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ABALLOFGOLD| ABRIEFONBRIEFINGS|DECOMPRESSIONANDDIVESAFETY |QUESTIONSTOASKANEWDIVEBUDDY|ALTERNOBARICVERTIGOAND DIVING|MARINEACTIONRESEARCH|REBOOTYOURDIVEBUSINESS|DIVINGINTOTHEBAZARUTOBLUE|MAPPINGREEFSFOROCEANSTEWARDSHIP
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TEXTBYMORNÉCHRISTOUCEODANSOUTHERNAFRICA
Every issue of Alert Diver reminds me why this community is so special: we are united not only by our love for the ocean but by a shared commitment to keeping one another safe.
Over the past few months, my team has had the privilege of witnessing that commitment firsthand. In Cape Town, they spent time with passionate dive professionals, instructors, and conservationists who welcomed my team with open arms What struck me most was their generosity of spirit their willingness to share knowledge, to innovate, and to put diver safety at the heart of everything they do Snorkelling in the kelp forest with friends who have become family, my team was reminded that these connections are the true foundation of our work
In Nosy Be, my team trained new DAN Instructors and Instructor Trainers, deepening DAN roots in a region full of promise and potential The energy, curiosity,
DIVE SLATE
FROM INBOX TO OCEAN: PUTTING FACES TO FAMILIAR
VOICESINTHEMOTHERCITY
TEXTBYBIANCAMORISON
Cape Town is always a treat its rugged coastline, the crisp Atlantic waters, and the vibrant underwater life are enough to capture any diver’s heart. But my most recent visit to the Mother City, on behalf of Divers Alert Network Southern Africa, went far beyond its natural beauty. This was a trip rooted in connection, collaboration, and the shared passion that binds the diving community together: safety, support, and the sheer joy of being in the water
From the moment I arrived, I was met with the warmth and enthusiasm that define Cape Town’s diving scene Visiting the local dive centres was not just a professional courtesy it was an inspiring experience Each visit offered a glimpse into the beating heart of our diving community, and I was struck by how eager the dive operators, instructors, and shop owners were to engage, collaborate, and share their ideas about promoting dive safety
These dive professionals aren’t just running businesses; they are creating communities, investing in education, and working tirelessly to ensure that every diver whether novice or seasoned is equipped with the knowledge and resources to dive safely. It was incredibly encouraging to see just how aligned we all are in our mission. The willingness to collaborate, to innovate, and to put safety at the centre of the conversation was palpable at every stop.
In an increasingly digital world, much of our work at DAN Southern Africa is done via email or over the phone This trip gave me the invaluable opportunity to step beyond the screen and meet our network partners in person There’s something deeply meaningful about putting faces to the voices and names we’ve interacted with so frequently These aren’t just colleagues or clients they’re partners in safety, ambassadors of the DAN mission, and friends within our close-knit diving world
Building interpersonal connections like these transforms the way we work together It brings a new level of trust, understanding, and shared purpose to our engagements. I came away from each conversation not only with a deeper appreciation for their work but with a renewed sense of excitement for the potential projects and partnerships that lie ahead.
Cape Town’s diving community is as diverse as its marine life recreational divers, instructors, boat captains, conservationists, and marine enthusiasts, all connected by a shared love for the ocean What stood out to me most was the sense of camaraderie There’s a generosity of spirit here a willingness to share knowledge, to mentor, and to support each other both in and out of the water
The dive professionals I met were passionate not just about diving but about fostering an environment where learning and safety are always in focus It was inspiring to see how many centres are integrating DAN materials, first aid training, and emergency action planning into their everyday operations This is exactly the kind of proactive culture we aim to support and amplify
While much of the trip was focused on meetings and engagement, I was fortunate to share a magical moment in the water that reminded me why we do what we do. I had the chance to snorkel with Megan Wagner an incredible instructor, advocate for ocean conservation, and all-round ocean soul
During our time in the kelp forest, we encountered an octopus Now, anyone who has spent time underwater knows that meeting an octopus in the wild is special, but this was something else entirely As it shifted colours and pulsed with life, it felt almost like a spiritual experience intimate,
‘How Cape Town’s dive community is raising the bar!’
Nestled in the turquoise waters off the northwest coast of Madagascar, the island of Nosy Be is known for its vibrant reefs, warm waters, and a dive community that continues to grow in both strength and spirit In June, DAN Southern Africa had the privilege of conducting a highly successful training visit to this beautiful island that brought together professionals from across the diving industry and deepened connections with the region's dynamic diving network.
This trip formed part of DAN’s ongoing commitment to enhancing diver safety, building local capacity, and supporting the development of future leaders in the dive industry The momentum generated in Nosy Be speaks to the value of investing in regions that are rich in diving activity It was a powerful reminder that safety and education truly have no borders
During the visit, we successfully certified seven new DAN Instructors and two Instructor Trainers (ITs), adding vital capacity to the region and creating new opportunities for continued training and outreach
Among the newly qualified ITs is Christian, President of IANTD Indo-Pacific, whose extensive experience and leadership will undoubtedly strengthen the reach and delivery of DAN programmes in the wider region Conrad, based permanently in Nosy Be, brings a valuable element of continuity
The instructor development workshops were energising and well received. It was inspiring to see the professionalism and passion of the local dive community, many of whom are actively involved in training new divers and guiding dive tourism on a daily basis By equipping these professionals with the knowledge and tools to teach DAN courses, we are contributing to a stronger, safer future for both instructors and divers alike
A central highlight of the visit was the weeklong chamber training, which offered participating dive professionals valuable insight into diver emergency management and hyperbaric chamber operations
The sessions were expertly led by Michael Partridge and Jose Vieira, whose professionalism, passion, and hands-on teaching style created a dynamic and
engaging environment for everyone involved Their ability to deliver critical information in an accessible and practical way made a lasting impression on all who attended.
Throughout the week, the training sparked not only new understanding but also new relationships. Dive professionals from different centres came together with a shared goal: to grow in their ability to respond to emergencies and to support one another across organisational lines This kind of shared learning environment promotes a broader culture of safety that can ripple outward through every dive operation on the island
The chamber sessions also helped reinforce the importance of early recognition and swift response in diving-related incidents Understanding how hyperbaric chambers operate and the role they play in treating decompression illness provided attendees with a deeper perspective on the chain of emergency care
One of the greatest successes of the trip was the spirit of engagement that emerged across the dive community From lively discussions during training to informal conversations over coffee and ocean sunsets, the week provided countless opportunities to connect on both a professional and personal level.
It was clear that there is an appetite not only for learning but also for strengthening the sense of community among Nosy Be’s dive operators and instructors The willingness of everyone involved to engage openly, share experiences, and support one another created an atmosphere of collaboration that we hope to see flourish further in the months ahead
A special thank you must go to Jose and the team at Sakatia Lodge for their incredible hospitality, support, and seamless
arrangements throughout the stay Their contribution made a meaningful difference to the success of the trip From coordinating logistics and local transport to making sure every participant felt welcome and taken care of, their effort was felt in every detail. It was a true pleasure to work alongside such a dedicated and professional team in such a beautiful and inspiring setting.
This visit to Nosy Be was more than just a training exercise It was a chance to connect, inspire, and empower The professionalism, curiosity, and passion displayed by all those who participated confirmed what we already knew: that there is a deep and growing commitment to safety, education, and excellence in this part of the diving world
With a strong local presence now in place and new instructors ready to teach, the foundations have been laid for a more resilient and safety-conscious dive industry in the region This is only the beginning We look forward to building on the momentum generated in Nosy Be and to supporting dive professionals as they grow in their roles as educators and safety leaders We are committed to continuing our presence, offering guidance and support, and helping to cultivate a culture of preparedness and care for years to come.
The future is bright for diving in Madagascar, and DAN Southern Africa is proud to be part of the journey.
While staff from DAN’s Research, Safety Services, and Medical departments were attending the recent European Underwater and Baromedical Society conference in France to present their latest work, they were able to visit the nearby French naval submarine base and board an active-duty submarine carrying nuclear warhead payloads
The French Navy (Marine Nationale) invited a small, exclusive group of representatives from other allied navies and research laboratories working in dive pathophysiology to visit the base in the spirit of sharing information about submarine rescue and dive safety.
The tour started with the medical facilities and an overview on how the French Navy medically treats military personnel exposed to nuclear materials They also provided insight about the complexity of potential submarine rescues and how the French Navy and NATO train for such circumstances The French Navy instructors also demonstrated their submarine escape drills for the group
The tour culminated with the group boarding the submarine Le Téméraire, a Triomphant-class ballistic missile submarine with nuclear armaments Led by the French Navy’s submarine doctor, the submarine tour included a visit to the medical operating room and a discussion of the complexities of dealing with medical emergencies without compromising the mission as well as the versatility needed to treat various pathologies that can arise during submariners’ long missions.
The comprehensive walkthrough of the crew living quarters, kitchen, bridge, and missiles room provided a great learning opportunity for DAN staff and all the participants
Cruise ships have extensive safety protocols in place, focusing on passenger safety in areas such as overboard incidents, onboard fires, illness outbreaks, and large-scale ship disasters. Accidents and incidents can happen, however, and travelling on cruise ships is not without risk.
The most important thing you can do on a cruise is recognise you are essentially on board a small floating hotel city with hundreds or thousands of other people Take the same safety precautions as you would when travelling to a foreign destination
There is safety in numbers while exploring a cruise ship Utilise the buddy system and make plans to meet at designated locations and times If you are cruising alone and don’t have a buddy, be aware of your surroundings, don’t advertise that you are travelling alone, and don’t say your cabin number around strangers
During the safety drill before departure, the crew will instruct you on the ship’s safety features and procedures to follow in an emergency You’ll learn the location of your specific muster station, where you will bring your life jacket and meet in the event of a shipwide emergency Take this experience seriously, and ensure you understand the information for your voyage. Don’t hesitate to ask a crew member if you have any questions.
The back of your cabin door should display a placard indicating the emergency escape routes from your room to your designated muster station There is often a primary and a secondary route in case water, smoke, or any other obstruction blocks the primary route Take the time to walk these routes before an emergency occurs rather than having your first time be during an adverse circumstance
If you see someone fall off the ship, immediately call out that there is a person
overboard Throw a life ring or suitable buoyant object toward the person in the water, and then find a crew member while continuing to call out. If others are nearby, send someone else to retrieve the life ring or get help while you remain in your position.
Maintain visual contact with the person in the water if possible, and keep your arm extended, pointing at them or in the direction you saw them enter the water If you lose sight of them, your arm provides a much narrower visual search area, and you or someone else may be able to spot them
Following these practices will help keep you and others safe during your cruise
Hometown:Annapolis,Maryland
Age:37
YearsDiving:20
Why I’m a DAN Member: My primary reason for joining is for the insurance benefits and peace of mind that if anything happened while diving, I would be takencareof
Alex Fogg is recognised in the dive community for creating the world's most extensive invasive lionfish collection and hosting the Emerald Coast Open, a two-day outreach event that removes tens of thousands of lionfish each year. Over the past decade, he has personally harvested an unquantifiable number of invasive lionfish from North American waters.
Fogg is also the Natural Resources Chief for Okaloosa County, Florida, managing more than $20 million in artificial reef construction projects His current and most significant project to date is the planned sinking of the SS United States near Destin At 990 feet (302 meters) long, the ocean liner will become the largest artificial reef in the world
HOW DID YOU BECOME A DIVER?
My father was in the US Navy We moved around throughout my childhood, but we were always a coastal family He inspired me to get in the water, whether it was the cold waters of Maine and Maryland or the clear, warm waters of Florida I grew up listening to stories of diving and spearfishing All I wanted was to be a part of that world I first got certified as a diver so I could spearfish
HOW DID DIVING SHAPE YOUR CAREER?
I knew I wanted to be close to the water and in it as much as possible, so majoring in marine science seemed the best way to achieve that goal. I moved to South Carolina for college and dived out of Charleston. After graduation, I joined the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) as a fisheries biologist in Mississippi, where I collected fish, participated in surveys, and recorded data following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
HOW DID THE HUNT FOR LIONFISH START?
By the time I was in graduate school at the University of Southern Mississippi, lionfish had invaded the Atlantic coast and the
Caribbean Still, they were just starting to establish in the Gulf of Mexico, and I was uniquely positioned in the dive community to get involved. Researchers had been working on invasive lionfish in the Florida Keys, and we applied those concepts to similar studies in the Gulf. I am grateful to those who took me under their wing at NOAA and allowed me to contribute to the lionfish work early on.
The only way to study lionfish was to collect a large number of samples through diving I travelled extensively along the Gulf Coast, meeting with divers and dive clubs to ask for their help in harvesting lionfish so that we could assess the impact of this invasive species Collection efforts were slow at first because there weren’t a lot of lionfish around, but that situation eventually changed
We would collect thousands of lionfish a week, thanks to the efforts of local divers who became active citizen scientists Many of them didn’t agree with fisheries research and the regulations it sometimes produced, but everyone got behind removing lionfish, as they had become a much larger problem
While I was in graduate school, a position opened with the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission that was associated with the artificial reef program, but also included a lionfish drop coordinator component within marine fisheries management. I saw the position as an opportunity to dive into some great projects with a healthy impact on the environment while keeping my spear sharp with lionfish and research in that field I took the position and moved to Florida, where I have been ever since
There were lionfish harvesting tournaments in Florida, but we developed the concept into a Lionfish Removal and Awareness Day, which became the Emerald Coast Open We moved the event to Destin in 2019 The first tournament caught and released 19,000 lionfish over a weekend, marking the beginning of its growth in terms of sponsorships, participation numbers, and positive impacts on local tourism and ecology
When we have significant events that remove 20,000 lionfish in just two days, it has a profoundly positive impact on the ecosystem. These events provide a strong but temporary positive impact on the ecosystem, lasting about six months. Spearfishing and line fishing heavily stress the coast over the summer, so removing an additional stressor for a few months is a tremendous benefit to an ecosystem that already sees enough pressure
YOU
HAVE MANAGED THE SINKING OF MORE THAN 1,000 ARTIFICIAL REEFS, BUT THE SS UNITED STATES IS YOUR BIGGEST PROJECT YET. TELL ME ABOUT THOSE PLANS.
I've been overseeing the artificial reef program in Destin-Fort Walton Beach since approximately 2017, and we’ve worked diligently to expand our program exponentially, benefiting both the environment and the local economy The best part of working here is our leadership’s support, which led to the plans for bringing the SS United States to Destin It is currently in Mobile, Alabama, undergoing the remediation process before being transported to Destin for sinking
The SS United States is a retired American ocean liner built in the early 1950s and the largest ocean liner to be entirely constructed in the US Decades of time, energy, and money have gone into what its future would be
Recent court proceedings looked to doom it to the scrap pile, which was not the dream of its previous owners In light of the challenging situation, we contacted them to see if they would consider selling it to us for use as an artificial reef and honour it in that way, along with a land-based museum in Destin-Fort Walton Beach.
Destin-Fort Walton Beach will be home to the world’s largest artificial reef and the first artificial reef with a nearby standalone museum dedicated to it. It will be a unique experience for everyone, and we can’t wait to make it available to the world
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They look like the fish you see in kids’ books, bug-eyed, chubby silver, with a fish tail, and neon yellow body stripes
As adults they shoal, grazing mainly red algae but adaptable eaters, in South Africa usually confined to the surf zones and swishing along subtidal gullies in a coastal zone that extends from Mozambique around the Cape to Saldanha Bay.
Juveniles mature in nursery areas of the Cape, feeding on tiny planktonic organisms, until their teeth change and they become herbivorous They migrate up to the warmer waters of KZN to breed and spawning aggregations are common along the East coast during the winter months
Not just a fisherman’s bait of choice, you can eat it, and one of the most intriguing aspects of the Strepie is its potential to cause ichthyoallyeinotoxism, a rare form of poisoning that causes LSD-esque dream effects - grilled Strepie followed by vivid and frightening hallucinations It has been suggested in science that this comes from the fish’s consumption of a toxic phytoplankton Gives new meaning to a ‘fishing trip’
History records that Strepie snacks were used recreationally in ancient Rome and for ceremonial purposes by Polynesians. In Arabic it’s known as ‘the fish that makes dreams’
South African humans are only allowed to bag 10 per day, minimum 15 cm long, arbitrarily But dolphins and Bryde’s whales can chomp as much as they like
Where: The Transkei Coast off South Africa, near Mdumbi
When: July, in the thick of the annual Sardine Run magic
Steve found the action, using the dolphin
tells (he’s a Merlin like that), it had been a day dashing around following staccato gannet diving, probably with some Monty Python, Fish Called Wanda and Izzy Izzard renditions thrown in at the quiet moments, and Sam’s amazing hot choccie.
Jean was the first in. I baled over the edge and kept going down, looking up towards the sun I could see a black undulating oil slick – bait ball jackpot, I thought When I surfaced, I could hear Jean shouting ‘it’s Strepies’
As far as everyone could tell, and after the news filtered out and back as voice note tendrils into the marine communities, this was a unique interaction Nobody thought Strepies should be found shoaling that far offshore, in the deeper water, perhaps it was the precision hunting of the Common Dolphins herding them there
Bait-balling, generally, is a sport of extreme eavesdropping
As I spiral around and let’s be clear, when you are imaging in the pelagic zone, there are 6 degrees of freedom partially limited by an undulating skin to the air, and the only thing that isn’t moving is the Sun …… the bait ball shimmers gold with frantic Strepies.
It’s more like lava lamp wax, moving with longitudinal panic, held up to the surface by the co-ordinated efforts of the Common dolphins. I am familiar with them now, they have a way of flicking you rude blackeyebrowed stares The sputnik humans have arrived, single possible use: corralling barrier The dolphin chatter is thick Bubble curtains scream at the camera histograms
Only, they are moving nonchalantly - the small golden fish aren’t shapeshifting escapees like sardines The dolphins delicately dip their beaks into the swirling molten gold and pick out a Strepie like sushi
off a conveyor, then circle round to do some herding I swim backwards from the scene to try to capture the whole of it The water clarity and colour changes as the ball moves.
The moment I catch sight of the Bryde’s whale my whole being leaps, I never really thought I’d be graced with this, I’ve often imagined it into my living world - the grail of bait balling reserved for those who will wait.
Later, we all agreed the Bryde’s was most polite Sweeping figures of eight out and back carefully through the ball of gold, that would scatter and mercurially redefine, partly lost into the giant gaping whale mouth I count seconds, maybe the attacks are predictable
A small whale by Bryde’s standards, it had been clearly damaged in its life, a scarred gape on the left of its jaw that leaked lucky
fish, and a healed streak on the left of its tail, together it appeared like an old rope entanglement
Again and again, 8 passes at least, pixels screaming. It seems slo-mo in liquid-land, but it certainly is not. There is an evil tradeoff between adjusting settings and missing moments.
Then all of a sudden, when it seems like forever, and the ball of gold is reduced to a handful of coins, the Neptune energy levels recede, the whale is gone and the dolphin orchestra fades We’ve been pushed inshore and into the green I lift my head out of the water and feel the sun in my eyes
Grateful to be able
SHARK - KZN - KRISTIN ROUTLEDGE, PROJECT OFFICER, EARTH LEGACY FOUNDATION
BLACKTIP SHARK - KZN - KRISTIN ROUTLEDGE, PROJECT OFFICER, EARTH LEGACY FOUNDATION
For us divers, few moments compare to sharing the water with a shark Their sleek beauty, power, and importance to the ocean’s balance are undeniable And yet, South Africa continues to sanction their slaughter in the very waters many of us dive in and depend on
It’s called ‘bather protection’, but the methods used are outdated and deeply destructive KwaZulu-Natal’s shark nets and drumlines, installed along popular beaches since the 1950s, are designed not to repel sharks, but to entrap them and often kill them Installed by the KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board (KZNSB), these devices have long been the subject of public scrutiny, but fresh data and recent events have ignited renewed urgency in the call to remove them.
Shockingly, much of this lethal gear operates within Marine Protected Areas zones that are, in theory, meant to offer a safe haven for marine life.
In May 2025, a juvenile white shark, a protected species under South African law, was killed on a baited drumline in KZN’s Margate Another notch in KZNSB’s belt and another grim statistic Even more upsetting was that this shark was tagged as part of a collaborative research project and was being actively tracked to better understand movement and behaviour patterns Its death highlighted the indiscriminate nature of drumlines and struck a nerve across the scientific and diving communities
Just weeks later, the KZNSB released catch data from 2018–2022 The results are hard to digest Over those five years, an annual average of 393 sharks were caught, of which only 19% were released alive Mortality rates were catastrophic for many species: great white sharks (714%), ragged-tooth sharks (502%), tiger sharks (598%), and spinner sharks (894%), among others These numbers are indicators of an unsustainable system that is decimating species vital to the ocean’s ecological health.
Even more disturbing is the impact on nontarget species. On average, each year, 28 turtles, 23 dolphins, 1 whale, and dozens of rays were caught. Mortality for dolphins was 93%. For rays, 43%. These are the creatures divers travel across the world to see, and they’re being needlessly killed at some of our most famous beaches
The SCUBA diving industry, especially in South Africa, is closely tied to the health of marine ecosystems White sharks, tiger sharks, and other charismatic predators fuel eco-tourism, dive expeditions, and conservation programmes To kill them in
the name of ‘safety’ is not only counterintuitive, it’s counterproductive
More than that, it’s a breach of our international obligations. South Africa is a party to multiple agreements aimed at marine protection, including the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) and CITES, both of which call for strict protections for species like white sharks and scalloped hammerheads At a recent United Nations conference on the ocean (UNOC3), South Africa reaffirmed its commitment to ocean conservation Yet our continued use of lethal shark control paints a different picture
Perhaps the most dangerous element of this system is the false sense of security it creates Shark nets don’t enclose a beach They’re designed to catch sharks, not prevent them from approaching Most beaches with nets still experience shark presence Drumlines, too, attract sharks rather than deter them
Critically, there are proven non-lethal alternatives that do work, and some of them were developed right here in South Africa In 2016, I personally witnessed the electronic shark repellent cable trialled by the KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board in Mossel Bay. The device created a powerful magnetic field that sharks avoided entirely. It was 100% effective in deterring white sharks during testing, with no recorded incidents of sharks crossing the deterrent line. Yet, despite its success, it was never implemented.
Other solutions, such as SMART (SharkManagement-Alert-in-Real-Time) drumlines, which alert teams to a hooked animal so it can be tagged and released alive, have been trialled successfully in Australia The SharkSafe Barrier, developed in South Africa, combines biomimicry of dense kelp forests with magnetic deterrents to create an ecofriendly, non-lethal alternative to shark nets Successfully trialled locally and deployed in
The underwater world An astounding, spectacular place, filled with both beauty and mystery A world where every day is different; where every turn of the tide, every caress of the swell, and every shadow of the clouds, casts upon the ocean a unique mood
One day she’s angry and frothing with foam – her surface choppy, wind whipping spray from the crests of waves like that of a galloping horse’s mane. The next, everything is calm, and you can see your reflection in the stillness, as you peer off the side of the boat – the water a clear and inviting lake, void of even a single ripple One day the current may be raging, whipping you along and hurtling you over the reef – a speed run past fields of coral and schools of fish –where you only get a glimpse of the many creatures hidden in cracks, or camouflaged into the sand
The next day may be calm and serene, the turquoise water free from the sway of surge or any sand in suspension A place where towering columns of bubbles fill the peaceful void Curtains of air that stretch from the divers at depth, all the way to the shimmering surface that dances invitingly in the distance
How fortunate we are to call this place home A place where few get to venture, a world unknown to most A place of stories and myths, yet also a place of marvels and wonder
How lucky are we to be custodians of this enchanting place – ambassadors for our shared heritage. To witness the underwater world in all her glory is a privilege one can never take for granted.
The morning is warm and inviting A gentle mist rolls off the tall dunes that line the endless beach The blue dive boat is filled with smiling faces as we speed along over a glassy ocean Not a wave in sight, the water is calm and gorgeous I pinch myself, thinking of how privileged I am to be here
As we glide along, racing smoothly northwards, I sit in pensive silence, a soft smile glued to my salty lips
Aptly named Breaking Waters due to its mere 5m maximum depth, and frequent inaccessibility due to the crashing waves, this dive site is the hidden gem of Sodwana Bay It is an extremely rare privilege to dive here, and the experience of a lifetime
Tiny stick figures, clad in black wetsuits, float below grandiose columns of bubbles These curtains stretch upwards and out of sight towards the distant surface, making the cluster of divers seem suspended like puppets on the ends of white bubble ropes. So small, so dainty, so out of place. Here in nature’s great ocean, we are only visitors –land-based creatures trying dismally to adapt to a life below the surface.
The high seas are home to creatures far more powerful, far more commanding and majestic It is them we seek: just a fleeting glance, or momentary encounter will suffice
Suddenly a shape appears Out of the gloom a beige form emerges, sleek and streamlined The creature approaches with several powerful flicks of its tail fin The distinct, elongated head of a hammerhead
shark is unmistakable – a Greater Hammerhead Beautiful, graceful, and commanding, two hammerheads come in closer to investigate the divers that visit their home. Massive and majestic, they have a powerful yet honest aura surrounding them – not the unpredictable or cheeky energy you feel when diving with a Tiger or Copper shark. They circle us for a moment, before vanishing back into the gloom, leaving in their wake only memories, stories and smiles
‘Written Postcards from Beneath the Surface’
In today’s digital age, it’s tempting to buy everything online including diving equipment
With just a few clicks, you can have a new mask, fins, or even a full SCUBA setup delivered to your doorstep However, when it comes to diving gear, convenience shouldn’t outweigh safety, fit, and expert guidance
Here’s why purchasing your diving equipment from a dive shop is the smarter choice
GEAR | TEXT & IMAGES BY THE DIVE ACTION TEAM
CARE & MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST FOR DIVE COMPUTERS
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In our previous two articles, we looked at the roots of Ocean Reef, the journey of becoming a Full-Face Mask Instructor, and the features of the Neptune III Full-Face Mask. Now, let’s take a look at putting the Neptune III IDM (integrated dive mask) into action.
When doing any dive course, the theory training can feel like quite a chore when you’re eager to jump into the water, but don’t skip this step Ocean Reef provides ample online lessons and training to help you get the most out of your Full-Face Mask Course experience The online theory covers dos, don’ts, and simple tips and tricks Once completed, you’ll be ready to hit the water
The practical introduction starts in the pool, where the confined conditions allow you to practise skills with ease and adjust the IDM for a perfect fit Before jumping in, we set the 3-D Equalisation block Its design allows the equalising system to be adjusted in three directions, ensuring comfortable and effortless equalisation We also learnt that by removing the ‘communications port’ and shining a light through it, your buddy or instructor can easily spot where further adjustments are needed
Fitting the IDM is straightforward, but it’s important to follow the correct straptightening sequence. Loosen all six straps, place the mask on your face, and position the strap at the back of your head. Begin by tightening the two middle straps, then the two lower straps, and finally the top two straps. If you get this order wrong, the excess length of the top straps will stick upright like bunny ears once you’re in the water
There are about 14 in-water skills a full-face mask (FFM) candidate needs to be comfortable with, in addition to the standard SCUBA skills These include breathing in different positions: on your back, on your side, and inverted In these
positions, one might expect the mask to partially flood, similar to a normal regulator, and to be difficult to breathe from while inverted or on your back. To everyone’s surprise, this does not happen the mask breathes beautifully in all orientations, giving candidates much more confidence.
Under normal circumstances, the Neptune III FFM cannot flood. To demonstrate this, one of the skills involves attempting to flood the mask Shoving your index finger through the face seal should do the trick, right? While a normal dive mask would flood, the Neptune III being an ambient-pressure mask, is always balanced with the external water pressure, so there is no pressure trying to push water into the mask, and therefore the mask doesn’t flood
The next step is to deliberately flood the Neptune III IDM This is where your Instructor steps in to demonstrate the proper technique Once you’ve managed to flood the Neptune III IDM, you simply clear it by breathing out or lightly pressing the purge button
The confined water skills will eventually lead you to the Full-Face Mask ‘bailout’ While you may never need to remove the FFM underwater, this exercise ensures you are confident and prepared when using the Neptune III IDM. This is where you switch from the FFM to standard SCUBA. Divers with Open Water training will recall practising a standard mask and regulator bailout. This is similar, except that refitting (‘donning’) the Neptune III IDM requires a few extra steps, which your Instructor will demonstrate Your Ocean Reef Instructor is equipped with the latest information and techniques regarding open-water FFM training, ensuring your transition from SCUBA to IDM diving is enjoyable and safe
There are also skills for underwater communication We used the Ocean Reef GSM Mercury Through-Water (wireless)
‘The Ocean Neptune III Is The Future Of Diving’
those duck-face adherents, there is even a selfie mode!! There is a highly accurate builtin digital compass and, perhaps most
that you can control your light intensity from the housing itself without having to fiddle with knobs on the back of a light This
DETERMINE THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER IN DEPTH. SOMETIMES, A LANGUAGE OR TRAINING BARRIER CAN EXIST BETWEEN TWO NEW DIVE BUDDIES, SO ENSURE YOU AGREE ON COMMUNICATION BEFORE YOU DIVE.
DETERMINE THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER IN DEPTH. SOMETIMES, A LANGUAGE OR TRAINING BARRIER CAN EXIST BETWEEN TWO NEW DIVE BUDDIES, SO ENSURE YOU AGREE ON COMMUNICATION BEFORE YOU DIVE.
You check in at the dive shop, sign your waivers, get your gear on the boat, and set up your BCD on your first tank for the day The divemaster introduces you to your dive buddy for this trip a total stranger from another part of the world who is here for the same things you are: great diving and returning home safely
What should you ask your new acquaintance to ensure both of you are as safe as possible? The following are some topics to cover that might help you and your new dive buddy work together
‘Dive safety responsibilities to ensure our safety and the safety of those around us’
TEXTBYRYANGAN,NREMTS IMAGESBYSTEPHENFRINK
their BCD is inflated, and check for anything else you and your buddy can do to help each other be safe and ready for your dive
Once your dive plan and gear are ready, discuss your hopes for the dive. What marine life do you want to see? Are there any creatures you don’t want to be near? Would you like a megalodon tooth if we find one? Are you bringing a mesh bag to clean up trash? The divemaster should know what to expect on your dive, so include them in your discussion to make sure you accomplish everything you want during the dive
This is not an all-inclusive list of everything you should discuss before a dive Many dive operators offer thorough briefings before the dive, but that does not mean you will get every bit of information to keep yourself and your buddy safe and informed.
Ultimately, it is our responsibility to ensure our safety and the safety of those around us.
TEXTBYJESSICAB.ADAMS,PH.D.,ANDJAIMEB.ADAMS,M.S.
DAN NOTE: To avoid an increased risk of decompression sickness, DAN recommends that divers avoid strenuous exercise for 24 hours after making a dive. During your annual physical exam or following any changes in your health status, consult your physician to ensure you have medical clearance to dive.
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and extreme conditioning programs have steadily grown in popularity This approach to fitness was previously used only in the military and competitive sports but has now gained the attention of the general active population. The methodology focuses on maximising physiological adaptions through high-intensity exercises. Like SCUBA diving, exercise training (especially HIIT) requires proper preparation and instruction to ensure a safe and positive experience
Circuit-training programs typically combine bouts of high-intensity exercise with reduced-effort rest intervals The interval lengths vary based on ability and training goals The high intensity of the exercises targets the muscles, while the short recovery periods target the cardiovascular system Both muscular strength and cardiovascular fitness are important components of fitness for SCUBA divers
HIIT is for everyone, regardless of current training state “High intensity” is based on the individual’s perceived level of exertion The work/rest intervals are variable and should be adjusted based on personal fitness
The primary benefit of this type of training is maximal results in minimum time. Thus it can overcome the predominant excuse for not exercising regularly: lack of time. Effectiveness is due to the physically and metabolically demanding nature of these programs. The FITT principles frequency (how often one exercises), intensity (percentage of maximum effort), type (particular exercises performed) and time (length of training sessions) must be increased gradually to maximise fitness benefits while minimising the risk of injury In fitness circles this is commonly referred to as progressive overload
Always be mindful of how your body feels The old adage “no pain, no gain” is a fallacy
Pain is the nervous system’s mechanism for alerting the body there is problem Fighting through pain may lead to injury and extended time away from exercise and diving. If it hurts or if you break form due to fatigue, rest before continuing. HIIT is a challenging training method with a focus on maximal effort, but safety and proper form are the foundations of any exercise program and must always remain a priority.
Regular variation of exercises prevents your body from plateauing while targeting a variety of muscles in a dynamic manner Feel free to integrate some of your favourite full-body functional movements into the workout The intensity will vary based on your personal motivation, training state and fitness goals It is vital that you stay within your “safe zone” if it hurts, stop and regroup before continuing
First, determine if you are going to do the workout based on time, repetitions or repetitions for time
Time: A common interval is 1:1 (eg, 60 seconds of work followed by 60 seconds of recovery) If you are new to HIIT training, you may want to start with a 1:2 interval (30 seconds of work followed by 60 seconds of rest) and gradually reduce the rest time.
Repetitions: Commonly used repetitions are 8, 10, 12 or 15. Determine how many repetitions you will complete with good form prior to moving to the next exercise.
Repetitions for Time: Set a work/recovery time interval (eg, 1:1), and see how many repetitions you can complete using proper form This establishes a goal for you to beat in successive workouts
Try to complete between four and eight rounds of the following exercises
1 Stand upright facing a wall and holding a medicine ball just above chest level.
2.Sit back into squatting position. The depth of squat will vary by individual, but the ultimate goal is to get your hips slightly below knee level. Knee pain is an indication to stop the exercise and revisit the basic squatting technique.
3 Drive up, fully extending both legs and throwing the medicine ball at a specific spot on the wall
4 Catch the medicine ball, and return to squatting position
5 Repeat
1 Start in plank position
2.Complete a push-up (go as low as you feel comfortable; at first you may only be able to bend your elbows a little).
3.Raise your right arm to the side while rotating your body. Look up your arm to the ceiling.
4.Slowly lower your right arm back to the floor while rotating your body back into plank position
5 Do another push-up
6 Rotate your body again, raising the left arm this time
7 Repeat
Tips: When raising your arm (step 3), make sure the motion is slow and controlled If you cannot do a complete push-up, just bend your elbows slightly; as your training progresses, you will be able to complete full push-ups
1 Begin by standing upright with a medicine ball extended overhead.
2.Step forward with one foot while maintaining an upright position.
3.Slowly drop your back knee toward the floor while holding the medicine ball overhead.
4.Push up and back off the front foot just before the rear knee touches the floor
5 To avoid unduly stressing the knee, make sure the front knee does not extend past the front toe
6 Return to starting position
7 Repeat, leading with the opposite foot
Tips: Be sure to maintain an upright position Do not let your knee touch the floor
1 Start on your hands and knees with a flat back
2 Extend your right arm and left leg, elongating your body
3 Crunch your right elbow to your left knee
4 Place your right hand and left knee back onto the floor
5 Repeat with your left hand and right knee
Q | I have been diagnosed with mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS). Will that increase my risk of decompression sickness (DCS) if I dive?
With MCAS, mast cells release excessive amounts of histamine and other chemicals, leading to symptoms such as inflammation, hives, and systemic allergic reactions While there’s no direct evidence linking MCAS to an increased risk of DCS, some associated factors may influence that risk
MCAS triggers chronic inflammation, which is a suspected factor in DCS development. An existing inflammatory state might exacerbate the physiological impact of nitrogen bubbles, increasing the risk of DCS symptoms. Also consider how the side effects of medications used to treat MCAS might interfere with diving
MCAS may also cause systemic allergic reactions triggered by common environmental factors such as cold, new foods, pressure, stress, vibration, sunlight, or exercise These reactions could lead to dizziness, low blood pressure, cough, nausea,
vomiting, eye redness, airway swelling, abdominal pain, syncope, wheezing, mild subjective mental status changes, congestion, gastrointestinal disturbance, rash, joint pain, and fatigue Most of these reactions could mask or mimic DCS symptoms, making diagnosis and treatment more difficult
Before diving, people with MCAS should consult with a doctor familiar with their condition and a dive medicine specialist, who can assess individual risks and recommend strategies to reduce DCS risk, such as avoiding known triggers, controlling inflammation, and adhering to conservative dive profiles. Proper management of both MCAS and dive risks is key to ensuring a safe experience.
Shannon Sunset AEMT, NCPT
Q | I was recently diagnosed with Addison’s disease. Can I still dive?
Each case of Addison’s disease, or primary adrenal insufficiency, is vastly different and requires individual evaluation for medical
ALTERNOBARICVERTIGOANDTHEDYNAMICMIDDLEEAR:INSIGHTSFROMADIVERSURVEY
TEXTBYDRFRANSJCRONJÉ
Underwater, the human body faces a complex interplay of physics and physiology Nowhere is this more evident than in the middle ear a small, air-filled chamber that can become a diver’s weakest link if equalisation fails. Among the lesserunderstood consequences of pressure imbalance is alternobaric vertigo (ABV), a disorienting condition that can surprise even experienced divers during descent, ascent, or shortly after surfacing
To better understand how this phenomenon affects the diving community, we conducted a targeted survey on alternobaric vertigo and dynamic middle ear response (DRE), gathering insights from 92 divers across varying experience levels This article explores the underlying mechanisms of ABV, shares findings from our survey, and offers practical guidance to reduce risk and enhance diver safety
Alternobaric vertigo occurs when pressure between the middle ears becomes unequal, often during ascent when gas trapped in the middle ear expands and exits at different rates between the ears This pressure asymmetry can stimulate the vestibular apparatus disproportionately on one side, resulting in a transient but often intense sensation of spinning or tumbling a classic vertigo.
Unlike inner ear decompression sickness or barotrauma, ABV usually does not involve actual structural damage. The vertigo typically lasts seconds to minutes, and may resolve spontaneously but its impact in an underwater setting can be serious Disorientation, loss of buoyancy control, and panic responses can lead to unsafe ascents or environmental injury
Triggers for ABV include:
Unequal middle ear compliance or Eustachian tube function
Congestion from colds, allergies, or sinus inflammation
Forceful or asymmetrical equalisation
Rapid ascents with poor ear clearing.
In some cases, divers experiencing ABV may misinterpret it as nitrogen narcosis, panic, or even stroke. This makes awareness and prevention essential for diver safety.
While ABV describes the symptoms, Dynamic Middle Ear Response (DRE) is a term we’ve begun to use to describe the underlying physiological variability in how each middle ear responds to pressure changes Through survey responses and clinical otoscopy reviews, we’ve observed that some divers experience inconsistent, delayed, or hyperactive responses in one ear compared to the other, even when using correct equalisation techniques
This asymmetry can be transient or persistent due to anatomy, inflammation, or even learned behaviours such as favouring one side during equalisation DRE may help explain why ABV recurs in certain individuals even after apparent recovery and offers a framework for divers and clinicians to discuss ear symptoms that go beyond simple “blocked ears.”
Our Divers Alert Network Southern Africa survey gathered 92 responses from recreational and professional divers. Participants ranged from recent open water divers to instructors and technical divers with thousands of logged dives
Key findings included: 36% of respondents reported experiencing at least one episode of vertigo underwater they believed to be related to ear pressure
Among these, 71% described the onset during ascent, typically within 10 meters of the surface
42% of vertigo episodes occurred while divers were ascending independently, away from a buoy line or reference structure.
58% of those who experienced vertigo acknowledged diving with nasal or sinus congestion, often from allergies or a lingering cold
14% reported temporary ringing in the ears (tinnitus) or hearing loss, though most symptoms resolved within hours A small subset experienced persistent auditory disturbances, later diagnosed as mild barotrauma
Divers who equalised forcefully or asymmetrically such as using the Valsalva manoeuvre with one nostril partially blocked were more likely to report recurring ABV symptoms
Perhaps most striking, 19% of those who had experienced ABV had not initially recognised it as an ear-related problem until it was explained post-dive This lack of awareness suggests a need for better education during training and post-dive debriefs
We invited divers to share their personal experiences. One technical diver wrote:
“I thought I had a panic attack during a deco stop at 6 meters everything started spinning. I almost bolted. Later, my ENT told me one ear hadn’t cleared during the dive. I never realised equalisation could still be a problem on the way up”
Another diver reported:
“It felt like my mask was twisting around my face I instinctively reached for the buoy line and waited it out It passed, but I’ve never forgotten it”
Such accounts point to a clear truth: even
when the physiology is transient, the psychological imprint of ABV can be profound Many respondents described increased anxiety on future dives and a greater focus on their ears during ascent with some adopting new dive practices to stay safe.
Based on our data and clinical review, we propose the following practical recommendations for divers, instructors, and dive medics:
Do not dive with congestion: Whether from a cold, sinus inflammation, or seasonal allergies, diving with impaired Eustachian tube function increases the risk of unequal middle ear pressures
Divers should treat symptoms or wait until fully recovered before resuming dives
Never force your ears: Aggressive or repeated Valsalva manoeuvres can cause barotrauma or provoke asymmetrical clearing Instead, divers should learn and practice gentler techniques like the Toynbee or Frenzel manoeuvres, and equalise early and often
If you are prone to ABV, ascend using a buoy line or structure: Having a visual and tactile reference reduces disorientation and offers a physical anchor if vertigo strikes. It also slows ascent, supporting safer ear equilibration. Pause if you feel dizzy or disoriented: Stop, signal your buddy, and stabilise. Avoid sudden movements or rapid ascent. Most cases of ABV resolve within seconds to a minute Breathe slowly and focus your vision on a fixed point if possible
If vertigo is persistent or accompanied by tinnitus or hearing loss, seek medical advice: These symptoms may signal inner ear barotrauma or other serious conditions A dive-savvy ENT can perform tympanometry and vestibular tests to assess residual damage or risk of recurrence
Instructors should actively teach descent and ascent equalisation: Too often, equalisation is framed as a descent-only task. In reality, middle ear pressure management during ascent especially in the final 10 meters is equally critical. Keep a dive diary for recurring symptoms: Track dive conditions, health status, and symptoms to look for patterns. This can help divers and doctors identify contributing factors and implement personalised prevention strategies
Pre-dive ear warm-ups may help: Several divers reported fewer symptoms when performing gentle jaw stretches, yawning, and pressure manoeuvres on land before entering the water While not formally studied, these techniques may help “prime” the Eustachian tubes for function
Alternobaric vertigo may be brief and benign but it is also insidious Its unpredictability, psychological impact, and potential to cause uncontrolled ascent make it a genuine safety concern Our survey confirms that ABV is more common than many divers realise, especially among those
tailor prevention We encourage dive instructors to include DRE concepts in training and for clinicians to consider it when evaluating recurrent ear symptoms in divers.
As divers, we often focus on depth, gas, and equipment but perhaps it’s time to listen to the quietest spaces: the delicate balance of air and motion in our middle ears.
Bove, A A (1996) Diving Medicine (3rd ed) WB Saunders Company
Campbell, J T, & Rudge, P (1984) Alternobaric vertigo: a review Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 55(8), 707–710
DAN (Divers Alert Network) (2021) Middle Ear Barotrauma and Vertigo Retrieved from https://wwwdiversalertnetworkorg
Edmonds, C, Lowry, C, Pennefather, J, & Walker, R (2016) Diving and Subaquatic Medicine (5th ed) CRC Press
Norton, S J, & Allen, G D (1982) Alternobaric vertigo and Eustachian tube function in
The Marine Megafauna Foundation (MMF) was founded in 2009 by renowned marine scientists Dr Andrea Marshall and Dr Simon Piece The organisation was founded to conduct pioneering research on marine megafauna and to use scientific evidence to educate the public and government to influence long-lasting conservation strategies Since then, many others have joined the team The organisation has expanded to worldwide research, education, and outreach on marine megafauna conservation
Our team has conducted pioneering research on sharks and rays, particularly manta rays and whale sharks, which has helped these species move towards global protection. These iconic animals are also excellent flagships for the marine environment.
Dr Marshall was the first person in the world to complete a PhD on manta rays After her thesis, she stayed in Mozambique to spearhead the conservation of manta rays in the region and around the world. She is the lead author of the IUCN’s Red List assessments for both species of manta ray and is a member of the IUCN Shark Specialist Group. Andrea featured in the BBC Natural World documentary Andrea: Queen of Mantas, as well as the broadcaster’s award-winning Trilogy ‘Sharks
Dr Pierce founded MMF’s flagship research programme on whale sharks and is now studying these gentle giants in seven countries His work on the population ecology and management of this iconic species has made him the world’s top whale shark conservation biologist In 2016, Simon led a research team whose efforts resulted in whale sharks being recognised as globally endangered for the first time on the IUCN Red List
The Marine Megafauna Foundation (MMF) began its work in Mozambique in 2003 Specifically, Dr Andrea Marshall, a cofounder of MMF, returned to Mozambique that year to conduct research on manta ray populations, motivated by a lack of data on them. This marked the start of their groundbreaking research and conservation efforts along the southern coastline.
Our primary objective in Mozambique is to safeguard the globally significant marine megafauna populations that occur in the Inhambane Province, stretching from the Save River in the north to Závora in the south, comprising roughly 20% of the Mozambican coastline and encompassing the iconic Bazaruto Seascape The Inhambane Province coastline is rated by the IUCN as a Globally Outstanding marine conservation area and recognised as a potential World Heritage Site for UNESCO listing These waters are important breeding
areas for manta rays, humpback whales and a regular migratory corridor for endangered whale sharks and apex predators, including bull sharks, while potentially serving as the only spawning area for black marlin in the Western Indian Ocean.
This coastline has also been declared as an Important Marine Mammal Area by an IUCN special task force. Several species of dolphin are present, including the highly threatened humpback dolphin, and the Bazaruto Seascape is home to the last viable population of dugong in Africa Five species of sea turtles use provincial waters or nest along these shores A staggering number of understudied species also live along this coastline, particularly sharks and rays
MMF scientists have collected over a decade of elasmobranch sighting data during survey dives (up to 20 years in some regions). These data have enabled estimates of abundance and trends over time and identified several key aggregation sites and important habitats for our main focal species (manta rays and whale sharks). At the same time, our researchers collected abundance data on other shark and ray species encountered on survey dives
In collaboration with partners from the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) Mozambique, All Out Africa, Mission Blue, SANparks, and the Oceanographic Research Institute South Africa, MMF researchers led
four ISRA proposals in southern Mozambique Our long-term sightings, aerial survey and tagging datasets were instrumental in the designation of these areas as ISRAs. The four areas span the Inhambane Province and include MMF’s main focal regions of Závora, Tofo Beach, Pomene and the Bazaruto Seascape. MMF scientists also contributed to the IUCN Red List reassessments of three species: Smalleye stingrays, pink whiprays and IndoPacific leopard sharks
Southern Mozambique is a recognised global hotspot for manta rays Over the last 20 years we have documented the largest identified populations of both giant and reef manta rays in Africa Both species aggregate in the coastal waters of the Inhambane Province, where the highest sightings are recorded MMF scientists have authored over 30 peer-reviewed scientific papers on mobulid rays in Mozambique Our manta ray data was used to support 4 IUCN Important Shark & Ray Area (ISRA) listings in the Western Indian Ocean MMF researcher and PhD candidate, Nakia Cullain, presented on the ‘Transboundary movements and site affinity of reef manta rays in southern Africa’ at the 7th Southern African Shark & Ray Symposium in Umhlanga, SA. MMF’s extensive research in Mozambique was a major factor that led to the legal protection of manta and devil rays by the Mozambican government in January 2021.
MMF’s research team have been studying whale sharks in Mozambique since 2005 Our work in Mozambique has clearly established that the country is a global hotspot for the species, with 800 identified individuals. Our satellite tagging and photoidentification work on Mozambican whale sharks has shown that sharks move freely along the coast from the Bazaruto Archipelago National Park (BANP) in the north to KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa in the south, and three sharks have been resighted in Tanzania We have published 24 peer-reviewed papers on Mozambican whale sharks that detail aspects of their biology, ecology, and conservation
MAR Expeditions is generating important research on the movements and abundance of marine animals in Závora Bay, Mozambique, and beyond The lab’s core research has focused on manta rays, humpback whales, nudibranchs, and artificial reef and wreck colonisation through on-land and underwater surveys since its establishment in 2009
The mega and macrofauna in Závora Bay enjoy some of the most pristine, untouched reefs in the world. Manta rays, whale sharks and humpback whales thrive in the plankton-rich waters of coastal Mozambique. Humpbacks spend considerable time in Závora Bay during their annual migration and sharks and rays are found in high abundance throughout Mozambique and South Africa. However, despite the attraction to these charismatic species, marine life everywhere is growing increasingly vulnerable to unsustainable fishing practices, growing industrial development, pollution and climate change MAR’s main goal is to generate critical and comprehensive data that will be used to conserve biodiversity and ensure that future generations can enjoy the stunning marine life of Mozambique and South Africa MAR
contributes to several national and international studies linked with conservation and wildlife/fisheries law
Závora, a remote fishing village in Mozambique’s Inhambane Province, is a vital sanctuary for a wide range of marine megafauna including manta rays (Carpenter et al., 2022), humpback whales (Van Driessche et al, 2020), and several shark and ray species (O’Connor and Cullain, 2021) Závora Bay is home to 20 elasmobranch species year-round, all listed on the IUCN Red List as data deficient, threatened, or near threatened, with many facing declining population trends (O'Connor and Cullain, 2021)
Despite a staggering 99% decline in manta ray sightings in nearby Tofo (Venables et al, 2024), Závora remains a critical refuge for these animals highlighting its value as a conservation priority (Carpenter et al, 2022) As manta ray populations continue to
By studying manta ray movements, behaviour, and habitat use in Závora, we aim to generate data that can inform targeted conservation strategies and enhance marine management efforts nationwide Beyond its ecological value, Závora’s marine biodiversity also holds economic significance, particularly for sustainable tourism and fisheries. This project hopes to raise awareness of Závora’s unique ecosystem and to advocate for the establishment of a marine protected area (MPA) to ensure its long-term preservation. While increasingly recognised as a biodiversity hotspot, Závora’s full ecological importance is only just beginning to be understood
‘MMF Vision: A world where marine life and humans thrive together.’
THECURTINUNIVERSITYANDFIONASTANLEYHOSPITALHYPERBARICDIVERESEARCHTEAMINCLUDESDR NEILBANHAM,BETHJONES,ARENLEISHMAN,KAGANDUCKER,FRAUKETILLMANS,ANDLUKEHASELER
DECOMPRESSIONBUBBLES,CARDIACHEALTH,ANDDIVESAFETY
TEXTBYFRAUKETILLMANS,PHD
In 2021, Peter Buzzacott, PhD, of Curtin University in Perth, Australia, received DAN’s Alfred Bove Research Grant for Cardiac Health in SCUBA Diving. What began with a simple proposal has since evolved into a training network for the next generation of scientists, ultimately leading to a research collaboration between Curtin University and Fiona Stanley Hospital in Western Australia.
Beth Jones and Aren Leishman are PhD candidates working on the project
BETH JONES
Jones began diving during a family holiday to Egypt and has continued diving recreationally worldwide She received a Bachelor of Science degree in Sport and Physiological Science from the University of Leeds in England, which developed her interest in extreme environmental physiology and sports biomechanics She pursued a master’s degree in nutrition at the University of Leeds, with her research project focusing on the interaction between nutrition and exercise
Her interest in the effects of extreme environments on the human body, combined with a love for diving, led her to move to Perth to pursue a PhD in health science, focusing on decompression bubbles in recreational SCUBA divers.
Beth, what is your PhD about?
My PhD focuses on venous gas emboli (VGE), which are bubbles that can form in the blood after diving. These bubbles often go unnoticed and are considered an indicator of decompression stress.
While not directly related, higher bubble loads have been linked to an increased risk of decompression sickness (DCS). In certain individuals, such as those with a patent foramen ovale (PFO), these formed bubbles can move from the venous circulatory system, where the lungs normally filter them out, to the arterial bloodstream, resulting in bubbles heading to the peripheral tissues
My research aims to develop a predictive model using real-world recreational dives to estimate bubble load based on nitrogen tissue uptake My goal is to improve recreational dive safety by informing divers of their potential risk of high bubble loads after a dive
I’m currently collecting dive profile data and monitoring for VGE using ultrasound to image the heart after recreational dives Perth has an incredible dive community, which has made recruiting participants one of the easiest parts of my PhD It has been great to interact with local dive groups and see how my research can help the dive community.
Leishman has been a passionate SCUBA diver since he was 16. He became a technical diver while completing his Bachelor of Advanced Science degree in physics at Curtin University His professional background in software development and embedded electronics, along with his passion for developing electronics for diving, caught Buzzacott’s attention
Leishman completed an honours project using the modelling and mathematical background from his physics degree to
analyze the impacts of high altitude on existing decompression models. He updated the R SCUBA package a tool for performing theoretical calculations related to SCUBA diving with the capabilities to model rebreather diving and altitude diving He is currently pursuing a PhD in health science, with a focus on the cardiac effects of diving
Aren, what is your PhD about?
My PhD is focused on answering the questions that statistics in several DAN annual dive reports have raised, such as why so many divers die due to cardiac events Cardiac events are a major contributor to fatalities, and fundamental research on exactly how the strains of diving affect the heart is rare
I plan to answer this question by exercising recreational divers at a controlled rate in a pool and in a hyperbaric chamber Placing divers in an environment that closely represents real diving including immersion, pressure, breathing mix, and workload we have a unique opportunity to investigate physiological changes as they happen.
Both of you are working with an interdisciplinary network in Perth. Who else is involved in this work, and how does it impact your projects?
Buzzacott, who originally applied for the grant, is a well-regarded dive physiology researcher His background in the field enabled him to identify the skills required when assembling this highly diverse and interdisciplinary team.
Luke Haseler, PhD, is a professor at Curtin University who focuses on cardiac and muscle imaging and how exercise impacts the heart’s ability to function His expertise enables us to utilise the cutting-edge technology of cardiac measurement to extract the most data from every session in the hyperbaric chamber
Kagan Ducker, PhD, an associate professor at Curtin, is a sport, exercise, and health physiologist with a focus on enhancing athletic performance and studying exercise and physical activity in extreme environments His knowledge of the physiological changes that can occur during extreme environmental exposures, combined with his expertise in collecting data in these types of environments, makes him a valuable asset to this research group
Anna Scheer, PhD, is a physiotherapist and researcher who has collaborated with Luke on the effects of immersion on cardiac function, specifically exploring its potential as a treatment for cardiovascular disease.
Her experience in cardiac health has helped with the challenges associated with working with study participants while immersed in water.
The work would not be possible without the generous support from Dr. Neil Banham, Dr. Ian Gawthrope, and the incredible team at the Fiona Stanley Hyperbaric Medicine Unit. They have always been willing to do whatever they can to support our research, enable opportunities for data collection, and address any questions
What do you hope to get from the experiments, and how could they benefit the dive community?
Through cardiac research, we aim to gain a deeper understanding of how diving affects the heart and identify potential risk factors that may contribute to the high number of cardiac fatalities in diving The goal is to develop more specific pre-dive screening recommendations and determine who may be at a higher risk, enabling them to take appropriate precautions
Beth, you were an intern at DAN in 2022 How has the DAN internship helped you?
Being a DAN intern was an integral and invaluable experience for my PhD After moving to Perth in March 2022, I had the opportunity to join the DAN Internship Program that summer. I was one of five interns that year and worked as part of the research team at DAN headquarters in Durham, North Carolina.
I gained hands-on experience collecting data on dive boats and at quarry dive sites, which has proven extremely valuable for my current data collection efforts The workshops on dive safety, data collection methods, ultrasound techniques, ongoing dive research, and dive equipment maintenance deepened my understanding of the field The opportunity to visit other research institutes, hyperbaric chambers, and dive companies was also a fantastic experience
What is your favourite dive or site?
Leishman: My favourite dive is Busselton Jetty, south of Perth It’s a fantastic dive filled with marine life and underwater sculptures It’s in a wonderful spot for weather and visibility You can see everything from stingrays to wobbegong sharks,
nudibranchs, cuttlefish, and octopuses I love going there and just floating, watching the world go by
Jones: My favorite dives are often the ones with my family or when something unexpected happens (in a good way). One dive that stands out was off the eastern coast of Bali during the offseason. With no crowds around, it was just me and a local divemaster heading out on a small boat to a reef about 31 miles (5 kilometers) offshore I had no expectations other than a relaxing dive filled with marine life
We descended into crystal-clear waters, where a long, sloping reef appeared, full of beautiful corals and an incredible diversity of fish We saw bamboo sharks, sea snakes, octopuses, and a lot more
About 30 minutes into the dive, I heard my divemaster laughing and shouting through his regulator and pointing at something I turned and saw one of the ugliest and most graceful creatures I have ever seen. It was a Mola mola (ocean sunfish), and my very happy divemaster said they are a rare sight, especially at that time of year.
That’s what I love about diving: always seeing something new and never knowing what the ocean will show you
The diving industry is evolving, thanks to new technological advancements and the accessibility of dive locations around the world When we dive, we focus on enjoying the beauty of nature and feeling free, but we also acknowledge the fragility of the underwater world Threats to our oceans like climate change, overfishing and overtourism are mounting, and what we see now could one day be gone While we may feel helpless, the scientific world has called us to be proactive. Participatory research, or citizen science, has become a commonly used term within the diving community 1. It involves divers helping scientists collect data, monitoring dive sites, and collaborating with authorities to implement management strategies and improve conservation While this seems exciting, the industry is often stuck between a rock and a hard place because there is no time, no manpower, and business operations must keep going But what if there was a way around that?
When thinking of mapping a reef, you may be thinking of divers spending days with tape measures and quadrants, struggling against the currents to measure the reef inch by inch But what if all you need is a GoPro, a frame to mount it on, a few small metric references, and your buddy? With these tools, you can map a small reef in a single dive And generate 3D maps that can show you details at the species level, thanks to photogrammetry 2 3D mapping has become just as easy as it is important 3 Reefs are increasingly under stress from bleaching episodes, extreme weather events, and other pressures. It is urgent to establish baselines so that reefs can be monitored for change over time. Marine
protected areas, which most SCUBA diving is centred on, can greatly benefit from 3D reef maps These maps can be used in management plans to identify vulnerable areas and assist with zoning and environmental monitoring Scientists can deploy 3D reef maps to assess the severity of different phenomena, such as coral bleaching, on local to global scales And the diving industry? How do 3D reef maps benefit the industry?
When you participate in a pre-dive briefing, you may be lucky enough to see photos of the reef or a video. Sometimes you can see a beautifully drawn or painted map. But most times, you need to exercise your imagination to visualise what to expect. 3D maps can become a tool to showcase the structure, beauty and challenges of a dive site long before the dive They can be used by dive guides to show you the size and characteristics of the reefs, where you will go, how you will navigate, and what to look out for to be safe You can zoom in and out of a 3D reef map, you can rotate it, and you can see it in all its particulars Thus, 3D maps are not simply a scientific, managerial and conservation tool They can be a marketing and educational tool Getting involved in 3D mapping is something that should interest the diving industry, including dive centres
The diving industry can still be challenged by time constraints or a lack of resources to create 3D reef maps This is when collaborations with the scientific community and tourism experts become essential, and certainly useful. Scientists have been more than happy to share and pass their knowledge to the diving community through capacity building, and reef mapping is no different. Tourism experts have been studying strategies to attract a new scientific tourism market Mapping can become a speciality course, or a way to bring divers together to create something they can view and take credit for
In 2025, scientists from TREES (Tourism Research in Economics, Environs and Society) at the North-West University in South Africa partnered with DiSVA (Department of Life and Environmental Sciences) at the Polytechnic University of Marche in Italy to launch a 3D mapping project funded by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF) This project aimed to prove that 3D mapping skills can be easily and cost-effectively shared with the diving industry The Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve in the Maputo National Park (now a UNESCO World Heritage Site) was selected for this initiative. Members of the local diving industry in Ponta do Ouro participated in a one-week workshop, hosted by the Gozo Azul dive centre, where they learned how to generate 3D maps of several reefs. The result was incredible A total of four buddy pairs mapped eight dive sites in one week, each buddy pair using a simple PVC-pipe frame with two mounted GoPros and four metric references Data collected with the cameras were transformed into maps using a userfriendly software By gently moving in a zigzag pattern (or a spiral pattern in the case of more vertical reefs), divers could generate ortho-mosaics using overlapping GoPro images
3D reef mapping can be a versatile tool for monitoring, management, education, marketing, involvement and ultimately, ocean stewardship. The Ponta do Ouro 3D mapping workshop was an experience that the industry members enjoyed and made them feel empowered. Some want to share their new skills with other divers and make them part of professional training. But what is the way forward? Capacity building should be followed by ownership, where the diving industry can correctly exploit the skills acquired under the guidance of scientists Dive centres need support in creating products and offerings that can grow a community of interested divers who want to contribute In the case of 3D reef mapping, diving professionals can benefit from the help not only from scientists, but also from agencies, park authorities, and organisations Diving industry stakeholders are a community, and only a cohesive community can achieve big objectives
1 Coppari, M, Roveta, C, Di Camillo, C, Garrabou, J, Lucrezi, S, Pulido Mantas, T, & Cerrano, C (2024) The pillars of the sea: strategies to achieve successful marine citizen science programs in the Mediterranean area. BMC Ecology and Evolution, 24(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-024-02289-0
2. Pulido Mantas, T., Roveta, C., Calcinai, B., di Camillo, C. G., Gambardella, C., Gregorin, C., ... & Cerrano, C. (2023). Photogrammetry, from the land to the sea and beyond: A unifying approach to study terrestrial and marine environments Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(4), 759 https://doiorg/103390/jmse11040759
3 Palma, M, Rivas Casado, M, Pantaleo, U, & Cerrano, C (2017) High resolution orthomosaics of African coral reefs: A tool for wide-scale benthic monitoring Remote Sensing, 9(7), 705 https://doiorg/103390/rs9070705
USE EVERY BRIEFING AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO GIVE CONCISE INSTRUCTION ON THE CRITICAL SAFETY POINTS FOR THAT PART OF THE EXCURSION | IMAGE BY STEPHEN FRINK
USE EVERY BRIEFING AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO GIVE CONCISE INSTRUCTION ON THE CRITICAL SAFETY POINTS FOR THAT PART OF THE EXCURSION | IMAGE BY STEPHEN FRINK
There is a magic art to keeping divers’ attention long enough to impart safetycritical information Talking about the cool things you will see is easy, but briefings also contain vital information that will keep your divers safe Five to eight minutes is about the limit of a diver’s focus, especially considering the excitement of the upcoming excursion, so a longer briefing usually is not better.
Apart from the dive itself, external factors such as a rough sea, motion sickness, background noise, heat, discomfort, and site security concerns can be distractions Some divers may have a degree of apprehension after a long break or while anticipating a demanding dive, or numerous other factors might contribute to an inability to remain attentive during the process
Learning ways to convey critical information is key for dive guides and operators Every dive is different, as is every group of divers, so the briefing may require unique instructions to be effectively communicated to the group The goal should be to provide information that ensures safety, enjoyment, comfort, and confidence There are opportunities throughout the process to
remind divers how to prevent an accident
We usually think of the briefing as only the predive information a dive professional provides right before the dive, but there may be several items to cover before and after the predive briefing that are equally important and that focus on all aspects of an excursion. The debriefing is also a fundamentally important step in ensuring every diver’s health and well-being after the excitement of the dive and preparing for the next one.
Breaking the briefing process into shorter, focused, and situation-specific sessions or instructional opportunities may help divers be more successful at retaining critical information and lower the chance of a dive professional leaving something out
The briefing process has at least 12 potential segments Dive professionals can combine and lay these out in a way that works for the specific situation
Before the briefings: This is when you brief yourself using your personal checklist and prepare the information you will be sharing with the guests
Pre-excursion or during the sign-up briefing: Use this opportunity to cover the expectations of the dive trip, such as time away from shore, expertise needed, and dive styles. Doing so allows divers to make an informed choice before signing up.
Arrival briefing: Review information such as where to park, bathroom location, where to find emergency equipment or healthcare facilities, and perhaps even security
Shore dive briefing: It is especially important to cover the entries and exits, which will be unique to the site and likely something that divers have not encountered previously Boat dives
Boat preboard briefing: During these preparations, you can inform guests what to bring on the boat and when and how to board safely
Boat safety briefing: Once on the boat, cover the location of the head, safety equipment, communications, life preservers, and what to do in an emergency
Dive briefing: Share with the divers where they will be diving, the underwater topography, what they will see, and any specific instructions to ensure everyone follows the plan.
Environmental briefing: Outline what specific actions and precautions divers can take to protect the dive site.
Safety briefing: Include instructions on how to get in and out of the water, essential underwater signals, who will lead the dive, and what to do in emergencies such as a lost buddy or running out of air
Pause point briefing: Walk the divers through their final check after kitting up and before getting into the water This list includes verifying their gas is on, their weights are in, and everything is secure
Postdive briefing: To wrap up the dive, discuss where divers should put their kit, what to do next including the surface interval process and information such as sun exposure protection and hydration.
Postexcursion debriefing: Take care of the divers by providing information on things such as flying after diving, hot showers, heavy exercise, and postdive symptoms to watch for
Thorough and consistent briefings help protect professionals, operators, and the dive boat from the potential consequences of an incident or accident
DAN has prepared a free elearning module to help you think through your briefings and ensure you don’t miss anything “A Brief on Briefings” is available at DANdiverelearningcom
While you are busy managing anticipation and ensuring that the dive will be exciting, it may be difficult to remember all these instructions Use a checklist as your own planning tool and quality check to develop your briefings It can ensure you get things right and don’t forget to convey essential information
Clear, concise, and informative briefings are essential to ensuring safe and incident- and accident-free dives.
SCUBA diving in regions such as Indonesia’s Gili Islands offers unparalleled opportunities for exploration, immersing divers in vibrant coral ecosystems and diverse marine life. Yet, incidents like the 2025 Gili Islands boat explosion underscore inherent risks, including decompression sickness, equipment malfunctions, and emergency evacuations costing USD10,000–USD50,000. For divers undertaking extended expeditions or professional internships, securing specialised travel insurance and ensuring visa compliance are paramount to mitigate financial and legal challenges DAN Southern Africa’s expertise, complemented by impartial guidance from advisers like myself at Wealth Associates Risk-N-Sure Advisors, equips divers for success A recent collaboration with DAN’s team to support parents planning a young diver’s 153-day internship exemplifies how their resources address complex requirements
DAN Southern Africa, a non-profit organisation dedicated to advancing diver safety, membership (+27 11 266 4900, mail@dansaorg) grants access to comprehensive expedition planning, expert medical consultation, and a 24/7 emergency hotline (+27 82 810 6010). For the intern, DAN’s specialists provided critical insights into insurance deficiencies and visa regulations, guiding the planning process comprehensively. Their services grounded in a non-profit ethos encompass preexpedition preparation, risk evaluation, and emergency response, positioning DAN as an essential ally for international diving ventures
Standard travel insurance policies frequently fail to accommodate the needs of divers, particularly those engaged in professional activities such as internships A South African insurer’s policy provided ZAR 120 million (South African Rand) in medical
coverage, including recreational diving (up to 30 metres with certification and supervision), but excluded remunerative diving activities, manual labour, and highrisk pursuits like cave diving. This exposed the intern to vulnerabilities, such as barotrauma during instruction, in remote areas like the Gili Islands with limited medical infrastructure.
South African medical aid schemes are similarly inadequate for international contexts One diver’s plan, restricted to a three-month tariff, required upfront payments for overseas treatment, with reimbursements delayed and based on local tariffs and exchange rates a significant challenge when immediate payment is demanded DAN Southern Africa’s membership, incorporating secondary travel insurance for 153 days at an annual membership fee of ZAR2850, addressed these deficiencies It provided coverage for professional diving, hyperbaric treatment, and direct-billing evacuations, with their hotline ensuring rapid access to care in remote locations DAN’s expertise further clarified the internship’s non-remunerative status, circumventing insurance exclusions
Actionable Recommendations:
Obtain complete policy documentation from insurers such as Santam, Hollard, or Bryte to identify exclusions for professional diving.
Enrol in DAN membership for specialised coverage, expedition planning, and emergency support.
Verify coverage for cancellations due to visa complications or natural events, such as Indonesia’s 2025 volcanic eruptions
Visa requirements for diving destinations present significant complexity, particularly for extended stays or internships The intern’s visa permitted a 60-day stay, extendable to 180 days, but prohibited
remunerative activities Under South Africa’s Labour Relations Act and Basic Conditions of Employment Act, internships involving supervised tasks, stipends, or operational responsibilities may be classified as employment, risking visa non-compliance. A July 2025 visa enforcement in Bali, emphasising the need for adherence.
DAN Southern Africa’s team advised consultation with the dive organisation and relevant embassy to confirm the internship’s status They facilitated a sponsor letter verifying the programme’s educational, nonremunerative nature, ensuring compliance with visa stipulations Alternatively, a Social/Cultural Visa (eg, Indonesia’s B211A, approximately USD150, extendable for USD110 per 60 days) is suitable for educational programmes Extensions must be initiated 12 days prior to expiry through platforms like E-Visa Bali DAN’s expertise was instrumental in securing the intern’s 153-day stay
Visa Compliance Strategies:
Confirm visa categories with embassies and secure sponsor letters to validate non-employment status for internships Plan extensions proactively, ensuring a passport (valid for six months or more), printed e-Visa, and return ticket are available.
Register with your embassy (e.g., South Africa’s e-Register) for consular assistance.
The intern’s experience illustrates the efficacy of DAN’s tailored guidance Their recommendation ensured enrolment in an appropriate DAN membership plan, covering advanced training A sponsor letter and visa extension, informed by DAN’s insights, maintained legal compliance, while a standard policy addressed non-diving emergencies Divers must scrutinise exclusions for professional or manual activities and clarify visa conditions, as
tourist visas are inadequate for internships
Selecting reputable dive operators reduces risks like boat accidents, and avoiding local alcohol mitigates methanol poisoning risks reported in Indonesia.
International diving expeditions demand meticulous planning, supported by DAN Southern Africa’s non-profit expertise. Standard insurance and medical aid schemes often fall short, necessitating DAN’s specialised coverage Visa compliance requires precise documentation and timely extensions, particularly for internships Divers can depend on DAN’s resources for impartial guidance, ensuring financial security and regulatory adherence Contact DAN Southern Africa to embark on your diving expedition with confidence
AUTHOR BIO: Gordon Yuill is the Managing Director of Wealth Associates Risk-N-Sure Advisors and heads the Carmel Wealth division, specialising in short-term insurance solutions As an experienced open and closed-circuit diver, he provides impartial risk assessment guidance in collaboration with DAN Southern Africa, advancing their mission to promote safe and compliant international diving
HOWTOBREATHENEWLIFEINTOYOURDIVEBUSINESS
TEXTBYBARRYCOLEMAN
If you are anything like me, you probably got into diving because you love the ocean and enjoy sharing that passion with others But passion alone does not always pay the bills. Whether you are working independently or as part of a team, running a dive instruction business comes with real-world challenges fluctuating seasons, price-driven competition, student retention, and the ever-present pressure to stay relevant.
I have been there standing on the beach wondering how to fill next month’s schedule So, if you are asking yourself what you can do to improve your business, here is what I would tell you, as a friend and fellow pro who has been through the ups and downs
There are plenty of instructors out there The question is, why should someone choose you?
This is not about certifications or agency names It is about your approach Maybe you offer smaller class sizes with more personal attention Maybe your background includes marine biology or photography Maybe you just have a calm, patient style that puts nervous students at ease. Whatever your edge build around it. Don’t try to be everything to everyone. Be good at something people care about and sets you apart.
Let us be honest the first thing most people do when they think about learning to dive is Google it If your online presence is outdated, unclear, or non-existent, you are missing out
You do not need to spend a fortune A clean website that is mobile-friendly, loads quickly, and clearly explains what you offer is enough Make it easy for people to contact
you or book online Add genuine testimonials, photos of real students, and a bit of your story let people get to know the person behind the regulator. Social media? Yes, but use it with purpose. Share short clips of student moments, local marine life, or tips for beginners. You do not need to be a content machine just stay visible and human.
Instructors often forget how powerful a satisfied student can be If someone has a great experience with you, they are likely to tell their friends but they may need a nudge
Offer a simple referral reward, even if it is just a discount or a free fun dive, or a big thank you on social media Encourage happy students to leave an honest review online These little actions build trust faster than any advertisement ever could
You are not on an island unless you are on an island! Either way, partnerships are gold Talk to local accommodation providers, hostels, or eco-tour operators. Offer commission or package deals. Work with conservation groups, local aquariums, or even universities. If your dives or courses align with a cause or local experience, they become more than just training they become memorable.
These partnerships are not just about sales They put your name in front of the right people businesspeople, travellers, students, and locals
Getting someone into an Open Water course is one thing Keeping them in the sport is another
Many divers stop after their first certification simply because no one explained what comes next Make sure every student knows their next step. Offer them a clear path forward advanced courses, specialities, dive clubs, trips, or gear advice.
Better yet, create packages that include follow-up dives or bundled courses. Show them the journey ahead, not just the starting point
It is tempting to lower your prices when competition gets tough, but long-term, that is a race to the bottom
Instead, focus on value What do students get when they dive with you? It could be extra practice time, better briefings, highquality rental gear, or simply more attention and care Never underestimate a debriefing after a dive A course dive or a social dive, I will spend time with the group and go through the dive explaining to the divers what we saw, interactions, the diversity of life underwater and when training, how we can improve the dive is broken down into detail, making it interesting and giving pointers on what we look out for on the next dive. This is my trademark and what I am known for. Yes – simple – but very effective. You are not a commodity. You are a professional teaching a life skill. Leading divers who may be your next students, price accordingly but deliver more than expected.
The best instructors I know never stop learning Not just diving skills, but business skills too
Take a crossover to an agency like DiveISC if it gives you more freedom, no administration paperwork and great support Attend workshops Watch how
others teach and learn from every student interaction Your growth shows in your teaching and students notice
One of the best things I ever did was start a local dive group nothing fancy, just monthly shore dives or coffee meet-ups.
People want connection They want to belong If your business feels like a tribe rather than a transaction, they will stay with you And they will bring their friends
Finally, take time to reflect What is working? What is not? Are you enjoying it? Burnout is real in this business Sometimes a few tweaks or a bold shift can reignite the spark and open new doors
You do not need to become a marketing guru or open a mega shop You just need to care about your students, your craft, and your vision
If you do that consistently, your business will grow not just in numbers, but in meaning
SPECIAL INTEREST
TEXTBYANGIEVANDERHOOGEN
IMAGESBYMARCTHORESSON
By Angie van der Hoogen, Molchanov Instructor, Retreat Facilitator and DUC Freediving Officer.
It was just after lockdown when I first stumbled into freediving. I’d been SCUBA diving for many years, but something shifted when I started diving on breath-hold. I wasn’t expecting it to become such a profound internal practice – but it did Freediving reconnected me to my body, my breath, and a sense of stillness I didn’t know I was missing
I’ve since made it my mission to share this with others, especially those who are feeling overwhelmed, burnt out, or disconnected Because what I’ve come to learn, and continue to witness in my students, is that freediving is more than a sport It’s a doorway to nervous system regulation and emotional resilience In a world that constantly pulls us into stress and stimulation, freediving brings us back to centre
Let’s start with the basics. Stress isn’t just a feeling, it’s a full-body physiological response. The autonomic nervous system, which controls everything from heart rate and breathing to digestion and hormone regulation, kicks into sympathetic or ‘fight or flight’ mode when we’re under threat, including perceived threat Whether that threat is a predator, a work deadline, or emotional pain, the response is the same: faster breathing, increased heart rate, tension, and a surge of hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline
While this sympathetic response is essential for survival, most of us live with it constantly switched on We’ve normalised being stuck in ‘go mode’ – hyper-alert, overextended, and fatigued – without enough time in the parasympathetic state, also known as ‘rest and digest’
This imbalance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic can manifest in a range of issues, including: sleep
disturbances, mood swings, digestive problems, and even chronic illness This is where the power of intentional relaxation and breathwork comes in and why freediving can be such a transformative tool.
Freediving isn’t about how deep you go or how long you hold your breath. It’s about how well you can stay calm under pressure. It trains your body to override the natural stress response and to return to safety even in the face of discomfort from rising carbon dioxide
We do this through a combination of tools, the most accessible of which is breath Breathing is the only function of the autonomic nervous system that we can also control voluntarily By consciously shifting our breathing patterns, we can activate the parasympathetic nervous system, lowering heart rate and blood pressure, relaxing the muscles, and inviting a sense of peace
A simple practice like a body scan, where you progressively relax muscle groups while breathing slowly, can down-regulate the entire system It’s the first thing I teach new students, whether they’ve been in the water before or not
While most people feel better after breathwork or a dive session, it’s important to acknowledge that relaxation isn’t always easy, especially for those living with chronic stress or unresolved trauma.
Sometimes, attempting to relax can trigger the opposite response This is called relaxation-induced anxiety, and it’s often caused by hyperventilation – breathing too deeply or quickly, especially when metabolic processes have already slowed As carbon dioxide levels drop too low, the body reacts with symptoms that mimic anxiety: racing heart, dizziness, or shortness of breath This
is a common phenomenon, and one I’ve seen in many students It’s also why we teach tidal breathing, which is slow and effortless breathing, to stay grounded.
Other rare but important experiences can also arise during deep relaxation: repressed emotions may surface, sensations may feel confusing, or a drop in blood pressure might cause temporary dizziness. These aren’t signs of something going wrong, they’re signs that the body is trying to return to balance The key is to move gently, practise self-compassion, and understand what’s happening physiologically
Peter Levine, one of the leading voices in trauma healing, said that trauma is ‘anything that’s too much, too fast, too soon’ It doesn’t have to be a catastrophic event – it can be small, repeated overwhelm with no time to recover And it lives in the body, not just the mind
That’s why freediving can be such a profound therapeutic practice, not as a replacement for therapy, but as a companion to healing When we dive, we teach the body how to experience sensation without reacting. We learn to recognise the signals of CO₂ build-up and stay calm. We train the nervous system to return to safety, not once, but again and again. Over time, that becomes our new baseline.
Freediving is not just for elite athletes or thrill-seekers It’s for anyone who wants to slow down, breathe better, and live more fully Whether you decide to hold your breath in the ocean or not, the principles of freediving – awareness, regulation, presence – are tools we can all use
If you’re curious about how breath and the nervous system work together, I invite you to take the first step Join a workshop Try a guided breath session Start noticing how your body responds to stress and how quickly it returns to safety. The more you practise, the easier it becomes.
Because your breath is your reset button. Your body already knows how to find balance – you just have to give it the chance. And freediving? It gives us that chance – one breath at a time
AUTHOR BIO: Angie van der Hoogen, freediving instructor and DUC Freediving Officer, leads SALT Escape, offering oceaninspired workshops and retreats
WHEREEXPLORATIONMEETSCONSERVATION WORLD-CLASSDIVESWITHPURPOSEINTHEBAZARUTOARCHIPELAGO
The first thing you notice is the silence Not the absence of sound there’s the distant crackle of a reef alive with shrimp, the deep whoop of a humpback somewhere beyond the drop-off but the absence of people. No bubbles from another group. No fins flashing in the corner of your mask. Just you, the reef, and the shadows of two manta rays circling above, their wingtips grazing the sunlight
This is the Bazaruto Archipelago Mozambique’s “Hidden Gem” of the Indian Ocean and diving here with the Bazaruto Center for Scientific Studies (BCSS) feels like unlocking a secret The difference? Every dive here doesn’t just fill your logbook It contributes to real marine research in one of the most pristine, protected seascapes on Earth
A UNESCO Hope Spot and Mozambique’s oldest marine protected area, the Bazaruto Archipelago National Park has been safeguarded since 1971 Stretching across 143,000 hectares, this chain of five islands is home to over 2,000 fish species, the world’s second-most diverse coral reefs, and the last viable population of dugongs in the Western Indian Ocean.
It’s a place where “The Big Ocean Five” cetaceans, elasmobranchs, reptiles, sirenians, and bony fish are more than just a checklist; they’re daily companions. One morning might bring a drift past a school of trevallies hunting over a coral ridge That afternoon? A turtle gliding lazily above a garden of anemones while a pair of hammerheads cruise in the blue
BCSS isn’t your typical dive operation As a PADI 5-Star Dive Center, it offers all the courses and comforts you’d expect but what sets it apart is access. Every dive site on the schedule has been mapped, monitored, and verified by the center’s marine scientists. These sites aren’t on tourist maps, and you won’t be sharing them with a flotilla of boats
The BCSS dive experience blends exploration with purpose:
Research-verified dive sites from manta cleaning stations to deep pinnacles where oceanic blacktips patrol Citizen science opportunities help log species, monitor reef health, or participate in debris surveys
Uncrowded, immersive dives often you’ll have the entire site to your small group
Here, even a recreational fun dive might involve noting turtle IDs for the Ocean Observatory or photographing a rare nudibranch for the species database
BCSS is home to Africa’s first permanent Ocean Observatory, a hub for long-term marine research. Four main themes drive the work:
Ecosystem Function & Monitoring –Tracking changes across six habitats, from shallow reefs to 300m deep canyons
Species Identification & Habitat Mapping – Logging everything from manta rays to microfauna
LOBSTER UNDERNEATH THE CORAL REEF
UNDERNEATH THE CORAL REEF
Migratory Fish Population Dynamics –
Tagging tuna and sharks to study migration and habitat use
Marine Debris Monitoring – Removing and analysing 15+ tonnes of plastic annually.
Divers are welcome to get involved from joining a shark tagging expedition to helping measure water quality. The thrill is knowing that your dive directly contributes to conservation outcomes
TRAINING & DIVE PACKAGES FOR EVERY
Whether you’re a seasoned tech diver or a first-time bubble blower, BCSS offers the right entry point
Explorer Diving Package (7 nights) – 8+ dives, all gear included
Group Diving Package (12 nights) – 16+ dives, citizen science activities, ideal for clubs
Tailor-Made Package (12 nights) – Fully customised itineraries with access to exclusive sites
Training ranges from Discover SCUBA Diving to Dive Master, with courses that weave in conservation education so even your certification dives have purpose.
What sets BCSS apart is its access to some of the most spectacular and untouched dive sites in the Indian Ocean. Each site has its own personality, offering a variety of underwater landscapes, species encounters, and skill-level experiences
1. Three Trees
Cleaning sites for manta rays, accompanied by bull sharks Surrounded by sand, this reef is isolated in the north of the archipelago, making it a magnet for marine life Big coral bommies and surrounding rocky substrates are used by a large number of animals, including giant mantas and various oceanic
shark species
2. Gap (2 Mile)
A coral reef drop-off with a channel featuring a huge variety of marine life. This channel that connects the inside of the archipelago with the open ocean is a tidaldominated dive site where sharks, rays, trevallies, reef fish, and turtles tend to aggregate, rest and look for food depending on the time of the day Visibility tends to be one of the best of all dive sites
3. Kingfish Alley
Named after the resident bluefin trevallies A perfect location for dive training, and amateur divers, this colourful reef patch is home to many reef fish, various turtle species, as well as the resident bluefin trevallies, which swim all over the place This spot is occasionally visited by reef sharks
4. Atlantis
Overhangs, caves, and walls covered with macro life A very exciting dive site with all kinds of rocky caves, overhangs, table tops, and seabed features that can be swam through packed with macro life Reef fish are also popular around the reef and rocks, with occasional turtles seen swimming past
5. Forrest Gump
Overhangs, caves, and walls covered with macro life. A fantastic macro dive site featuring rare nudibranchs and shrimps as well as pygmy cuttlefish. Having a drop off on one of the sides, sharks, rays, and turtles are often seen moving around. This is a place that can have strong currents.
6. Turtle Coves
A cleaning station for turtles in the middle of a coral patch surrounded by sand This shallow water reef patch is very popular among turtles, where they rest and get cleaned Other marine life is often seen passing by, with the occasional shark, devil ray and stingrays Sometimes, even dolphins come close enough to see them during the dive
MASTER OF CAMOUFLAGE – A CROCODILEFISH BLENDS SEAMLESSLY INTO THE CORAL REEF IN THE BAZARUTO ARCHIPELAGO
MASTER OF CAMOUFLAGE – A CROCODILEFISH BLENDS SEAMLESSLY INTO THE CORAL REEF IN THE BAZARUTO ARCHIPELAGO
7. Marlin Pinnacles
World-class deep reef with a double seamount-like structure Only suitable for experienced divers, this double pinnacle deep reef sits on the side of a 300 m canyon, where open ocean marine life is attracted. The site is home to car-size groupers, and often visited by pelagic sharks, including the elusive hammerhead, as well as giant manta rays.
8. Area 51
Pinnacle emerging from a deep channel, featuring an incredible amount of life One of a kind dive site, impossible to predict what marine life will be seen next, but often bringing a very surprising amount of visitors From hammerhead sharks to leopard sharks, as well groupers and the occasional giant manta ray, even yellowfin tuna can be seen swimming above divers
9. The Rollercoaster
Chain of colourful seamounts underwater, on the edge of the continental shelf One of the best diving spots in the south of the archipelago, in the San Sebastian area, which is composed by a submarine mountain chain There are many diving spots nearby, and all are characterised by having a high amount of varied marine life
10. The Fad
A desolated old tractor engine forming an artificial reef in the middle of the sand. A very particular dive spot featuring the engine of a tractor that was abandoned, which has become home for thousands of small fish, crabs, lion fish, and many other forms of life, which fight for space among the metal structure and the surroundings
11. Shark Vaal
An unpredictable flat deep reef, with often changing ocean conditions A deep flat rocky reef with many crevasses, home to a large variety of reef fish and groupers, where the occasional eagle ray and bull shark may pass by This dive site often has changing
conditions, and visibility can quickly decrease owing to sandbanks being nearby
A series of pinnacles home to some of the best macro and megafauna in the archipelago. A chain of pinnacles rising from the deep ocean to very shallow waters, home to an immense amount of marine life. Expect any possible animal to pass by, as well as large groupers and brindle bass, massive trevally shoals, and very colourful deep coral reef on the rocks
A shallow and deep reef connected by a stretch of sand, which often brings surprises
The main dive site is the shallow reef that goes deep, beyond diving depths, which is often patrolled by sharks, and sometimes large shoals of great trevally The reef is near deep water with a lot of pelagics, and tuna as well as whales/dolphins are often seen nearby
Every dive is more than a tick on a logbook it’s a living chapter in the archipelago’s story, guided by those who study and protect it
Surface intervals at BCSS are far from idle
You can join researchers on plankton tows, learn how to process samples in the wet lab, or relax on the beach and watch the dhows sail past. In the evenings, the island offers some of the most spectacular sunsets you’ll ever see, often followed by marine talks under the stars.
The station’s ethos blends the spirit of adventure with a scientific mission, making it the kind of place where you can swap stories with fellow divers over dinner one night and help deploy research equipment the next
For divers who want more than a holiday, BCSS represents the future of dive travel It’s
about experiencing the raw beauty of the ocean while actively contributing to its preservation By diving here, you’re not just a visitor; you’re part of an ongoing, collaborative effort to keep the Bazaruto Archipelago thriving.
Whether you come for the manta encounters, the drift dives, or the chance to work alongside scientists, you leave with more than photographs you leave with purpose, connection, and the knowledge that you’ve left a positive impact behind
BCSS’s footprint is as light as the sandy paths around its eco-conscious station Powered by solar energy and committed to zero-waste, the center uses local materials and permaculture gardens to support its staff and guests
The majority of the BCSS team are local residents, trained in marine science, guiding, and sustainable operations The station provides fresh water to the community, supports youth education, and works with the park authority on regular beach cleanups and recycling initiatives.
Imagine surfacing from your final dive, salt on your lips, camera card full, and the memory of a dugong’s slow, curious pass etched forever in your mind This isn’t just another dive trip It’s a chance to be part of something bigger to explore some of the world’s richest waters while helping to protect them
At BCSS, the line between diver and explorer blurs Here, adventure and science dive side by side
Sipadan is often named among the world’s best dive sites – a true legend in the diving community This unique oceanic island in Malaysia was formed by a volcanic cone rising 600 metres from the seafloor Located in the heart of the Celebes Sea, off the coast of Borneo, Sipadan has been part of the strictly protected Sipadan Island Park since 2004 Managed by Sabah Parks, this marine reserve enforces strict conservation policies: no hotels on the island, and a limited number of daily diving permits to protect the pristine ecosystem
Most divers stay on nearby islands like Mabul or Kapalai We based ourselves on Mabul and dived with Borneo Divers – a highly professional dive centre with a comfortable resort, spacious rooms, and excellent food. It was a perfect base for both diving and relaxing.
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CORAL ECHINOPORA LAMELLOSA, COMMONLY CALLED LEAF CORAL
CORAL ECHINOPORA LAMELLOSA, COMMONLY CALLED LEAF CORAL
SCHOOL
Some time ago I worked on developing a lemur documentary concept with a good filmmaker friend in Madagascar It came to fruition and was commissioned! I’m so glad it was, because my deep hope is that it moves the dial, even if just a little, for the conservation of these beautiful, sentient creatures. But I digress before having begun! This meant that I could actually go to Madagascar, and that’s where my story begins. As with all things, it begins with the Ocean.
I’m an avid freediver and photographer in the kelp forests here in Cape Town, meaning that very often I sink into these cold, rich environments There is such a joy that pervades the dive and emerging from it The rest of the day is beautiful, and I relive the dive when I look through my images and share them with others This joy I have felt in other locations in the world that I’ve dived too – born from the awe at the biodiversity and beauty that I see before me
Not so Madagascar When I put my face in the water there in the Nosy Be area, I was met with a holocaust There have been two far-reaching coral bleaching events there since December, and I know that there have
been huge bleaching and algal bloom events across the planet in a short time On land, slash-and-burn farming has resulted in the primal forests full of lemurs that we imagine, being a patchwork of tiny pockets and a few reserves with dwindling wildlife species In such an incredibly unique place You can imagine how hard it hit me. My whole vocation is about wildlife and nature, my deepest love, the natural world and most especially the Ocean. I’m also a sensitive human. I went quite numb, I felt dulled, not myself, impotent. I contemplated the world while I watched kids whacking ghost crabs along the shoreline and women fishing with mosquito nets, alongside mangroves full of plastic Crestfallen is a good word – definitely not joy
There were moments of comfort during my trip to Madagascar A black lemur putting his hands on my leg and sitting with me quietly and watching the antics of his troop while I shared those minutes with him, that was a joy The dive with my friend in a beautiful remote spot that receives some colder current and still looks healthy, despite the region’s overfishing The undisturbed hermit crabs making patterns in the sand and making me laugh The Green and
Hawksbill turtles who hung around with me while I hung around with them The incredible columnar rock formations on the islands we passed by
Yet, when I got home I was glum and muted – somehow this sadness was just too pervasive to shake. It was another event in a much bigger sadness about the environment for me. And here is how I came to terms, at least to some degree. I went to talk to an expert and realised that I was grieving Because the greater natural environment is not a specific person or animal, I hadn’t clocked this properly I did find some answers that I want to share with you too, because I know that many of you feel much the same Did you know – your grief is completely valid That’s what I want to tell you
The depth of our grief reflects how very much we love the thing that we have lost or are losing In a way it’s a testament and honour to that which we care so deeply for All we can do is to let grief have its way with us and understand the fact that this is what we are truly experiencing. A creative outlet, like this article, or sharing photos that inspire others for example, also helps us. As I described above, beauty and wonderful moments were still there in Madagascar. Being present in those moments and understanding that now is also beautiful, helps too
In a world where it’s easy to feel hopeless and unable to help, when it seems there’s no use in even trying, we can hold on to this: It’s a good thing to be good Doing that one small thing you can, close-in, matters Keep going, you’re not alone
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When I planned a trip with a group to dive Sipadan and Mabul, I knew I had to add a stop in Semporna just to finally dive with An And it was worth every second
From the first moment, it was clear that An is not only an incredible guide but also a genuinely kind, warm, and ultra-professional person – and completely obsessed with macro. She’s a walking encyclopaedia of critters and has a sixth sense for spotting things that others would completely miss And not just “stuff,” but real treasures
Thanks to her, I saw and photographed many creatures I've never seen before Every dive felt like an expedition – with the excitement of a kid opening presents on Christmas morning
Now, to be honest – the town of Semporna i self didn’t exactly charm me It’s chaotic, crowded, and far from the idyllic island vibe many divers are used to But since I spent almost the entire day out on the boat, it didn’t bother me that much. Diving in Semporna is a different kind of experience –you're in a town, not on a remote beach. But once you're underwater… it all changes.
If you’re a macro enthusiast, a lover of tiny underwater wonders, or a serious underwater photographer – Semporna Macro Critters and An are absolutely for you For me, it was a fantastic experience, and I’ll definitely be coming back
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This constraint not only sharpens my focus but also helps me release expectations When diving, you never know what the ocean will reveal. Sometimes your roll of film is full just before something magical appears but that’s part of the practice. I’ve learned to embrace those moments.
Following the success of my first solo exhibition, I am already planning for future opportunities Another exhibition is definitely in the works, and there might be some group shows coming up soon I’m also searching for a venue in Brussels to host a second solo exhibition, though there’s no confirmed date yet Seeing my work printed and beautifully displayed was a powerful experience it’s especially meaningful with film, as it brings textures and colours to life
My recent exhibition featured scenes from kelp forests an environment unfamiliar to many in Belgium Even among divers, not everyone has experienced kelp forests in person It was gratifying to share that experience and take visitors into this magical, otherworldly space
The feedback from the exhibition was overwhelmingly positive, with viewers captivated by the unique perspective and moody, textured visuals. For me, it’s about offering a new view of the ocean one that’s intimate, artistic, and often overlooked.
After the success of my first solo exhibition, I haven’t stood still. My analogue underwater work continues to find new audiences. Right now, I’m part of a group exhibition in Ghent, and soon my images will be shown for six months in collaboration with a restaurant bringing the quiet, dreamlike world beneath the surface into a completely different, more intimate setting I’m also preparing for a group show that opens in October
Seeing my work printed and carefully displayed has been a deeply affirming
experience There’s something powerful about the material presence of film its textures, its colours, the grain and softness that only truly comes to life in physical form. It made me even more certain that I want to continue sharing this work in tangible spaces.
I’m also very aware of the privilege of being able to dive and witness the underwater world up close Every time I descend, it still feels magical One of the most surreal places I’ve explored is the Great African Sea forest like drifting through a forest made of light and movement The towering strands of kelp sway gently or wildly in the current and sunlight filters through them in shifting patterns Moving through it feels like entering another rhythm one that’s older, slower, and entirely its own
The feedback from the exhibition was overwhelmingly positive, with viewers captivated by the unique perspective and moody, textured visuals For me, it’s about offering a new view on the ocean one that’s intimate, artistic, and often overlooked
In September 2024, I had a serious SCUBA accident while exiting the water at A-frame, a popular dive site in Simon’s Town, South Africa I sustained an open trimalleolar fracture with a syndesmosis injury and cartilage loss In layman’s terms, I had a nasty ankle break It was a traumatic experience, both physically and emotionally, but Divers Alert Network (DAN) was there when I needed them most!
Although my diving buddy called DAN after I was already on my way to the hospital, they stepped in without hesitation. They covered all the medical costs that my medical aid didn’t, and even helped with replacing some of my SCUBA gear that was damaged during the incident. Their support relieved a huge financial burden and allowed me to focus on healing
A special thank you to Laurel Reyneke, my point of contact at DAN She was absolutely incredible; Compassionate, proactive, and always followed up to ensure every bill was
made all the difference in what was otherwise a very difficult time
Beyond this specific injury, DAN continues to play an invaluable role in our diving community in Cape Town They regularly host fascinating and educational talks that are free and open even to non-members These sessions have deepened my knowledge of diving safety and science, and I never miss a chance to attend! I’d like to extend my thanks to Dr. Jack Meintjes, Megan Wagner, and Nicolene Olckers for some of the outstanding talks they’ve delivered over the years, each one packed with valuable insights, and clearly presented by people who are passionate about diver safety and education.
Thank you, DAN, for being a steady presence in and out of the water Your work saves lives and builds stronger, more informed dive communities
With immense gratitude, Lauren Abrahams
WHEN SHOULD I PHONE THE DAN HOTLINE?
All diving emergencies
Non-diving medical emergencies
Diving medical information, such as fitness to dive, medication, and travel medical advice and enquiries
Travel notifications and advice
Diving medical examiner contact details
International medical centres or doctors who want to confirm DAN memberships
WHAT DO I NEED TO HAVE READY?
The caller and/or patient’s name and contact number
The nature of the emergency
The patient’s DAN membership number, if applicable or known
The patient’s medical aid information, if the incident occurred within
South Africa
The patient’s travel insurance information, if applicable
If the caller is not at the scene, at least one local contact number should be provided in order to reach the person that is in need of assistance, or those who are in charge of their care
WHAT HAPPENS AFTER I HAVE LOGGED THE EMERGENCY?
DAN makes a conference call to one of the on-call diving medical officers (DMOs) when an emergency call is received and the nature of the event has been established The DMO will provide specialist diving medical advice regarding how and what should be done immediately and will also make decisions concerning the further management of each case, depending on the situation
WILL I GET EVACUATION BY AIR?
Aeromedical resources, such as helicopters and air ambulances, cannot be dispatched unless authorised by the DMO It may take longer to activate an air ambulance than it would take to mobilise emergency medical services via a ground ambulance. Several factors, aside from costs, will determine aeromedical evacuation
The DAN hotline provides emergency medical assistance to injured divers We encourage you to call early, even when you are uncertain, rather than wait until the situation has become critical as the opportunity to assist becomes more restricted.
