Landscape Urbanism. Indigenous Landscape Urbanism & Designed Landscape Urbanism

Lost City

indigenous case: lost city - 1/4

dANNY ANDRES OSORIO gAVIRIA

CoLOMBIA

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(1)[The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta National Natural Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Natural Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta), Lost City (Ciudad Perdida). Tiago Lopes Fernandez, 2014]

Landscape Urbanism assignment 2015

indigenous landscape urbanism

“Lost City: A Cultural Landscape in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia.” (1) Colombia is a country in the northern part of South America (2) where is located the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (3), a mountain range in the Departments of Magdalena, Cesar and La Guajira. It is a Unesco Biosphere Reserve and a World Heritage site and home of four indigenous groups: the Koguis, the Arhuacos, the Wiwas and the Kankuamos (4).

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(2)[Colombia, South America, 2015]. (3)[Santa Marta, Colombia - Google Earth 2015]. (4)[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia - Google Earth 2015].

(5)[Spanish in Colombia, The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,<http://www. spanishincolombia.gov.co/pagina/vida-urbana_santa-marta_-sierra-nevadade-santa-marta> June 10, 2015]

Traditions of Landscape Urbanism — Landscape Urbanism has at least two roots: the heritage of many acient civilizations in creating settlement structures and the history of both landscape architecture and urbanism themselves. Considering its roots, landscape urbanism strategies could become powerful tools for 21st. [...] Landscape urbanism is not very new and has at least two, centuries old, roots; one grounded in an intelligence borne of necessity that led ancient civilizations to seek a balance in creating their settlement structures with, by and through the (constructed) landscape and another stemming from the history of both landscape architecture and urbanism themselves. [De Meulder, Bruno, Shannon, Kelly, “Traditions of Landscape Urbanism”, in: Topos #71, 2010, p. 69]

Gaira River

Buritica River Cordoba River Top of the Buritica Frio River

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(3)[Lost City, <http://www.colombia. travel/>, June 10, 2015]

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Frontera

Troja House

Douchanque Creek

Buritica River

Tankua Corea Creek

Lost City

Primary Regional Center

Secondary Regional Center

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Village

(2)[Based on: Oyuela, Augusto, “Centralizacion e integracion en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta”, in Boletin Museo del Oro, No.38 - 39, 1995, p. 121]

Guachara River

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(5)[Lost City, <http://www.santamartahotels-tours.travel/>, June 10, 2015]

Low Gaira River

indigenous case: lost city - 2/4 Top of the Mira

(4)[Lost City, <http://www. culturabogota.com/>, June 10, 2015]

Tairona Park

(1)[Based on: Oyuela, Augusto, “Centralizacion e integracion en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta”, in Boletin Museo del Oro, No.38 - 39, 1995, p. 120]

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Caribbean Sea

The Lost City Teyuna — Lost City is an ancient city located in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. It was built between the eighth and the fourteenth centuries by the Tayrona indians. Nowadays, the Lost City Teyuna is ruined and only circular stone terraces covered by jungle remain. The traces of the human settlement are located in the side of the Buritica River (1) where the Tairona indians built one of the most acient settlements (2) as an adaptation process to a brittle environment, steep topography (3) and high levels of rainfall. The city (4) had an extension of twenty hectares and is sorrounded by several water streams: the Buritica River (5), the Quiebrapatas Creek and several small streams that served to supply the population that lived there in preColumbian times. [Uribe, Maria, “Ciudad Perdida: Un paisaje cultural en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta en Colombia”, in: Jangwa Pana, Revista de Antropologia, No. 1, 2001, p. 126]

Lost City: Heritage of Indigenous Landscape Urbanism 7 (7)[Lost City, <http://www.david.tryse.net/>, June 10, 2015]

(6)[Based on: Lost City, <http://www.turcoltravel.com/en/>, June 10, 2015]

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Heritage of Indigenous Landscape Urbanism — The existence of an indigenous landscape urbanism reveal the spatial materialization of quite specific world view narratives and ideologies. Yet, collectivelly they bear witness to a continuum of human effort to productively transform and socio-culturally appropiate nature and the landscape in order to effectively guide their use, occupation and urbanization. In general terms, they inscribed themselves within landscapes where the slightest differences of topografy and relation to hydrology was all-important - both pragmatically and symbolically. The built and unbuilt environments worked as ecosystem. Man adapted to the environment, though patient, pragmatic adjustment to circunstances with sophisticated means and logics that worked with nature. Indigenous landscape urbanism created marvelous civilizations - whereby the landscape was the strategic asset for development. [De Meulder, Bruno, Shannon, Kelly, “Traditions of Landscape Urbanism”, in: Topos #71, 2010, p. 70]

Lost City: A Cultural Landscape

(1)[Lost City model, Museo del Oro, Santa Marta, Hiking to Ciudad Perdida, Colombia´s Lost City, David Schmalz, 2013, <http://journal.alltrails.com/post/44281243631/hiking-to-ciudad-perdida-colombias-lost-city>, June 10, 2015]

indigenous case: lost city - 3/4

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Lost City: A Cultural Landscape — The ancient settlement (1) is composed by sixty nine terraces (2) structured by stone walls adapted to the contour of the mountain, stone paths, stone stairscases (3), canals and a stone drainnage system in an interplay between natural and artificial landscape. The city is staggered follow the ridge of the mountain (4) configurating the so-called central axe of political and religious centers. Lost City was an important regional center and a concentration of economic and social power, the location of the site was imperative in the centralization process. Nowadays, some Kogi communities use ceremonial enclosures and all the villages are arround them, the religious center is used for social and governmental meetings related to local authorities. [Uribe, Maria, “Ciudad Perdida: Un paisaje cultural en la Sierra Nevada de Santa

Marta en Colombia”, in: Jangwa Pana, Revista de Antropologia, No. 1, 2001, p. 127]

Topography, Rivers and Urbanization 4

(4)[Lost City, <http://www.travel. nationalgeographic.com, June 10, 2015]

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(3)[Lost City, <http://www.news. vivatravelguides.com, June 10, 2015]

(2)[Lost City, <http://www.david. tryse.net/>, June 10, 2015]

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Indigenous Landscape Urbanism — Landscape urbanism - understood as structuring landscapes to guide their occupation, use and urbanization - is not new, but has indeed been in practice for several millennia. It argues that there is an ancient, indigenous landscape urbanism whereby an integral system of urbanization is tied to the logics of landscapes. [Shannon, Kelly, Manawadu,

Samitha, “Indigenous Landscape Urbanism: Sri Lanka´s Reservoir & Tank System”, in: JoLa (Journal for Landscape Architecture) Autumn 2007, p. 6]

In this case, Lost City is structured by topography and rivers and their relationship with the landscape and the urbanization process.

The topographical landscape is the basis of the ancient settlement and important part in the social, cultural and religious activities as a continuum interplay between nature and society.

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indigenous case: lost city - 4/4

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(1),(2),(3),(4),(5)[Based on: Cadavid, Gilberto, Groot, Ana, “Buritica 200 Arqueologia y Conservacion de una Poblacion Precolombina (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Colombia), in: Boletin Museo del Oro, No. 19, 1987, p. 60 - 71]

Land and Shapes, Landscape and Urbanization: Landscape Urbanism

Lands and Shapes — Landscape is a space on the surface on the earth; intuitively we know that it is a space with a degree of permanence, with its own distinct character, either topographical or cultural, and above all a space shared by a group of people; and when we go beyond the dictionary definition of landscape and examine the world itself we find that our intuition is correct.

[Jackson, Jonh, “The Word Itself”, in: J.B. Jackson (ed.) Discovering the Vernacular Landscape; New Haven: Yale University Pres, Topos #71, 2010, p. 5]

Geographic location, vegetation, rivers and topographical conditions characterized the infrastructural development in Lost City (1), the urbanization process was based in the topographical guidelines as well the basic infrastructure to establish the human settlement, for example foundations for housing, farming terraces, enbankments, retaining walls (4), paths (2), canals, staircases (3), bridges, landfills, cementeries and housing itself (5). Tairona culture understood the topographical patterns of the natural landscape integrate them for the development of their engineering logics as structure of the basic system of the ancient settlement Lost City.

Medellin Encircling Garden

DESIGNED case: MEDELLIN ENCIRCLING GARDEN - 1/4

CoLOMBIA

dANNY ANDRES OSORIO gAVIRIA

EMPRESA DE DESARROLLO URBANO [EDU]

Landscape Urbanism — Landscape Urbanism brings together two previously unrelated terms to suggest a new hybrid discipline. The merging of landscape with urbanism suggest an exiting new field of possibilities. Such possibilities range from vistas across new hightech eco-metropolis - “green cities” coloured by vegetated roofs and working gardens, and sustained by solar panels, wind turbines and stormwater wetlands - to those of a more postindustrial “meta-urbanism”, replete with brutalist layers of concrete intersections flying over densely packed houses, distribution centres and parking structures, collectively a “landscape” by virtue of its flattened accumulation of programmes, textures and flows. [Corner, James, “Landscape urbanism”, in:

(1)[Medellin Encircling Garden, based on: Google Earth 2015 and Barrows, L., Bu, L., Buchholz, N., Calvin, E., Irazabal, C., Krassner, A., Quinn, N., Richardson, J., Sollenberger, G., “Growth Management in Medellin, Colombia”, Urban Planning Studio, Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, 2013, p. 10]

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(2)[Colombia, South America, 2015] (3)[Medellin, Colombia - Google Earth 2015] (4)[The Growth of Medellin (Jota Samper), Barrows, L., Bu, L., Buchholz, N., Calvin, E., Irazabal, C., Krassner, A., Quinn, N., Richardson, J., Sollenberger, G., “Growth Management in Medellin, Colombia”, Urban Planning Studio, Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, 2013, p. 18]

Landscape Urbanism assignment 2015

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Moshen Mostafavi and Ciro Najle (eds.) Landscape Urbanism A Manual for the Machinic Landscape; London: AA Books, 2003, p. 58]

Metropolitan Encircling Garden Colombia is a country in the northern part of South America (2) where is located Medellin (3), the capital city of the Antioquia Department. The city has more than tripled in size in the last sixty years (4), from under 500.000 people in 1955 to close to three million in 2012. For this reason the city of Medellin plans to implement the Metropolitan Encircling Garden (1), as a measure of urban containment.

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RURAL

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Hiking Trail

URBAN

Bike Path

Node

Node

Mobility Corridor Metro Cable

(1)[Medellin Encircling Garden, based on: Barrows, L., Bu, L., Buchholz, N., Calvin, E., Irazabal, C., Krassner, A., Quinn, N., Richardson, J., Sollenberger, G., “Growth Management in Medellin, Colombia”, Urban Planning Studio, Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, 2013, p. 10]

DESIGNED case: MEDELLIN ENCIRCLING GARDEN - 2/4

Node

AREAS OF CONTINUOUS OCCUPATION

GEOGRAPHIC LANDMARK (HILL)

NEIGHBORING PARKS

LOCAL PARKS

CREEK REHABILITATION CORRIDOR METROPOLITAN PARK

Medellin Encircling Garden — As a landscape urbanism device the Medellin Encirling Garden (1) address complicated issues of land squatting, neighborhood upgrading and ecosystem loss (2). The greenbelt is integrated in the urban consolidation directing the growth towards the city center (3) and at the same time it is a mobility corridor that serves as the hub of longitudinal activities.

The Encircling Garden is a complex landscape urbanism interface where the insfrastructure is integrated to the transition zone for public space and facilities and articulated with the protection zone for ecological preservation. [Barrows, L., Bu, L., Buchholz, N., Calvin, 3

Landscape and urban containment 2

(2),(3)[Medellin Encircling Garden, based in: Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano (EDU), Medellin Mayoralty, “Jardin Circunvalar de Medellin, Un Proyecto de Ciudad Para la Vida y Equidad”, Medellin Encircling Garden Presentation to the Medellin Council, Medellin, 2015, p. 4]

E., Irazabal, C., Krassner, A., Quinn, N., Richardson, J., Sollenberger, G., “Growth Management in Medellin, Colombia”, Urban Planning Studio, Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, 2013, p. 10]

Barcelona´s Cinturón — The Cinturón is one element within a comprehensive and metropolitan-scale propolsal to improve public amenities. This proposal includes intimate neighborhood parks and plazas, the reconfiguration and redesign of major avenues and larger parks throughout the city, the integration of new subway lines, as well as the beltway. It also includes recreational, residential, cultural, and sports facilities, many built for the 1992 Olympics. The Cinturón complements both the inner-city network of renovated avenues and the citywide system of parks and plazas. It is located opportunistically to take advantage of marginal sites that remained undeveloped because of difficult topographic conditions alont the waterfront and at the base of the Tibidado 5 and Montjuic hills. As in Alphamd´s plan of Paris, park space, circulation, and urban projects are conceived as autonomous systems that are nonetheless physically and culturally integrated to the fabric of the historic city. [Tatom, Jacqueline, “Urban Highways and the Reluctant Public Realm”, in: Charles Waldheim (ed.) The Landscape Urbanism Reader; New York: Princeton Architecture Press, p.p. 189 - 190]

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Topography, Rivers and Infrastructure: Landscape Urbanism

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Topography, Rivers and Infrastructure: Landscape Urbanism — The Metropolitan Encirling Garden is a complex system where the topography (1) is the most important element in the logic of the urban structure (2). The geography of the upper slopes is articulated with the active occupation processes in the hillsides of the urban edge (5) integrating this phenomena to the new infrastucture systems: the Monorail in the consolidation area integrated to the mobility systems (metro, tram, cable) as longitudinal connectors of the hillside with the nighborhood connection systems (3). The Encircling Garden potentiates the different centralities though the infrastructure stations as centers of consolidation of the territory integrating them with the public space as cultural, sport and commercial attractor allowing the connectivity along the hillsides of the valley through eco-parks in the rivers (4). Landscape is the structure of the territory following the logics of the natural elements integrating the urban development with the ecosystem.

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Infrastructural Urbanism -

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(2),(3),(5)[Medellin Encircling Garden, Barrows, L., Bu, L., Buchholz, N., Calvin, E., Irazabal, C., Krassner, A., Quinn, (1),(4)[Medellin Encircling Garden, based in: Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano (EDU), Medellin N., Richardson, J., Sollenberger, G., “Growth Management in Medellin, Colombia”, Urban Planning Studio, Mayoralty, “Jardin Circunvalar de Medellin, Un Proyecto de Ciudad Para la Vida y Equidad”, Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, 2013, p. 10] Medellin Encircling Garden Presentation to the Medellin Council, Medellin, 2015, p. 150]

DESIGNED case: MEDELLIN ENCIRCLING GARDEN - 3/4

Infrastructural Urbanism — Infrastructres allow detailed design of typical elements or repetitive structures, facilitating an architectural approach to urbanism. Intead of moving always down in scale from the general to the specific, infrastructural design begins with the precise deliineation of specific architectural elements within specific limits. Unlike other models (planning codes or typological norms, for example) that tend to schematize and regulate architectural form and work by prohibition, the limits to architectural design in infrastructural complexes are technical and instrumental. In infrastructural urbanism, form matters, but more what it can do than for what it looks like. “The time has come to approach architecture urbanistically and urbanism architecturally.” [Allen, Stan, “Infrastructural Urbanism”, in: Points+Lines Diagrams and Projects for the City (reprinted in On Landscape Urbanism, Center 14, University of Texas at Austin School of Architecture 2007), p. 180]

Landscape as Structure of the City

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URBAN LIMIT

ENCIRCLING GARDEN

PROTECTED AREAS

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Neighborhood

Parks

Urban BoulevardsSquares

Children´s Parks

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AREA

TRANSITION STRIP PUBLIC SPACE AND FACILITIES, WATERSHED RECOVERY

URBAN CONSOLIDATION

MOBILITY CORRIDOR

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(2),(4),(5)[Medellin Encircling Garden, Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano (EDU), Medellin Mayoralty, “Jardin Circunvalar de Medellin, Un Proyecto de Ciudad Para la Vida y Equidad”, Medellin Encircling Garden Presentation to the Medellin Council, Medellin, 2015, p. 150]

Micro-Centralities

(1),(3)[Medellin Encircling Garden, based on: Barrows, L., Bu, L., Buchholz, N., Calvin, E., Irazabal, C., Krassner, A., Quinn, N., Richardson, J., Sollenberger, G., “Growth Management in Medellin, Colombia”, Urban Planning Studio, Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, 2013, p. 21]

DESIGNED case: MEDELLIN ENCIRCLING GARDEN - 4/4

Landscape Urbanism — Ecology teaches us that all life is bound into dynamic and interrelated processes of codependency. Changes in the effects produced by an individual or ecosystem in one part of the planet can have significant effects somewhere else. This is an attractive idea for landscape urbanism because it bears upon the continual need for cities and landscapes to be flexible, to be capable of responding quickly to changing needs and demands, while themselves projecting new sets of effect and potential. [Corner, James, “Landscape urbanism”, in: Moshen Mostafavi and Ciro Najle (eds.) Landscape Urbanism A Manual for the Machinic Landscape; London: AA Books, 2003, p. 63]

Medellin is envisioning the city as a living ecology where the Encirling Garden (1) serves as environmental protection, ecosystem restoration, ecological tourism, sustainable food production and rural housing improvement articulating facilities and public spaces with recreational activities, educational facilities, eco-parks and eco-orchards (2); at the same time serves as mobility infrastructural system (4) of the hillsides of the valley (3). The Encircling Garden is a complex landscape urbanism structure which involves different elements of the urban ecology as a whole system.

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