[Eco]Logical Balance as Interface of Hybrid Urbanity in Banjarbaru, Indonesia

[Eco]Logical Balance as Interface of Hybrid Urbanity in Banjarbaru, Indonesia Structuring the Fragmented and Dispersed City by Collective Space as an Urban Development Strategy

Danny Andres Osorio Gaviria Master of Science in Human Settlements [MaHS] 2014 - 2015 Department of Architecture, Urbanism and Planning [ASRO] Faculty of Engineering Science KU Leuven

Water Urbanism Studio 2015 Thesis submitted to obtain the degree Science in Human Settlements [MaHS] Academic year 2014 - 2015

of

Master

of

Department of Architecture, Urbanism and Planning [ASRO] Faculty of Engineering Science KU Leuven Promotor Guido G eenen, prof ir-arch ku leuven Guided and supervised by Guido G eenen, prof ir-arch ku leuven Tom Van Mieghem, arch Stefanie Dens , ir-arch Supporting studio team B runo De Meulder , prof dr ir-arch ku leuven, program director MaHS/MaUSP Cynthia Susilo, phd ku leuven In cooperation with UN-Habitat, R egional Office for Asia and the Pacific The City of Banjarmasin, Indonesia ykks /p5 undip, I ndonesia Arcadis More In MaHS / MaUSP / EMU Master Programs Department ASRO, KU Leuven K asteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee, B elgium Tel: + 32(0)16 321 391 Email: paulien.martens @ kuleuven.be © Copyright by K.U.Leuven Without written permission

of the

promotors and

the authors it is forbidden to reproduce or adapt in any form or by any means any part of this publication .

R equests

for obtaining the right to reproduce or

utilize parts of this publication should be addressed

K.U.Leuven, Faculty of Engineering – K asteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee (B elgië). Telefoon +3216-32 13 50 & Fax. +32-16-32 19 88.

to

A written permission of the promotor is also required to use the methods , products , schematics and programs described in this work for industrial or

commercial use, and for submitting this publication in scientific contests .

All images in this booklet are, unless credits are given, made or drawn by the authors (Water U rbanism Studio Banjarmasin, 2015).

[Eco]Logical Balance as Interface of Hybrid Urbanity in Banjarbaru, Indonesia Structuring the Fragmented and Dispersed City by Collective Space as an Urban Development Strategy

Danny Andres Osorio Gaviria Master of Science in Human Settlements [MaHS] 2014 - 2015 Department of Architecture, Urbanism and Planning [ASRO] Faculty of Engineering Science KU Leuven

to the memory of my father Benjamin

Rivers, the hidden treasure of Banjarbaru, Indonesia

09

Contents

41

[Eco]Logical Balance as Interface of Hybrid Urbanity in Banjarbaru, Indonesia

11 Acknowledgments 13

Studio Work: Water Urbanism, River & Road as Warp & Woof

14 Introduction 19

44 Introduction

Water Dynamics: Water Structure of the Territory Rhythms:

of

Appropriation

28 Migration

Topographies

Water

Uses

of

L andscape:

L andscape

&

Changing

56 High-land

as

Element

Density

of

and

through

and

60 Reclaiming Waterways: Renewed interpretation

Collective Space in Banjarbaru

66 Conclusion

the diver[C]ity

Low-land, Urbanization

Protective L andscapes

of the

36 Articulating R-Urbanity: Cohesion

without

58 Agriculture, Urban Agriculture, Productive and

Hybrid Urbanity in Banjarbaru City

Variation

46 Banjarbaru: A City 50 Desakota

Chapter 11

34 Banjarbaru: Exploring

8

as

Urbanity

30 Temporal L andscape: Time

33

Structuring the Fragmented and Dispersed City

by Collective Space as an Urban Development Strategy

42 Abstract

Chapter 1

26 Equalizer

Chapter 111

68 Bibliography

9

Contents

Wetlands in Banjarbaru, Indonesia 10

Acknowledgments I am grateful with life and destiny for giving me this unique opportunity to be part of this challenging experience.

I am indebted to a great many people‌ I want to say thank you to my family, my father, my mother, my sister and my brother. Thank you for always believe in me and support my crazy impulses and all the decisions I have made. Thank you for always be there for me, I love u. I am grateful with Valentina Amaya, without her I would not be here.

I would like to express my genuine gratitude to VLIR-UOS Scholarship who gave me their trust and economic support to fulfill my higher education. This unique opportunity will definitely change the course of my professional career in multiple positive ways.

In KU Leuven, I want to thank my friend Amaranta Vargas for always be there for me. My studio partners; my lovely Elena Kasselouri, Sheeba Amir and my break partner Tarek Morad, thank you for everything. To Professor Bruno De Meulder and the whole staff of professors who contributed with their guidance and belief in our work and continuously encouraged us to make it better.

Thank you very much to everyone who made this design thesis possible.

Thank you.

11

12

13

Studio Work Water Urbism: River & Road as Warp & Woof

Introduction Asian kind can be canalized in sink with natural processes of the dynamic landscape and in relation to the legacy of the city/region. (…) A productive interplay between water structures and urban structures can once again become a fundamental identity for the city and its environs.’

Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, feature prominently in the medium-term plan Indonesia 2014-2019 of the Indonesian government: as large cities, as priority location for a new town, as future growth center, and mainly as (the only) metropolitan area in Indonesian Borneo. It explains the prospects of a doubled population by 2030 (from 652.000 inhabitants in 2010 to 1.27 million in 2030).

Simultaneously Banjarmasin is undergoing a dramatic transformation, shifting its waterbased origins towards road-based transport.

Today both mentioned partners renew their focus towards ‘Advocating Urban Planning for City Leaders’, revising their guidelines towards a more integrated comprehensive planning across sectors. The focus of UN-Habitat on urban planning is framed against the very rapid and often uncontrolled urbanization, looking for more sustainable, empowering and inclusive ways to guide this expected massive urban growth or urban sprawl.The studio starts from ‘the assumption that even growth of the 14

Methodology: A strip of 25 x 80 km along the territory of Banjarbakula was chosen to frame the fieldwork. The strip spans from the Barito River, over Banjarmasin (-0,16 m), Martapura and Banjarbaru, to the Rian Kanan Dam in the mountains ( 200 m above sea level).

In fist place it was collected the field work in Indonesia as part of the Water Group: Danny Osorio, Amaranta Vargas, Valentine Van den Eynde, Marion Mukolwe, Yantri Dewi, Ermawan Rekshi and Teguh Iman. In the secoun phase it was collected the studio work in Leuven as part of the Banjarbaru Group: Danny Osorio, Elena Kasselouri, Sheeba Amir and Tarek Morad. Finally the reasearch paper, was wrote based in all the field work and the studio work accomplished as part of the Water Urbanism Studio 2015.

The studio starts from ‘the assumption that even growth of the Asian kind can be canalized in sink with natural processes of the dynamic landscape and in relation to the legacy of the city/region. (…) A productive interplay between water structures and urban structures can once again become a fundamental identity for the city and its environs.’

Kalimantan Selatan

Banjarbaru

Banjarbaru, Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia 0

10

20 km

15

16

Banjarbaru, Indonesia 17

18

19

Chapter 1 Water Dynamics: Water as Structure of the Territory

20

21

Water Dynamics

Water as Structure of the Territory Banjarmasin and the greater region of Banjarbakula are part of a territory structured by water in the watershed of the Barito River system. The strip area sits on Barito River’s downstream and experiences the challenges of the delta joining the Java Sea. These are tidal fluctuations, saline intrusion and rise in water levels during the rainy season.

The water hierarchy is from the Barito River starting from the central ridges of South Kalimantan, the Martapura River formed by the meeting of Riam Kanan and Riam Kiwa, the structured irrigation canals, numerous smaller secondary and tertiary rivers and storm water drainage system. The natural system has been superimposed by an artificial system which has evolved historically from traditionally built irrigation systems to Dutch canal systems and later government sanctioned canals all connected to the Martapura River. However, it cannot be considered as a purely natural or artificial system but an in between hybrid structure because there are artificial manipulation of the natural system for water intakes, normalization and canalization. Simultaneously, the artificial system has influences of the natural forces, arising from its connection to the natural water system. The irrigation canals have fish breeding naturally and colonialization by plant life in certain sections. This hybrid system can be a means of examining our modification of the water for appropriation in a city that is expected to double and the hinterland that supports it. How can we achieve an optimal relationship with the water in a conversational manner rather than defensive control strategies? How can hard engineering be integrated in a natural water system to work with the water instead of combating it?

22

Water has been discussed following three different approaches : the relation between water and land, the relationship between water and people and the relationship between water, land and time. These three dynamics that allow the appreciation the the entire water system, its challenges and capabilities. They provide a means to the identify opportunities and form a basis for strategies for development of the region of Banjarbakula.

Equalizer of Rhythms Water Uses and Appropriation

Migration of Landscape Changing Topographies

Temporal Landscape Time as Element of Landscape

In Kalimantan context, landscapes are mainly made of the outstanding character of the water body and of human uses.

The main goal of this approach is to give a way to water by interweaving the rhythms of nature and humans. The point is to crate a charte putting in dialogue the different uses of water following five different environments along the strip we are studying, using photomontages. Those montages are made of several pictures showing how the uses express themselves.

Those five images play with opacities to show the intensity of appropriation following the five contexts.

The chart is made of two axis. The vertical one shows how intense do human uses of the water interface with natural rules and affect landscape. The horizontale axis indicates how the uses work with nature, from completely in symbiose with it to against it.

The uses and appropriations are organised in nine stripes of five pictures. Those nine stripes are classified in three categories : - Social appropriations : considering water as a place to live, share and move - Economical appropriations : considering water as a space to grow, produce and trade - Technical appropriations : considering water as a space that flows, evolves and supports

The strip area and beyond demonstrate the codependent connection between the land and the water. The production, infrastructure and physical urban growth are dependent on the same system creating friction. As Banjarmasin expands, new growth is happening at its peripheries, where the land is mostly swamp. The new developments prompt excavation from hilly sites in Banjabaru and surrounding areas. The cut of the hill changes the topography to relatively flat.

The fill area in Banjarmasin’s periphery shifts topographically from swamp with water storage capacity to level landfill for construction. This is the creation of new land. The mining areas, most of which have abandoned sections have resulted in gaping holes in the ground up to 20m deep. They fill up with water from natural small rivers or rainfall to form new contaminated water landscapes. This migration of landscape shifts the relationship between land and water and imposes a new kind of artificial landscape. It bears serious implications for the region. The increase of filled area reduces swamp area which affects food production area and water storage points within the watershed. It also increases impervious surface which can lead to a lower ground water table. The creation of new water areas and leveling of the hilly areas causes deforestation leading to sedimentation and creates drainage problems that pose a flood risk in the lower areas. This evolving migration of landscape will be amplified with increased growth.

What kind of system can be introduced to maneuver these extreme inversions of topography arising from urban growth and livelihoods without severely breaking the water-land balance? How can the scars created on the landscape be transformed into opportunities for the expanding region?

The delta setting of the Martapura River means that the region is subjected to timebased forces that change the landscape formation hourly and by season. Time creates in-between zones where the water and land gradients are altered. The quantity of land and quantity of water are dynamic when based on time. The tidal fluctuations cause the water levels to change with high and low tide. This tidal effect creates a reverse flow that is experienced up to 39km on Martapura River from Barito River. The tidal effect meets the downward flowing river at Martapura city.

The two forces create a flood zone during the rainy season. The water quantity and levels increase significantly by 1 to 3m during the rainy season. The dry season creates a contradictory landscape due to significant decrease in water levels when some smaller rivers almost dry up. The dam operates at half capacity which means reduced energy and shortage of piped clean water. Since the water pressure is lower in the dry season, saline water backflows into the river consequently causing clean water intakes to be closed.

For a region immersed is water the dry season is increasingly creating a situation where there is not enough water. The water acts as a protection system during the dry season on the Gambut layer.

The Gambut layer ignites during the dry season when the water level reduces and it is exposed to the sun. The rising smoke spreads into the cities and has forced the Banjabaru Airport to suspend flights due to visibility. It is a demonstration of the conflict of urban functions and water levels changing through time. How can cities plan and expand within the context of unpredictable time-based natural movement of water?

These approach allows to estimate the priorities in term of improvement. The ideal location of all the buttons is up the chart. So for example we can assume that the water used as a place to live or produce affect deeper the way water flows than using it to grow.

This equalizer allows to work on dynamics that optimize the interweaving between water and people.

23

Water Dynamics

Hybrid system as the structure of a territory

Main Rivers and Dam Secondary Rivers Tide Wetland Canals (irrigation and drainage) Flooding area Barito River Section 24

Martapura River Section

Canal (Irrigation System) Section

Perigi River Section

Ahmad Yani Canal (Drainage) Section 25

EqualizEr

of

rhythms

Water uses and appropriations

Social uses Economical uses

626

FroM NaTure

Trade

Move

evolves

Flows

Grow

This chart represents the different uses people can have of the water between the Dam and the Barito river. Social uses, economical uses and technical uses are analysed following three different appropriations in five different contexts represented by the diagrams of the map and of the sections on the left. The map diagram is also used to show how the uses interfere with how easy the water can find its way.

a space to - that

Technical uses

eNcouraGed by NaTure

w

Water as a space for economical appropriations

With Nature

suPPorts

P roduce

Water as a space for technical appropriations

share

Live

Water as a space for social appropriations

agaiNst Nature

277

L and Migration

Changing topography : Creating land and Creating water

Mines - creating water Excavation - migrating land Filled settlement - creating land Limestone Urbanized Gambut

Land Excavation Hilly Terrain (Cut)

Flat Terrain

Original swamp conditions

Land fill for building base (Fill)

28

Exposed Subgrade Ground Water Table Creates Water Recolonialization | New Growth

Creating Land

Remediate

Store

Protect

Balance

Infiltrate

Drain

Swamp and Secondary River

Mine Pits

(Cut)

Low-Lying Terrain

Digging of Mines

Mine pits fill up with water

Exposed Mine Pits River and Rain Water Fill the Pits New development on Rehabilitated Mines

Creating Water 29

Temporal Landscape Time as element of landscape

Rivers Rivers affected by tides Rivers affected by dry season Saline marine Gambut Urbanized

30

Store

Protect

Infiltrate

Drain

31

32

33

Chapter 11 Hybrid Urbanity in Banjarbaru City

Banjarbaru:

Exploring the Diver[C]ity

34

35

Articulating R-Urbanity: Cohesion through Variation

36

37

38

Wetlands in Banjarbaru, Indonesia 39

40

41

Chapter 111 [Eco]Logical Balance as Interface of Hybrid Urbanity in Banjarbaru, Indonesia

Abstract Banjarbaru and Banjarmasin are two cities located in South Kalimantan, Indonesia.

These two cities have been developed in different ways but are closely related and the Indonesian government conceives them as the future main metropolitan area in Indonesian Borneo.

The challenge of Banjarbaru and Banjarmasin as a future metropolitan area in the region is facing eventual changes linked to this process, for example, the doubling in population expected by 2030. As consequence of this increase in population these cities have to deal with the need for more productive land, the need for higher density urban development, the protection of the agricultural areas from the urban growing and the spontaneous dispersion of the urban centers.

In the specific case of Banjarbaru, the city has to face the urban growth without density, a process in this moment affecting the identity and the urbanity of the city. As part of the South Asian countries urbanization process there are particular elements to take into account as the relationship between highland and low-land conditions, pros and cons of the Desakota typology, agricultural activities related to urban areas, the lack of identity and urbanity, residual spaces inside the city, the water system neglected for the urban growth and the lack of collective spaces.

42

Banjarmasin is a city where the urban growth was related to water; on the other hand Banjarbaru was developed as a plan city in the high-land areas close to the hills, where the urban growth was linked to the infrastructure. Although the juxtaposition of local and global elements is already apparent, as an intense urban expansion is in process, a shift in polarity between the two urban cores is taking place. Instead of one urban agglomeration, Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru are developing as two collaborating cities.

In this sense, under the growing population and the higher ambitions of the region, the city of Banjarbaru is going through a transition, presenting an opportunity to introduce new urbanities as well as to strengthen present urbanities. An issue of up-scaling the existing urban qualities and projecting the new ones is prominent. Under this framework, several questions are raised: Which is the potential for the city to contain higher density? How to accommodate the needs of the growing population while protecting the most fertile land from an invasive urban expansion? How landscape, agriculture, urban development, water management can be articulated preserving the ecological balance of built and open space?

Keywords: Urbanity, Public Space, Density, Urbanism, Dispersion, Ecology, Water.

Neglected Waterways in Banjarbaru, Indonesia 43

Introduction Banjarbaru is a city in the province of South Kalimantan, Indonesia and is located in the southeast side of Banjarmasin. The city had a population of 199,627 inhabitants in 2010 and the latest official estimate is 215,440 inhabitants. Martapura city was the last capital of the former Sultanate of Banjar and lies in the north side of Banjarbaru in a continuous urban system. The city is bisected by the major road crossing South Kalimantan; Jalan Jendral Achmad Yani road splits Banjarbaru in two sides and is connected to Banjarmasin.

Water and infrastructure are the structural elements of the territory, which are forming the two main spines that guide urbanization, connecting the core of Banjarmasin to the core of Banjarbaru and Martapura City. Martapura River, as a natural spine, is shaping the productive landscape where the settlement is a linear development along the riverfront that strongly relates to the productive land. While Achmad Yani road, as the civic, spine is the carrier of an intense urbanization, concentrating in length various functions.

Urban fabric as the interplay of water and road has different forms along Banjarbakula.

This relation is producing a wide variety of identities; a collection of diverse urbanities is creating a mosaic of characters and interrelations. Different growth rhythms 44

and structures characterize the urbanization process. Banjarmasin has a continuous urban development that started primarily along the rivers, canals and roads filling gradually the gaps. However Banjarbaru was planned and established, as an urban center, followed afterwards by new clustered developments, forming a dispersed city. Martapura city forms a linear compact city with a strong central big mosque and market developed in parallel roads. The lack of a strong urban identity is giving space to a composition of rural and urban elements. This coexistence produces a gradient of diffuse urbanity in a changing balance. The existing and emerging centers and urbanities are consequence of the urban tensions in the area stimulated for urban catalysts as the developing port, the university, the airport and the new regional administrative center.

Neglected Waterways in Banjarbaru, Indonesia 45

Banjarbaru: A City without Density “Cities of Dispersal can be recognized as an emerging type of low density environments; de-centralized, heterogeneous, radically different from traditional definitions of the city in their spatial organization and patterns of growth.� [Segal & Verbakel, 2008].

Banjarbaru city is expanding, growing and sprawling leaving its plan city center shrinking.

The city is waiting for a reorganization process of the built environment where a redistribution of the densities of buildings, population and activities needs to take place. Probably one of the effects of the westernization process is the emulation of dispersed and diffused urban process from American or European contexts; in this regard it is being taken of a global tendency in the urban development of emerging countries, especially in Asia.

In this kind of process the public space is a determined element in the understanding of the new urban context of the city and how is its role in this new dispersed environment. In the case of Banjarbaru there is not a hierarchical organization of densities, therefore it is impossible to read the distinction between urban and non-urban context. The city started to grow from the plan center to less dense areas without order and structure creating a lack of identity in the country side and a lack of urbanity which can 46

The Process

47

be considered as possible dense areas close to the city center. The problem of blurred distinction between city and countryside is originated in the loss of the traditional city boundaries, for this reason is imperative the redistribution of urban activities and intensities where it can be recognized a clear pattern of high density in the city.

On the other hand, the sprawled low density environments in Banjarbaru, probably more than half of the city, it is not recognized as urban nor as city due the lack of density, the absence of a coherent urban fabric and, a non-existent relationship between pedestrians and urban space related to the lack of forms and uses of urban public spaces. In this regard, the attempts to qualify the dispersed city of Banjarbaru refer to the

48

loss of coherence, definition and limits in the different urbanities; however the strategies for these issues emerge from these losses where the dispersal can be an opportunity to reinvent urbanity.

Public space plays a crucial role in the [re] definition of the alternative urbanities in the sprawled conditions where it can act as a place of exchange, inter-connectivity, overlapping of networks and as an attractor of diverse programs creating an intensity of identities which generate urban coherence and the active use at different scales. The new interventions in the public space should protect the existing urban configuration of the city as a catalyst of the collective dimensions of the dispersed urban condition of Banjarbaru. As a city in the South Asia context, it is the place

for new forms of collective space integrated to the rapid process of urban expansion where the fragmentation of the city can be used as a base for a new urban structure that allows the landscape to interplay with the urban fabric, using the residual spaces as means of transformation of the city based in new possible attractors.

The envisioned future urbanization in Banjarbaru proposes public space as a strategy for the new urbanized areas and for the former active city center. In general, the [re]densification process combined with agriculture, ecological tourism and other forms of landscaping, as a method guides the urban growth and the renewal of the dispersed urban conditions. Green, blue and collective spaces can revitalize and intensify

the urban experience in the city, reinterpreting the “urban emptiness�, knitting together the complex urban programs attached to the infrastructure systems, generating multiuse spaces and changing the way of use, appropriate and inhabit the collective spaces as part of the public realm.

Residual spaces, voids and fragments can become an ecological system where landscape, water and collective spaces take the prominent role as emergent types of public space stimulating the densification process around them and acting as an interface between the existing conditions and the [re]interpretation of the nature as public and collective space in Banjarbaru.

49

Desakota “First, desakota regions are so vast and difficult to navigate that they produce administrative “blind spots” in which planning regulations are not enforceable in any uniform way. Second, desakota regions feature a high mobility of goods and services and a transient pattern of settlement. Third, and closely related, desakota regions resist being takenup into a more formal system of interconnected functionally specialized zones.” [Cairns, 2002].

In the South Asian cities desakota is a not conventional mode of urbanization which mixes the identity of a town and a village in a spatially fragmented densely peripheral settlement pattern as a suburban development close to a major urban center but always linked to the agricultural areas.

In the South Kalimantan context we can find, according a McGee´s desakota categories, the desakota type 3, characterized by a high population growth and a slow economic growth in human settlements close to the urban centers, in this case Barjarbaru and Banjarmasin. In some cases the desakota areas were absorbed for the urban growth of these two main urban centers, creating “desakota islands” in the middle of urban areas but totally disconnected of the surrounding city, without infrastructure, services or public space.

Desakota as an urbanization process has deep economic issues and poverty problems, however, this typology is a good case study of synergy between urban and rural, the consumptive and the productive landscapes as a possible new hybrid urbanity capable to improve and articulate as part of the city and as a possible device of interchange between urban or rural areas.

50

The Strategy 51

52

Regional Strategy _ Articulation of [Eco]Systems and Urbanities

53

Framing the Adhesive Green Armature 54

55

I

I NATURAL FLOWS

PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE

EXISTING INSTITUTES

POTENTIAL INTERSECTIONS

INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS

GREEN PUBLIC SPACE

MIXED TYPOLOGIES

NEW PROGRAMMES

WETLAND PRESERVATION NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM ( RAMBUTAN TREE)

GENUS HYLOCEROUS ( DRAGON FRUIT )

High-land and Low-land, Urbanization and Urbanity MUSA ACUMINATA ( BANANA TREE)

PSIDIUM GUAJAVA ( GUAVA TREE)

CYCAS REVOLUTA ( SAGO PALM )

INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS

GREEN PUBLIC SPACE

MIXED TYPOLOGIES

NEW PROGRAMMES

WETLAND PRESERVATION

Banjarmasin is located in the confluence Diversity of green of Martapura River and Barito River. The elevation of the Banjarmasin city center is 1m above sea level whereas the elevation of productive green the rest of the city in an average elevation of 0.16m under sea level. In the east side Kanan Dam urban greenis located in the mountains 200m above sea level. In between, Banjarbaru is located at the foot of the Meratus Mountains; the city is elevated between 0 to 25m above sea level.

MUSA ACUMINATA ( BANANA TREE)

CYCAS REVOLUTA ( SAGO PALM )

PSIDIUM GUAJAVA ( GUAVA TREE)

GENUS HYLOCEROUS ( DRAGON FRUIT )

NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM ( RAMBUTAN TREE)

AVOID

ENCOURAGE

CARICA PAPAYA ( PAPAYA TREE)

WETLAND PRESERVATION

URBAN AGRICULTURE

NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM ( RAMBUTAN TREE)

RAIN GARDENS

COCOS NUCEFERA ( COCONUT TREE)

ENCROACHMENT

BIOSWALES

DURIO ZIBETHINUS ( DURIAN)

IPOMOEA AQUATICA ( WATER SPINACH )

ELEOCHARIS DULCIS ( WATER CHESTNUT)

AVOID

GENUS HYLOCEROUS ( DRAGON FRUIT )

ENCROACHMENT

IPOMOEA AQUATICA ( WATER SPINACH )

HARD EDGES

ELEOCHARIS DULCIS ( WATER CHESTNUT)

MONO FUNCTION

MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM ( KARAMUNTING)

COCOS NUCEFERA ( COCONUT TREE)

URBAN AGRICULTURE

RAIN GARDENS

DURIO ZIBETHINUS ( DURIAN)

AVOID

INSERT

ENCOURAGE

CARICA PAPAYA ( PAPAYA TREE)

SPRAWL

NELUMBO NUCIFERAL ( WATER LILY )

natural green

The plan city in Banjarbaru was designed in the high-land in the south side of Martapura city. Contrary to Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru is raising from low-land to high-land in a

URBAN AGRICULTURE

RAIN GARDENS

ENCROACHMENT

BIOSWALES

HARD EDGES

MONO FUNCTION

small hill at the starting point of the Meratus Mountains. The city has two levels, the first one is the low-land and wet-land, which is the suitable area for developing agricultural activities; in second place the high-land areas are the suitable place for dense urban developments. In this case, the concern is about encouraging density and guiding the urbanization process to high-lands from the progressive fill of wet-lands.

COCOS NUCEFERA ( COCONUT TREE)

HARD EDGES

MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM ( KARAMUNTING)

DURIO ZIBETHINUS ( DURIAN)

IPOMOEA AQUATICA ( WATER SPINACH )

MONO FUNCTION

ELEOCHARIS DULCIS ( WATER CHESTNUT)

MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM ( KARAMUNTING)

NELUMBO NUCIFERAL ( WATER LILY )

SPRAWL

NELUMBO NUCIFERAL ( WATER LILY )

Both cities are connected by a linear infrastructure named Jalan Jendral Achmad Yani Road and contrary to Banjarmasin; Banjarbaru is in a privileged location in high-

wetland green

Agro-city_ new typologies combining housing and agriculture

Airport-city_ green boulevards interconnect the multiple urban scales

High density and the collective space_ the mosque as a catalyst of the emerging urbanization

Wetland park_ the gate to the water purification area

56

Interwaving with the existing civic spine, the green armature constitutes a growing structure for the emerging city. Higher density and multiple new functions come along wit qualities; urban green, productive green, natural green and wetland green come together producing a variety of public spaces. The green lines are incorporating multiple s

PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE

EXISTING INSTITUTES

POTENTIAL INTERSECTIONS

NATURAL FLOWS NATURAL FLOWS

NATURAL FLOWS INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS CARICA PAPAYA ( PAPAYA TREE)

ENCOURAGE INSERT INSERT INSERT

CARICA PAPAYA ( PAPAYA TREE)

PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE

EXISTING INSTITUTES EXISTING INSTITUTES

POTENTIAL INTERSECTIONS POTENTIAL INTERSECTIONS

PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE GREEN PUBLIC SPACE

EXISTING INSTITUTES MIXED TYPOLOGIES

POTENTIAL INTERSECTIONS CARICA PAPAYA PAPAYA NEW PROGRAMMES CARICA ( PAPAYA TREE)

MUSA ACUMINATA ( BANANA TREE)

( PAPAYA TREE)

CYCAS REVOLUTA ( SAGO PALM )

PSIDIUM GUAJAVA ( GUAVA TREE)

AVOID ENCOURAGE ENCOURAGE ENCOURAGE

INSERT IDENTIFY IDENTIFY IDENTIFY

NATURAL FLOWS

GENUS HYLOCEROUS CARICA PAPAYA ( DRAGON ( PAPAYAFRUIT TREE))

EXISTING INSTITUTES

POTENTIAL INTERSECTIONS

NATURAL FLOWS NATURAL FLOWS

NATURAL FLOWS INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS

PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE

EXISTING INSTITUTES EXISTING INSTITUTES

POTENTIAL INTERSECTIONS POTENTIAL INTERSECTIONS

PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE GREEN PUBLIC SPACE

EXISTING INSTITUTES MIXED TYPOLOGIES

MUSA ACUMINATA CARICA PAPAYA MUSA ACUMINATA CARICA PAPAYA ( BANANA TREE) ( PAPAYA TREE) POTENTIAL INTERSECTIONS ( BANANA TREE) ( PAPAYA TREE) NEW PROGRAMMES

MUSA ACUMINATA ( BANANA TREE)

CYCAS REVOLUTA ( SAGO PALM )

PSIDIUM GUAJAVA ( GUAVA TREE)

INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS

GREEN PUBLIC SPACE GREEN PUBLIC SPACE

MIXED TYPOLOGIES MIXED TYPOLOGIES

INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS MUSA ACUMINATA MUSAPRESERVATION ACUMINATA WETLAND ( BANANA TREE)

GREEN PUBLIC SPACE PSIDIUM GUAJAVA PSIDIUM GUAJAVA URBAN AGRICULTURE ( GUAVA TREE) ( GUAVA TREE)

CYCAS REVOLUTA MIXED TYPOLOGIES CYCAS REVOLUTA ( SAGO PALM ) RAIN GARDENS

( BANANA TREE)

( SAGO PALM )

PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE

EXISTING INSTITUTES

POTE

NATURAL FLOWS NATURAL FLOWS

PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE

EXISTING INSTITUTES EXISTING INSTITUTES

POTE POTE

PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE GREEN PUBLIC SPACE

EXISTING INSTITUTES MIXED TYPOLOGIES

POTE N

NATURAL FLOWS INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS

MUSA ACUMINATA ( BANANA TREE)

CARICA PAPAYA ( PAPAYA TREE)

PSIDIUM GUAJAVA ( GUAVA TREE)

ENCOURAGE INSERT INSERT INSERT

PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE

AVOID ENCOURAGE ENCOURAGE ENCOURAGE

IDENTIFY

INSERT IDENTIFY IDENTIFY IDENTIFY

NATURAL FLOWS

NATURAL FLOWS

INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS PSIDIUM GUAJAVA PSIDIUM GUAJAVA

( GUAVA TREE) PLATFORMS INTERACTIVE ( GUAVA TREE) WETLAND PRESERVATION

NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUMPSIDIUM GUAJAVA COCOS NUCEFERA MUSA ACUMINATA TREE) ( COCONUT TREE) ( BANANA( RAMBUTAN TREE) ( GUAVA TREE)

GENUS HYLOCEROUS CARICA PAPAYA ( DRAGON ( PAPAYAFRUIT TREE))

NEW PROGRAMMES NEW PROGRAMMES

GENUS HYLOCEROUS GENUS HYLOCEROUS ( DRAGON FRUIT ) ( DRAGON FRUIT )

NEW PROGRAMMES BIOSWALES

GENUS HYLOCEROUS ( DRAGON FRUIT )

WETLAND PRESERVATION WETLAND PRESERVATION

NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM ( RAMBUTAN TREE) ( RAMBUTAN TREE)

COCOS NUCEFERA COCOS NUCEFERA ( COCONUT TREE) ( COCONUT TREE)

WETLAND PRESERVATION ENCROACHMENT

NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM ( RAMBUTAN TREE)

COCOS NUCEFERA ( COCONUT TREE)

CYCAS REVOLUTA ( SAGO PALM )

GREEN PUBLIC SPACE GREEN PUBLIC SPACE CYCAS REVOLUTA CYCAS REVOLUTA

( SAGO PALM )SPACE GREEN PUBLIC ( SAGO PALM ) URBAN AGRICULTURE

MIXED TYPOLOGIES MIXED TYPOLOGIES

N N

MIXED TYPOLOGIES RAIN GARDENS

N

CYCAS REVOLUTA DURIO ZIBETHINUS ( SAGO PALM ) ( DURIAN)

URBAN AGRICULTURE URBAN AGRICULTURE

RAIN GARDENS RAIN GARDENS

DURIO ZIBETHINUS DURIO ZIBETHINUS ( DURIAN)

URBAN( DURIAN) AGRICULTURE HARD EDGES

RAIN GARDENS MONO FUNCTION

DURIO ZIBETHINUS ( DURIAN) NELUMBO NUCIFERAL ( WATER LILY )

IDENTIFY

IDENTIFY

INSERT IDENTIFY IDENTIFY IDENTIFY

IDENTIFY

land, away from issues like flooding. However, the motorbike, the public transport being the location of this city was convenient for non-existent, and the lack of clear distinction the peripheral growth, the dispersion, the between urban and non-urban areas. This sprawling urbanity and the spontaneous edge between high-land and low-land growing without order, logic or guide. For becomes a suitable interface to [re]define this reason Banjarbaru is envisioned as the the character of the city and to strengthen LEGEND suitable placenatural forgreen, the massive urbanization the urbanity social in Banjarbaru as a potential agro-pockets den highvegetation productive green wetland green forestry urban green low vegetation process, as a consequence of the possible metropolitan area in the region.

TOOLBOX_ identifying the potential of the existing_ inserting new supporting elements_ encouraging the ecological dynamics_ avoiding fragmenting practices LEGEND LEGEND double population in the considered new agro-pockets natural green, productive green wetland social urban green low agro-pockets den den LEGEND natural green,high high vegetation productive green wetland green green social forestry forestry urban green low vegetation vegetation metropolitan area of vegetation Indonesian Borneo. agro-pockets den naturalgreen,highvegetation productive green wetland green social forestry urban green low vegetation TOOLBOX_ the of existing_ inserting TOOLBOX_ identifying identifying the potential potential of the the existing_ inserting new new supporting supporting elements_ encouraging encouraging the the ecological ecological dynamics_ dynamics_ avoiding avoiding fragmenting fragmenting practices practices Nowadays, these areas are characterized for elements_ TOOLBOX_ identifying the potential of the existing_ inserting new supporting elements_ encouraging the ecological dynamics_ avoiding fragmenting practices the segregation of functions, the lack sense of urbanity, the lack of services and public space and the lack of a clear identity, having LEGEND naturalgreen,highvegetation prod urban green a close dependence between the car and

TOOLBOX_ identifying the potential of the existing_ inserting CYCAS REVOLUTA DURIO ZIBETHINUS ( SAGO PALM ) ( DURIAN)

NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUMPSIDIUM GUAJAVA COCOS NUCEFERA MUSA ACUMINATA TREE) ( COCONUT TREE) ( BANANA( RAMBUTAN TREE) ( GUAVA TREE)

ELEOCHARIS DULCIS ( WATER CHESTNUT)

IPOMOEA AQUATICA ( WATER SPINACH )

MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM ( KARAMUNTING)

GENUS HYLOCEROUS CARICA PAPAYA ( DRAGON ( PAPAYAFRUIT TREE))

productive green

NEW PROGRAMMES NEW PROGRAMMES

CYCAS REVOLUTA GENUS HYLOCEROUS CYCAS REVOLUTA HYLOCEROUS ( SAGO PALM )NEW PROGRAMMESGENUS ( DRAGON FRUIT ) ( SAGO PALM ) ( DRAGON FRUIT ) BIOSWALES

URBAN AGRICULTURE URBAN AGRICULTURE

NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM

CYCAS REVOLUTA DURIO ZIBETHINUS ( SAGO PALM ) ( DURIAN)

NUCEFERA URBANCOCOS (AGRICULTURE COCONUT TREE) HARD EDGESTREE) ( COCONUT

NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM ( RAMBUTAN TREE)

COCOS NUCEFERA ( COCONUT TREE)

GENUS HYLOCEROUS ( DRAGON FRUIT )

ELEOCHARIS DULCIS ( WATER CHESTNUT)

IPOMOEA AQUATICA ( WATER SPINACH )

RAIN GARDENS RAIN GARDENS

COCOS NUCEFERA

NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM WETLAND PRESERVATION ( RAMBUTAN TREE) ENCROACHMENT ( RAMBUTAN TREE)

naturalgreen,highvegetation

NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUMPSIDIUM GUAJAVA COCOS NUCEFERA MUSA ACUMINATA TREE) ( COCONUT TREE) ( BANANA( RAMBUTAN TREE) ( GUAVA TREE)

Diversity of green

DURIO ZIBETHINUS RAIN ZIBETHINUS GARDENS DURIO ( DURIAN) MONO FUNCTION ( DURIAN)

productive green

MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM ( KARAMUNTING)

ENCROACHMENT ENCROACHMENT

HARD EDGES HARD EDGES

ELEOCHARIS DULCIS ELEOCHARIS DULCIS ( WATER CHESTNUT) ( WATER CHESTNUT)

MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM ENCROACHMENT MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM

NELUMBO NUCIFERAL HARD EDGES ( WATER LILY )

ELEOCHARIS DULCIS ( WATER CHESTNUT)

MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM ( KARAMUNTING)

BIOSWALES BIOSWALES IPOMOEA AQUATICA IPOMOEA AQUATICABIOSWALES ( WATER SPINACH ) ( WATER SPINACH ) SPRAWL

IPOMOEA AQUATICA DURIO ZIBETHINUS ( WATER SPINACH ) ( DURIAN) NELUMBO NUCIFERAL ( WATER LILY )

( KARAMUNTING) ( KARAMUNTING)

wetland green

social forestry

URBAN AGRICULTURE URBAN AGRICULTURE

RAIN GARDENS RAIN GARDENS

NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM ( RAMBUTAN TREE) ( RAMBUTAN TREE) URBAN AGRICULTURE

COCOS NUCEFERA COCOS NUCEFERA ( COCONUT TREE) ( COCONUTRAIN TREE) GARDENS

NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM ( RAMBUTAN TREE)

COCOS NUCEFERA ( COCONUT TREE)

HARD EDGES

ELEOCHARIS DULCIS ( WATER CHESTNUT)

IDENTIFY IDENTIFY IDENTIFY

ENCROACHMENT ENCROACHMENT

BIOSWALES BIOSWALES

DURIO ZIBETHINUS DURIO ZIBETHINUS ( DURIAN) ( DURIAN) MONO FUNCTION

MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM ( KARAMUNTING)

BIOSWALES SPRAWL

DURIO ZIBETHINUS ( DURIAN) NELUMBO NUCIFERAL ( WATER LILY )

wetland green

HARD EDGES HARD EDGES

MONO FUNCTION MONO FUNCTION

IPOMOEA AQUATICA IPOMOEA AQUATICA ( WATER SPINACH ) ( WATER SPINACH ) IPOMOEA AQUATICA ( WATER SPINACH )

ENCROACHMENT ENCROACHMENT

HARD EDGES HARD EDGES

MONOFLOWS FUNCTION NATURAL NATURAL FLOWS NATURAL FLOWS NATURAL MONOFLOWS FUNCTION

ENCROACHMENT

HARD EDGES

MONO FUNCTION

ELEOCHARIS DULCIS ELEOCHARIS DULCIS ( WATER CHESTNUT) ( WATER CHESTNUT)

MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM ( KARAMUNTING) ( KARAMUNTING)

ELEOCHARIS DULCIS ( WATER CHESTNUT)

MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM ( KARAMUNTING)

social forestry

SPRAWL SPRAWL

SPRAWL PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE SPRAWL

NELUMBO NUCIFERAL NELUMBO NUCIFERAL ( WATER LILY ) ( WATER LILY )

EXISTING EXISTINGINSTITUTES INSTITUTES EXISTING INSTITUTES EXISTING INSTITUTES

SPRAWL

POTENTIAL POTENTIALINTERSECTIONS INTERSECTIONS POTENTIAL INTERSECTIONS POTENTIAL INTERSECTIONS

low vegetation

agro-pockets density

MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM ( KARAMUNTING)

NELUMBO NUCIFERAL SPRAWL NELUMBO NUCIFERAL ( WATER LILY ) (EXISTING WATER LILY ) INSTITUTES EXISTING INSTITUTES EXISTING INSTITUTES NELUMBO NUCIFERAL ( WATER LILY )

natural green

ial forestry

INSERT INSERT INSERT

low vegetation

POTENTIAL INTERSECTIONS POTENTIAL INTERSECTIONS POTENTIAL INTERSECTIONS

MUSA ACUMINATA ( BANANA TREE) CARICA PAPAYA ( PAPAYA TREE)

CARICA PAPAYA ( PAPAYA TREE)

agro-pockets density

INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS

MUSA ACUMINATA ( BANANA TREE)PAPAYA CARICA ( PAPAYA TREE)

PSIDIUM GUAJAVA CARICA PAPAYA ( GUAVA MUSATREE) ACUMINATA ( PAPAYA TREE) ( BANANA TREE)

MIXED TYPOLOGIES MIXED TYPOLOGIES MIXED TYPOLOGIES

CYCAS REVOLUTA MUSA ACUMINATA ( SAGO PALMPSIDIUM GUAJAVA ) PSIDIUM GUAJAVA ( BANANA TREE) ( GUAVA TREE) ( GUAVA TREE)

CYCAS REVOLUTA ( SAGO PALM )

NEW PROGRAMMES NEW PROGRAMMES NEW PROGRAMMES

WETLAND PRESERVATION

AVOID AVOID

wetland wetland green green WETLAND PRESERVATION WETLAND PRESERVATION

URBAN AGRICULTURE URBAN AGRICULTURE URBAN AGRICULTURE

RAIN GARDENS RAIN GARDENS RAIN GARDENS

wetland green COCOS NUCEFERA DURIO ( COCONUT TREE)ZIBETHINUS Agro-city_ new typologies combining housing and agriculture ( DURIAN)

productive green

BIOSWALES BIOSWALES BIOSWALES DURIO ZIBETHINUS IPOMOEA AQUATICA ( DURIAN) ( WATER SPINACH )

MIXED MIXEDTYPOLOGIES TYPOLOGIES MIXED TYPOLOGIES MIXED TYPOLOGIES

CYCAS REVOLUTA MUSA ACUMINATA ( SAGO PALM ) PSIDIUM GUAJAVA PSIDIUM ( BANANA TREE) GUAJAVA ( GUAVA TREE) ( GUAVA TREE)

WETLAND WETLANDPRESERVATION PRESERVATION WETLAND PRESERVATION WETLAND PRESERVATION

URBAN URBANAGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE URBAN AGRICULTURE URBAN AGRICULTURE

productive green

Diversity of green

NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM COCOS NUCEFERA DURIO ZIBETHINUS NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM ( RAMBUTAN TREE)GENUS HYLOCEROUS ( COCONUT TREE) NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM COCOS NUCEFERA GENUS HYLOCEROUS ( RAMBUTAN( DURIAN) TREE) ( DRAGON FRUIT ) ( RAMBUTAN TREE) ( COCONUT TREE) ( DRAGON FRUIT )

GREEN GREENPUBLIC PUBLICSPACE SPACE GREEN PUBLIC SPACE GREEN PUBLIC SPACE

NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM COCOS NUCEFERA DURIO ZIBETHINUS NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM ( RAMBUTAN TREE) GENUS HYLOCEROUS ( COCONUT TREE) ( COCOS DURIAN) NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM ( RAMBUTAN GENUS HYLOCEROUS TREE)NUCEFERA ( DRAGON FRUIT ) ( RAMBUTAN TREE) ( COCONUT TREE) ( DRAGON FRUIT )

GENUS HYLOCEROUS ( DRAGON FRUIT ) CYCAS REVOLUTA ( SAGO PALM )

ENCOURAGE ENCOURAGE ENCOURAGE

wetland green

GREEN PUBLIC SPACE GREEN PUBLIC SPACE GREEN PUBLIC SPACE

PSIDIUM GUAJAVA CARICA ( GUAVAPAPAYA TREE) MUSA ACUMINATA ( PAPAYA TREE) ( BANANA TREE)

Diversity of new green new functions density

natural natural green green

cological dynamics_ avoiding fragmenting practices natural green

INTERACTIVE INTERACTIVEPLATFORMS PLATFORMS INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS

ENCROACHMENT ENCROACHMENT ENCROACHMENT ENCROACHMENT

CYCAS REVOLUTA ( SAGO PALM )

NEW NEWPROGRAMMES PROGRAMMES NEW PROGRAMMES NEW PROGRAMMES

NEPHELIUM LAPPACE ( RAMBUTAN TREE GENUS HYLOCEROUS ( DRAGON FRUIT )

GENUS HYLOCEROUS ( DRAGON FRUIT ) CYCAS REVOLUTA ( SAGO PALM )

continuity of green system RAIN RAINGARDENS GARDENS RAIN GARDENS RAIN GARDENS COCOS NUCEFERA ( COCONUT TREE)ZIBETHINUS DURIO ( DURIAN)

BIOSWALES BIOSWALES BIOSWALES BIOSWALES DURIO ZIBETHINUS IPOMOEA AQUATICA ( DURIAN) ( WATER SPINACH )

ELEOCHARIS DULCIS (IPOMOEA WATER CHESTNUT) AQUATICA

Agro-city_ De ( WATER SPINACH )

HARD HARDEDGES EDGES HARD EDGES HARD EDGES

MONO MONOFUNCTION FUNCTION MONO FUNCTION MONO FUNCTION

NELUMBO NUCIFERAL MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM urban green ELEOCHARIS DULCIS( WATER LILYMELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM ) IPOMOEA AQUATICA ( KARAMUNTING)

ELEOCHARIS DULCIS ( WATER CHESTNUT) IPOMOEA AQUATICA ( WATER SPINACH )

new func

AVOID

( WATER SPINACH )

ELEOCHARIS DULCIS ( WATER CHESTNUT)

ENCOURAGE ENCOURAGE

ENCROACHMENT MONO FUNCTION ELEOCHARISHARD DULCISEDGES MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM IPOMOEA AQUATICA ELEOCHARIS DULCIS MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM IPOMOEA AQUATICA ( WATER CHESTNUT) ( KARAMUNTING) ( WATER SPINACH ) NATURAL FLOWS PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE FLOWS PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE ( WATER CHESTNUT) ( KARAMUNTING) ( WATER SPINACH ) NATURAL NATURAL FLOWS PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE

urban green IPOMOEA AQUATICA

MUSA ACUMINATA ( BANANA TREE) PAPAYA CARICA

CARICA PAPAYA ( PAPAYA TREE)

( PAPAYA TREE)

NELUMBO NUCIFERAL ( WATER LILY )

urban urban green green g_ inserting new supporting elements_ encouraging the ecological dynamics_ avoiding fragmenting practices

RAMMES GRAMMES

MONO FUNCTION

( WATER LILY )

NELUMBO NUCIFERAL ( WATER LILY )

ENCOURAGE

WETLAND PRESERVATION WETLAND PRESERVATION

productive green

ERSECTIONS TERSECTIONS

MONO FUNCTION MONO FUNCTION

NELUMBO NUCIFERAL

TOOLBOX_ identifying the potential of the existing_ inserting new supporting elements_ encouraging the ecological dy

GENUS HYLOCEROUS GENUS HYLOCEROUS ( DRAGON FRUIT ) (WETLAND DRAGON FRUIT ) PRESERVATION

ENCROACHMENT productive green productive green GENUS HYLOCEROUS ( DRAGON FRUIT ) urban green IPOMOEA AQUATICA productive ( WATER SPINACHgreen )

AVOID AVOID AVOID

WETLAND PRESERVATION WETLAND PRESERVATION

INSERT

MIXED TYPOLOGIES MIXED TYPOLOGIES

PSIDIUM GUAJAVA

AVOID AVOID AVOID

GREEN PUBLIC SPACE GREEN PUBLIC SPACE

MUSA ACUMINATA

INSERT INSERT

AVOID ENCOURAGE ENCOURAGE ENCOURAGE

CARICA PAPAYA

ACUMINATA PSIDIUM GUAJAVA MIXED TYPOLOGIES INTERACTIVE GREEN PUBLIC SPACE CARICA PAPAYAPLATFORMSMUSA ( BANANA TREE) ( GUAVA TREE) ( PAPAYA TREE) WETLAND PRESERVATION ( BANANA TREE) URBAN AGRICULTURE RAIN GARDENS ( GUAVA TREE) ( PAPAYA TREE)

IDENTIFY IDENTIFY

INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS INTERACTIVE PLATFORMS

LEGEND urban green Diversity of Diversity of green green

AVOID AVOID AVOID

ENCOURAGE INSERT INSERT INSERT

ToolB ox _ Identifying the Potential of the E xisting _ Inserting New Supporting Elements _ Encouraging the Ecological Dynamics _ Avoiding Fragmenting Practices Diversity of green

SPRAWL SPRAWL SPRAWL SPRAWL

57

Agro-city_ Densify as a strategy to protect the productive landscape ELEOCHARIS DULCIS ( WATER SPINACH ) ( WATER CHESTNUT)

NELUMBO NUCIFERAL ( WATER MELASTOMA CHESTNUT) MALABATHRICUM( KARAMUNTING) ( WATER LILY ) ( KARAMUNTING)

NELUMBO NUCIFERAL ( WATER LILY )

Agriculture, Urban Agriculture, Productive and Protective L andscapes “The continual interaction of human settlements with productive landscapes for necessity and survival has evolved over the millennia into complex systems of balance. The interrelation of networks of infrastructure, landscape and settlement supports different habitats and social landscapes across the territories.” [Shannon, 2004].

Agriculture, Urban Agriculture, Productive and Protective Landscapes “The continual interaction of human settlements with productive landscapes for necessity and survival has evolved over the millennia into complex systems of balance. The interrelation of networks of infrastructure, landscape and settlement supports different habitats and social landscapes across the territories.” [Shannon, 2004].

In South Kalimantan region the agriculture is one of the most important activities, a large percentage of the land is dedicated to agriculture. The cultivated land is part of the domestication of the nature by the human being but it is still part of the ecosystem. In this regard, in the Banjarbaru north-west side there is an important concentration of “dry agricultural activities” in the high-lands close to the airport of the city.

The productive landscape in Banjarbaru is part of the large ecosystem especially related to water. The drainage system of the city is an important hybrid structure that serves as a functional infrastructure element inside the urban fabric and outside of the city it becomes part of the irrigation system 58

Agro _ City: Desnsify as a strategy to protect the Productive L andscapes 59

in an ecological balance between natural and artificial, and urban and rural. In this case, the rapid urban growth is consuming the productive land threatening the cultural identity of the agricultural areas.

An important point in the strategy related to these issues is the effort for protecting the agricultural landscapes. However, agriculture can be part of the city considering it as an urban model and as an emerging hybrid identity between agricultural and urban, where there is a juxtaposition of agriculture and urbanity. In spite of the fact that the urban agricultural activities are an important part of the ecological balance of the natural spaces inside the city, it becomes a relevant alternative to social and economic issues for the low income population.

The protection of the productive landscape is a valuable alternative for food security, additional income for lower income households and a source in the supply of urban food, which is an important issue in the sustainability of the cities. As a climate change strategy, it contributes in the creation of microclimates and it is an important opportunity to re-use urban organic waste and the possibility to integrate them in the process of waste-water purification. The agricultural urbanity in Banjarbaru is an emerging structure with potential to be part of the urban system of the city.

60

Reclaiming Waterways: Renewed interpretation of the Collective Space in Banjarbaru “In several projects that Turnescape has been involved with in the past years, a central concept has been to bring the city and citizens back to the water, whether it is for new town development or urban regeneration.�

[De Meulder & Shannon, 2013].

The hydrological system in the region is composed by the Kanan Dam in the Meratus Mountains in the east side of Banjarbaru, Riam Kanan and Riam Kiwa Rivers originate Martapura River which is tributary of the main river in the region, Barito River. Banjarbaru is located in a soft-slope hill at the foot of the mountains and for this reason it is part of a network of small rivers flowing naturally from the top of the hill through the city to the lowlands, becoming part of the artificial irrigation system and even disappearing in the lowest parts of the wet-lands.

These small rivers inside the city have been neglected in the backside of the urban tissue as part of private backyards or residual useless spaces. In fact, these waterways play an important role as a part of the drainage system of the city. A strategy to recover these potential spaces is reclaiming the green-blue lines as public space for structuring the urban fabric restoring the rivers, protecting the river sources inside the city and revalorizing

Green Bouleverds uograding the Airport _ City 61

the rivers as a potential element of the ecological system.

As well, this can be considered as a functional structure of the city that reduces the cost of underground drainage pipes while preserving the ecological balance in the urban context.

“Ecological infrastructure, a structuring landscape network, is a means of safeguarding the integrity and identity of the natural and cultural landscape and in securing sustainable ecosystem services.

Ecological infrastructure focuses on three landscape categories: abiotic processes (mainly water management), biotic processes (native species/biodiversity conservation) and cultural (heritage protection and re-creation) and has works in tandem with landscape “security patterns” as a powerful tool for open public space conservation […]” [De Meulder & Shannon, 2013].

Regarding the future double population of Banjarbaru and the rapid urban growth, the critical spatial strategy is an alternative solution based on landscape, natural processes and the existing hydrological conditions of the site. The new structure of the city is based on blue (water) and green (landscape) as a new form of collective space with natural water retaining capacity, an interconnected network of waterways and wetlands, protected at the same time for the public space and ecologically recovered. The protection of the low-land as a permeable land is an essential element of the new green-blue public space system across the city. The landscape is used as an articulator of natural and collective processes to frame the city and provide diverse ecosystem services. These will be used for residents to integrate and connect the natural, biological and cultural processes to the ecological, cultural and recreational services as the structure of the urban form and to stimulate new developments of real state around itself.

62

Open Public Space _

the center of the

Emerging City 63

64

New Urbanity _ New Identity: Banjarbaru 65

Conclusion The rise of the new metropolitan region in Indonesian Borneo must be developed on the foothills, where the city of Banjarbaru is located in high-lands on good soil conditions, on a hilly island surrounded by wetlands, which is an important part of the Indonesian identity. The city has the capacity and the potential to accommodate the coming double population and is capable to face a rapid shift in scale and density of the new urban developments.

Nowadays, the lack of structure of the dispersed development is resulting in a lack of identity and a fragmented urban development process is expanding, lacking of connectivity, order and structure.

The emerging patchwork is producing a fragmented and dispersed urbanity that shows no concern for the ecological elements present inside the city. The existing green-blue lines inside the city of Banjarbaru are currently part of this fragmented dispersion, suppressed from the expanding urban development. The potential of this natural structure is crucial for the existing and the emerging city, because it is capable to constitute the new public spaces system and stimulates a more dense structure. The ecological network of landscape and water is at the 66

same time part of the drainage system of the city, connected with the waterscape.

The main guideline for these water courses is the topography of the area that creates a complex interplay of ridges and valleys which is imprinted in the contemporary city.

At the present time, the urban expansion of Banjarbaru city is related to the highland and low-land, the new urbanization areas in the region are primarily occupying the high-land as the suitable space for urban development. In the frame of a more dense and compact city, associated to public space and infrastructure, the [re] interpretation of the inner and outer edge between city and green areas is essential as a strategy. This strategy is meant to guide the spontaneous infill and the colonization process of the landscape, protecting the hydrological system, the green structure and leading the future urbanization process in congruence with the natural processes.

The collective space as a [re]interpretation of the public space is the new structure for the emerging city; a network of public parks acts as an inner urban-rural interface and as a part of an ecological system that contributes to the natural water purification

process and low-land reservoirs for water.

Upgrading the existing urban tissue with new mixed typologies, integrating housing and agriculture, integrating high density with open spaces and natural dynamics, the strategy to connect the landscape through the city addresses the issue of the fragmented dispersion while protecting the agricultural landscapes.

structure of the fragmented and dispersed city, preparing Banjarbaru for be the new metropolitan region in Indonesia.

This ecological system of collective spaces in the city is the urban structure that strengthens the three different urbanities in the city, providing at the same time guidelines to lead the urban growth in different ways: the agro-city, the airportcity and the administrative-city. The green-blue ecological system integrates urban agro-pockets with a series of green boulevards and a network of linear transversal parks. The green-blue lines are interconnecting elements of multiple urban scales while stimulating high density around. The densification process through the new ecological system of collective space is a strategy to strengthen the sense of urbanity in the context of each identity.

The public space that concentrates collective services is a device for directing the future urbanization process in the city in an [eco]logical balance and as the 67

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[Eco]Logical Balance as Interface of Hybrid Urbanity in Banjarbaru, Indonesia

Structiring the Fragmented and Dispersed City by Collective Space as an Urban Development Strategy Danny Andres Osorio Gaviria Water Urbanism Studio 2015 Master od Science in Human Settlements [MaHS] 2014 - 2015 Department of Architecture, Urbanism and Planning [ASRO] Faculty of Engineering Science KU Leuven More In MaHS / MaUSP / EMU Master Programs Department ASRO, KU Leuven K asteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee, B elgium Tel: + 32(0)16 321 391 Email: paulien.martens @ kuleuven.be Š Copyright by K.U.Leuven Water Urbanism Studio Banjarmasin, 2015