plan of the local economic development of the city of Smederevo states that tourism represents a promising development opportunity of the city complementary to other economic branches. The issue of strategic orientation of Smederevo towards European integration is also closely linked with the tourism industry, which is in accordance with established principles of decentralisation in all areas as one of the principles of spatial development of Serbia.

As one of the insufficiently recognized capacities of the City of Smederevo are its cultural tourism potentials.

Some of the main problems in the development of tourism are the insufficient number of professional staff as well as the lack of innovative development projects. Regarding spatial information systems, or general information technologies, the strategy of local economic development did not devote enough

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attention to this activity (CS, 2009). The spatial plan of the city of Smederevo lists as one of the specific goals the development ICT services along the entire Danube. It is identified that one of the main problems of Smederevo’s local self-government is the lack of finance, information and networking (CS, 2009). In that sense, two main pilot strategic options were examined following the common Web-GIS platform concept: 1) building city capacities in cultural tourism programming and management, 2) clustering the rural cultural tourism resources. The research results indicate necessity of specific web-GIS platform structure an functionalities.

4.1. CLLD participatory Web-GIS platform to support CLLD cultural tourism in Smederevo recommendations In structural terms, from the perspective of ICT sciences, the participatory web-GIS platform implies the existence of three basic elements (Lalović K. , 2013): 1) Knowledge base, 2) Human resources, and 3) ICT technology. Each of the two pairs of basic elements induce logical / functional relations / activities: a) knowledge management implying information system administration, processing, analysis, visualisation, publication etc., b) intelligence management, implying knowledge base modelling, monitoring and evaluation of territorial understanding, communication, collaboration and learning territory, and c) capacities management – ICT education and trainings, data acquisition and sharing standards, rules, protocols, ICT development planning and organisation etc. (Fig.3.)

The territorial knowledge base should be modelled as an object-oriented (SQL, ORACLE etc.) database that contains all available “raw” local spatial and alphanumeric data, that integrated through GIS, allowing description of the territorial resources in the most natural way trough spatial typological classification. The unique quality of GIS is its ability to integrate different types of data, text, numeric, video, multimedia, vector, etc. into a common information work environment using a geographic key.

In this way, GIS enables intelligent modelling of reality by simulating interrelations of objects in a geographic

environment (Sinton & Lund, 2007). There are also other types of information – qualitative, relevant to the particular local community. Collecting quality, subjective data requires the establishment of a local collaborative Geodatabase modelling procedure with clear enactment methodology and sharing/publishing rules, due to the privacy (Nedovic-Budic, Pinto J., & Warnecke, 2004). Therefore, no territorial data model is a priori superior (Zeiler, 1999) and “the context of the problem to be solved and the type of interactive query or map we want to create leads us to the most suitable model” (Onsrud, 2007).

Fig. 3. Participatory CLLD web-GIS platform structure (Lalović K., 2013)

The choice of information is crucial for modelling Geodatabase. When choosing information, it is necessary to solve several problems such as (Sinton & Lund, 2007): - determination which data and information are needed, - finding out if they exist and where, - checking the procedures how to get them if it exists and how to collect them if not , - how to keep this information in an easily accessible way and in an adequate form, how to intercept data, - how to solve the problem of quality, contradiction and incompleteness, - determine who needs information, and - when and in what form

it is to be distributed when needed. Therefore, the Geodatabase modelling is not just an easy collection and integration of available data. It implies the necessity of a full understanding of the cognitive preferences and information needs of all the actors of development, since each of the necessary data classes can be described by a series of spatial representations or attributes. Therefore, modelling involves the inclusion of users in order to select specific data (spatial representations or attributes) that will satisfy their needs for quality information.

Within each local government there are, more or less, a series of local records, whether in digital or analogue format. Thanks to the available ICT solutions it can be relatively easy to integrate them into the knowledge base, as evidenced by numerous good practices worldwide, including Serbia. The larger problem is the data that is not collected at the local level at the moment, but represent important part of a CLLD knowledge base. The production of these data is a strategically important task of the local government. World experience shows that there are very successful organizational models for collecting locally specific data that do not require extremely large investments as they are usually believed (Zanelli & Feaster, 2003). The strategic local task is horizontal and vertical linking and information exchange, with other administrative and institutional levels, as this provides the necessary information regarding local development but beyond local territorial administrative competence. This means that the different local knowledge bases must be integrated on regional level, as well to have access to information on adopted policies, documents, plans and programs, and good practices in the territory of Serbia and beyond.

The key factor in the construction, development and use of the any kind of territorial information system are humans, organizations and institutions and their activities in the design, organization and implementation of TIS as a decision support tool. In order to facilitate identification and activation of human resources as a basic element of future platform it is necessary to recognise the key roles that actors can have in its development: - developers /

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modellers, technicians / administrators, users. These roles serve as the basis for finding the optimal local organization, but in no way implicitly refer to a particular organizational structure, because the same person / organization / institution can simultaneously have more than one of these roles.

When deciding on various territorial developmental issues in order to encourage local communication and collaborative processes, we have to process very large amount of data and information (previous description of the knowledge base structure), because the effects of collective decisions depends on the quality of the information on which it is decided. In order to achieve the ability of platform to support complex decisions of individuals and groups, data from the knowledge must be transformed into information adequate and of interest for different users (Laszlo, 2003). In that sense it is necessary that platform contains several functional modules that service different groups of users: • INFORMING MODULE_ common contemporary practice is allowing general public access to the platform. Access to information over the internet to GIS based platforms is usually facilitated in two basic ways static or interactive. Contemporary way is through: - online interactive communication of users with the knowledge base through the user interface (standard web design supplemented by the spatial search and visualization tools), where by clicking on a spatial or some other representation of the entity, additional alphanumeric and multimedia information appears, - thematic folders, or different visual reports on one or several issues, where users are allowed to perform multiple different queries to get complex information about the territory.

Interactive communication of users with platform means that they have basic knowledge of GIS usage such as Google maps etc. However, the research on communicativeness and performance of web tools as interactive communication tools shows that the concept of web design plays a very important role. It is customary for web design people to be

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trained primarily in the field of ICT technology. In some cases, this may result in a web design that in cognitive sense, does not suit most users of a given web tool. Based on the findings of research on the structural web design of social networks, which primarily follow the logic of rooting needs and interests for thematic focusing, we have come to the conclusion that web design of the user interface needs not only to inform, but also to encourage cognitive flows in the community enabling the transforming and innovative behaviour. • PLANNING SUPPORT MODULE_ the premise of the effective integrated sustainable territorial development in contemporary global conditions is to replace the currently dominant systemic quantitative approach to sustainable development with comprehensive, synergistic responses that take into account the great powers in all aspect of reality including inner, subjective and cultural. Therefore, when it comes to the planning support module, the following key elements should be focused: - a range of planning expert tools for multi-criteria analysis (Carver S. J., 2007), - a range of good planning practices, - tool for monitoring the planning process, • MODULE FOR EVALUATION AND MONITORING DEVELOPMENT OF NAVIGATIONAL INTELLIGENCE_ Evaluation of programs, project plans is an episodic task and has two main complementary forms: 1) Formative - ex ante evaluation or performance measurement (UN-HABITAT, 2003), 2) summative - ex post evaluation as an assessment of validity, the relevance of the results and impacts of the program, plan or project (UN-HABITAT, 2009).

In order to carry out the evaluation process in a quality way, it is necessary to establish a continuous monitoring / monitoring process that supplies the information evaluation process and signalling issues that need to be solved. The evaluation and monitoring module, therefore, must include: tool for monitoring contextual changes, - tool for monitoring the process of implementation of plans

/ programs /projects, - Outcome Monitoring Tool, Impact Monitoring Tool.

• MODULE TO SUPPORT PARTICIPATION DEVELOPMENT OF INVESTIGATIVE, NETWORK AND EVOLUTIONARY INTELLIGENCE_ consisting of: - Network intelligence development tool with a range of discussion services, - Public Opinion Research Tools, - User Multicriteria Investigation Tools, - Multicriteria evaluation tools for the development scenario, - The visioning future tool.

Initialisation and sustainability of the implementation of the CLLD participatory web platform within local government should assume “step by step” incremental thematic approach through integrated action in all four domains of reality: 1) subjective - raising individual cognitive capacities and improvement of knowledge and skills for modelling modern knowledge base, identification of necessary functionalities, its efficient and effective use, 2) intersubjective - transformation and improvement of local information culture, and p 3) objective - change of the behavioural roles of the subjects of local information function in the processes of planning / managing sustainable development and acquiring new good practices and experiences, and 4) inter-objective - establishment of an institutional, organizational and regulatory framework in order to ensure the creation of conditions for development new and adequate information social functions of planning /managing sustainable local development, and strengthening local ICT technological capacities.

5.

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AUTHORS Dr. Ksenija Lalović Associate Professor Department of Urbanism University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: ksenija.lalovic@arh.bg.ac.rs Phone: +381(0)11 3345603 Dr. Jelena Živković Associate Professor Department of Urbanism University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: j_zivkovic@ptt.rs Phone: +381(0)11 3218742

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Poster 1 RESPONSIVE DESIGN OF PARTICIPATORY CLLD WEB-PLATFORM TO SUPPORT CULTURAL TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN SMEDEREVO Antonio Mareš Student-master candidate

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URBAN REGENERATION IN THE HISTORIC CORE OF SMEDEREVO: A TOOL TO REDESIGN AND NETWORK OPEN PUBLIC SPACES FOR A PROSPECTIVE TOURIST DESTINATION Aleksandra Đukić, Branislav Antonić

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URBAN REGENERATION IN THE HISTORIC CORE OF SMEDEREVO: A TOOL TO REDESIGN AND NETWORK OPEN PUBLIC SPACES FOR A PROSPECTIVE TOURIST DESTINATION Dr. Aleksandra Đukić Associate professor, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Dr. Branislav Antonić Teaching assistant, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture ABSTRACT One of the main specificities of European cities is the richness in cultural heritage and historic layers.

This advantage has been profoundly used to develop many of them into high-class destinations for cultural tourists. However, this process has been differently reflected across the continent. This is very evident in traditionally more isolated Southern Eastern Europe, which is discovering this potential right now. Hence, cities in this region need viable and efficient tools to accelerate it and catch a step with the other European regions.

Urban regeneration is one of the most convenient tools for the cities with rich and dispersed cultural heritage and historic fabric. It is a particularly useful tool in open public spaces, as they proactively affect nearby environment. Therefore, the urban regeneration of open public spaces can both (re) design crucial places in the city structure and network them to have a broad impact on the entire city.

The aim of this research is to examine the previous statement in the City of Smederevo in Central Serbia. Cultural heritage in Smederevo is abundant and the city is ideally positioned at the Danube, an arising tourist route. Nevertheless, these potentials have not been adequately utilised to transform the city into a new cultural tourism destination. The research intends to identify the main open public spaces in Smederevo and propose new solutions for their redesign and networking. This is implemented in accordance with the theoretical fundamentals of urban regeneration and current assessment of the city historic core. The final intentions of the research are to present the variety of possible ways to use urban regeneration as a medium for socio-economic redevelopment of Smederevo, in favour of both local population and prospective tourists.

KEYWORDS Urban regeneration, open public spaces, Smederevo, historic core, cultural tourism, riverfront, brownfield

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1.

INTRODUCTION

Culture and heritage are almost an association for Europe today. It is often thought that European culture is so overspread throughout the Globe that it can be assigned as a “common cultural heritage” (Berting, 2006, p. 51). Additionally, more than almost half of all world cultural heritage sites are located in Europe and this is in noticeable difference than world natural-heritage sites, where the continent is not even at the first places among the world regions (UNESCO, n.d.). Then, there are many events that celebrate culture and heritage as major panEuropean features, such as an institution of European Capital of Culture.

On the other side, European culture and heritage are becoming an important element for the socioeconomic prospects, too. This is also the case with cultural tourism. Although the heritage sites and cultural locations and items across Europe have been factors for a modern tourism since its early beginnings (Richards, 1996), the full significance of cultural tourism has been relatively recently observed. By the newest estimations of the European Commission, 40% of already developed tourism in Europe belongs to cultural tourism (EC, n.d.).

Hence, the impact of cultural tourism cannot be omitted in the case of European economy and employment patterns (Dwyer, Forsyth & Dwyer, 2010).

It is also important to mention that the rise of awareness regarding culture and heritage in Europe is deeply related to its cities. Cultural heritage at the continent is mostly located in urban areas (Rioux Soucy, 2006; Pahos et al, 2010). Therefore, the adequate preservation and promotion of European cultural heritage and urban development are closely linked.

The previous notion particularly matters in the less developed European regions, such as South Eastern Europe. Urban regeneration is one of the most convenient tools for the cities with cultural tourism to efficiently improve their position in this matter, as European cities generally posses abundant cultural heritage and historic fabric (Kennell, 2013). Even more, many of them still

face the challenges of post-industrial transition from the late 20th century, where urban regeneration can add an acutely wanted economic dynamism for a city (Gooberman, 2018). Then, urban regeneration is a particularly useful tool for the renewal of open public spaces, as urban regeneration positively influences both social and economic aspects (Inroy, 2010). Therefore, the urban regeneration of open public spaces can both (re) design crucial places in the city structure and network them to have a broad impact on the entire city.

The aim of this research is to examine the previous statement in the City of Smederevo in Central Serbia.

Cultural heritage in Smederevo is abundant and the city is ideally positioned at the Danube, an arising tourist route. Nevertheless, these potentials have not been adequately utilised to transform the city into a new cultural tourism destination. The research intends to (1) identify the main open public spaces in Smederevo as the relevant catalysers for this transformation and (2) propose new solutions for their redesign and networking.

This is implemented in accordance with the theoretical fundamentals of urban regeneration and current assessment of the city historic core. The final intentions of the research are to present the variety of possible ways to use urban regeneration as a medium for socioeconomic redevelopment of Smederevo, in favour of both local population and prospective tourists.

2.

METHOD AND MATERIAL

The method used in the following research is a multiple case study. This method is thought to be appropriate in the situations where there are several similar cases, embedded in the same or similar “scientific surrounding” (Gustafsson, 2017). In this research, several types of possible urban regeneration of open public spaces in the central part of Smederevo will be explained. For their qualitative selection, examination, and comparison, it is necessary to form a theoretical basis about urban regeneration and its links with culture, heritage and cultural tourism. Finally, the development of this research from general theoretical fundamentals to concrete case

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studies in central Smederevo enables the valuable discussion and conclusions at the end of the research.

Material for this research is derived from different sources, enabled through cooperation within DANUrB

the improvement of population welfare, promotion and presentation of cultural heritage, development of (cultural) tourism, increase of employment, inclusion of the principles of sustainability, etc. (Djukić, 2011).

INTERREG project: • On-site observation and measurement carried out during the two national DANUrB workshops held in the first half of 2018 and attended by different participants (partners-researchers from the University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture, students from the same faculty, partners from local and regional institutions and agencies); • Active discussions with local experts during the aforementioned workshops on special topics related to urban development, tourism, heritage and culture; • The review of available literature and e-sources, especially in the case of the theoretical background of urban regeneration and the historic data and genesis of Smederevo City; • The review of available planning and strategic documentation about Smederevo City, which was delivered though cooperation with the Tourist Board of Smederevo and the Office of the City Urbanist, as associate strategic partners at the project.

3.

THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS: URBAN REGENERATION AS A TOOL TO REDESIGN AND NETWORK A CITY

Urban regeneration is considered to be an integral part of the wider process of renewal of a city. E. Vaništa Lazarević (2003) highlights that this process has a twofold goal; urban renewal needs to respect heritage and historic urban fabric while it had to include them into contemporary urban life. The aspirations of urban regeneration are complex and multilevel thereof.

They combine urban and residential reconstruction,

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Fig. 1: Urban regeneration project in central Budapest from the 2000s, during post-socialist transition (Author: B. Antonić)

Urban regeneration got an attention in the 1980s as a specific kind of the protection of historic urban core. This new interest appeared with a new tendency among urban scholars to glorify traditional city and the possibilities of its implantation in contemporary urban fabric (Ellin, 1998). This turnaround was a response to the internationalisation of modernist style in architecture and urbanism from the middle of 20th century. The new impulse has been given since the 1990s, when postsocialist cities have become a polygon for new urbanregeneration projects (Fig. 1).

The trust in traditional values was particularly dedicated to the physical characteristics of city streets, squares and quarters (Krier, 1993). Due to the aforementioned globalisation of architecture and urbanism, local tradition and heritage have been brought in spotlight.

A clear illustration was given in the act “Conservation of

Historic Environment”, published by Royal Town Planning Institute in the United Kingdom, which emphasises the importance of cultural-heritage sites and buildings, because they represent the historic period when they were built and established and they could bring benefits for local economy and society (RTPI, 1995). Economic benefits are especially underlined in American context.

The on-site research conducted in the eastern part of the USA identified that the urban regeneration of historic buildings and ambient could support local community by the rise of property value, initiation of private incentive, and the development of tourism (Rypkema, 2005).

Aiming to boost the competitiveness of present-day cities, three main development strategic approaches can be noticed in the process of urban regeneration: 1. The city of illusion and fantasy (based on the success of Disneyland and Las Vegas), 2. ‘Cultural incubators’ approach (Montreal in Canada, Graz in Austria), and 3. Integrative approach to urban regeneration, which is the most often strategy in this sector.

The city of illusion and fantasy reckons on partnership between public and private sectors (public-private partnership – PPP) and financial stimulus, with the final aim to rebrand a city as an arising place for leisure and entertainment. The new buildings and complexes devoted for these functions are the spatial reflection of this strategy: concert halls, arenas for spectacles, museums, multiplex and megaplex cinemas, sport stadiums, etc. All of them are usually accompanied with shopping malls and outlet centres (Hannigan, 1998).

However, the expected goal of these projects is rather spatially limited. Even though they are initially seen as a backbone for the extensive revitalisation of quarters and neighbourhoods where they belong, these huge and expensive projects usually fulfil this aim partially.

The main consumers of these places – local people and tourists –mainly use just them and rarely explore the area surrounding them (Judd & Fainstein, 1999).

One of certainly the most prominent and long-standing projects in this strategic approach is European Capital of Culture. Every year, one or several European cities become the cultural capital of the continent. Cities with this status have an opportunity to rebrand their image due to the support of European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (Klaus Patel, 2013). The main objective of the European Capital of Culture initiative is the mutual influence from urban regeneration and tourism development. In line with already given statement about this strategic approach, the status of the European Capital of Culture also shows the gap between expectations and reality. First, the relations between the projects of cultural development and creative industries have not been observed. Second, it has not had a real social impact, expected by urban regeneration. For example, it has not stopped the gentrification in the cities with this status, so young artists have continued to move from newly regenerated and refurbished neighbourhoods due to the rising costs of living. Nevertheless, the project of the European Capital of Culture has generally proven to be prestigious, because the competition between cities throughout Europe is becoming bigger and bigger (Djukić, 2011).

Similarly to the explained example of the European Capital of Culture, the second approach of ‘cultural incubators’ also relies on culture and art, but it diametrically different by the aimed users. The essential goal is to rebrand a city through creative industries and space and for tourists as a completely new consumer type of that urban space (Florida, 2002; Mommas, 2004).

However, this approach has the same ‘symptoms’ as the city of fantasy and illusion. It seems that is hard to escape from gentrification, so the cities with ‘cultural incubators’ consequently become very similar to the fantasy cities (Florida, 2002). Hence, the authenticity of this approach is questionable (Đukić, 2011).

The last strategic approach is an integrative and holistic approach, based on the principles of sustainable development. This approach is characterised by an evolution of urban regeneration policies and practices,

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with aspirations to complex and composite ways and reactions to them in this process. To conclude, the integrative approach does not represent a concern of individuals or institutions for urban regeneration, but it evolves into a segment of general urban life and thereby the permanent aspiration of social and urban planning (Roberts & Sykes, 2000). Therefore, integrative approach is praised as the suitable one in urban regeneration (Djukić, 2011).

3.1. Urban regeneration, open public spaces and identity of place The enthusiasm within urban regeneration regarding open public spaces can be traced through the vivid interest on urban design. Urban regeneration through urban design means that physical interventions in urban space can propel the socio-economic prospects of a wider urban area (Schenkel, 2012). In contrast to this, urban design was neglected during the dominance of modernist style in the second half of 20th century.

Therefore, support to urban design among all main stakeholders in an urban area is considered crucial for qualitative urban regeneration (Paumier, 2004).

The urban regeneration of open public spaces is not significant just because it implies a strong physical aspect. Open public spaces are crucial social generators in cities. They are the main places for urban socialisation.

In accordance to this stance, all physical interventions in open public spaces should be based on the ways how people use them instead to be the physical act created on mere aesthetic (Carmona et al, 2003). This confirms that the urban regeneration of open public spaces is a complex process, which has different repercussions on local society, economy, and physical environment as their spatial reflection.

Then, open public spaces also reflect the identity of the place and local community. Similarly to the previous statements, the identity of a certain space cannot be simplified through its physical appearance. It also possesses functional and cultural aspects. The functional

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aspect refers to activities and functions carried in the places. The cultural aspect defines that meaning of the place for individuals and groups and it can vary with respect of ethnic, religious, and social strata (Đukić, 2011).

Functional and cultural aspects of open public place shape collective memory of the place, which is formed by the repetition of rituals, ceremonies and the codes of behaviour in the place (Hayden, 1995; Jordan, 2003).

Furthermore, functional and cultural aspects of open public spaces are also changeable through time, which strongly influence the overall overview of their identity (Azripe et al, 2000). Hence, both aspects of open public space are equally important for urban regeneration as its physical dimension and it should be equally examined and valued as physical elements in this process.

3.2.

Spatial Levels of Urban Regeneration

Taking in account the explained general issues about the process of urban regeneration, there are three possible spatial levels of related urban interventions: The MACRO-LEVEL in urban regeneration considers huge urban areas. In present day cities, such valuable areas in historic urban core are mainly related to old derelict or vacant industrial or transportation zones in dilapidated state (Fig. 2). In accordance with their initial/ previous function, these zones usually carry some kind of ecological hazards, which need to be resolved during the process of urban regeneration. These areas are wellknown as brownfield sites (Ling, 2008). On the other side, old industrial and transportation buildings and complexes traditionally have cultural significance, so they are often recognised as an industrial heritage (Djukić & Vujičić, 2011).

Although their size can vary greatly, the most prominent brownfield sites are large estates. Therefore, the “planning and design of space in the context of brownfield regeneration plays a key role in the sustainable development of cities” (Perović & Kurtović Folić, 2012, p.

64). This also means that the successful regeneration of large brownfield sites can be a generator for new urban

development (Djukić & Tomić, 2004). Nevertheless, some recent research also shows that the success of the regeneration of brownfields is deeply related to their significance for wider community; more they are considered as a common value for community, more beneficial will be their urban regeneration (Dixon, Otsuka, & Abe, 2011).

residential facilities (Jones, 1998). Hence, the regeneration of linear spaces is often sustainable, because it brings a new open public space for city population and visitors (Fig. 3). But their viability is linked with their position in urban areas; the regenerated open urban spaces that are located next or in historic core are in noticeable advantage (Moretti, 2008).

Fig. 3: New urban seafront is Thessaloniki as a regenerated open public space for both local people and tourist visitors (Author: B. Antonić)

Fig. 2: The old city port in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, is a good example how the urban regeneration has had a profound positive impact on the entire city (Author: B. Antonić)

The MEZZO-LEVEL of urban regeneration refers to infrastructure sites that are usually linearly shaped. Thus, their form predicts the ways for their possible use. In central urban areas, this level often appears as riverfront, lakefront, and seafront regeneration project. Similarly to the macro-level, their previous use was industrial and/or transportation. Very often, they were old ports with accompanying industrial facilities (Giovinazzi & Moretti, 2010). In contrast to the previous, the palette of appropriate functions and facilities is rather limited by their linear character. This also indicated that they are usually redesigned as new corridors for public use – promenades, pedestrian and cycling paths, new publictransport corridors with supplementary leisure and

The last level is the MICRO-LEVEL of urban regeneration.

In the case of open public spaces, it usually implies small places for neighbourhood gatherings, such as squares, patios, streets, parks, urban gardens, crossroads or innerblock yards (Fig. 1). Therefore, the importance of this level is more connected to the adequate networking to enable a ’synergy effect’ for the further urban regeneration of surrounding city structure (Branea et al, 2011; Guerreiro, 2012).

4.

CASE STUDY: HISTORIC CORE OF SMEDEREVO

The polygon for this research is the City of Smederevo, which is located in the central part of Serbia, 45 km east from Belgrade (Fig. 4). The city as an administrative unit had 108,209 inhabitants according to the last population census from 2011. Its urban area – the urban settlement of Smederevo – had 64,175 inhabitants. Smederevo has been also among rare major urban settlements in Serbia with stable population growth from the World War II

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(SORS, 2014).

Fig. 4: The position of Smederevo in Serbia (Author: B. Antonić)

Smederevo has an exceptional geographical position on the Danube, the second longest European river and thereby a driver of economic and tourist development.

At the western outskirts of the city, Šumadija hills begin.

In contrast to this, the eastern side of the city prolongs into the fertile valley of the Velika Morava, the longest river entirely located in Serbia (Pavlović, 1980). This position was a key element to establish the major steelworks in Serbia a century ago. This branch of industry is still the main symbol of Smederevo economy (Gujaničić & Stojković, 2013). In the other fields, the city as a district seat has the institutions and agencies of regional competence, Institutions of national importance, such as faculties, are almost non-existent.

4.1. Current Assessment of Smederevo Historic Core The current assessment of Smederevo can be easily narrowed to its historic core on the Danube, because it is a mixture of the most significant heritage locations and the main industrial and transportation zones and

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complexes in urban territory (Djukić, Ristović & Antonić, 2018). Therefore, it is a showcase to present both the advantages and disadvantages of the present-day city.

Fig. 5: The historic core of Smederevo with the Danube riverfront as a mixture of heritage locations and industrial and transportation zones (Source: Đukić, Ristović, & Antonić, 2018).

The main advantage of the historic core of Smederevo is certainly heritage than goes beyond local importance.

The most valuable legally protected cultural heritage is: Smederevo Fortress is among the largest flatland fortresses in Europe. It is the last large fortress of Medieval Serbia, built in early 15th century for the purpose to be its (last) capital. The fortress was built at the acute-angle confluence of the Jezava River into the Danube, by which it is formed as a triangular fortification. Within the fortress, there is a ‘Small’ fortress, which is the protection of a royal court (Fig. 6). Massive walls and towers of both fortresses are well preserved, but structures inside of them are only in remnants today. Thus, exploration and restoration works are still in progress (Jejić & Šurdić, 2003);

The Republic Square is the main square in Smederevo and it represents the central point of the present-day city historic core. It became the focal point of Smederevo in early 19th century due to its position between Serbian and Ottoman parts of the town. The square passed through several circles of regulation and the formation of urban ambient around it during 19th century (Vukoičić, 1997). The main structure at the Republic Square is the monumental Church of St George, the main city church today, which is ideally positioned in the centre of the square (Fig. 8). However, there are many legally protected and valuable heritage buildings around square and in nearby streets. Furthermore, this part of historic core has many central functions and facilities, which make it a very vibrant city zone.

Fig. 6: Smederevo Fortress – Inner ‘Small’ Fortress (Author: B. Antonić).

The Church of the Assumption of the Holy Mother of God is the only medieval church in Serbia that survived in an urban area (Fig. 7). It was built in the first half of 15th century in then actual Moravian Style, with a very picturesque façade, created by alteration stone and brick. The church was painted two centuries after having been built. The church is located in an old city cemetery today (RICMPS, 2007).

Fig. 8: Aerial view of Republic Square with the Church of St George (Source: Srbija u slici / srbijauslici.blogspot.com).

Fig. 7: Church of the Assumption of the Holy Mother of God (Author: B. Antonić).

Aside of this legally protected cultural heritage, it is worth to add the industrial heritage which still has no legal protection. The best example is old steelworks at the Danube riverside, in the western part of the historic core of Smederevo. Smederevo steelworks were established in 1912 as “Sartid” Company (Gujaničić & Stojković, 2013).

Due to necessary expansion, the old site of steelworks was abandoned in the 1960s and the company moved to a

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new site in the southern outskirts of Smederevo. The old complex lost the most of functions, which has led to its deterioration in the recent decades (Fig. 9). However, a lot of structures are still magnificent by size and local people consider them as an important local identity (Djukić et al, 2018). At the end, the position of the Danube riverside is also an extraordinary advantage for the future.

utilised only in the wider cultural-tourist offer of the city.

The challenging description of old steelworks, which is both a heritage and local proud and a spatial problem for Smederevo, is an overture for the current disadvantages of the city historic core. The geographical restrictions between the Danube River and its marshes on east and hills on west have strongly influenced the genesis of Smederevo. This caused the positioning of the main industrial and transportation facilities and corridors next to the Danube and the city historic core (Djukić, Ristović & Antonić, 2018). The main problems can be easily understood by the map of the historic core of Smederevo (Fig. 5): Railways with the main station are the most acute problem, because they divide the historic core from Smederevo Fortress and the Danube Riverside. This is the reason why the fortress is among the most insecure places in the city (Djukić, Ristović & Antonić, 2018). The plans to move railways are currently in progress.

The old city port is located between the main square and the Danube. The port occupies probably the most valuable land along the river, which should be a new “river gate” of Smederevo due to its location next to the historic core and the fortress. The city formed a new port downstream few years ago, which is currently in the first phase of function.

Fig. 9: Old steelwork in Smederevo Fortress – atmosphere of still underestimated industrial heritage (Author: B. Antonić).

Apart of the main cultural heritage, small cultural items are preserved in the National Museum of Smederevo, perfectly located between the fortress and the main square. The other cultural heritage is scattered in the outer parts of the historic core and it can be properly

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The main industrial zone of Smederevo is located east of historic core and almost next to Smederevo Fortress – small Jezava River is the only barrier between them. Then, eastern industrial zone also occupy the pretty decent part of the Danube Riverside in urban area, excluding it from the general life of Smederevo and enabling illegal development along it. The recent problem is also the abandonment of many big industrial enterprises located in the zone after the fall of socialism in the 1990s.

This seems to be the most important obstacle for the further development of Smederevo historic core and its regeneration. Nevertheless, the first steps have been recently launched, with the plan for a new marine in the lowest part of Jezava River.

4.2. Potentials of Urban Regeneration in Smederevo Historic Core It is clear from the previous section that Smederevo experiences the same problems as many post-socialist cities in Serbia: many locations and buildings in them are abandoned and in neglected state; However, local authorities are not able to redevelop them, despite they play a crucial role for desirable new actors in urban space: investors and tourists (Cizler, 2012). Findings from the current assessment allow the proper identification of the zones for urban regeneration and directs functionally and physically the future design in proposed regeneration projects.

MACRO-LEVEL – urban regeneration of brownfield sites The first example of urban regeneration is the regeneration of old steelworks at the Danube Riverside.

Although this industrial complex has been neglected for several decades, many of its structures are still in good shape. Then, it was already mentioned that this macrosite possesses the significant local identity and it mean for local people. Therefore: “The understanding of the problems and potentials of the old steelworks as a brownfield location [in Smederevo] is the understanding the importance of industrial heritage in the formation of identity in the city” (Savić, 2018, p. 2).In accordance to these still active tangible and intangible segments of industrial heritage, the projects in urban regeneration must consider the preservation of those buildings in the steelworks that have a represent of local identity (Fig. 10). Furthermore, the entire project should be customised to existing values in both functional and physical way. Functionally, new functions and facilities should respect the previous ones. Physically, new structure and open public spaces should be adapted to old ambient, to adequately present it in modern interpretation (Fig. 11).

Fig. 10: Urban Regeneration of Brownfield Locations: Case of the Old Ironworks complex in Smederevo – The buildings that are necessary to preserve to maintain the identity of old steelworks for local people (Author: I. Savić)

Fig. 11: Urban Regeneration of Brownfield Locations: Case of the Old Ironworks complex in Smederevo – New open public spaces as a proper environment for the presentation of industrial heritage (Author: I. Savić)

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The other approach in the macro-level of urban regeneration is in the case of the brownfield sites, which are not valuable as a cultural heritage. In this case, their position is a determinant in their regeneration strategy.

The eastern industrial zone “Godominsko Polje” is such case. Its location is next to Smederevo Fortress and near the city historic core. Thus, this affected the project to be ‘functionally sensitive’. Four scenarios based on different functional concepts were developed to check the potential of the site (Fig. 12).

creation and production of movie costumes. In that way, this quarter encompasses supplementary facilities, such as a museum, open public space foe exhibitions, residential block, retail, etc. Finally, this specific mixeduse development gives the creative quarter a ‘transitive’ role, between historic core on the west and industrial zone on the east (Vujanović, 2018).

Fig. 12: Brownfield Regeneration through the Introduction of Creative Industries: Case Study of “Godominsko Polje” Industrial Zone – four scenarios for a macro-urban regeneration (Author: V. Vujanović, 2018).

Fig. 13: Urban Regeneration of the Old Port in Smederevo: The Creation of an Open Museum – The composition of the main linear function (pedestrian and cycling paths) and additional facilities on its sides (Author: S. Tajić, 2018).

After the deep research, urban regeneration was oriented on creative industries, which have been previously named as a sustainable approach. Specifically, the new cultural quarter is primarily planned to be used for the

The linear character and the proximity to the main city attractions imply its transformation into a new pedestrian and cycling corridor, but the large space requires some

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MEZZO-LEVEL The first mezzo-level approach to be presented is related to the urban regeneration of the aforementioned railway corridor in central Smederevo, the biggest spatial obstacle in the historic core. The position, size and linear character of this corridor noticeably limit the possible ways of regeneration (Tajić, 2018).

additional functions. Then, the position next to the fortress prescribes all these functions to be ‘heritage-sensitive’.

As a result, an open museum, dedicated for both local people and tourist visitors, is created in this ‘in-between’ open public space (Fig. 13).– Urban regeneration of infrastructure corridors and riverside

facilities, but unexpectedly very close to industrial plants. This entails that “social and economic issues are equally important” (Milovanović, 2018, p. 6). Thus, the main obstacle is how to economically regenerate the settlement together with resolving its legalisation, i.e. to deal with its ‘social burden’. The current mix-used development, which was evaluated as major advantage for the future development, is preserved by regeneration project. The final solution was the combination of preserved housing with new retail and hospitality facilities (Fig. 14).

MICRO-LEVEL – Urban regeneration of small open public spaces

Fig. 14: Urban Revitalisation of Waterfront in the Zone of ‘Metalor’ Informal Settlement in Smederevo – Joint urban regeneration and building legalisation (Author: J. Milovanović, 2018).

The second approach in urban regeneration is implemented in the outer zones of the historic core of Smederevo. The example is “Metalor” informal settlement in the eastern part of the Danube Riverfront.

This settlement is a mixture of residential and leisure

Fig. 15: Urban Regeneration of Open Public Spaces in the Old City Core of Smederevo – the current typology of open public spaces (Author: M. Lazarević, 2018).

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The last approach by the level of urban regeneration targets the smallest open public spaces in Smederevo, which are thereby examined jointly. The aims of urbanregeneration project are not only to redesign them, but also to enable their networking and mutual thematic customisation, with final goal to form a sustainable system of open public species, which will eventually influence on the regeneration of the entire historic core of Smederevo. In line with these aims, the entire urban fabric of the historic core is researched and the current typology of open public spaces is formed (Fig. 15).

Accordingly, the regeneration strategy is based on people movement and perception of open public spaces and the entire historic core of Smederevo thereof (Fig. 16).

The final result is the plan for the appropriate connecting and networking of open public spaces in historic core, which consequently determines their main function(s) and urban design solution.

Fig. 16: Urban Regeneration of Open Public Spaces in the Old City Core of Smederevo – the perception of the use of open public spaces as a backbone for their functional and physical design (Author: M. Lazarević, 2018).

5.

CONCLUSION: URBAN REGENERATION FOR A DESTINATION IN CULTURAL TOURISM

The research is based on the comparison of theoretical fundamentals about urban regeneration and their eventual use in the historic core of the City of Smederevo as a case study. The presented ways of the use of urban

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regeneration as a tool at three different levels distinctly show that the third strategic approach – integrative approach – is the most suitable for Smederevo. The city does not have some paramount feature to act as an eventual city of fantasy and illusion. Then, there ‘cultural incubators’ approach is also inadequate for Smederevo, because the city is lacking of higher-education institutions or the other similar organisations that can be a grassroots for such development.

Conversely, Smederevo has all prerequisites for the integrative approach, of urban regeneration. The city is assessable from Belgrade, local economy is in relatively good condition, many places in the city have strong identity, and the city historic core is valuable enough to become a tourist attraction. This combination of the different characteristics open different ways for urban regeneration, but it also requires the coordination of these sectors, which is in the essence of integrative approach. Smederevo can be even a role-model for Serbia. It is a typical example of a middle-size city for the country, so this approach in urban regeneration can be implemented across Serbia.

The identified levels for implementation of urban regeneration also support the integrative approach.

They cover the diverse situations in the process of urban regeneration; they demand different types of functional and physical design and they differently act to their surroundings in the historic core. For example, macro-site are brownfields, that so large that they require comprehensive solutions, but their outcomes can be important for the whole Smederevo. Oppositely, the urban regeneration of small open public spaces in the historic core independently can influence just neighbour blocks and streets. Therefore, their strength is in networking, to enable the explained ‘synergy effect’.

Smederevo is also characterised by abundant cultural heritage and the position on the Danube, a major tourist route in Europe. Therefore, cultural tourism is an economic answer on their sustainable use and promotion. Being major places for urban regeneration, open public spaces

in historic core of Smederevo certainly can figure as a new ‘gates’ and ‘ground’ for prospective cultural tourists.

Related urban regeneration projects need to include them as the future consumers of local cultural heritage.

At the end, this means that any strategy, development plan or agenda must include all highlighted elements – urban regeneration, open public spaces, urban identity, and cultural tourism – as the key factors for the future.

As it was mentioned, the integrative approach in their identification, examination, comparison, planning, design, and implementation is a backbone for the socioeconomic progress of the city.

6.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors of this research want to thank to the following students-Master candidates for their efforts and cooperation during the work on their master theses and projects: Vanja Vujanović, Milica Lazarević, Jana Milovanović, Ivana Savić, and Simona Tajić.

7.

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AUTHORS: Dr. Aleksandra Djukić Associate Professor Department of Urbanism University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: adjukic@afrodita.rcub.bg.ac.rs Phone: +381(0)11 3218753 Dr. Branislav Antonić Teaching assistant Department of Urbanism University of Belgrade – Faculty of Architecture Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: antonic83@gmail.com Phone: +381(0)11 3218753

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Poster 1 BROWNFIELD REGENERATION THROUGH THE INTRODUCTION OF CREATIVE INDUSTRIES: CASE STUDY OF “GODOMINSKO POLJE” INDUSTRIAL ZONE – THE PROJECT OF THE CREATIVE QUARTER FOR THE CREATION AND PRODUCTION OF MOVIE COSTUMES Vanja Vujanović, Student-master candidate

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Poster 2 URBAN REGENERATION OF OPEN PUBLIC SPACES IN THE OLD CITY CORE OF SMEDEREVO – URBAN DEESIGN PROJECT OF A NEW LEISURE ZONE BETWEEN SMEDEREVO FORTRESS AND THE CITY HISTORIC CORE Milica Lazarević, Student-master candidate

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EXHIBITION "STRENGTHENING OF CULTURE IDENTITY IN DANUBE REGION - SMEDEREVO" AND CATALOGUE EXHIBITION OF 25 FINAL MASTER WORKS OF STUDENTS FROM THE INTEGRATIVE URBANISM PROGRAMME AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE - FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE / SMEDEREVO CULTURAL HALL, SEPTEMBER 25-29, 2018

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