Thesis: Symbiotic Assimilation

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention a Journey Towards Sustainable Peace

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Architecture Department In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Architecture at The Savannah College of Art and Design Written and designed by; Daniel Jose Velez Cabrera Savannah, GA, United States of America Š May 2019 Julie Rogers Varland, Committee Chair Arpad Ronaszegi, Committee Member Mary Lou Davis, Committee Member

Con mucho amor y dedicacion para mis padres el Frijol y La Nena.

A mi familia, Gracias infinitas por apoyarme incondicionalmente en todo lo que he querido hacer en mi vida, por ustedes hoy estoy logrando grandes cosas por eso este merito es mas suyo que mio. Los amo.

Mariandree, Gracias por mantenerme vivo durante este proceso y por complacerme todos los caprichos y necedades. Tu compania fue vital para lograr terminarlo. Eres la mejor , te amo.

Elira, Gracias por aguantarme por los pasados 6 anos. Cerramos un logro mas junto y estoy seguro que sin ti no hubiera sido lo mismo.

Por muchos logros mas!

A mi Tio Ignacio Velez y a el Profesor Pablo Abitbol, les agradesco inmensamente su apoyo e interes hacia mi proyecto, gracias por hacer posible mi visita a el Espacio Territorial de Normalizacion y Capacitacion Simon Trinidad.

A mi amigo Daniel Galvis, gracias por tu compania a mi viaje de investigacion a el E.T.C.R y tu seguimiento hacia con mi proyecto.

Acknowledgements iGracias!

All that I have achieved so far with this project is thanks to all the people that have crossed and/or joined my journey through it.

To my committee: Professor Varland, Professor Davis and Professor Ronaszegi, I am infinetly grateful for all your support, dedication and knowledge, the contribution that each one of you gave me was very useful and vital for the execution of the project.

Julie, I have no words to describe how much I have learned from you this past year, you have taken me through an amazing journey and definitely have shifted the way I experience my own (a)architecture, I will always remember your lessons and take them with me through this amazing career that I am about to start. Thank you for your sincere and interesting conversations, but mostly thank you for your friendship.

Arpad, You have been one of the greatest professors I have ever had, your teaching methods are very interesting to me and very resourceful as well. I can not thank you enough for all your lessons and for putting up with me. I hope we keep in touch for the long run and I will definitely keep you posted on what life has for me. I will reach out every time I am in Savannah to catch up.

Mary Lou, Meeting with you was the most entertaining and therapeutic sessions from all this process, you where an extremely helpful contribution to my project.

I want to thank you for your enthusiast and interest in a topic so particular, it was really valuable for me to have that energy channelized into the project.

I am looking forward to focus my professional career into making architecture more meaningful and approaching it thorugh a sociological way. I hope to keep in touch with you and I will let you know where life may take me.

Table of Contents List of Figures 1 Abstract 6 CHAPTER 01 Introduction 1.1 Architecture and Human Behavior 8 CHAPTER 02 The Issue 2.1 The F.A.R.C (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) Early Stages. 12 2.2 A shift of Ideology 13 2.3 A violent movement 14 2.4 Debilitation of the rebels. 15 2.5 The Peace Treaty 16 CHAPTER 03 The Hidden Dimension 3.1 Proxemics 18 3.2 The Urban Fabric 19 3.3 The Human Dimension 20 3.4 Time of Transfers: Movements or Displacements 22 3.5 Overpopulation 22 3.6 Cross-Attitudinal Parameter 22 CHAPTER 04 How Architecture Regulates 4.1 A Correlation between the built environment and it’s perpetrator. 24 4.2 Dynamic Architecture for Peace Endurance 25 4.3 How Architecture will enhance the Peace Process 26 5.1 Architecture and Urbanism for Peace and Reconciliation. 28 CHAPTER 05 Architecture and Urbanism for Peace and Reconciliation.

5.2 Peace Building in a Broken Society 29 5.3 The Prison Role 30 5.4 The Retributive Position 31

5.5 Restorative Justice 32 CHAPTER 06 War and Architecture 6.1 War + Architecture 34 6.2 Scars as a Design Principle 35 6.3 A Trans-formative Engine. 36 CHAPTER 07 Recommendations and Conclusions 7.1 Recommendations 38 7.2 Conclusions 39 CHAPTER 08 Site Analysis 8.1 ETCR Simon Trinidad -Tierra Grata, Cesar. 42 8.2 What is an ETCR & a DDR? 45 8.3 Existing Conditions 46 8.4 Climate Analysis 47 8.5 Geology and Landscape 48 8.4 Flora and Fauna 49 Chapter 09 Case Studies 9.1 Half a House by Alejandro Aravena 52 9.2 Educational Park for Reconciliation - Jaime Cabal Mejia 54 9.3 Sleuk Rith Institute - Zaha Hadid Architects 56 9.4 Lune de Sang - CHROFI 58 9.5 ETCR Pondores La Guajira, Colombia 60 9.6 Livingboard - Carlo Ratti Associati & We Rise 62 Chapter 10 Site Strategies 10.1 Fundamental Human Needs 65 10.2 Sustainability - Spatial Relationships 67 10.3 Site Intersection Proximity 69

Chapter 11 Schematic Design 11.1 Plan Oblique 72 11.2 Circulation + Approach 73 11.3 Forgiving Procession + Materiality 74 11.4 Experiential Diagrams 75 11.5 Building Sections 77 11.6 Site Plan 79-80 Chapter 12 Design Development 12.1 Function Internvention Diagram 83 12.2 Topology Theory 84 12.3 School 85 12.4 Classrooms 86 12.5 School Architectural Drawings 87 12.6 Bus Stop Architectural Drawings 88 12.7 Municipality 89 12.8 Market 90 12.9 Municipality Architectural Drawings 91 12.2 Market Architectural Drawings 92 12.3 Amphitheater 93 12.4 Beacon 94 12.5 Amphitheater and Beacon Drawings 95 12.6 Museum 96 12.7 Museum Drawings 97 12.8 Topologic Plans 98 12.9 Journey Experiences 99 Chapter 13 Final Defense and Exhibition 101 13.1 Research Application Diagram 104 13.2 Sociometric Network Analysis 105 13.3 Methods of Construction and Materiality 106 13.4 Emotional Challenge Diagram 108 13.5 Final Bus Stop Rendering 109 13.6 Bus Stop Visual Explanation 110 13.7 Final Cabins Rendering 111 13.8 Cabins Visual Explanations 112 13.9 Final Beacon Rendering 113 13.10 Beacon Visual Explanation 114 13.11 Final School Rendering 115 13.12 School Visual Explanation 116 13.13 Final Market Rendering 117 13.14 Market Visual Explanation 118

13.15 Final Amphitheater Rendering 13.16 Amphitheater Visual Explanation 13.17 Site Section and Details 13.18 Final Exhibition Boards MockUp 13.19 Final Exhibition with Guest 13.20 Final Exhibition with Author 13.21 Final Site Model 13.22 Final Rammed Earth Wall Model 13.23 Final School Section Model

119 120 122 124 125 126 127 128 129

Conclutions 132 Bibliography 130

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Daniel Jose Velez Cabrera

List of Figures

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Figure 01 Figure 02 Figure 03 Figure 04 Figure 05 Figure 06 Figure 07 Figure 08 Figure 09 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 -

Daniel Velez, Thesis Diagram Daniel Velez, Site Location Daniel Velez, Regional Map Daniel Velez, What is an ETCR and a DDR? (Diagram) Daniel Velez, Site Existing Conditions Daniel Velez, Climate Analysis Daniel Velez, Geology and Landscape Daniel Velez, Flora and Fauna Archdaily, Half a House - Alejandro Aravena Archdaily, Half a House - Alejandro Aravena Archdaily, Educational Park for Reconciliation - Jaime Cabal Mejia Archdaily, Educational Park for Reconciliation - Jaime Cabal Mejia Archdaily, Educational Park for Reconciliation - Jaime Cabal Mejia Archdaily, Educational Park for Reconciliation - Jaime Cabal Mejia Archdaily, Sleuk Rith Institute - Zaha Hadid Architects Archdaily, Sleuk Rith Institute - Zaha Hadid Architects Archdaily, Sleuk Rith Institute - Zaha Hadid Architects Ignant, Lune de Sang - CHROFI Ignant, Lune de Sang - CHROFI Ignant, Lune de Sang - CHROFI Ignant, Lune de Sang - CHROFI Alto Comisionado Para La Paz - E.T.C.R Pondores, La Guiajira, Colombia.

Alto Comisionado Para La Paz - E.T.C.R Pondores, La Guiajira, Colombia.

Alto Comisionado Para La Paz - E.T.C.R Pondores, La Guiajira, Colombia.

Alto Comisionado Para La Paz - E.T.C.R Pondores, La Guiajira, Colombia.

Archdaily, Livingboard - Carlo Ratti Associati & We Rise Archdaily, Livingboard - Carlo Ratti Associati & We Rise Archdaily, Livingboard - Carlo Ratti Associati & We Rise Archdaily, Livingboard - Carlo Ratti Associati & We Rise Daniel Velez, Site Section - Based on Manfred Mackneef, Fundamental Needs of Human Beings

40 42 43-44 45 46 47 48 50 52 53 54 55 55 55 56 57 57 58 59 59 59 60 61 61 61 62 63 63 63 65

Daniel Velez, Site Plan - Based on Manfred Mackneef, Fundamental Needs of Human Beings Daniel Velez, Sustainability - Spatial Relationship Strategies (Floorplan & Section) Daniel Velez, Sustainability - Water Collection Systems (Sketches) Daniel Velez, Sustainability - Cross Ventilation Systems (Sketches) Daniel Velez, Sustainability - Sun Shading Devices (Sketches) Daniel Velez, Sustainability - Passive Cooling Systems, Charcoal Walls (Sketches) Daniel Velez, Sustainability - Slope Internvention, Terraplane Systems (Sketches) Daniel Velez, Sustainability - Public vs Private Space Studies (Sketches) Daniel Velez, Site Plan, Proximity Diagram Daniel Velez, Plan Oblique Daniel Velez, Site Approach + Circulation Daniel Velez, Forgiveness Procession, Program Morphology.

Daniel Velez, Experiential Views, Schematic Design, Beacon from afar...

Daniel Velez, Experiential Views, Schematic Design, Amphitheater Daniel Velez, Experiential Views, Schematic Design, Entrance Daniel Velez, Experiential Views, Schematic Design, Meditation Space Daniel Velez, Schematic Design, Beacon Section Daniel Velez, Schematic Design, Museum Section Daniel Velez, Schematic Design, School Section Daniel Velez, Schematic Design, Amphitheater Section Daniel Velez, Schematic Design, Pavillion Section Daniel Velez, Schematic Design, Site Plan Daniel Velez, Design Development, Thesis Function and Internvention Daniel Velez, Design Development, Concept of Topology Explained.

Daniel Velez, Design Development, School Rendering Daniel Velez, Design Development, Classroom Rendering Daniel Velez, Design Development, School Architectural Drawings Daniel Velez, Design Development, Bus Stop Architectural Drawings Daniel Velez, Design Development, Municipality Rendering Daniel Velez, Design Development, Market Rendering

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Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

Figure 31 Figure 32 Figure 33 Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 36 Figure 37 Figure 38 Figure 39 Figure 40 Figure 41 Figure 42 Figure 43 Figure 44 Figure 45 Figure 46 Figure 47 Figure 48 Figure 49 Figure 50 Figure 51 Figure 52 Figure 53 Figure 54 Figure 55 Figure 56 Figure 57 Figure 58 Figure 59 Figure 60 -

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List of Figures

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List of Figures

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Figure 61 Figure 62 Figure 63 Figure 64 Figure 65 Figure 66 Figure 67 Figure 68 Figure 69 Figure 70 Figure 71 Figure 72 Figure 73 Figure 74 Figure 75 Figure 76 Figure 77 Figure 78 Figure 79 Figure 80 Figure 81 Figure 82 Figure 83 Figure 84 Figure 85 Figure 86 Figure 87 Figure 88 Figure 89 Figure 90 Figure 91 -

Daniel Velez, Design Development, Municipality Architectural Drawings Daniel Velez, Design Development, Market Architectural Drawings Daniel Velez, Design Development, Amphitheater Rendering Daniel Velez, Design Development, Beacon Rendering Daniel Velez, Design Development, Beacon/Amphitheater Architectural Drawings Daniel Velez, Design Development, Museum Rendering Daniel Velez, Design Development, Museum Architectural Drawings Daniel Velez, Design Development, Journey Experience throguh Topologic Plans Daniel Velez, Final Defense, Research Application Diagram Daniel Velez, Final Defense, Sociometric Network Analysis Daniel Velez, Final Defense, Methods of construction Diagram Daniel Velez, Final Defense, Emotional challenge Diagram Daniel Velez, Final Defense, Final Bus Stop Rendering Daniel Velez, Final Defense, Bus Stop Visual Explanation Daniel Velez, Final Defense, Final Co-working Productive Booths Renderings Daniel Velez, Final Defense, Co-working Productive Booths Visual Explanation Daniel Velez, Final Defense, Final Educational Park and Beacon Rendering Daniel Velez, Final Defense, Educational Park and BeaconVisual Explanation Daniel Velez, Final Defense, Final School Rendering Daniel Velez, Final Defense, School Visual Explanation Daniel Velez, Final Defense, Final Market Rendering Daniel Velez, Final Defense, Market Visual Explanation Daniel Velez, Final Defense, Final Amphitheater Render Daniel Velez, Final Defense, Amphitheater Visual Explanation Daniel Velez, Final Defense, Site Section Final Exhibition, Board Layout Final Exhibition, Gallery Display with Guest Final Exhibition, Gallery Display with Author Final Exhibition, Site Model Final Exhibition, Rammed Earth Wall Model Final Exhibition, School Section Model

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Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

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Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention a Journey Towards Sustainable Peace

Function

Daniel Jose Velez Cabrera © May 2019

Objectives Motivational Forces Narrative Terms

Thesis Claim Design plays a role in the facilitation of dialogue between two A. Objectives

conflicted communities or populations in such a way that it neutralizes emotions and challenges political assumptions.

FARC-EP Ex- Combatants (X)

Colombian population (Y)

With the remendants of war, hurt feelings and political assumptions between these groups a challenge arises for the conciliation of Colombia.

The projects seeks to analyse the geometric relationship between each programatic element to produce a “recipe” for reconciliation that can be replicated in the other 27 E.T.C.Rs.

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

Abstract

B. Motivational Forces

This thesis supports design strategies that allow dialogue between war affected communities and FARC-EP inBased Colombia. empowering people and allowing them tomust livego thorugh the process of in what wasBy agreed upon the Peace Treaty in 2016, all ex-combatants Disarm, and Reintegration (DDR), with the last one being the one that hosts this project. independently, they learn through theDemobilization journey towards sustainable peace.

The main goal is that with the reconciliation of both groups the region is benefited is a social, financial and ecological aspect.

оо The project is not intended to symbolize any party in such a way that reminds people these unfortunate events that may bring tension back; the purpose is that people commit voluntarily and learn through collective place-making. оо The project will be developed between the government, the FARC ex-combatants and the inhabitants of the nearby areas of the E.T.C.R Simon Trinidad in Tierra Grata, allowing its execution and methodology to provoke dialogue and neutralization of emotions.

C. Narrative оо The program will serve as attractor nodes, inviting people into the site, while the public space will serve as an arena for social interaction and community building. This typology will serve its users through Triple(X) Bottom Line Economics (People, Planet,(X)Profit) aiming to re-purpose life for victims and perpetrators, empowering individuals by engaging in ETCR Simon Trinidad productive activities while strengthening social relationships. оо This typology is intended to serve the Colombian population in a social and educational Valledupar life purpose to those who were affected by war, and giving the society aspect; generating the virtue of forgiveness.

N

N

(X) N

Manaure San Jose de Oriente

(Y)

1. School

(Y)

1. Municipality

Stop Workshops / Market Keywords: Sustainable Peace, Conflict Resolution,2. Bus Human Behaviour, Topology, FARC-EP, 2.Forgiveness, Social Dynamics, Place-making, Proxemics.

D. Terms Built by the Community (Ikea Syndrome) Build by the Goverment

1. Educational Park 4. Pavi 2. Amphitheater 5. Beac 3. Museum

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(Y)

Skill Improvement

Social Bonds

Economic Growth

Planet Conscio

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1.1 INTRODUCTION Architecture and Human Behavior

Early settlers developed the first idea of architecture when transitioning from being nomads into a sedentary species. The urge to seek shelter against natural threats or predators, and the human instinct to refine all its disciplines resulted in the creation of a technique used to project, design and build structures that modify the human environment. Architecture in its pure essence, is a living organism that was conceived for a determined purpose and has started a journey alongside its author. With the sophistication of the modern men and the retrospective need for understanding its nature, practices like psychology and architecture have built a strong relationship.

Human behavior has influenced the way architecture is conceived and it has been echoed into what it is known as environmental psychology, a branch of psychology that collects, analyzes and executes aspects related to the relationship between the human being and its habitat, in this case the built environment. For many years in psychological terms, it has been spoken of the environment referring to the aspects of interpersonal relationships, dynamics between people, and social or political circumstances. But as societies have progressed, the complexity of its nature has diverged from its original form.

As it is seen, the delicacy to execute specialized spaces for life to occur have been more relevant to the modern-day architect. Life conditions and everything related to the satisfaction and quality of life are increasing with the appearance of new typologies in architecture. The public space and all those areas in which a considered influx of people is foreseen are critical targets to adequate analysis and meanings. The interrelation between architecture and psychology deliberately address context, social metamorphosis, the space as a regulatory force, the symbolic dimension of the environment as a social constructor, the processes of social reconstruction and attribution, the motivation, the expectations, the levels of aspiration, the objective characteristics of the environment, the social dynamics of the community and the interpretation of its trans-formative behavior. All this to design on human needs and make the architectural spaces a more benevolent habitat determined for life to occur.

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

Introduction

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CHAPTER 01

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Daniel Jose Velez Cabrera Savannah College of Art and Design 9

CHAPTER 01

Both architecture and psychology present the human being as a subject of process that relate with its environment to satisfy its needs. Architecture as the physical representation of growth and evidence of social interaction, while psychology as an analysis of human behavior and cognitive perception of the space where it lives. When both practices merge to address a human flaw, the results can alter meanings and turn any obstacle into a tool for progress.

Conflicts; for example, are inevitable and important elements of social life, even when it is a familiar aspect of human existence. Conflicts, as well as architecture, are changing figures in which they born, grow, develop and can sometimes transform, disappear or dissolve; but that many times remain stationary. Conflicts are part of social coexistence, it arises when an individual is born and needs to learn how to live using instinctive tools to ensure survival. Then, social interaction teaches to negotiate with the contradictory or opposing demand of the environment.

During the development of the human being, the urge to differentiate from others trying to achieve personal goals will be determined by the limitations of a universe of insufficient resources and growing demands. In this way, life without conflict is a fallacy because they enhance the development of skills that are learned within and through conflict. The interaction and development of human society is raised by stages that are generally situations of change mobilized by the conflict generated by the previous phase that was not resolved. Understanding conflicts as a mismatch between behaviors, perceptions, objectives or affections between individuals and group that define their goals mutually incompatible.

Social conflicts are problems of great complexity in which social groups, institutions or the government with different points of view intervene, which generates a situation of dispute that can end in violet acts. Some disagreements are

Introduction

to it, puts said treaty in a questionable execution. When the conflict resolution is by choice and is administrated in a pacific way, control on the impacted population is lost allowing room for divergent and emotional grudges; creating a risk for the development of peace.

Conflicts of such complexity must have a mediator that approximate both parties and start a journey towards a sustainable peace. A mediator is not a judge, well it does not own truth. The objective of a mediator is to approximate antagonisms to possibly generate empathy, to teach how to listen, to learn that there is no one losing, and to facilitate dialogue. When it comes to social interaction, a big responsibility is devoted to the built environment. The perception of a space can alter the reality of the person in it, impacting its thoughts, actions and feelings.

It is true that architecture has the ability to incubate memories, biases and emotions, and that the role it plays in all stages of war can influences the evolution of it.

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

for beliefs, values, scarce resources, needs, better quality of life, among many others. One party wishes to eradicate the other to achieve its own interests, affecting the structure of its society.

Throughout history, conflicts between opposing social groups have been “resolved” in two ways. By the rule of the jungle, there is violence; “the survival of the fittest”; or, by the civilized way. A conflict can be solved pacifically and through a process of resolution where judicial processes take place, or by arbitrage, where a third party manages conflict through negotiation, conciliation and mediation.

Conflicts that has used the first way has demonstrated that violence will only exponent its value and build up social resentment, while for those who dedicate an effort to truly resolve an issue in a more responsible way, will conclude it with positive results.

Wars are part of social conflicts and they mostly occur in developing countries where corruption occurs.

Corruption is a political phenomenon that generates inconformity in the population, especially in times of crisis.

Access to political power generates freedom that without responsibility and lack of education can lead to decisionmaking for own benefits, instead of the common good.

A great example of a developing country that is currently facing corruption is Colombia; which has witnessed a civil war caused by the conflict between the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) and the government for more than half a century.

Luckily, for the South American country the revolt has come to an end. In 2016, former President Juan Manuel Santos and the chief of the FARC Timoleon Martinez (Alias Timochencko) both agreed on a peace negotiation that will bring the armed violence to an end. The culmination of a civil war is a historic and emotional event for any society that has been affected by war; but, in a society so accustomed

Introduction

But, can architectural design play a role in the facilitation of dialogue between two conflicted groups; in such a way that neutralizes emotions?

The presented thesis claims that architectural design can assist as a mediator for the conflict between the FARC and the Colombian Government in a way that may contribute to the consolidation of the opposites by reducing the social gap brought by the peace treaty.

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CHAPTER 01

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The Issue

2.1 The F.A.R.C (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) Early Stages

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

CHAPTER 02

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The FARC is an illegal armed group that arose due to the situation of Colombia in 1964, specifically for the battle that, with the purpose of reaffirming the authority of the National Front, the Colombian Army carried out against the “Republic of Marquetalia.”

Since the government of Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo (1934); a liberal politician, Colombia faced a series of reforms that facilitated a process of modernization, however, to achieve modernization the state intended to force the landowners to convert the country into a capitalist enterprise whose performance could supply the raw material needed of the early industry and feed the growing urban population.

As a result, small producers and peasants faced an abusive economic and social condition. This reason let to the creation of a insurgent group. In addition to that, the assassination of the liberal leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, on April 9, 1948, unleashed an intense revolt against the conservative party called “el Bogotazo”, which culminated in an amnesty and then with the creation of the National Front. This situation did not give way to other political positions that could affect the political arena. In response, after multiple strikes between parties and the repression from the government to the minorities of the field, led to the creation of a revolutionary armed group.

With an environment of dissatisfaction, groups of liberal peasants demanded an agrarian reform from the Colombian State. Many of these peasants were close to people who knew Communist ideologies, one of them was Manuel Marulanda Vélez alias “Tirofijo.” This man settled strategically with other groups of peasants, and called themselves “the Peasant Auto defense”, in ​​Marquetalia and other contiguous territories where the presence of the state was nil.

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CHAPTER 02

The Issue

Savannah College of Art and Design

2.2 A shift of Ideology

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The Peasant Auto defense were intervened militarily by the state government in 1964, after this attack several members died, surviving around 50 rebels, including Tirfijo. From this moment on, Tirofijo began a frontal struggle against the government and its policies, especially against agrarian policies. From then on, the FARC take as their identification the justification of the radical agrarian struggle, later incorporating the Marxist-Leninist ideologies. However, with the fall of the Soviet Union; who supplied them economically, they are heading towards the path of the Bolivarian revolutionary ideal of a nationalist nature.

In 1982, the guerrilla leader, Tirofijo and the government of President Belisario Betancur, agreed to a solution to the violence with dialogue. So, they implemented the Peace Commission. It is necessary to mention that this was the first time that a government opts to negotiate with the subversives. As a sign of commitment, dozens of political prisoners left prison, most of whom had lost their freedom during the government of Julio Cesar Turbay. Also, during this period, MAS had been developed, a violent movement that aimed to eliminate sectors of the left.

After several months of dialogue, on August 30, 1984, three guerrilla groups had agreed to a ceasefire with the government through “Los Acuerdos de la Uribe1”. However, this process began to be destabilized with a series of selective attacks on people involved in the agreements and political leaders of these rebel groups. It did not take long until the heist of the Palace of Justice, which ended up breaking the president’s peace policy.

Despite this, the commitment to peace continued, “La Union Patriotica”; a political movement of guerrilla rebels composed of more than 3000 people, was given participation in the process. Time later, Virgilio Vargas assumes power and continues with this project. However, it stops having shape and in 1986 as it remains unfinished.

1

Los Acuerdos de la Uribe or Ceasefire, Peace and Truce Agreements were the agreements between the guerrilla Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the Belisario Betancur government on March 28, 1984, in which the signing parties commit to a bilateral ceasefire and the joint search for a political solution to the Colombian armed conflict.

The Issue

2.3 A violent movement

Right-wing paramilitary groups in Colombia are paramilitary groups acting in opposition to revolutionary Marxist-Leninist guerrilla forces and their allies among the civilian population.

3

San Vicente del Caguán is in the department of Caquetá, 151 km northeast of Florencia, the departmental capital. It is bathed by the Caguán and Yarí rivers. It is the second most important city in the department and the entire region of the Colombian Amazon because of its population, which according to official projections reaches 67,994 inhabitants as well as its economic activity, mainly oriented to livestock, aquaculture production and exotic fruits.

The violent actions increased, beginning in the 90s, the FARC set itself the objective of seizing power from the Colombian elites and showing it off. For this, they took actions such as the taking of military bases, occupation of towns and villages, installation of car bombs, open confrontations against the army that generated a great wave of forced displacements of peasants from different areas of the country, kidnappings to political, civilians and soldiers both Colombian and foreign, especially from the United States. The idea of​​ these kidnappings was, on the one hand, to mess with the tranquility of the country, but also to obtain economic benefits from blackmailing to sustain themselves. However, many of them were kidnapped to engross their armed body. In response, the government undertook radical security policies and quietly supported paramilitary groups2. Guzmán Campos, G. (2005) The government of César Gaviria Trujillo (1990-1994) initiated a new peace process, but this was proven unsuccessful. Again the revolutionary forces enter into a dialogue with the government, in this case, the one led by Andrés Pastrana (1998-2002). The dialogue took place in the Caguán3 region, which was baptized the “demilitarized zone.” However, while the dialogue were taking place, the reality of the country continued the same. The government also did not offer any guarantees to the guerrilla leaders, and they did not intend to risk their integrity. Therefore, after the retention of a plane and the kidnapping of Congressman Jorge Eduardo Gechen, Pastrana ordered the resumption of the demilitarized zone. In short, the dialogue ended without any success.

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CHAPTER 02

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CHAPTER 02

The Issue

2.4 Debilitation of the rebels

Starting the 2000s, the Colombian government decided to increase military attacks on the FARC to end the armed group. For this, they requested financial, military and arms support from the United States, the support was legitimized under a project called “Plan Colombia”4 where more than 10 billion dollars were allocated to Colombia. Within this amount, there was a certain amount allocated to the fight against drug trafficking5, the destruction of coca crops, and the training of Colombian military personnel, among others.

However, the FARC continued to function. Although, with some weakness.

In 2002, in the government of Álvaro Uribe Velez, the attack against the insurgent group became stronger, several leaders and members of the Secretariat, such as Raúl Reyes6, were killed. In 2008, another FARC leader was killed, Jorge Briceño alias “El Mono Jojoy.” In short, the maximum boss “Tirofijo” dies due to illness. His successor was Guillermo Leon alias “Alfonso Cano.” One of his political strategies was the creation of a new taxation system to finance the army and their police. During his mandate, there was no tendency to dialogue, but rather to social security policy. He was killed years after in 2011, by the Colombian army.

4

Plan Colombia is the name of a United States military and diplomatic aid initiative aimed at combating Colombian drug cartels and left-wing insurgent groups in Colombian territory.

5

Colombia has had four major drug trafficking cartels and several bandas criminales, or BACRIMs which eventually created a new social class and influenced several aspects of Colombian culture and politics.

6

Luis Edgar Devia Silva (September 30, 1948 – March 1, 2008), better known by his nom de guerre Raúl Reyes, was a Secretariat member, spokesperson, and advisor to the Southern Bloc of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia–People’s Army (FARC–EP).

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Juan Manuel Santos is a former Colombian politician . From 2010 to 2018, he was the President of Colombia. He was the sole recipient of the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize. An economist by profession and a journalist by trade, Santos is a member of the wealthy and influential Santos family, who from 1913 to 2007 were the majority shareholders of the newspaper El Tiempo until its sale to Planeta DeAgostini in 2007.

2.5 The Peace Treaty With the arrival of Juan Manuel Santos7 to the presidency, a new negotiation process of a peace agreement started, developed in Havana, Cuba with the support of Cuba and Norway mainly. After several months of negotiation and discussion, the “Acuerdo Final de Paz” was signed with the FARC, represented by Rodrigo Londono Echeverri alias “Timochenko,” on September 26, 2016. This compromise will allow the illegal armed revolutionary group to participate in the legislative branch of the country. Colombia, La Oficina del Alto Comisionado para la Paz. (2016).

The agreement aims to end the armed conflict and thereby begin a later phase of peace-building among all Colombians. The final agreement has five specific points and a point of implementation, verification, and endorsement for the ex-guerrillas: first of all the integral rural reform seeks that the population of the fields owns the land, knows how to put it to produce, live on it and manage to participate in the planning of their regions. Secondly, it is planned to carry out political participation that seeks more diversity in politics, more citizens to participate in public affairs and, above all, to never mix arms with politics. Another point is that the end of the armed conflict is effectively realized; that is, that the FARC leave their weapons, that they rejoin civil life and that they guarantee security for all. On the other hand, the solution to the problem of illicit drugs-trafficking that the growers move to legal activity, consumers are treated and rehabilitated, and the whole chain of drug trafficking is fought. Colombia, La Oficina del Alto Comisionado para la Paz. (2016).

The fifth point of the agreement seeks to repair the damage caused by the conflict to the victims of violence, which seeks to extract the truth about what happened, generate justice for crimes in the conflict, and ensure that the facts are not repeated. With the five previous points, there will be carried out the implementation, verification

and endorsement plan that seeks that the final agreement is voted on by all Colombians, that is implanted and is followed up on that process, and that above all has an accompaniment of international source. Colombia, La Oficina del Alto Comisionado para la Paz. (2016).

The peace process was a historical event because it achieved the success of such a wanted peace agreement.

Peace will be reached slowly through the observance of six points in the Peace Agreement. The remarkable thing about this process is that it tries to integrate the population affected by the war and the civilian population that did not suffer the scourges of the war directly.

Colombia has lived an entirely arbitrary and complex history, blood has been dropped, and thousands of people have suffered the ravages of a civil war of more than half a century. It is no mystery that social inequality has been a reality for the population of the region for more than 500 years. However, with the modernization of governmental structures, intellectual development, and population growth, different social movements have emerged, causing rebel groups and violent oppositions that not only affect the economic and administrative development of a nation but also attents against the integrity and human rights. The FARC has been one of the most vigorous opposition in the entire American continent, responsible for the violation of the human rights of countless victims nationally and internationally. During the modern history of the country, there have been different attempts at resolution, but given the context, almost all have been dysfunctional. In order to achieve a cessation of arms of the FARC and the Colombian government, an Agreement for peace has been undertaken which includes not only the guerrillas and victims of the war but also the ordinary civilians, taking into account the proposal for sustainable and lasting peace.

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The Issue

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The Hidden Dimension.

3.1 Proxemics

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CHAPTER 03

The term ‘proxemics’ was developed in 1968 by the anthropologist and researcher Edward T. Hall in his book ‘The Hidden Dimension.’ He defines proxemics as the use of the urban space, the human space, the relationship between elements in space and the capacity that allows people to create an interactive threshold according to spatial-temporal coordinates that express specific meanings. Sometimes, space obeys a complex system of social restrictions that can be observed in relation to gender, age, social and cultural origin of people. Occasionally, the distribution of space is established in advance, for example in a courtroom, a religious ceremony or an airplane; usually when mass population or security concerns are involved, but most of the time is an undocumented, unsaid manifesto that everyone understands.

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Proxemics is the study of humankind’s perception of space. It is a big part of semiotics; the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation, which is dedicated to the study of the organization of space within communication through relations of closeness, distance, etc. between people and objects during their interactions. The postures adopted by people, the existence or absence of physical contact and verbal or non-verbal communication are also duties that proxemic studies practice, it also aims to study the meaning that emerges from such behaviors.

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3.2 The Urban Fabric

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A city is a physical space that houses a community. The larger the community, the more extensive the space is. According to Hall, when a community extends so much it begins to fragment and to avoid fragmentation; it grows in height. Densification occurs when a city can not extend more in the horizontal axis, so it grows vertically, and when it densifies, it becomes more distorted and continues fragmenting. It could be said that overpopulated cities distort the essence of man and its tendency to live in a community harmonically. This harmonious community has a specific dimension, regarding population and space, it occupies to inhabit, gather, work, travel and rest.

The urban space is limited, and the different land markets compete for the best location according to their needs. Given these parameters; to make it more profitable, it increases in height, until in some cases it reaches almost 400 meters (today’s towers in different cities of the world). So, extension and height are what defines the urban space, and its most characteristic feature is its high population density. Given this extension and its greater endowment of all type of infrastructures; but above all the particularity of urban functions, especially economic ones, is what gives cities their urban hierarchy and form.

The urban space, in front of its area of influence, is the issuer of services of all kinds and products of high added value; while it is a point of attraction of population and resources of all kinds.

Hall divided his study as follows: o Fixed space: it is marked by solid structures, like the barriers of the countries, buildings, streets. o Semi-fixed (working) space: space around the body. It varies according to cultures since each culture structures its physical space. This space can be invaded. If a foreign territory is used with disrespect (staring at someone or occupying two seats with bags when people are standing), there is a violation of the land. o Informal spaces (the exterior or public): The qualifications of the semifixed space are also valid for the same.

The Hidden Dimension.

The Hidden Dimension.

3.3 The Human Dimension

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CHAPTER 03

Hall examined the way in which people occupy the space and the distance they keep between each other when communicating. This space can vary according to the individuals in interaction, whether it is an audience, an acquaintance, a friend or a specially loved person who, as it is supposed, covers the closest distance of the scope. The degree of comfort during a conversation is also critical, well an uncontrolled situation can alter the tolerance of the individual, promoting a more hostile environment and varying the non-verbal language.

Its origin is related in the ethology and the importance of the spatial distribution in the interactions between animals. In the 60’s, Hall and a group of social science scholars applied the model that ethologists such as Huxley8 or Lorenz9 had designed for the animal world to the study of communication in human societies. Hall identified several types of spaces created by the participants of interaction, and that varies depending on the type of encounter, the relationship between the interlocutors, their personalities and other factors. He designed a model that classifies personal space into four subcategories: 8

Huxley’s model describes how action potentials in neurons are initiated and transmitted. It consists of a set of ordinary nonlinear differential equations that approximates the electrical characteristics of excitable cells such as neurons or cardiac myocytes.

The Lorenz attractor. It is a concept introduced

by Edward Lorenz in 1963; is a non-linear three-dimensional deterministic dynamic system derived from the simplified convection roll equations that occur in the dynamic equations of the Earth’s atmosphere.

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1. Intimate distance, which ranges from physical contact to approximately 1 ½ foot. This distance could be subdivided into two different intervals: between 0 and 6 inches, it is considered a sub intimate zone or distance that presupposes physical contact and that would take place in communicative situations of maximum intimacy (for example, during lovemaking and protecting someone). Moreover, between 6 inches and 1 ½ foot, which corresponds to a less intimate distance but inserted in a privacy framework. It is the closest and limited to people with whom the person has an intimate relationship but keeping them at an arm’s length distance.

2. Personal distance, which usually extends from 1 ½ to 4 feet and it’s also divided into a close phase and a large phase. It is the usual distance in interpersonal relationships and allows physical contact with the other person. The one used in close relationships, such as between family members and close friends.

Savannah College of Art and Design

3. Social distance, which ranges from 4 to 12 feet and appears in situations where non-personal issues are exchanged. It is the one we use to interact with people in our daily lives. People with whom we interact frequently, but do not have an interpersonal relationship with one. For example Workspace, school, office, etc.

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4. Public space, which goes from 12 feet to the limit of the visible or the audible. At this distance, the participants must amplify resources such as the voice to enable communication. For example, during a conference, it is the one that is usually used in public places, where unknown people are present.

The Hidden Dimension.

3.4 Time of Transfers: Movements or Displacements

The Hidden Dimension.

Mobility, as a concept related to the urban nuclei, emerged during the last years of the last century and it is possible that it is one of the critical elements in this 21st century. Motorization rates are increasing, the increase in freight transport is unstoppable, and airspace saturation is growing. The higher the density of a city, the larger it is, the more significant amounts of displacements and the longer time it takes to take care of them. These are examples of how the society has developed a good part of its activity and dynamism in the movement of people and goods, in increasingly global markets and in a more open world where everything is closer.

“Automobiles insulate man not only from the environment

but from the types of interaction, usually competitive, aggressive and destructive. If people are to be brought together again, given a chance to get acquainted with each other and involved in nature, some fundamental solutions must be found on the problems posed by the automobile.”

– Edward T. Hall.

3.5 Overpopulation

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As it has been seen the problems of overpopulation are related to congestion, not only in the private space but mainly in public and semi-public spaces, where people are unable to maintain their social distance and even personal and often intimate, as it happens in the underground public transport systems. Stress, violence, the everlasting times of transfer added to poverty and marginality do not give a very encouraging perspective to our big cities, which the more they grow, the more uninhabitable they become.

3.6 Cross-Attitudinal Parameter

Culture is one of the primary influence for proxemics since it modifies a person’s mentality and can affect the scale of their values, from which they will determine what is right and wrong. With culture, attitude is what an individual will have before each interaction between it and its surroundings. For example: The distance that people use to relate to each other changes noticeably from one region to another.

More like this, they give different connotations to the gesticulations, like a smile, the looks, the gestures (body movements), etc. In Europe, people who live in the north keep a lot of distance in their relationships (Sweden, Germany, Denmark, England, Holland, and others) and their gestures are incredibly moderate, which gives them the reputation of “phlegmatic” or “cold.” While in the southern part (Spain, France, Italy, Greece, etc.) people keep less distance and use more gestures and mannerisms in their daily communication, as in the case of Italians, who communicate a lot doing movements with hands.

May 2019

As the city grows life in it becomes more intolerable, given that its growth creates fragmentation and isolation, violence and adversity. Currently, in the cities, everything is socio-fugal, everything in them separates people and alienates them.

In the face of an accident or an episode of violence in the streets, people remain indifferent, as if that did not affect them and without the slightest sign of solidarity.

These same characteristics are what make them uneconomical since they are filled by day, empty every night and every weekend.

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4.1 A Correlation between the built environment and it’s perpetrator

In the journal article “How architecture regulates” Rajiv C. Shah and Jay P. Kesan present how architecture affects behavior and how can it be used to influence it, enhancing social interaction or crime control. Rajiv C. Shah is a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, he is specialized in the relationship between the design of information technologies and society. Social concerns such as privacy, and how they communicate with technology.

He focuses on how information technologies regulate behavior. Jay P. Kesan is also at the University of Illinois in Chicago and dedicates his life to patent law and policy, cybersecurity and privacy.

Churchill’s phrase “We shape our buildings, thereafter they shape us.” has been a starting point for developing a symbiotic connection between architecture and psychology, one that analyzes the way in which a culture behaves and interacts, and sensory perception are interrelated with the built environment. This relationship studies how our senses interact with the buildings and everything that surrounds us, it investigates the different elements of the space, of the light, the qualities of the colors and how they affect the use and the way in which we inhabit it; but mostly, focuses on the power of design and how it regulates the behavior of who’s influenced by it. Humanity is in constant movement, the interests that once fueled the population no longer exist, human beings are evolving and the environment that they have built for themselves must evolve as well.

Architecture plays as a regulatory force in any given practice. When design is purposely conceived to improve a circumstance in a specific environment, the results can make a change. The power the design delivers over a determined population is determined on their capacity for interaction and relationship building, in a post-conflict environment, architecture can be challenged by its scope and the impact that will have on the society.

In this case, the work that architects have is to successfully design a matter that manages to mitigate the gap that exists between oppositions; that in a physical context, would be the city and the field. It is important to mention the influence of design in human behavior and its capacity to impact social interactions. Humans morph the world around them, their homes, schools and buildings, their streets, squares and cities, even the countryside, they change its ecosystem. Humans are the only species on this planet capable of radically transform the places where they live and develop their activities; and by doing so, they also transform themselves.

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How Architecture Regulates.

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4.2 Dynamic Architecture for Peace Endurance

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In a public context, the purpose given to squares, parks and streets is very different from that of previous generations. The meeting points have changed, the places visited by the younger generations are not the same, other spaces have appeared more in line with their lifestyles. Malls; for example, a place where people gather for multiple reasons without suffering the inclemency of weather and exposure to the threats of the 21st century city. Museums are also places where people interact and enjoy spending time. The new generation is very attracted to spaces with striking elements or of unparalleled character; places where art, history and the unknown are celebrated in a creative way or that produces a horizontal relationship with the visitor. Millennials often feel identified with a space because this type of environment produce a sense of authenticity and exclusivity, which provides prestige and makes the person appear different. Despite that human interests change, the social duty that public spaces hold has not changed, to get people to interact in their natural and unconscious state, making this the space where relationships are formed, developed and maintained.

How Architecture Regulates.

4.3 How Architecture will enhance the Peace Process

As the current situation in Colombia, and with the opportunity to put an end to a conflict of more than half a century, it is very important that architecture takes the lead in the edification of peace building. The built environment; in order to really make and impact on society, must have regulatory mechanisms; such as, natural surveillance, territoriality, building community and strengthening targets, elements that according to Katyal (2002) promote the growth of the empathy and nevertheless maintain total control over the violation of human rights. Symbolism is another part that must come into play during the consolidation of a society. It is a very important subject, in which the different thoughts, beliefs and characteristics of each culture are reflected.

Symbolism can portray in the Colombian population an ideal of the reasons for which the conflict existed and what it took to solve it, so that peace is built under a sense of ownership and may be kept alive.

The implementation of the peace agreement will eliminate the fringe that exists between the countryside and the city. Shah and Kesan (2007) discuss how architecture can play a communicative role expressing a cultural or symbolic meaning, how people interact with architecture and finally how architecture can be linked to certain social group or value i​​ n a more favorable way. Natural surveillance is one component that contributes into the normalization of behavior, as well as

territoriality, which considers how people exert control over a specific space; relating that, the power exerted in the countryside from the FARC and the control of the Colombian government on its cities.

In the field, the facilitation of infrastructure in the “Zonas Veredales de Normalizacion” (Acuerdo final para la paz, 2016) will serve as a social and educational bodies. A place where ex-guerrillas can access learning tools, educate about the process, give up weapons and engage with the community; but mostly, a place for ordinance. According to Shah and Kesan (2007) natural surveillance is one component that contributes into the normalization of behavior. The “Zonas Veredales de Normalizacion” can be a theoretical temporary space that will perform as the regulator and will eventually evolve into a useful practice in the rural areas, serving as a start point for its development.

In the city, the architecture seeks with public spaces to enhance social inclusions and acceptation. Places that symbolizes peace, and not war, and host events that eradicates the social boundaries that divide Colombia’s population. Cultural practices such as football and music are components that set a common ground in Colombian society, those will not probably solve the issue but will mitigate the tension, bringing antagonisms together; when two opposites have the same purpose, social interaction is facilitated. (Shah, Kesan 2007).

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How Architecture Regulates.

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5.1 Architecture and Urbanism for Peace and Reconciliation

The resolution of an armed conflict alarms scholars because there is no “one size fits all� to issues related to opposing views. The Andes University in Bogota, rehearsed the International Symposium by the DEARQ Magazine: Architecture and urbanism for peace and reconciliation. With the ease to seek for solutions on how to execute the post conflict in the most efficient way. Professors, academics, students and national and international figures gathered in September 2015 to discuss and prepare the paths that Colombia should take to achieve sustainable peace.

Laura Betancur and Carolina Chaparro, both Ph.D. in law and architecture produce a reflection on how can architecture support to the current situation in Colombia. Michael Foucault, philosopher and psychologist discuss how discipline and punishment was molded to generate the concept of prison. Lastly Manuel Iturralde (lawyer of Andes university) and Libardo Jose Ariza present the comparison of the concept of prison as a space for exclusion or reconciliation.

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

Architecture and Urbanism for Peace and Reconciliation.

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CHAPTER 05

Architecture and Urbanism for Peace and Reconciliation.

5.2 Peace Building in a Broken Society

The arrival of peace to a country so addicted to blood and violence may be an unknown territory. Societies that have lived in war, like Colombians don’t know how-to live-in harmony and it is sensed through the way people drive, they rage at each other without a gram of empathy. (It is seen in the news, where very often news of home violence comes out.) The issue of violence in Colombia goes beyond the armed conflict, because that is the environment in which the last five generations have grown. The main concern of the administrative entities of the Colombian government before the arrival of peace is how to replenish the damage caused by the war, educate the population and above all maintain a lasting peace, better known as sustainable peace10.

In order to promote the post-conflict Colombia, various congresses, events, organizations, etc. have been implemented to educate, build, and maintain a lasting peace. The Colombian government is currently working through the Acuerdo de Paz y Reconciliacion11 to not remain on paper and that its topics are met in the right way and citizens aren’t forced to return to the arms. Colombia requires a serious and honest academy that focuses on the construction of peace12.

The actions aimed at identifying and supporting structures aimed at strengthening and solidifying peace to avoid a relapse into the conflict are urgent once the demobilization of weapons has been carried out. It is necessary to create a country that welcomes with open arms, both former guerrilleros and victims of violence. Promote humanitarian attention to vulnerable populations and provide them with basic survival needs: shelter, food and protection; a typical task of any human emergency. Nevertheless; for a peace process, one should never forget the task of education, reminding people linked to the conflict that its resolution has a purpose, emphasizing the reasons of why they are demobilizing and why are they abandoning arms.

10

As existing in a state where the probability of using destructive conflict, oppression and violence to solve problems is so low that it does not enter into any party’s strategy, while the probability of using cooperation, dialogue and collaborative problem-solving to promote social justice.

11

Dialogue of peace between the government of Juan Manuel Santos and the National Liberation Army. Negotiations for a peace process that definitively ends with the Colombian armed conflict.

12

Activity that is born in the context of the end of a war.

5.3 The Prison Role

13

Transitional justice consists of judicial and nonjudicial measures implemented in order to redress legacies of human rights abuses. Such measures «include criminal prosecutions, truth commissions, reparations programs, and various kinds of institutional reforms».

14

It is called ‘paz y salvo’ to the official certificate issued to a person, not owe anything to the treasury.

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

Architecture and Urbanism for Peace and Reconciliation.

Social issues such as, the consolidation of a nation can be a crucial component in the built environment. When it comes to war and people, the process must be interactive and also determine a geographical dimension, as diverse as the Colombian, with such a particular configuration, where situations that can become conflictive are generated. Rethinking the circumstances, the architecture must improve the reflection on the social gaps and be built as a way of transformation with implications of great impact. (Betancur Restrepo, L., & Blanco Chaparro, C. 2016.)

Speaking in Latin America of what efficient penitentiary architecture represents, in the universe of justice, is a challenge. Painfully, the process of evolution of the prison is a non-existent in the region. Old theories of treatment of prisoners according to visions of sociological and criminological theoretical frameworks where brought from the old Europe, and in some cases, from the United States. The majority of the penitentiary buildings that were built between 50 and 100 years ago, continue in that operative state, to-date. They have been designed under concepts of efficiency in the sociocriminal culture of the 19th century. The vision of imparting justice was based, according to Foucault (2011), on which deprivation of freedom was believed to be the most appropriate coercive technique, because it was less atrocious than torture.

Much of the negotiation between the Colombian government and the FARC, in debt with society, was to develop a system of transitional justice13, entity responsible for resolving human rights violations in a fair and conscientious manner. In order for transitional justice to take place and for the demobilized to reach “un paz y salvo14” with society, the institution of the prison must act.

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5.4 The Retributive Position

Popularly, prisons have a negative connotation; where they opt for a retributive position15, which is normally a space of exclusion and that implies a penal sentence, a way of punishing with pain to the offender, through the deprivation of their rights (especially freedom), which is justified morally by repairing the victim and society for the crimes that a subject commit against them. The retributive position; in the conditions of post-conflict Colombia, would generate an immense paradox, since referring ex-guerrillas to Colombian prisons would be victimizing them for violating their human rights, just the reason why they were remitted. The retributive paradigm does not worry about the conditions in prisons; they even impose radical forms as a natural and deserved characteristic of punishment, causing additional suffering to the condemned; excluding it physically and symbolically from society. (Ariza, L. J., & Iturralde, M. 2016.)

An example of a retributive model prison would be the Panopticon16 or Pennsylvania model. The basic idea of ​​this model is of a circular space, which on the edge, in several floors there are cells that can only be inhabited by one prisoner. Each cell must allow the passage of light in a way that can be observed from a central monitoring tower, completely and continuously. In turn, the interior of the central tower must remain, by a back light effect, hidden from the view of the convict, in such a way that it feels an omnipresent gaze, that observes everything and that it cannot be observed; however, its dehumanizing and excluding effect produces more social problems than it solves. According to these prisons they do not rehabilitate the prisoner; on the contrary, they stigmatize and exclude them from the social world, mitigating the possibilities of reintegration. (Ariza, L. J., & Iturralde, M. 2016.)

15

Retributive justice is a theory of justice that holds that the best response to a crime is a punishment proportional to the offense, inflicted because the offender deserves the punishment. Prevention of future crimes (deterrence) or rehabilitation of the offender are not considered in determining such punishments.

16

A circular prison with cells arranged around a central well, from which prisoners could at all times be observed.

5.5 Restorative Justice

17

Transitional justice refers to the set of judicial and political measures used as reparations for massive violations of human rights.

18

A system of criminal justice that focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community at large.

19

The practice or principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it.

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

Architecture and Urbanism for Peace and Reconciliation.

A moderate and modern version of what would be considered a ‘prison’ for transitional justice17 to take place would be the imposition of alternative penalties to prison. Spaces that restrict the freedom of the condemned and that are subject to state control; but that are physically and symbolically different from jail. Restorative justice18 projects a more human space, where an inclusive model is sustained, a more social and constructive space that promotes the positive transformation of the prisoners, from the place they inhabit and in which they define their identity as social subjects.

(Ariza, L. J., & Iturralde, M. 2016.)

A new generation of prisons has implemented the campus style, characterized by independent pavilions that communicate with each other through outdoor spaces suitable for the well-being of the recruit. These prisons are composed of small units, greater autonomy and interaction between inmates and between prisoners and prison staff, based on more horizontal relationships, rather than the implementation of power over the offender. These regenerative prisons seek human practices and activities, more open spaces and with greater use of natural light, where spatial repetition is avoided and monotony is reduced, promoting spaces of cooperation, creativity and innovative productivity. In these institutions, prison collectivism19 is promoted, which is based on community life and, appropriately, can foster relations of interaction and cooperation among prisoners, and can even give them greater autonomy and power of government within them. (Ariza, L. J., & Iturralde, M. 2016.)

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War and Architecture

6.1 War + Architecture

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

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May 2019

War is a very delicate topic to discuss, well it involves two contradictory thoughts and a conflict that brought them together, especially when feelings are involved. Documentation of war often transmits on the role of the author, on the side they were approaching and its roughness banks on the damage made to the individual; whether it was physical or emotional. When analyzing opinions of war and the decisions made to repair; especially with the built environment, it is essential to by-stand oppositions. Lebbeus Woods for example; in his pamphlet, “War and Architecture” states that the scars of war should remain as a celebratory asset of the site, avoiding clearing out the damage caused by war. He also talks about the uniqueness of destruction and how that void could be a new source of hope. On the contrary, the opinions of people who have served to fix and lived in war contradict Woods narrative.

Michael Murphy states in his TED Talk “Architecture that is built to heal” that architecture can be a trans-formative engine for healing and that social design, and that it has the power to suggest human behavior, affection and promote community building. With his experience as a Co-Founder of the architecture firm MASS Design Group, Murphy has had the opportunity to work in projects for peace-building and conflict resolution across the globe.

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6.2 Scars as a Design Principle

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Making architecture in a world of war is the premise that Lebbeus Woods highlights in his proposals for the renovation of buildings and Utopian cities War and Architecture (1993). Theorist, architect and artist, he only has one project which was commissioned by his friend Steven Holl for “The Pavilion of Light” in Chengdu China. Woods illustrates this pamphlet with a series of drawings and proposals described as “fantastic architecture,” positioning his architecture as a political tool of breaking against the monumentality of institutions, which, far from providing rights and freedom to the citizens only encourage oppression and social flaws.

Like a phoenix that is reborn from the ashes, the urge to rebuild buildings is normal, victims of wars and violence. However, it must be built on the remnants of war, not making up the past without making an emphasis on it. Its form must be respected as integrity that involves a story that should not be denied. Expert in proposing Utopian cities in crisis contexts, Woods looked for an architecture that felt its strengths, knew its weaknesses and failures and had to face itself as a being in transformation, revitalizing itself.

According to Woods, the destruction of the cities has brought a series of “new layers to the architecture,” once these layers have been reduced by violence to a simple pattern of destruction, these cannot be restored or replaced in any way. Consequently, new layers of more intimate and more complex scales that can serve as a basis for a new urban fabric are created.

No destroyed building looks alike. However, they share the same origin, which is the result of the unpredictable effects of the war. Like a human body, architecture enters a state of “healing,” and within this state scars are created in a general context of beauty that may not be pleasing to the eye but are beautiful in their existential mode. The architecture should not fear this union, the “ugly” evidence of violence should not make up, should always keep in mind its origin; the lowest expression of humanity, war.

“Architecture must learn to transform violence, just as violence has transformed architecture.”

– Lebbeus Woods.

War and Architecture.

6.3 A Trans-formative Engine.

Architecture that is built to heal is a TED talk lectured by North-American architect Michael Murphy, CoFounder of MASS Design Group. Murphy begins his talk by sharing the story about his dad’s cancer when he was in his younger ages, he narrates the activities rehearsed by them in the healing process and that remodeling their old house contributed to his health. Doctor’s said that he only had three weeks of life and a year or later, his dad said that his house had saved his life. This event spiked his interest in the power of architecture and eventually found the power that architecture had to heal not only an individual; but a community, way beyond the floor plan itself. Murphy talks about his design process and the decisions he takes while designing. Does he make an emphasis on what else architecture can do? Also, he starts every project trying to solve an issue.

Murphy claims that architecture of the XXI century recognizes the ones who prioritize form, the architecture that is rare and, that serves a very few. He claims that architecture should be more humane, have an intended purpose of healing the hearts who inhabits it rather than the eyes who witness it. His holistic approach to architecture considers the Lo-Fab theory, that consists of these five components: Hire locally, source regionally, train when you can, and invest in dignity. By investing in dignity, the primary target is to fix broken promises, bring together communities and give birth to hope in places where everything was lost. Murphy makes an analogy to the local food movement, however, in architecture.

In his meticulously crafted portfolio, Murphy represents an array of projects that have served as soul feeders for the most vulnerable communities in the world.

In Butaro, Rwanda, he designed a new type of hospital that healed people physically and mentally. He worked in

collaboration with Dr. Paul Farmer, Co-Founder of Partners in Health, to build a hospital under the term “Ubudehe” which meant to build in a community and hand-crafted.

He said that hundreds of people came to the site with their shovels to start fixing the terrain to elevate this sculpturally crafted facility that they all will benefit from. The decisions made in the community generated a sense of ownership and made people proud of their achievement, giving a positive connotation to space. Murphy also applied the Lo-Fab theory in this project, and it resulted better than he thought, for example, they sourced a volcanic rock that was handcrafted to cover one of the facades of the building; resulting in the excitement of many that previously denoted that rock as useless, and consequently covering the entire building with it.

Murphy also mentions projects that have different purposes and that they all aim to fix something more profound than the landscape where it seats. In Haiti; with a massive Cholera epidemic, he designed a hospital that helped stop that epidemic illness to spread, the primary purpose was to sterilize everything that came out of that building; people, equipment, sewer, etc. In Malawi, architecture also contributed to solving the issue about infant mortality; they designed a facility that encouraged pregnant women to come during their pregnancy and reside in this place in order to carry a healthier cycle, and when the day comes they are prepared physically and mentally to raise a child.

Another exciting project was a learning school in Congo that besides teaching people, its primary purpose was to protect the local fauna. The illegal trade of ivory and animal meat is one of the busiest dark traffic in the world, and in one of the most remote places on earth, they sourced from mud, trash, and local wood to build a place to educate and promote biodiversity’s safety.

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War and Architecture.

May 2019

CHAPTER 06

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7.1 Recommendations

The previous research exposes an extensive study on how architecture and psychology relate, specially on the power they rehearse on each other.

Results dictate the possibility to end a conflict of 50+ years with the built environment as the witness, an asset for the interaction of opposing groups to occur. The peace process is a journey that requires time and commitment from both parties, but mostly what really can make a change is the achievement of sustainable peace and the neutralization of feelings.

The psychological metamorphosis that the ex-FARC member has to go through is very rare and must be held under supervision but without imposing anything on them, one must allow them with the power of choice, and provide a space where they can grow not only their humanity but also their sense of self-care, where they could be active members of society and rehearse seamlessly with their community.

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Recommendations and Conclusions

7.2 Conclusions The Colombian Peace Treaty has been a historical document due to its intricacy and detailed definition of the terms. The opportunity to leave a conflict behind is settled up for the Colombian society, but it’s up to them to truly achieve social peace. It is important to delegate a responsibility to the built environment, well it is the setting for any kind of interaction to occur. It is true, of course that architecture plays as a regulatory force in human behavior, but it is more important to understand how people interact, how individuals define space and how can a city host a well formed society.

Savannah College of Art and Design

There is an adequate distance for each situation according to rules established by the community that participants know or must learn, to move successfully in interpersonal relationships and avoid conflicts or misinterpretations. This means that it is necessary for participants to recognize and use the different proxemics codes used in their culture to avoid conflicts during communicative exchanges. It is evident that there are different norms in each culture for the place and distance that must be maintained in certain situations, and that reveal facts about the social relationship between individuals. Everything depends on the attitude, culture, social group and situation.

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Furthermore, by observing the threshold of personal space of any individual, someone can really infer their culture, personality, situation, so that proxemics is considered an interpersonal skill within sociocultural competence, and although it is often underestimated, it is a fundamental discipline since the physical space decreases, physical contact increases, confidence, complicity gestures, etc. It is crucial to be aware of the harmful consequences that our interventions can have in the city space, as well as to worry about looking for all possible ways to make the environment more pleasant, more human and livable.

Overlapping both city and field; either hypothetically or representative, will provide the opportunity to bring opposites together, an institution that symbolizes the termination of the conflict and that will serve as a case study for peace process in Colombia and in the World.

The job of architecture and design in the consolidation of societies is indisputable. The human being molds their environment in such a way that they decides how they wants to live and, in its effect, forms their activities or lifestyle around its environment. The end of the war in Colombia will lead to the implementation of an infrastructure that regulates the effectiveness of peace both in the countryside and in the city. Colombia must receive a development at the urban-rural level and vice versa, but above all, at a social level, in order to build community, enhance tolerance and carry out a successful resolution of the conflict.

With the new ideologies and concepts on the entities that must regulate justice in a society, it has been concluded that the purpose of prisons are spaces for inclusion in the framework of transitional justice and the Colombian post-conflict. The retributive model has shown that it is very inefficient and that it contradicts the message it wants to convey; while the alternative model generates a better treatment of people deprived of their freedom, who rather than punish and exclude, seeks to heal the social wounds caused by crime, by trying to bring the victims and society closer to the doers. The first model looks to the past; while the second looks to the future.

The role that architecture must implement in a reconciliation process can be forged through the design of prisons or reformatories that contribute to a more fair and inclusive peace, which implies the commitment not to build spaces that imply the dehumanization and social exclusion of the people who must inhabit them, but to celebrate the heal and accept it in with all its irregularities.

Recommendations and Conclusions

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CHAPTER 07

PALACE OF JUSTICE SEIGE November 6, 1985

The National Front consisted in intercalating presidential terms sharing the bureaucracy in equal parts from 1958 to 1974, four complete presidential terms of four years each, two of Liberal mandates and two of Conservative mandates.

AMNESTY TO M-19 Law # 77 of 1989

EL FRENTE NACIONAL 1956 - 1974

FARC WAS BORN 1964 - Colombia

LA BATALLA DE MARQUETALIA

Gustavo Rojas Pinilla manages a coup d’etat against the oligarchy that lasted 4 years.

May 18 - June 22 1964

“LA VIOLENCIA” Rojas Pinilla Regime

“EL BOGOTAZO” April 9th, 1948

Figure 1

War and architecture have built a relationship throughout the years. Strength is a powerful force that fuels humanity and has provoked a creative array of solutions to fix issues. With so many points of views and experiences and adding the complexity of each conflict, there won’t be a “one size fits all” solution to any conflict resolution. Some believe that architecture should not deny war, that celebrating its scars can evoke healing. On the contrary, many state that architecture is not only expressive sculptures, for example, Murphy states that when his old house saved his dad’s life, he learned a more profound connection. Buildings are a physical representation of our aspirations and goals as society, and part of growing is dealing with mistakes as learning opportunities. Great architecture can heal.

May 2019

Jorge Eliecer Gaitan 1903-1948

El Bogotazo refers to the massive riots that followed the assassination in Bogotá, Colombia, of Liberal leader and presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán on 9 April 1948 during the government of President Mariano Ospina Pérez. The 10-hour riot left approximatelly 10.000 dead.

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Site Analysis

Atlantic Ocean

Venezuela - Caracas Guyana - Georgetown Suriname - Paramaribo French Guiana - Cayenne

Panama - Ciudad de Panama Colombia - Bogota Ecuador - Quito Peru - Lima Pacific Ocean

Brazil - Brasilia

Bolivia - La Paz Paraguay - Asunción Chile - Santiago de Chile

Uruguay - Montevideo Argentina - Buenos Aires

In the lot ‘Tierra Grata; located in Manaure’s municipality in the Department of Cesar, there is the ETCR (Espacio Territoriales de Capasitacion y Reincorporacion, in Spanish) Simón Trinidad. This property is located at 2.7 kilometers from the urban center of San José de Oriente, with its southern boundary limiting with the road that leads to this small town. On the other hand, the municipality of Manaure is to 2,24 kilometers northwest orientation. While Valledupar is 21 kilometers from the access road to the property, which belongs to the metropolitan area of this important capital.

The area of the property is 1.02 km2 (102 Hectares) and its perimeter is: 4 km 790.69 m, these measures obey the polygonal perimeter with the height subject to the ground, this means that vertical measurements are taken with in its topographic relief. The land where the project will be developed has a relief with heights ranging from 693 meters above sea level to 527 meters above sea level. The nearest bodies of water are: 2km to the north the Manaure River and 2.6 kilometers to the east the San José River.

Guatemala Caribbean Sea Honduras

Cesar Department - Valledupar 10°29’00″N, 73°15′00″O

Nicaragua Panama Costa Rica Venezuela

Colombia - Bogota

Pacific Ocean

Ecuador

Brazil Peru

Caribbean Sea

Santa Marta

La Guajira

Barranquilla Maracaibo

Atlantico

Cartagena

Cesar Department - Valledupar

Magdalena

10°29’00″N, 73°15′00″O

Lago de Maracaibo

Venezuela

Sincelejo Sucre

Monteria

Cordoba

Bolivar

Norte de Santander

Cucuta Antioquia Santander

Figure 2

May 2019

8.1 ETCR Simon Trinidad -Tierra Grata, Cesar

Site Analysis

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SIERRA NEVADA DE SANTA MARTA

Magdalena

Valledupar

La Paz

Tierra Grata - El Balcon del Ces

Ce

sar

Riv

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CUENCA RANCHERIA

Savannah College of Art and Design

Agustin Codazzi

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Bosconia

0

Figure 3

6km

12km

24km

48km

San Juan del Cesar

SERRANIA DEL PERIJA

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

La Guajira

Manaure

Manaure Balcon del Cesar

ETCR Tierra Grata

San Jose del Oriente

0km

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Venezuela May 2019

sar

Fonseca

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Context: Site

8.2 What is an ETCR & a DDR?

(5) Men 26 - 60 years old (5) Women 26 - 60 years old (5) Women 18-25 years old (5) Men 18-25 years old (5) Men 61+ years old (5) Women 61+ years old (5) Infants

Transitory Camp ETCR Caribbean Sea

D.D.R Process (Desarme, Desmovilizacion, y Reintegracion de ex-combatientes, in Spanish) Disarm, Demobilization, and Reintegration of ex-combatants.

Panama

Venezuela

E.T.C.R (Espacios Territoriales de Capacitacion y Reincorporacion)

Disarm What is it?

Data Collection through

Pacific Ocean

Weapon localization.

Tyoe of weapons.

Quantity of Weapons.

Bogota

Territorial Spaces for Training and Reincorporation

Weapon Delivery

Reception, verification and counting.

Cantonment.

What is it?

Demobilization

Space for reintegration to occur. through

Brazil

How?

Ecuador

for

Healthy life standards Permanent or transitorial lodging.

Peace building.

Ex-Combatants Belonged to

Reintegration

Participate in Illegal armed group (F.A.R.C)

Reinsertion

Commited Violating Human Rights.

Participation could have been...

Voluntary

They can be responsible for...

Forced

They could be

Savannah College of Art and Design 45

They could be...

A hard life

Victims

Due to

Poverty

They generate

Pity

Causing

Fear Sadness

They are in...

Solidarity Hope

A process of change Anger

Figure 4

Causing

Dangerous Violent

Uncertainty

Training.

Therapy.

Economic Support.

Execution of productive tasks.

Designing productive projects.

Participation in Democracy and Politics.

Is..

They have had...

1. Defines geographic zone.

2. Etnographic study.

3. Ex-Combatents enter.

4. Medical exams.

5. Educational workshops on Peace and Reintegration processes.

6. Ceremony and Identification Documents delivered.

Happiness

Synonym of Opportunity for Peace for Reconciliation

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Figure 5

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8.2 Existing Conditions

400m

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Context: Site

8.3 Climate Analysis

The territory has a variety of altitudes, ranging from the equatorial or warm, sub-Andean or temperate, Andean or cold until snow peaks and the temperature go the 0 to 32 degrees Celsius.

In the municipality, from the point of view of the climatic regions of the Sierra Nevada and the César river valley, there are provinces with humid and semi-arid climate in the flat areas and semi-humid in high sectors of the sierra.

Temperature

Cloudiness

Precipitation / Hydrology

Warmest weather lasts 2,0 months, from mid-February to mid-April with maximum temperatures of 32°C (90°F) and minimum temperatures of 20°C (68°F). Coolest season lasts 3,0 months, from early October to early January with maximum temperatures of 28°C (82.4°F).

Rainy season lasts 7,1 months, from mid-April to late November with a probability of 22% or more of rain daily. Driest season lasts 4,9 months, from late November to mid- April with a 1% probability of rain daily.

The clearest season starts approximately on mid-December to late March and it lasts 3,4 months. The cloudiest season starts late March and ends mid-December with peaks in May and November. It lasts approximately 8,6 months.

100%

35°C (95°F)

500 500 mm mm

30°C (86°F)

400 400 mm mm

25°C (77°F)

300 300 mm mm

20°C (68°F)

200 200 mm mm

90% 80% 70%

Cloudy

60% 50%

Overcast

40% 30%

100 100 mm mm

15°C (59°F)

Scattered

20%

Sunny

10% 10°C (50°F)

Jan

Feb

Mar

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May

Jun

Jul

High Average

Hot Days

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Apr

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

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Dec

0 mm 0 mm

Wind

Solar Access

Windy season lasts 4,7 months, from early December to late April, with average wind speeds surpassing 6,4 km/h. Calm season lasts 7,3 months, from late April to early December with an average speed of 4,3 km/h. North wind prevails for 2,1 months and East wind prevails for 9,9 months.

Daily hours on site do not vary considerably during the year, with a variable of 44 minutes between winter and summer solstice. Earliest sunshine is 5:30 am in late May and latest sunshine is 44 minutes later at 6:13 am in late January. Earliest sunset happens at 5:26 pm on mid-November and latest sunset happens 52 minutes later at 6:18 pm on mid-July.

12km/h

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Humidity In the region humidity can vary extremely. The humid season lasts 9,2 months, from late March to late December, and during this season the comfort level is oppressive, sultry or even overwhelming most of the time.

The least humid season lasts 2,8 months from late December to late March with comfortable to humid comfort levels.

8KWh 100%

7KWh

10km/h

90%

6KWh 8km/h

0h

5KWh

6km/h

4h

4KWh

4km/h 2km/h 0km/h

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0%

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Cold Nights

Low Average

Feb

8h

3KWh

12 h

2KWh

16 h

1KWh Jan

Figure 6

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

0KWh

Radiant Jan

Feb

Solar Energy

Mar

20 h

Dimmed Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Solstice/Equinox

Oct

Nov

Dec

Daylight Hours

24 h

Comfortanble

80% 70% Humid

60% 50%

Sultry

40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Opressive May Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Context: Site

8.4 Geology and Landscape

Figure 7

a nau re

R oa d

May 2019

La Paz - M

Site Parcel

Tree Height Up to 50’

The César River Valley belongs to the Tropical Dry Forest climate classification, covered by a noticeable intervened clear forest where scattered trees and artificial grasses alternate to sustain importance.

The municipality belongs in its entirety to the geological unit of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,with the presence of metamorphic rocks, igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks.

Climatic changes, volcanic activity, glaciations, erosion and mass movements in mountainous zones and accumulation of fine, medium and coarse materials from César and its tributaries in the flat areas, exert a profound influence on the formation of relief.

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8.4 Flora and Fauna

Savannah College of Art and Design

The most representative species of the region are represented by the genus Cassia, Tabebuia, Crescentia and Inga among other names such as acacias, caĂąaguates, guanabales, cedars, ceibas and an important variety of species adapted to the local environment such as mangoes, eucalyptus and citrus.

Particularly, Valledupar and all its surroundings are the most densely arbored in the country, in this aspect it is possible to refer to the local culture that imposes the planting of trees on the fronts and the patios of the dwellings almost as an obligation; it is strange to find a house or building without a tree. It is also important to have the presence of fruit trees in public areas such as parks, platforms and separators of avenues. The most common tree is the mango followed by caĂąahuate, ceibas, oaks, totumos, acacias, suckers, cotoprix, uvitos, cardamomos and an important road corridor of rubber trees.

Wildlife is currently very affected by illegal trafficking. Felines and mammals such as the tigrillo and the deer are currently a rarity. Standing out almost exclusively are reptiles represented by iguanas, lizards and some snakes. As for the birds, there are some raptors such as owls and hawks, and others such as pigeons, tierrelites, parakeets and hummingbirds.

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Context: Site

Figure 8

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Case Studies

Case Studies

9.1 Half a House by Alejandro Aravena

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Figure 9

May 2019

The idea was originally developed by the MIT professor named John F.C. Turner in the 1970’s with his program called “Urban Settlement Design in Developing Countries”. It consisted that social housing should be an on-going project and since its prices for a desirable house where extremely high it was more beneficial to start with half of a good house rather that to have a completed undesirable house.

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Case Studies

Savannah College of Art and Design

Figure 10

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Years later, after the 8.8 magnitude earthquake that hit Chile, Alejandro Aravena developed Turner’s idea with his project “Elemental�. Elemental consisted on providing unfinished low-income houses to be built at $7,500 per house, providing only with the bare necessities, but leaving a gap for the future resident to expand at owns pace.

A further developed project with the same concept was Villa Verde, also designed by Aravena. The finished part

of each house was completely identical to the others, while the other halves would turn out uniquely. Aravena left all indoor surfaces of the finished half uncovered to reduce cost and equipped the houses with the things that were harder to elaborate individually like utilities and foundations. The residents can also be part of the development of the project and each house comes with a manual covering possibilities for expansion.

Case Studies

9.2 Educational Park for Reconciliation - Jaime Cabal Mejia

May 2019

The project is located in San Pedro de Uraba, Antioquia, Colombia a small village 425 km away from Medellin, a region that has witness violent conflicts, related directly with illegal crops and transcending into armed illegal groups. The project is part of an ambitious program that looks to build a network of Educational Playgrounds in different locations of Antioquia that allows the vulnerable population with high quality educational infrastructure.

The name of the project was decided by the local community and it represent that social necessities that narrate their history. Under this premise, the building seeks that emptiness and the shadow will be transformed in spaces for encounters and approximation of all citizens. Places that without the strict necessity of a determined program, propagate different activities.

The main program of the project is divided in two elements. The courtyard represented as the void, that references nature and works as a central space that related all the building. The threshold as the shadow space, represents the vestibule and access. Both elements of vernacular architecture.

The project is developed in a fragmented and discontinued urban morphology owned by the boundary, where the natural and man-made are mixed, showing a landscape that is built in natural conditions.

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Figure 11 54

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Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14

Case Studies

Case Studies

9.3 Sleuk Rith Institute Zaha Hadid Architects With a transversal program, Zaha Hadid Architects designed a facility that will host a genocide research institute, graduate school, museum, archival and an investigation library. Despite all the tragic research done to conceive this project, it is considered to promote reflection and reconciliation through inspiration and innovation. The project is built on the same site of an elementary school that was once a camp of reeducation during Khemer Rouge regime, making it just appropriate for it: building on top of the past to educate the future.

The buildings approach is through paths on top of reflective pools that mirror the buildings elegant shape and improves indoor lightning in a natural way. These pools will be fed through a water collection system that will reduce the environmental systems and local drainage.

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The institute includes a 68,000 square meter memorial park for the entire community with sports fields, community gardens, traditional prairies and a forest that will house contemporary Cambodian sculptures, many of them commemorating women who helped rebuild the country. The park leans away from the building to provide greater protection against seasonal flooding. The southern end of the park is landscaped to become a large holding pond during heavy monsoon rains, alleviating the city’s existing drains. The pedestrian paths of the park link neighboring streets that had been disconnected, inviting the local community to the heart of the institute.

Figure 15

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Figure 16

Figure 17

Lune de Sang - CHROFI

Lune De Sang is a generational family owned dairy farm in New South Wales, Australia. Its exceptional approach to turn their land into a sustainable forest was conceived by architects CHROFI. It consisted on harvesting hard wood trees of the surroundings to establish a relationship between nature and architecture that would take from 50 to 300 years to fully mature.

The building represents a sense of permanence since it was conceived with the purpose of scaffolding the vegetation that slowly grew on it. Materiality was also part of the design since the architects chose sources that could mature with time, intensifying the quality of the building as it ages. The first two buildings that are going to be part of the venture will be two productive sheds that will serve as regulatory devices, functioning as intermediaries between the wilderness and the domestic landscape arranging topographic contours to maintain habitable space on a hillside.

The building is expected to be buried by its environment and its presence will only be noticeable from its inside.

In the meantime the structures are patiently waiting, hosting a jungle that ascends upfront.

Figure 18

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Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21

Case Studies

Case Studies

ETCR Pondores La Guajira, Colombia

May 2019

Located between the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Serrania del Perijรก, today there are 222 excombatants who continue betting on the transit towards civil life. In fact, since a year ago, this space is the epicenter of a project of social development and entrepreneurship, through the planting of products such as tomatoes, paprika, bananas and cassava. The different crops, which extend throughout the ETCR, are part of the work of the Farc cooperative. And in front of each house, families also have small crops that serve for their personal consumption.

The first thing that is noticed in the place is the way in which the ex-guerrillas have adapted it to coexist. There is a large room for general meetings, classrooms for children under study, a restroom area, an education workshop and even a tailor shop with 20 sewing machines, where a newspaper refers to textile goods that are now also sold in The municipality of Fonseca.

It is a kind of farm of houses ordered and painted in the same colors: white and gray, surrounded by banana trees and small farms. The difference with any town is that its inhabitants come from the war and now they want to live in peace. Many of them were part of the Caribbean block of the Farc, which came to have five fronts a, they arrived here loaded with hammocks, hats, uniforms, backpacks and tents, and in a short time they gave form to this space of reincorporacion.

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Figure 22

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Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25

Case Studies

Livingboard - Carlo Ratti Associati & We Rise

Inspired by the US inventor Richard Buckminister Fuller and his dream of “air-deliverable buildings”, Livingboard was designed by Carlo Ratti Associati as a functional “motherboard” prototype system. Ratti’s goal was to improve housing conditions in rural parts of India. The concept lays on allowing the future resident with the floor to raise their own dwelling wherever they live.

Figure 26

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Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29

Case Studies

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Site Strategies

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Fundamental Human Needs

Private Less % of Interaction

Participation Subsistence Protection Affection Identity Understanding Leisure Creation

Public More % of Interaction

Freedom

Objective Causes Opportunity

Dwellings Architecture Regulation Being, Having Doing

Road

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Public Space

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Figure 30

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Semi-Public Space

Semi-Private Space

Private Space

Self-steem, respectful, generous, sensual.

Friendships, family, relationship with nature.

Share, take care of, make love.

Receptive, imaginative, spontaneous, reckless.

Attend parties, play, peace of minds, meditate.

Daydream, remember, have fun.

Belong, consistency.

Historical memory, values, norms.

Commit, integrate,grow, decide.

Autonomy, equilibruim, solidarity.

Savings, health system, work.

Co-operate, plan, take care, cure.

Physical and mental health, adaptability.

Food, shelter, work.

Adaptability, dedication, engage in responsabilities, delegate duties, determine rights, recognize merit.

Cooperate, express opinions, assosiate, community building.

Intuition, curiosity, critical capacity.

Educational and communication policies.

Meditate, study, experiment.

Freedom is a sacred right that every human being posses, it is to rehearse life at owns will, respecting the law and others. To be free means the right to participate in the resolution of the conflict, either desicion will result in freedom with two different characters.

Passionate, determined, curious, inventive, creative.

Abilities, hobbies, skills.

Invent, build, design, compose.

May 2019

Private Space Semi-Private Space Semi-Public Space Public Space

A house is the literal representation of shelter. But a house is not a home; a home is the symbolic representation of a motherground, a space determined for life to occur and to shape its inhabitants with a reciprocal relationship. Homes are scenarios of proliferation and productivity, where life multiplies to create families, and families are the main cell of any community. “People and the places where they reside are engaged in a continuing set of changes, the have determinate, mutual effect upon each other becasue they are part of a single interactive system.�

- William S. Sax

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Figure 31

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Sustainability Spatial Relationship Strategies Housing Typology

Figure 32

Site Strategies

Figure 33 Figure 34 Figure 35

Figure 36 Figure 37 Figure 38

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Site Intersection Proximity

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Schematic Design

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Schematic Design

Observations

During the Research and Site Analysis phases I was focused on providing a set of drawings for FARC members to build their homes and be able to reintegrate safely into society.

After doing studies about the intentions I had to develop the project, I figured out that doing a housing typology for FARC members to interact was not the correct path to take.

Eventhough dwellings are a crucial element of a human being it is more important to delegate this project to the development of an public space that can serve as an arena for social interaction between ex-combatants and civilians. The program eventually was created by the need of attractor nodes to bring people in to the site.

“You can’t rely on bringing people downtown, you have to put them there.”

- Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities

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In the lot ‘Tierra Grata; located in Manaure’s municipality in the Department of Cesar, there is the ETCR (Espacio Territoriales de Capasitacion y Reincorporacion, in Spanish) Simón Trinidad. This property is located at 2.7 kilometers from the urban center of San José de Oriente, with its southern boundary limiting with the road that leads to this small town. On the other hand, the municipality of Manaure is to 2,24 kilometers northwest orientation. While Valledupar is 21 kilometers from the access road to the property, which belongs to the metropolitan area of this important capital.

The area of the property is 1.02 km2 (102 Hectares) and its perimeter is: 4 km 790.69 m, these measures obey the polygonal perimeter with the height subject to the ground, this means that vertical measurements are taken with in its topographic relief. The land where the project will be developed has a relief with heights ranging from 693 meters above sea level to 527 meters above sea level. The nearest bodies of water are: 2km to the north the Manaure River and 2.6 kilometers to the east the San José River.

Plan Oblique Figure 40

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Forgiving Procession + Materiality

Understanding Forgiveness Identify Emotions Focusing on what the problem is and where is it.

Negative emotions such as anger, fear and sadness are faced when someone is hurt and it is important to identify, deal and getting rid of them.

Forgiveness is a process and the idea of it seems simple, but when it is faced it has many iterations and complexities.

Acknowledge Contexts and Reasons Behind Encouraging a neutral view towards the conflict will decrease the negativity as well as inform the user with reasons that led to the series of events that provoked the negative emotions. Educating users is an eye-opener condition that will improve the forgiveness process.

Architectural Representation Monolithic structure rises on the highest point of the site to allow maximum sight reach.

1

The primary element once the site is approached will be the MOMAR.(Museum of Memory and Reconciliation)

Split site perpendicular to allow informal circulation to occur and further determine program.

Museum (Memory and Art) Used to inform and educate about history, facts and movements that lead to the conflict. The memory museum will be the initial tool of forgoiveness. The gate to a procces that will culminate with reconciliation.

2

Intimate semi-public space provided for retrospect and meditate.

Main mass splited east-west to allow views of the Beacon and divide the program into fromal and informal.

Accept the Difference (Tolerance) Education has been proven to be the most efficient tool towards healthy communities, not only by the information received during the process, but for the social skills and connections you make. A school provides users with the opportunity to know each other as individuals rather than an ideal of a broken group.

Beacons Perceived from afar, the Beacon will symbolize reconciliation and will be the main attractor point to the site, building up an attractive and referencing peace as a permanent landmark.

- Reduce site invasion by substracting area of each chunck.

- Shift heights to hide Administrative buildings that imitate a retention wall.

Displace both elements in opposite directions to allow pedestrian accesses from irregular sidewalks.

Childrens: Academic Institute (K-12 ?)

Dedicating a significant part of the project to children is investing in a stronger reconciliation for the future. Post-conflict newborns won’t have negativity or grudgers to hold against nyone and are the perfect cohesive for a solid community.

3

The School will seat secondary, offseted about 30 m from the intial space, allowing a forest to grow in between, hosting an experential path towards forgiveness.

Shift heights to adapt to site and allow a second outdoor story for children activities.

Create a bridge that links boths buildings to activate the roof space.

Split journey track to allow space to behave indepent-interdependantly.

Express Forgiveness It is important to release feeling, either if it is to let go, love from ditance or bridge alterntive interpretations of others to avoid misunderstanding.

Remove a chunck from the upper building to allow a safe access to children that come from the main road.

Cultural Center (Amphitheater) A public space the will discreetly serve as an amphitheater will be a place for gathering and the first place opportunity for informal social interaction.

4

Space determined for an informal interaction, where culture can be expressed and informed by its character.

Forgive Yourself Forgiving for allowing negative feeling invade ones soul. Understand that the offendant must not receive punishment and reiterate about how the negative feelings harm more than benefit.

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Allow slope to morph it.

Reduce Area by allowing nature

Link to main to ultimate area.

Amphiteather

Programless space that opens the possibility for genuine activites that involves culture- building opportunities and community wellness.

Detach from Amphitheater to create a space that brings nature in.

Reduce canteliever span

Extend to both sides to enclose the park and recuperate area.

Pavillion: Stage The scenario to pose yourself and asume responsabilities with in the community, the Pavillion will be programless but will be the host space for a wide variety of activities that encourage interaction, examples are: Farmers market, community gatherings, expositions, art, sports. An arena for cohesion.

Horizontal element that levels topography to increase area for beacon to nest.

Join the Offendant The offendant and the victim do not becomes best friends and do not take sides. To join is more to accept what happened as what it was, rather than choosing to accept what could or should have been.

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Beacon Arena The linking element of both communities that will be a bypass of the whole process to acomplish code requirements and an easier approach to whoever has healed.

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Beacon from Afar

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Function

Design Development

Objectives Motivational Forces Narrative Terms

A. Objectives

Key

Key

Population Density

Population Density

Strong Connection

Strong Connection

Medium Connection

Medium Connection

Weak Connection

Weak Connection

Program Development

Expansion

Program Maturity

Assistive Cooperation

Expansion

Bond Created

Road

FARC-EP Ex- Combatants (X)

Colombian population (Y)

With the remendants of war, hurt feelings and political assumptions between these groups a challenge arises for the conciliation of Colombia.

The projects seeks to analyse the geometric relationship between each programatic element to produce a “recipe� for reconciliation that can be replicated in the other 27 E.T.C.Rs.

B. Motivational Forces Based in what was agreed upon the Peace Treaty in 2016, all ex-combatants must go thorugh the process of Disarm, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR), with the last one being the one that hosts this project.

The main goal is that with the reconciliation of both groups the region is benefited is a social, financial and ecological aspect.

C. Narrative

(X) N

(X)

(X)

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ETCR Simon Trinidad

N

Valledupar

Manaure San Jose de Oriente

(Y)

(Y)

1. School 2. Bus Stop

(Y)

1. Municipality 2. Workshops / Market

1. Educational Park 4. Pavillion 2. Amphitheater 5. Beacon 3. Museum

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D. Terms

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Built by the Community (Ikea Syndrome) Build by the Goverment

Skill Improvement

Social Bonds

Economic Growth

Planet Conscious

Empowerment

Figure 53

Topology

Design Development

Idea Behind it What it is What is not Behavior Conclusions

Proposing an intangible plan.

A. Idea Behind it.

Both Philosophy and Biology travel through the world of forms and appereances to thoroughly study without prejudice the structure of things.

(Structure is not form)

Topology ignores Form above everything.

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B. What it is.

Geometric properties that remain unafected by form changes.

Topology “place”

“study”

Same function, different form.

C. What is not.

Topology

Architectural drawings as we know them commonly describe the tangible characteristics of a building’s form. They are represented through Euclidean Geometry and can be visually absorved.

What this geometry do not show are its variables and transformations, functions and conexions, but mostly its genius loci.

Architecture “as we know it”

D. Behavior.

E. Conclusions

Figure 54

Form

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Form is what the building wants to be, while design is a circumstances derived from it. Therefore, topology works as a vertebrate of any architectural typology, avoiding any specific style.

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Escuela Primaria Simon Trinidad

Savannah College of Art and Design

- Creates a link between both roads - Proposes a new model for post-conflict rural education -Assertive Cooperations (during construction and use) - Invest in the future

Figure 55

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- Furniture that enhances social interaction - Natural light spaces for energy savings - Windows open to nature

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Design Development

Classrooms Tree House

C B Skylight - Passive lightning

Bridge that connects to the rest of the district.

Balcony - Classroom’s extension.

Section AA School Structure

Narrative Material Source

Rammed Earth

Path to Bus Station.

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Path to Bus Station.

Courtyard

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12” x 6” Wood Beams and Columns *Harvested from site.

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Playground Steel Tree Structure *From melted weapon metals.

Egress

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Concrete Footing *Concrete plant 2km away from site.

F Section CC

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Habitable Green Roof

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Section BB

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Courtyard

Climbing Wall

Playground / Hammock Area.

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Class Room Bus Station

1st Grade

Up to Classrooms

Bus stop / Drop off area is a space dedicated for dialogue opportunities and meeting other children’s parents that might come from another part of the region.

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Section AA A

d Earth

Pedestrian Bridges to deal with slope.

B

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Pulley System for assisted cooperation.

Climbing wall

Section CC

Floorplan

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Municipalidad La Paz, Sede San Jose del Oriente - A place that plays a huge role in the D.D.R Process - Where people will need to rehearse life as regular civilians, where they can meet others - A place for formal dutties with a fun touch

Savannah College of Art and Design

Figure 59

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Mercado Municipal Simon Trinidad y San Jose del Oriente - Productive platform for self-empowerment

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Retaining Wall

Municipality

Program Conditions Social Furniture Informal Vendors Terraplane

Workshops / Market

Insulating Membrane

Concrete Reinforcement Rammed Earth Wall

Visible from street le to exhibit ex-combat in productive activiti

Concrete Foundation

Bike Path to create a physical link between the site and the surrounding cities.

12’ wide mall corridor.

Section CC

Market / Workshops

Retaining Walls.

Section AA

Section AA

A

Retaining Wall

Program Conditions Social Furniture Informal Vendors Terraplane

Light concrete surface.

Water-proof Coating

Wood reinforcement

Tele-line Office

Waiting Area

Concrete Caps Admin Openings

Rammed Earth

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Structural Rebar

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Figure 61

Rammed Earth.

Floorplan

Design Development

Workshops / Market

Hardwork

Earn Visible from street level to exhibit ex-combatants in productive activities.

Cultural Cohesion: social conciliation through urban intervention.

Improve Skills Invest

Achieve Something

Sell

Motivation Produce

Outdoor Working PLatform

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Detached from main mall to allow some privacy from slow-paced passers.

Section AA

A Secondary Path to incentive opportunities for contact

Roofing

Wooden Structure

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Interchangeable surfaces for maximum flexibility

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Plaza del Cesar -Educational Park - Site Marker - Amphitheater -Lookout

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*Luz Maria with her dog and souvenir, Oscar watching the guy and his drums. *Luz Maria with her dog and souvenir, Oscar watching the guy and his drums.

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Cultural Cohesion: social conciliation through urban intervention.

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Figure 63

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Daniel Jose Velez Cabrera

- Built by Children - Built with weapon melted metals - Place-Making - Assitive cooperations - Lookout - Fun Theory Figure 64

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*Alvaro and his bike., Johana and her boyfriend.

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Beacon

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LightHouse

Melted weapon steel: The more weapons delivered, the higher this tower can get.

Fun Theory: Informal, but effective method of changing people’s behaviour for the better.

Pulley Systems for vertical circulation and expansion purposes.

Wood Boxes Lobby

Public Plaza Road to San Jose de Oriente

Lights Children Cafeteria

Circulation

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Theater

Figure 65

Every Day Encounters

School Extended Playground

Venue

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Stage

Program Conditions Social Furniture Informal Vendors Terraplane

Retaining Wall

Active Retaining Wall

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Social Furniture

Concert

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Children Internvention

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School Event School

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Sports Event

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Museo de Arte y Memoria Simon Trinidad -Place for reflexion, remember and reconciliation - Art Gallery, free expression

Savannah College of Art and Design

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Figure 66

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Museo de Arte y Memoria Simon Trinidad.

-Place for reflexion, remember and reconciliation.

- Art Gallery, free expression.

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Passive shading Device For art preservation.

Social Furniture

Section AA Oriented towards the settlement

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Figure 67

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B

A

Outdoor Private Venue

Memory Stage Art Plaza

Amphitheater

A B

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Floorplan Pavillion

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Pavillion Adaptavility: Store Restaurant Venue.

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Floorplan Museum

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Design Development

Topology Enery Nodes Intersecting Paths Triple Bottom Line Economics Conclusions

Phases

Key

Persona

Anger

Mario (46) FARC - EP Member for 22 Years, Disarmed in No

Anticipation

(X)

Joy ((B)) 1.5

Alvaro (27) Born and raised in Valledupar , loves cycling.

Trust

1.3

1.1

Fear

Oscar (68) Lives at La Paz because his house in San Jose was b

Surprise

Luz Maria (45) Lives in San Jose del Oriente.

Sadness Disgust

1.2

(Y)

Emotion Challenge (Y) (P)

Johana (24) Sexually abused by FARC Member in 2008.

Path Intersection

Phase (I)

Manolo (9) Born in the jungle and left the armed groups with h Ivan (10) Boy from Manaure that attends the new school.

Ana Sofia (15) Born in the jungle and left the armed group by hers

1.1 School oriented halfway parallel to the roads, on the ridge side in order to create a pedestrian path that linked both roads.

1.2 Parking Lot (P) on the other side of the primary road provides an opportunity for informal commerce, catching the attentions of passers.

1.3 The educational model proposed will trigger positve emotions from early years to create stronger bonds for future generations.

1.4 Part of the DDR Process is to engage in productive activities. Joining in the construction of the school will give ex-combatants the skills and belonging to the site.

1.5 Bus Stop/Drop Off Area (B) located on the secondary road to avoid traffic in the primary road, will provoke a scenario for parents to interact in specific times, key to strike dialoge.

(X) (y)

2.5

2.6 2.3

2.1 2.4

(Y)

(Y) (x) 2.2

Phase (II) 2.1 La Paz Municipality opens a campus on-site to facilitate de D.D.R process . An attractor for nearby inhabitants, increasing opportunites to cross paths.

2.2 As the commerce increase near the parking lot, the need for an official market arises, and with the skills learned during Phase 1, the emerging community will be able to build their own.

2.3 Market location in close proximity of the Municipality to embrace informal dialogue between locals and foreigns.

2.4 The market units have the flexibility to either be a working station or a commercial display. Open workshops will display former ex-combatants engaging in producitve activities.

2.5 With the increase in students enrolled in the school and the access to features for adults, the possibility of a bond between the settlements an nearby location increases.

2.6 The market will be an attractor for inhabitants of nearby cities.

Alvaro meet a guy who just moved to this area and told him that his new lifestyle was very enjoyable and way more affordable.

Savannah College of Art and Design Savannah College of Art and Design

(X) (Y)

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3.1 3.4

3.2

(Y) (x)

Key

Key

Population Density

Population Density

Strong Connection

Strong Connection

Medium Connection

Medium Connection

Weak Connection

Weak Connection

Program Development

Expansion

3.3

(Y) (X)

Program Maturity Phase (III) 3.1 Forces that generated the inplantations of the previous program let to the necessity to adequate these connections. Public spaces will enhance relationship building.

3.2 Intersecting paths gereate opportunities to meet informally and allocate new programs like an amphitheater, a museum and a pavillion in what will be considered Expansion the initial district for a future urban-rural infrastructure.

3.3 An elevated structure will rise as a marker for the site and as a gate for the future. Built by the children with steel from melted weapons and with pulley systems, the Beacon will give a new meaning to the possesion of arms.

Road 3.4 With the success of the previous phases, stronger bond will be generated not only with the nearby locations but also at a region level.

Figure 68

Assistive Cooperation Bond Created

Johana was driving to meet a friend in Valledupar and got intrigued by the structure that was being built by those kids on the roadside.

* He now plans to move back to his * What started out of curiosity original house since its a much ended in a life changing experience. safer enviroment.

Luz Maria saved some money to visit her daughter who lives in Arkansas and she has to get a new passport for her upcoming trip.

Eventhough Luz Maria was angry that had to walk and wait in the municipality, she found very conveninent its proximity with th market and bought the “mochila� that her daughter asked for.

* Way cheaper than the ones they sell a the airport.

Ivan goes by bus every morning to school but he feels anoyed by the ride and a boy who always pick on him.

ovember 2016.

Eventhough Ivan had a fight with theboy from the bus, his emotions where challenged when that same boy helped him climb to their class room and invited him to play during recess.

Oscar is fearfull driving to meet his family in San Jose del Oriente when he sees a Vallenato concert that is being rehearsed in the new park.

Alvaro enjoys a morning bike with a group of friends and decide to pit stop at that convenience store at the side of the road.

burned by the FARC in 2001.

Johana was allowed to benefit her healing process by going through a hard buy effective forgiving process.

his parents early 2017 .

self looking for a better future.

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y

* The following route will become Mario’s commute.

Alvaro is surprised that not all FARC members are criminals and is very happy that has found a great spot to eat an empanada during his cycling new routine. * He can’t wait to go back to Valledupar and tell his family about that little village that is bieng built in the mountains!

Manolo walks to school with his little brother. * It’s their favourite adventure of the day because they play they are hunters in the middle of the jungle.

Manolo and his brother feel safe at school because they know their mother spends the day nearby and they can drive back home together when its late.

Ana Sofia is finishing elementary school but she has the urge to start producing some money. So she is studying during the morning and in the afternoon she works for a woman who sells “cocadas” in the market

April 26th. 2019

at

Mario needs to get his new I.D In order to receive the goverment’s subside.

* She loves that she has the opportunity to study and work in the same location.

May 2019

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Final Defense and Exhibition

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Warrant

Can architectural design play a role in the facilitation of a dialogue between to conflicted groups; in such a way that neutralizes emotions and erases assumptions?

The Colombian Peace Treaty has been a historical document due to its intricacy and detailed definition of the terms. The opportunity to leave a conflict behind is settled up for the Colombian society, but it’s up to them to truly achieve sustainable peace. It is important to delegate a responsibility to the built environment, well it is the setting for any kind of interaction to occur. It is true, of course that architecture plays as a regulatory force in human behavior, but it is more important to understand how people interact, how individuals define space and how can a city host a well formed society.

The job of architecture and design in the consolidation of societies is indisputable. The human being molds their environment in such a way that they decides how they want to live and, in its effect, forms their activities or lifestyle around its environment. The end of the war in Colombia will lead to the implementation of an infrastructure that regulates the effectiveness of peace both in the countryside and in the city. Colombia must receive a development at the urban-rural level and vice versa, but above all, at a social level, in order to build community, enhance tolerance and carry out a successful resolution of the conflict.

Arguable Position Architecture and Place-Making can play as a mediator for conflict resolution.

CHAPTER 13

Final Defense

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Figure 69

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Social Netwo

mapping. ion. cs through network social interact community dynami determine areas that lack and to understand of relationships Analytical tool understanding Provides a clear

great American cities .

- Jane Jacobs

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

Thesis Claim

Site Design (Public Arena)

and its circulatory network that allows Landscaping and site manupaltion through public spaces the other. coincidential encounters that reduces the chances of avoiding

Architecture that is built to heal.

- Michael Murphy MASS Design Group

quitectura logia y Ar

rales s Estructu Realidade Blanco Longa. arentes y - Ivan rdades Ap

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Material Selection (On-Site) and Construction Meth ods.

Constructi

The Colom

on Authorsh

bian goverm

ip

ent will build

the foundation systems (given , budgeted.) and FARC + Local Comm unity will build the actual place. s The beac delivered thro ugh on’s stru cture will the D.D.R Proc be base d on the ess are the prim availabi e lity of this matter for stee l structur materia l; meaning e that Locat that, the will serve as ed scho more wea remini in a for est pons deli ol foundations In ord scing the and wit . vered that h site er to higher/s appora it lays access to troger multip ch a sus on and this edifi tainabl allowin le specie ce can grow. e pro g the peo s of har cess, for eve ple to dev dwoods, the The cons elo ry cho chopes p mi cons tru tructi ction tree the lling ski sen building on ind of th re wil lls. ma ter e l be a ial for ustry comp replac lightwe , enha lex wi ement ight str ncing ll im and ucture the bu socia prove s will ilding l int the sk be wo eracti will ret illset od on; an and urn to , ca d in its sou result n be ap rce. , reint plied egrat for ow n dw ion. elling s an d/or increa sing the po ssibil ity of being hired in th e

Wea Weapon pon

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(Gover

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Research Application The previous sources are supporting the creation of a built envitoment that approximates seamlessly conflictive groups in the Colombian society. With the purpose to give people the power of choice, where they are able to develop at their own will and learn the virtue of the journey towards sustainable peace.

- The project is not intended to symbolize any event or party in such a way that reminds people these unfourtanate events that may bring tension back; the purpose is that people commit voluntarily and learn through collective place-making.

- The project will be developed between the goverment, the FARC ex-combatants and the inhabitants of the nearby areas of the ETCR Simon Trinidad in Tierra Grata, allowing its excecution and methodology to provoke dialogue and neutralization of emotions.

- The programming of the complex will serve as attractor nodes, invinting people in to the site, while the public space will serve as the arena for social interaction and community building. This typology will serve its users through Triple Bottom Line Economics ; People, Planet, Profit, aiming to repurpose life for victims and perpertrators, empowering individuals by engaging in productive activites while strenghtening social relationships.

- The building is intended serve the Colombian population in a social and educational aspect; generating life purpose to those who were affected by war, and giving the society the virtue of forgiveness.

оо оо оо

оо

The project is not intended to symbolize any event or party in such a way that reminds people these unfortunate events that may bring tension back; the purpose is that people commit voluntarily and learn through collective place-making.

The project will be developed between the government, the FARC ex-combatants and the inhabitants of the nearby areas of the ETCR Simon Trinidad in Tierra Grata, allowing its execution and methodology to provoke dialogue and neutralization of emotions.

The programming of the complex will serve as attractor nodes, inviting people in to the site, while the public space will serve as the arena for social interaction and community building. This typology will serve its users through Triple Bottom Line Economics ; People, Planet, Profit, aiming to re-purpose life for victims and perpetrators, empowering individuals by engaging in productive activities while strengthening social relationships.

The building is intended to serve the Colombian population in a social and educational aspect; generating life purpose to those who were affected by war, and giving the society the virtue of forgiveness.

May 2019

The presented research support the development of design strategies that will approximates seamlessly conflictive groups in the Colombian territories. With the purpose to empowering people and allowing them to develop at their own will and learn the virtue of the journey towards sustainable peace.

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Final Key Defense

The following diagrams are a set of plausibilities that illustrate how can design influence FARC social interaction Key between individuals.

Colombian Citizens FARCsocial relationships. People

Social network analysis is a newly emergingKey analytical tool for studying are the nodes with lines between the nodes indicating that there is a communication flow between two or more individuals.

Centrality Direct Connectionsis a FARC Colombian Citizens Key node (or person) is connected with other nodes in the population. Isolates are the nodes measure of the extent to which one FARC Coincidential Possibility Colombian Citizens Direct Connections that are connectedKey to any other nodes.

Socio-metric Network Analysis Figure 70

Key

Colombian Citizens

FARC

FARC

Direct Connections Colombian Citizens

Colombian Citizens Coincidential Possibility Direct Connections

Direct Connections

Coincidential Possibility

Coincidential Possibility

Active FARC Zones

Active FARC Zones

Direct Connections Active FARC Zones Coincidential Possibility

San Juan del Cesar

Coincidential Possibility Active FARC Zones

SIERRA NEVADA DE SANTA MARTA

Active FARC Zones

La Guajira

Active FARC Zones

Magdalena Valledupar

Manaure

La Paz San Jose del Oriente

Tierra Grata - El Balcon del Cesar

CUENCA RANCHERIA

Ce

sar

Riv

er

Agustin Codazzi

Bosconia

6km

Savannah College of Art and Design

0

12km

24km

Manaure Balcon del Cesar Manaure Balcon del Cesar

Manaure Balcon del Cesar

ETCR Simon Trinidad ETCR Simon Trinidad

ETCR Simon Trinidad

San Jose del Oriente

Phase I 0km

105

48km

1km

San Jose del Oriente

2km

4km

8km

Phase III

Phase II 0km

1km

2km

San Jose del Oriente

4km

8km

0km

1km

2km

4km

8km

CHAPTER 13 Figure 71 Improve Skills Invest

Hard-work

Earn

Milling on-site.

Achieve Something

Sell

Motivation

Produce

Wood harvested from parcel.

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

Final Defense

Weapon collection in Transitory Camp.

Weapon transportation to site.

Methods of Construction & Material Implementation Construction Authorship: 00 The Colombian government will build the foundation systems (given, budgeted.) and FARC + Local Community will build the actual place.

Weapon melting and steel treatment.

Wood Harvest (Community Based): 00 Located in a forest and with access to multiple species of hardwoods, the chosen building material for main structure will be wood, reminiscing the site it lays on and allowing the people to develop milling skills.

00 In order to do this sustainably, for every choped tree there will be another one planted.

Construction Processes for Reintegration: 00 The construction of the complex will improve the skill set and can be applied for own dwellings and/or increasing the possibility of being hired in the construction industry, enhancing social interaction; and in result, reintegration.

May 2019

Weapon Harvest (Government Aid): 00 Weapons delivered through the D.D.R Process are the prime matter for steel structure that will serve as school foundations.

00 The beacon’s structure will be based on the availability of this material; meaning that, the more weapons delivered that higher/stronger this edifice can grow.

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Daniel Jose Velez Cabrera

Persona 1. Mario (46)

FARC - EP Member for 22 Years, Disarmed in November 2016.

2. Johana (24)

Sexually abused by FARC Member in 2008.

3. Alvaro (27)

Born and raised in Valledupar , loves cycling.

4. Oscar (68)

Lives at La Paz because his house in San Jose was burned by the FARC in 2001.

5. Luz Maria (45)

Lives in San Jose del Oriente.

6. Manolo (9) Born in the jungle and left the armed groups with his parents early 2017 .

7. Ivan (10) Boy from Manaure that attends the new school.

8. Ana Sofia (15) Born in the jungle, left the armed group by herself looking for a better future.

4.

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Savannah College of Art and Design

5.

107

1.

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Figure 72

2.

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3.

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о Mario needs to get his new I.D In о Johana was driving to meet a friend о Alvaro enjoys a morning bike with о Oscar is fearful driving to me a group of friends and decide to pit order to receive the government’s in Valledupar and got intrigued by his family in San Jose del Orien subside. the structure that was being built stop at that convenience store at when he sees a Vallenato conce * The following route will become Mario’s by those kids on the roadside. the side of the road. that is being rehearsed in the ne commute. * What started out of curiosity ended in a life о Alvaro is surprised that not all park. changing experience.

FARC members are criminals and о Oscar meet a guy who just mov о Johana was allowed to benefit her is very happy that has found a great to this area and told him that h healing process by going through spot to eat an empanada during his new lifestyle was very enjoyab a hard buy effective forgiving procycling new routine. and way more affordable. cess. * He is going to tell his family about this! * He now plans to move back to his origin house since its a much safer environment.

Anticipated Resul

Final Defense 4.

3.

7.

7.

2.

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

CHAPTER 13

Key Anger Anticipation Joy Trust Fear Surprise Sadness Disgust Emotion Challenge Path Intersection Journey Starts

lts trough Experience.

6.

7.

8.

о Manolo walks to school with his о Ivan goes by bus every morning to о Ana Sofia is finishing elementary little brother. school but he feels annoyed by the school but she has the urge to start ride and a boy who always pick on producing some money. So she is * It’s their favorite adventure of the day behim. studying during the morning and cause they play they are hunters in the middle о Even though Ivan had a fight with in the afternoon she works for a of the jungle. woman who sells “cocadas” in the о Manolo and his brother feel safe the boy from the bus, his emomarket at school because they know their tions where challenged when that mother spends the day nearby and same boy helped him climb to their they can drive back home together class room and invited him to play when its late. during recess.

May 2019

5.

eet о Luz Maria saved money to visit her nte daughter who lives in Arkansas and ert she has to get a new passport for ew her trip. о Luz Maria was angry that had to ved walk and wait in the municipality his but found very convenient its proxble imity with the market and bought the “mochila” that her daughter nal asked for.

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Daniel Jose Velez Cabrera Savannah College of Art and Design 109

CHAPTER 13

Estación de Bus, Parada Tierra Grata

Final Defense

Bus Station, Tierra Grata Stop

The first element conceived was born with the need to create a link between the roads that surround the parcel in the south end with the road that is diverted to the ETCR Simón Trinidad; in order to provide a place where people who live in the settlement can have access to public transportation.

The bus station on Tierra Grata lot, is the first public space that promotes social interaction, providing ex-combatants access to the region through buses. In addition, the bus station will have a plac designated for the drop-off of children to the school and a place for the parents of the

Figure 73

children to interact in their most genuine state: ... It’s Tuesday afternoon and the school day is ending, the children run so that the bus does not leave them and their teacher calls them with a lot of attention! Simultaneously, we see a young boy who just arrived at the station from a day of work and meets a teacher from the school that he found very attractive. Maybe he will take this route often to see if he can ask her out. In the background, under the first classroom, we can see how three parents talk about the event that the children will be doing during the weekend while waiting for them to come down from the school.

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Final Defense

Mariana (27), School Teacher.

Anibal (34), Ex-Combatant.

Sandra (8), Student from Manaure.

Juana (9), Student from Valledupar.

Esteban (8), Student from the ETCR. Miguel (6), Student from San Jose del Oriente.

Melisa (30), School Teacher Joan (33), Ex-combatant.

Carlos (28), Ex-combatant.

Karla (25), Mother from Valledupar.

Arturo (10), Student from the ETCR. Andrea (11), Student from Manaure.

Ex-Combatant or directly related.

Direct Relationship.

Colombian Citizen or Alien.

Ephemeral Relationship.

Hybrid.

Strong Bond.

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

CHAPTER 13

11. 12.

8. 9. 10.

7.

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3.

4.

5.

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Figure 74

May 2019

2.

110

Estudios de Trabajo Cooperativo y Productivo.

To target the adult population of the region, a system of modular cabins and simple assembling was developed that can be built by the occupants themselves and that have a long life and low cost. This in order to provide a place where the demobilized, together with the inhabitants of the nearby towns can engage in productive activities that contribute to the community. One of the most important points of the negotiations of the Peace Agreement was that ex-combatants should abandon their weapons with the

Figure 75

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Co-working and Productive Studios

Savannah College of Art and Design

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CHAPTER 13

purpose of replacing these activities with those that generate economic growth: ... On a December morning, when it dawns a little cooler, we can appreciate how the inhabitants of the settlement rehearse their daily activities. The artisans get up early to prepare the merchandise to sell during the day, some commute to the nearby towns to work and the tourists start coming to appreciate the wonders of a developing society.

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Final Defense

Juliana (26), Entrepreneur.

Josefa (24), Ex-combatant Danilo (26), Ex-combatant Olivia (33), Police Officer.

DoĂąa Hortencia (78), from Manaure.

Karim (33), Entrepreneur, Ex-combatant.

Fredy (48), Ex-combatant Mikele (29), Tourist.

Ronaldo (60), Ex-combatant.

Yolanda (30), Artist.

Ana (28), visitor.

Fabia (26) Ex-combatant.

Jose (30) Entrepreneur.

Ex-Combatant or directly related.

Direct Relationship.

Colombian Citizen or Alien.

Ephemeral Relationship.

Hybrid.

Strong Bond.

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

CHAPTER 13

13.

11.

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8. 7.

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May 2019

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Figure 76

112

Daniel Jose Velez Cabrera Savannah College of Art and Design 113

CHAPTER 13

Parque Educativo y Mirador

Educational Park and Sightseeing Beacon

This architectural and social intervention seeks to provide the inhabitants with different perspectives and experiences. The Beacon has an emblematic function; it is the marker of the beginning of a sustainable peace and a window into the future. The material of construction is melted steel; from delivered weapons by the ex-combatants, that form a vertical truss that will host of different sub-structures of wood or concrete that incubate a program of diverse possibilities. In order to create a healthy and fun environment, elements such as a zip-line or a place for the para-glider to

Figure 77

Final Defense take off would be scenarios to promote fun and better behavior of people. ... One Saturday afternoon, when the big tower rises over the valley, people enjoy gathering in their surroundings, anxiously waiting their turn to launch the zip line. The beacon will always be in a work in progress, creating a symbiotic relationship between its strength and the function of peace generator. The tourists who pass by the road are astonished with such an assembly and die of curiosity to know what it can offer them.

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Final Defense

Fabio (36), Ex-Combatant.

Miranda (26), Ex-Combatant.

Claudia (12), Student from Manaure.

Juana (9), Student from Valledupar.

Gloria (19), Artisan from the ETCR. Elvira (22), Mother from the school.

Jean-Bernardine (56), French Tourist Alex and Flora (33, 28), Canadian Tourists.

Santiago (43), Works in the Municipality.

Fernando (58), Ex-Combatant Olivia (33), Police Officer.

Silvio (60), Ex-combatant.

Vicente (32), Beacon’s Administrator.

Joan (15), Tourist.

Ex-Combatant or directly related.

Direct Relationship.

Colombian Citizen or Alien.

Ephemeral Relationship.

Hybrid.

Strong Bond.

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

CHAPTER 13

13.

14.

7. 2.

1.

Figure 78

3. 4.

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May 2019

10. 9.

114

Escuela Primaria “El Mediador del Oriente”

The Elementary School “The East Mediator” will be an educational institution based on the Montessori method, which consists of unlocking the potential of each children to develop itself in a structured environment. The method seek to help the child obtain an integral development, to achieve a maximum degree in his intellectual, physical and spiritual capacities. Therefore, its work on scientific bases in relation to the physical and psychological development of the child.

The school will be the main stage where most sustainable relationships will born, in order to develop a more stable community. The purpose is not only directed

Figure 79

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“The East Mediator” Elementary School

Savannah College of Art and Design

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CHAPTER 13

towards children, they are the crucial piece to achieve an approach between adults. As children, their perception of the world is totally different and unprejudiced by establishing links with people of any prosecution without judging their condition.

The last Friday of each month, all parents are invited to share a meal with their children and teachers in the school, a scenario that will plant the seeds for future relationships. Its the time for parentteacher conferences and informal gatherings around the school after the event!

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Final Defense

Isabella (5), Student from the ETCR Alana (5), Student from Valledupar.

Franco (8), Student from Manaure.

Victor (50), Ex-Combatant and Parent.

Ignacio (8), School Teacher.

Sergio (6), Student from San Jose del Oriente.

Catalina (30), School Mother.

Sylvia (7), Student from the ETCR.

8.

Ex-Combatant or directly related.

Direct Relationship.

Colombian Citizen or Alien.

Ephemeral Relationship.

Hybrid.

Strong Bond.

7.

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May 2019

1.

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

CHAPTER 13

Figure 80

116

Mercado Público “El Balcon del Cesar”

The public Market “El Balcon del Cesar” was conceived by replicating the method of construction of the Co-working Cabins in order to create a platform for the economic and social benefits of the community. Food is used as attraction tool, to bring people from nearby settlements together. The Public Market will be the link between the rural and urban economy of the region, being the provider of healthier foods and sustainable production. The Market

Figure 81

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Final Defense

“Cesar’s Balcony” Public Market

Savannah College of Art and Design

Daniel Jose Velez Cabrera

CHAPTER 13

seeks to be an active public space where people can share, experiment and spend a pleasant afternoon with friends or colleagues.

...At the end of a long day, when everyone begins to collect their merchandise, the Market is an arena of interaction, everyone helps each other and there is an opportunity for some of the visitors to be invited to dinner at the home of someone from the community.

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Final Defense

Don Francisco (65), Farmer Pancho (12), Child from ETCR. Miranda (23), Ex-Combatant, Artist.

Andres (28), Business Owner from Valledupar.

Sandro (19), Works for Andres, Ex-Combatant.

Amelia(22), Tourist.

Juancho (30), Artisan.

Alberto(45), Produce provider.

Ex-Combatant or directly related.

Direct Relationship.

Colombian Citizen or Alien.

Ephemeral Relationship.

Hybrid.

Strong Bond.

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

CHAPTER 13

5.

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May 2019

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Figure 82

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Daniel Jose Velez Cabrera

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Final Defense

Plaza del Cesar Cesar Square

Savannah College of Art and Design

Public spaces and the pedestrian paths are the arena for the vast majority of accidental encounters, where people will confront their opponent in the most genuine and unexpected way. Proxemics is considered as a crucial strategy in the development of public spaces, addressing physical distances of people and ensuring that people cannot avoid the other, increasing the opportunities for interaction. ... Social events such as music, sports and food are the most generous scenarios for social issues; political assumptions and generalizations lose prominence in fun and immersive environments.

Figure 83 119

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Final Defense

Ordonez Family, both FARC and Civilian.

Tatiana (24), Journalist.

Fabricio (82), from Valledupar.

Simona (40), Ex-combatant.

Axel (42), From Manaure.

Florencia (25), Professional Porro Dancer.

Fausto (28), Professional Porro Dancer.

Diego (22), Musician, lives in ETCR. Gabriel (30), Musician, Ex-combatant.

Tadeo (35), Musician, ex-combatant.

Silvestre (46), Vallenato Singer.

Tiang Xi (50), Chinese Tourist Alana (48), Brazilian Tourist.

Tomas (36), Empanada Seller, Ex-combatant.

Anamaria (65), Ex-Combatant.

Juan Jose (70), from Valledupar.

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30. 29.

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Direct Relationship.

Colombian Citizen or Alien.

Ephemeral Relationship.

Hybrid.

Strong Bond.

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2.

Dionisio (65), Artisan, Ex-Combatant.

Orlando (45), Ex-Combatant.

Tony (42), Ex-Combatant.

William (40), Works in the Municipality.

Diana (17), Skater from San Jose del Oriente.

Francisco (18), Skater from San Jose del Oriente.

Vicenta (70), Artisan, lives in ETCR. Horacio (72), Teacher.

Marco (26), Journalist.

Paola (45), from Valledupar.

Lorena (38), Ex-Combatant.

Alicia (50), Lives in ETCR. Moraima (45), Ex-combatant.

Cleotilde (70), Moraima’s Mom. Anibal (34), Ex-Combatant.

Ex-Combatant or directly related.

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Figure 84 120

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Final Defense

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School

Beacon

A

Savannah College of Art and Design

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121

01 School Furniture: Round tables for collective learning and to keep students face to face. 03 Assistive Cooperation: Pulley systems to keep people socially engaged. Systems that 02 Structure: Foundations provided by the government (Steel from delivered weapons and build camaraderie since early ages. concrete sourced locally.) and dwelling build by the community with harvested wood from site. (The Ikea Effect)

Figure 85

04 The presence of the government is crucial for the execu- Furniture Iterations (Co-Work Cabin tion of the DDR Process, having access to a governmental 05 Office Space entity is one of the main programmatic attractor the quarter 06 Retail offers.

CHAPTER 13

2’

4’

6’

8’

06

07

08

09

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09 10

Museum

ns)

07 Studio 08 Cafe/Restaurant

10

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

11

16’

04 11

Studios

Pavilion

Municipality

Market

09 It is necessary to provide a place dedicated to build collective memory and allow victims 11 Active Retaining Walls: Allowing program to be conceived within the retaining walls to and perpetrators to meet and increase chances of forgiveness. generate a sympathetic environment.

10 Rammed Earth Wall Section.

Site Section 0'

12'

AA 24'

48’

60'

72'

May 2019

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Final Defense

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Final Defense

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“If civilization is to survive, we must cultivate the science of human relationships - the ability of all peoples, of all kinds, to live together, in the same world at peace. “

in Sp

. nsion ll Ha Dime rd T. en dd - Edwa s. late gu Kesan e Re P. ctur d Jay ite ah an ch Ar C. Sh jiv How - Ra

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by Des Elkingto . ign: Lead n ing as if life matters - Mary McBride. .

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, acion rmaliz

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Nearby Transporsettleme tation nts. and accessibi lity (remoten

y No

, re

de Paz. El Acuerdo Final la Paz para Alto Comisionado

cion ora

ng

saber. hay que ro lo que uez Baque bia: Todo e Rodríg - Luis Enriqu ia. omb pos en Col encia man Cam La Viol an Guz - Germ

orp Reinc

ali

I will mourn the loss of thousands of precious lives, but I will not rejoice in the death of one, not even an enemy. Returning hate for hate multiplies hate, adding deeper darkness to a night already devoid of stars. Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate, only love can do that.

- Martin Luther King Jr.

- La Oficina de

a la ia par

He

- Edward T. Hall, The Hidden Dimension.

- Franklin D. Roosevelt.

de Colom Historia

enc (Ag

“Each organism, no matter how simple or complex, has around it a sacred bubble of space, a bit of mobile territoriality which only a few other organisms are allowed to penetrate and then only for short periods of time.”

Site Design (Current ‘Political’ Situation.) .

Contextual Research

ARN

Daniel Jose Velez Cabrera

CHAPTER 13

ction

and

n intera

rages

huma

encou that places t. n scaled nters. emen Huma l encou involv casua ental Accid

people's

Metho

rment, empoweip. ion and of ownersh

g

inspirat sense assets, ity's ng, and communic well-bei a local h on ss, econom Approac happine health,

akin

that

promote

e-M

Plac

Building

that needs

tion

Coopera

in order

Assistive

human

to function

y.

accordingl

interaction

of ‘topographic to the list form topography.)

Beings) to (Human through space a fifth elementthey gravitate and how by introducing and fire, the term Redifining (Water, earth, wind morphers’

Human

Topology

Analysis

Social Network

mapping. through network social interaction. community dynamics determine areas that lack and to understand of relationships Analytical tool understanding Provides a clear

great American cities.

- Jane Jacobs

Design (Public Arena) Site and its circulatory network that allows Landscaping and site manupaltion through public spaces coincidential encounters that reduces the chances of avoiding

Architecture that is built to heal.

- Michael Murphy MASS Design Group

s Aparen

Topologia

ctura - Verdade

y Arquite

ysis ‘How

Social

The Colombian

Weapon

will build the

foundation

Harvest

(Goverme

nt Aid

Woo

ork Anal

d Har

Netw

ness. m

The

goverment

systems (given, budgeted.) and FARC + Local Community will build the actual place.

Weapons delivered The beacon’s through structure the will be D.D.R Process based on are the prime the availability matter for of this material; steel structure meaning that Located that, the will serve as more weapons school foundations. reminisci in a forest delivered In order ng the and with site it that higher/strog access to apporach lays on to multiple er this a sustainaband allowing edifice species can grow. le process, the people of hardwood for every to develop s, the The constru chopes constru milling chosen building ction tree there skills. ction of material will be industr the comple a replacem for lightweig y, enhanc x will ent and ht structure improv ing the building social s will interacte the skillset be wood, will return ion; and and can to its in result, be source. applied reintegr for ation. own dwellin gs and/or increasi ng the possibi lity of being hired in the

e’ to guid

)

vest

Const

give dda of For logy - Rubin Kho

“The issues that confront us may seem so huge, so complicated, so difficult to deal with that it’s hard to believe that anything we can do will have a meaningful impact. But there are a lot of us in the world. A lot of people doing a lot of little things could have a huge impact. And by doing something, we are also demonstrating that lots of people really do care.”

the other.

Material Selection (On-Site) and Construction Methods.

Construction Authorship

urales des Estruct Longa.

- Ivan Blanco

tes y Realida

ruction

Psycho

for Rei

ntegra

tion

Research

Design Strategies

- Michael I. Norton, 365 Ways to Change the World

Anticipated Results

“One of the most effective ways to learn about oneself is by taking seriously the cultures of others. It forces you to pay attention to those details of life which differentiate them from you.”

Phase I Phase II Phase III

- Edward T. Hall, The Silent Language

Design Strategies (Dual Assimilation)

Research Application The presented research support the development of design strategies that will approximates seamlessly conflictive groups in the Colombian territories. With the purpose to empowering people and allowing them to develop at their own will and learn the virtue of the journey towards sustainable peace. о The project is not intended to symbolize any event or party in such a way that reminds people these unfortunate events that may bring tension back; the purpose is that people commit voluntarily and learn through collective placemaking. о The project will be developed between the government, the FARC ex-combatants and the inhabitants of the nearby areas of the ETCR Simon Trinidad in Tierra Grata, allowing its execution and methodology to provoke dialogue and neutralization of emotions. о The programming of the complex will serve as attractor nodes, inviting people in to the site, while the public space will serve as the arena for social interaction and community building. This typology will serve its users through Triple Bottom Line Economics ; People, Planet, Profit, aiming to re-purpose life for victims and perpetrators, empowering individuals by engaging in productive activities while strengthening social relationships. о The building is intended to serve the Colombian population in a social and educational aspect; generating life purpose to those who were affected by war, and giving the society the virtue of forgiveness.

01

03 Material Selection (On-Site) and

02 Programming

Application of ‘Human’ Topologies (Gravitation through Site) and Human Nature.

Proxemics: 0 Human scaled places that encourages human interaction and casual encounters.

0 Accidental involvement.

Place-Making (Community - Based Design) 0 Method that enables social participation through design, construction and function.

0 Approach on a local community’s assets, inspiration and empowerment, that promote people’s health, happiness, economic well-being, and sense of ownership.

Assistive Cooperation 0 Accessibility Systems that require human interaction in order to function accordingly.

Forgiveness Hosts (non-chronological process): 0 Identify Emotions: Beacon 0 Acknowledge Context: Museum.

0 Accept the Differences: Elementary School 0 Forgive Yourself: Pavilion, Workshops, Museum.

0 Express Forgiveness: Amphitheater, Market.

0 Meet the Perpetrator: Public Space

Human Topology 0 Introducing a fifth element (Human Beings) to the list of ‘topographic elements’ (Water, earth, wind and fire, and how they gravitate through space to form topography.)

Jump-start of Rural Infrastructure and Community Catalyst.

0 Program (physical infrastructure) that serve as seeds for place making and community building.

Social Network Analysis 0 Analytical tool to understand community dynamics through network mapping.

Site Design (Public Arena): 0 Landscaping and site manipulation through public spaces and its circulatory network that allows co incidental encounters that reduces the chances of avoiding the other.

Site Design (Public Arena): 0 Site manipulation through public spaces and its circulatory network that allows coincidental encounters that reduces the chances of avoiding the other.

04

Construction Methods.

Construction Authorship: 0 The Colombian government will build the foundation systems (given, budgeted.) and FARC + Local Community will build the actual place.

Phasing: 0 Phase I: Younger generations. Elementary School 0 Phase II: Adult Generations. Market, Workshops, Municipality.

0 Phase III: Community Building. Public Space: Am amphitheater, Park, Museum of Memory and Art, and Beacon (Marker)

Site Design (Current ‘Political’ Situation).

Contextual Research: Site Analysis: 0 Location: Tierra Grata, E.T.C.R Simon Trinidad, Cesar Department: Hosting ex-combatants from the 49th Front of FARC (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and Serrania del Perija.

0 Climate: Tropical Dry Forrest, 350meters above sea level approx, rich flora and fauna.

Weapon Harvest (Government Aid): 0 Weapons delivered through the D.D.R Process are the prime matter for steel structure that will serve as school foundations.

0 The beacon’s structure will be based on the availability of this material; meaning that, the more weapons delivered that higher/ stronger this edifice can grow.

Proximities: 0 Nearby settlements.

0 Transportation and accessibility (remoteness).

Wood Harvest (Community Based): 0 Located in a forest and with access to multiple species of hardwoods, the chosen building material for main structure will be wood, reminiscing the site it lays on and allowing the people to develop milling skills.

0 In order to do this sustainably, for every chopped tree there will be another one planted.

Construction Processes for Reintegration: 0 The construction of the complex will improve the skill set and can be applied for own dwellings and/or increasing the possibility of being hired in the construction industry, enhancing social interaction; and in result, reintegration.

Research

Symbiotic Assimilation:

“Como jefe de estado soy el garante de la estabilidad de la nación y esta decisión democratica no debe dañar dicha estabilidad, como presidente conservo intactas mis facultades y mi intención de buscar la paz.” _ “As head of state I am the guarantor of the stability of the nation and this democratic decision must not damage this stability, as president I keep intact my faculties and my intention to seek peace”

- Juan Manuel Santos Calderon. Former President

What’s Wrong?

Function

Estación de Bus, Parada Tierra Grata Bus Station, Tierra Grata Stop The first element conceived was born with the need to create a link between the roads that surround the parcel in the south end with the road that is diverted to the ETCR Simón Trinidad; in order to provide a place where people who live in the settlement can have access to public transportation.

The bus station on Tierra Grata lot, is the first public space that promotes social interaction, providing excombatants access to the region through buses. In addition, the bus station will have a plac designated for the drop-off of children to the school and a place for the parents of the children to interact in their most genuine state:

... It’s Tuesday afternoon and the school day is ending, the children run so that the bus does not leave them and their teacher calls them with a lot of attention! Simultaneously, we see a young boy who just arrived at the station from a day of work and meets a teacher from the school that he found very attractive.

Maybe he will take this route often to see if he can ask her out.

In the background, under the first classroom, we can see how three parents talk about the event that the children will be doing during the weekend while waiting for them to come down from the school.

Ex-Combatant or directly related.

Direct Relationship.

Colombian Citizen or Alien.

Ephemeral Relationship.

Hybrid.

Strong Bond.

Estudios de Trabajo Cooperativo y Productivo

11. 12.

1. Mariana (27), School Teacher.

2. Anibal (34), Ex-Combatant.

3. Sandra (8), Student from Manaure.

4. Juana (9), Student from Valledupar.

5. Esteban (8), Student from the ETCR. 6. Miguel (6), Student from San Jose del Oriente.

7. Melisa (30), School Teacher 8. Joan (33), Ex-combatant.

9. Carlos (28), Ex-combatant.

10.Karla (25), Mother from Valledupar.

11. Arturo (10), Student from the ETCR. 12. Andrea (11), Student from Manaure.

Co-working and Productive Studios To target the adult population of the region, a system of modular cabins and simple assembling was developed that can be built by the occupants themselves and that have a long life and low cost. This in order to provide a place where the demobilized, together with the inhabitants of the nearby towns can engage in productive activities that contribute to the community.

One of the most important points of the negotiations of the Peace Agreement was that ex-combatants should abandon their weapons with the purpose of replacing these activities with those that generate economic growth:

8. 9. 10.

7.

3.

1.

5.

4.

6.

2.

... On a December morning, when can appreciate how the inhabitan their daily activities. The artisans merchandise to sell during the day, towns to work and the tourists st wonders of a developing society.

Phase I

Thesis Claim Design plays a role in the facilitation of dialogue between two conflicted communities or populations; in such a way that neutralizes emotions and challenges political assumptions.

Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention A journey towards sustainable peace.

Objectives Motivational Forces Narrative Terms

A. Objectives

The dialogue/negotiations for peace between the Colombian government headed by Juan Manuel Santos, former president; and the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejercito del Pueblo (FARC-EP), where the conversations that took place in Havana, Cuba between 04/09/12 and 24/08/16; in result, the signing of the agreement for the definitive termination of the armed conflict in Colombia was obtained. However, the Colombian government designed a referendum with the objective that the citizens could express their approval or rejection in regards the Peace Treaty. Unfortunately, 50,23% of the population voted against the execution of the Peace Treaty, but this did not stop President Juan Manuel Santos of pursuing his journey towards sustainable peace.

The Colombian Peace Treaty has been a historical document due to its intricacy and detailed definition of the terms. The opportunity to leave a conflict behind is settled up for the Colombian society, but it’s up to them to truly achieve sustainable peace. It is important to delegate a responsibility to the built environment, well it is the setting for any kind of interaction to occur. It is true, of course that (A)rchitecture plays as a regulatory force in human behavior, but it is more important to understand how people interact, how individuals define space and how can architecture be the arena of the development of well formed society.

The role of (a)rchitecture and place-making in the consolidation of societies is indisputable. The human being molds their environment in such a way that unconsciously morphs their lives. The end of the war in Colombia will lead to the implementation of an (a)rchitecture that regulates the effectiveness of peace both in the countryside and in the city. Colombia must receive a development at the urban-rural level and vice versa, but above all, at a social level, in order to build community, enhance tolerance and carry out a successful resolution of the conflict.

FARC-EP Ex- Combatants (X)

Colombian population (Y)

With the remendants of war, hurt feelings and political assumptions between these groups a challenge arises for the conciliation of Colombia.

The projects seeks to analyse the geometric relationship between each programatic element to produce a “recipe” for reconciliation that can be replicated in the other 27 E.T.C.Rs.

B. Motivational Forces Based in what was agreed upon the Peace Treaty in 2016, all ex-combatants must go thorugh the process of Disarm, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR), with the last one being the one that hosts this project.

The main goal is that with the reconciliation of both groups the region is benefited is a social, financial and ecological aspect.

01

02

03

04

PEACE TREATY 2016

C. Narrative PALACE OF JUSTICE SEIGE November 6, 1985

(X)

(X)

N

(X)

N

ETCR Simon Trinidad

Key

N

Valledupar

Manaure San Jose de Oriente

(Y)

(Y)

(Y)

Key

Population Density

Population Density

Strong Connection

Strong Connection

Medium Connection

Medium Connection

Weak Connection

Weak Connection

Program Development

Expansion

Program Maturity

Assistive Cooperation

Expansion

Bond Created

AMNESTY TO M-19

The National Front consisted in intercalating presidential terms sharing the bureaucracy in equal parts from 1958 to 1974, four complete presidential terms of four years each, two of Liberal mandates and two of Conservative mandates.

Law # 77 of 1989

EL FRENTE NACIONAL 1956 - 1974

01

1. Municipality 2. Workshops / Market

LA BATALLA DE MARQUETALIA

Gustavo Rojas Pinilla manages a coup d’etat against the oligarchy that lasted 4 years.

1. Educational Park 4. Pavillion 2. Amphitheater 5. Beacon 3. Museum

03

1964 - Colombia

Road

1. School 2. Bus Stop

02

FARC WAS BORN

May 18 - June 22 1964

“LA VIOLENCIA” Rojas Pinilla Regime

D. Terms

“EL BOGOTAZO”

Built by the Community (Ikea Syndrome)

The motivation to carry out this project was born with the hunger to contribute to Colombia’s future with what is available to me. As an aspiring architect, it is my duty to join the cause for a warless country and assist with infrastructure development in rural areas and the countereffects this may cause to a community in development.

Skill Improvement

Social Bonds

Economic Growth

Planet Conscious

School

April 9th, 1948

Jorge Eliecer Gaitan 1903-1948

Build by the Goverment

1930’s

Empowerment

El Bogotazo refers to the massive riots that followed the assassination in Bogotá, Colombia, of Liberal leader and presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán on 9 April 1948 during the government of President Mariano Ospina Pérez. The 10-hour riot left approximatelly 10.000 dead.

A

A

Thesis

- Daniel José Vélez Cabrera

01 School Furniture: Round tables for collective learning and to keep students face to face. 03 Assistive Cooperation: Pulley systems to keep people socially engaged. Systems that 02 Structure: Foundations provided by the government (Steel from delivered weapons and build camaraderie since early ages. concrete sourced locally.) and dwelling build by the community with harvested wood from site. (The Ikea Effect)

04 The presence of the government is crucial for the execu tion of the DDR Process, having access to a governmental entity is one of the main programmatic attractor the quart offers.

La motivacion para llevar acabo este proyecto nacio con el hambre de contribuir hacia el futuro de Colombia con los recursos que tengo a mi alcance. Como Arquitecto en formacion es mi deber unirme a la lucha de un pais sin guerra y asistir con el desarrollo de la infrastructura rural y los efectos que esto pueda causar a una comunidad en desarrollo.

“I have learned that architecture can be a trans-formative engine for change. In each of these projects, we asked a simple question: What more can architecture do? And by asking that question, we were forced to consider how we could create jobs, how we could source regionally, and how we can invest in the dignity of the communities in which we serve. Great architecture can give us hope. Great architecture can heal.”

- Daniel José Vélez Cabrera

- Michael Murphy. Mass Design Group

Site (Current ‘Political’ Situation.)

In the parcel ‘Tierra Grata’; located in Manaure’s municipality in the Department of Cesar, there is the ETCR (Espacio Territoriales de Capacitación y Reincorporación, in Spanish) Simón Trinidad. This property is located at 2.7 kilometers from the urban center of San José de Oriente, with its southern boundary limiting with the road that leads to this small town. On the other hand, the municipality of Manaure is to 2,24 kilometers northwest orientation. While Valledupar is 21 kilometers from the access road to the property, which belongs to the metropolitan area of this important capital.

The area of the entire lot is 1.02 km2 (102 Hectares) and its perimeter is: 4 km 790.69 m, these measures obey the polygonal perimeter with the height subject to the ground, this means that vertical measurements are taken with in its topographic relief. The land where the project will be developed has a relief with heights ranging from 693 meters above sea level to 527 meters above sea level. The nearest bodies of water are: 2km to the north the Manaure River and 2.6 kilometers to the east the San José River.

Mario

Johana

Manolo

People who regret it.

People who need to heal.

People who had no choice.

Luz Marina

Álvaro

People that are not aware.

Daniel

People who are against.

People who want to help.

Savannah College of Art and Design

Why is this important?

123

Manaure Balcon del Cesar

ETCR Simon Trinidad

San Jose del Oriente

With out proposal.

0km

1km

2km

4km

8km

“Cultures and climates differ all over the world, but people are the same. They will gather in public if you give them a good place to do it.”

- Jan Gehl.

Site Location (South America)

Site Approach

Escuela Primaria “El Mediador del Oriente”

Atlantic Ocean

Panama - Ciudad de Panama Colombia - Bogota

Venezuela - Caracas Guyana - Georgetown Suriname - Paramaribo French Guiana - Cayenne

ETCR Simón Trinidad -Ex-Combatants Settlement.

Ecuador - Quito Peru - Lima Pacific Ocean

Bolivia - La Paz

Brazil - Brasilia

Vehicular Circulation.

Pedestrian Circulation.

Manaure Balcon del Cesar

Paraguay - Asunción ETCR Simon Trinidad

Chile - Santiago de Chile

Proposed Site

Uruguay - Montevideo Argentina - Buenos Aires

San Jose del Oriente

Proposed Bike Path.

With Proposal.

0km

1km

2km

4km

8km

Figure 86

Bike Circuit

Context

Ex-Combatant or directly related.

“The East Mediator” Elementary School The Elementary School “The East Mediator” will be an educational institution based on the Montessori method, which consists of unlocking the potential of each children to develop itself in a structured environment. The method seek to help the child obtain an integral development, to achieve a maximum degree in his intellectual, physical and spiritual capacities.

Therefore, its work on scientific bases in relation to the physical and psychological development of the child.

The school will be the main stage where most sustainable relationships will born, in order to develop a

more stable community. The purpose is not only directed towards children, they are the crucial piece to achieve an approach between adults. As children, their perception of the world is totally different and unprejudiced by establishing links with people of any prosecution without judging their condition.

The last Friday of each month, all parents are invited to share a meal with their children and teachers in the school, a scenario that will plant the seeds for future relationships. Its the time for parent-teacher conferences and informal gatherings around the school after the event!

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Mercado Público “El Balcon del Cesar”

Direct Relationship.

Colombian Citizen or Alien.

Ephemeral Relationship.

Hybrid.

Strong Bond.

“Cesar’s Balcony” Public Market

Isabella (5), Student from the ETCR Alana (5), Student from Valledupar.

Franco (8), Student from Manaure.

Victor (50), Ex-Combatant and Parent.

Ignacio (8), School Teacher.

Sergio (6), Student from San Jose del Oriente.

Catalina (30), School Mother.

Sylvia (7), Student from the ETCR.

8.

Phase I

7.

3.

1.

2.

4.

5.

6.

The public Market “El Balcon del Cesar” was ...At the end of a long d conceived by replicating the method of construction of collect their merchandise, the Mar the Co-working Cabins in order to create a platform for everyone helps each other and ther the economic and social benefits of the community. Food the visitors to be invited to dinner is used as attraction tool, to bring people from nearby the community. settlements together. The Public Market will be the link between the rural and urban economy of the region, being the provider of healthier foods and sustainable production. The Market seeks to be an active public space where people can share, experiment and spend a pleasant afternoon with friends or colleagues.

Final Defense

San Juan del Cesar

La Guajira SIERRA NEVADA DE SANTA MARTA

Magdalena Valledupar

Manaure

La Paz San Jose del Oriente

Tierra Grata - El Balcon del Cesar

CUENCA RANCHERIA

Ce

sar

Riv

er

Agustin Codazzi

Bosconia

Key FARC

Key FARC

Colombian Citizens

Key

FARC

Colombian Citizens

Direct Connections

FARC

Colombian Citizens

Direct Connections

Coincidential Possibility

Colombian Citizens

Direct Connections

Coincidential Possibility

Active FARC Zones

Coincidential Possibility

Active FARC Zones

Key

Key Key 0

6km

12km

24km

48km

FARC

FARC

Direct Connections Colombian Citizens

Colombian Citizens Coincidential Possibility Direct Connections

o.

13.

Parque Educativo y Mirador Educational Park and Sightseeing Beacon 1. Juliana (26), Entrepreneur.

2. Josefa (24), Ex-combatant 3. Danilo (26), Ex-combatant 4. Olivia (33), Police Officer.

5. Doña Hortencia (78), from Manaure.

6. Karim (33), Entrepreneur, Ex-combatant.

7. Fredy (48), Ex-combatant 8. Mikele (29), Tourist.

9. Ronaldo (60), Ex-combatant.

10.Yolanda (30), Artist.

11. Ana (28), visitor.

12. Fabia (26) Ex-combatant.

13. Jose (30) Entrepreneur.

This architectural and social intervention seeks to provide the inhabitants with different perspectives and experiences. The Beacon has an emblematic function; it is the marker of the beginning of a sustainable peace and a window into the future. The material of construction is melted steel; from delivered weapons by the ex-combatants, that form a vertical truss that will host of different sub-structures of wood or concrete that incubate a program of diverse possibilities. In order to create a healthy and fun environment, elements such as a zip-line or a place for the para-glider to take off would be scenarios

13.

11.

10.

12.

9.

8. 7.

6.

5.

1.

2.

4.

3.

to promote fun and better behavior of people. ... One Saturday afternoon, when the big tower rises over the valley, people enjoy gathering in their surroundings, anxiously waiting their turn to launch the zip line. The beacon will always be in a work in progress, creating a symbiotic relationship between its strength and the function of peace generator. The tourists who pass by the road are astonished with such an assembly and die of curiosity to know what it can offer them.

1. Fabio (36), Ex-Combatant.

2. Miranda (26), Ex-Combatant.

3. Claudia (12), Student from Manaure.

4. Juana (9), Student from Valledupar.

5. Gloria (19), Artisan from the ETCR. 6. Elvira (22), Mother from the school.

7. Jean-Bernardine (56), French Tourist 8. Alex and Flora (33, 28), Canadian Tourists.

9. Santiago (43), Works in the Municipality.

10.Fernando (58), Ex-Combatant 11. Olivia (33), Police Officer.

12. Silvio (60), Ex-combatant.

13. Vicente (32), Beacon’s Administrator.

14. Joan (15), Tourist.

Active FARC Zones Manaure Balcon del Cesar Manaure Balcon del Cesar

10. 9.

7. 2.

1.

Phase II

Socio-metric Network Analysis

14.

Coincidential Possibility Active FARC Zones

11.

8.

5.

The following diagrams are a set of plausibilities that illustrate how can design influence social interaction between individuals.

Social network analysis is a newly emerging analytical tool for studying social relationships. People are the nodes with lines between the nodes indicating that there is a communication flow between two or more individuals. Centrality is a measure of the extent to which one node (or person) is connected with other nodes in the population. Isolates are the nodes that are connected to any other nodes.

12.

6.

3. 4.

ETCR Simon Trinidad

0km

1km

2km

0’

2’

4’

6’

8’

07

08

09

05

06

2km

8km

4km

0km

1km

2km

8km

4km

Anticipated Results trough Site

10

ARCH 799 Graduate Architecture Studio

Thesis II, Spring 2019

Prof. Julie Rogers Varland

11

07

08

04

1.

day, when everyone begins to rket is an arena of interaction, re is an opportunity for some of r at the home of someone from

1km

11

Museum

u- Furniture Iterations (Co-Work Cabins) l 05 Office Space ter 06 Retail

0km

16’

09 10

Beacon

San Jose del Oriente

Phase III

Phase II

8km

4km

Daniel José Vélez Cabrera

06

ETCR Simon Trinidad

San Jose del Oriente

San Jose del Oriente

Phase I

Phase III

05

Manaure Balcon del Cesar

ETCR Simon Trinidad

Studios

Pavilion

Municipality

07 Studio 08 Cafe/Restaurant

and perpetrators to meet and increase chances of forgiveness.

10 Rammed Earth Wall Section.

generate a sympathetic environment.

Site Section 0'

“Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.”

- Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities

AA

12'

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

о Mario needs to get his new I.D In о Johana was driving to meet a friend о Alvaro enjoys a morning bike with о Oscar is fearful driving to meet о Luz Maria saved money to visit her о Manolo walks to school with his о Ivan goes by bus every morning to о Ana Sofia is finishing elementary order to receive the government’s in Valledupar and got intrigued by a group of friends and decide to pit his family in San Jose del Oriente daughter who lives in Arkansas and little brother. school but he feels annoyed by the school but she has the urge to start producing some money. So she is subside. the structure that was being built stop at that convenience store at when he sees a Vallenato concert she has to get a new passport for * It’s their favorite adventure of the day beride and a boy who always pick on that is being rehearsed in the new her trip. cause they play they are hunters in the middle him. studying during the morning and * The following route will become Mario’s by those kids on the roadside. the side of the road. commute. * What started out of curiosity ended in a life о Alvaro is surprised that not all park. о Luz Maria was angry that had to of the jungle. о Even though Ivan had a fight with in the afternoon she works for a changing experience.

FARC members are criminals and о Oscar meet a guy who just moved walk and wait in the municipality о Manolo and his brother feel safe the boy from the bus, his emowoman who sells “cocadas” in the о Johana was allowed to benefit her is very happy that has found a great to this area and told him that his but found very convenient its proxat school because they know their tions where challenged when that market healing process by going through spot to eat an empanada during his new lifestyle was very enjoyable imity with the market and bought mother spends the day nearby and same boy helped him climb to their a hard buy effective forgiving procycling new routine. and way more affordable. the “mochila” that her daughter they can drive back home together class room and invited him to play cess. * He is going to tell his family about this! * He now plans to move back to his original asked for. when its late. during recess. house since its a much safer environment.

Market

09 It is necessary to provide a place dedicated to build collective memory and allow victims 11 Active Retaining Walls: Allowing program to be conceived within the retaining walls to 24'

48’

60'

72'

Anticipated Results trough Experience.

A building or a town will only be alive to the extent that it is governed in a timeless way. It is a process which brings order out of nothing but ourselves; it cannot be attained, but it will happen of its own accord, if we will only let it.

- Christopher Alexander

Improve Skills Invest

Hard-work

Earn

Milling on-site.

Achieve Something

Sell

Motivation

Produce

Wood harvested from parcel.

Weapon collection in Transitory Camp.

Weapon transportation to site.

Methods of Construction & Material Implementation

Weapon melting and steel treatment.

Construction Authorship: 0 The Colombian government will build the foundation systems (given, budgeted.) and FARC + Local Community will build the actual place.

Weapon Harvest (Government Aid): 0 Weapons delivered through the D.D.R Process are the prime matter for steel structure that will serve as school foundations.

0 The beacon’s structure will be based on the availability of this material; meaning that, the more weapons delivered that higher/stronger this edifice can grow.

Plaza del Cesar Cesar Square 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Don Francisco (65), Farmer Pancho (12), Child from ETCR. Miranda (23), Ex-Combatant, Artist.

Andres (28), Business Owner from Valledupar.

Sandro (19), Works for Andres, Ex-Combatant.

Amelia(22), Tourist.

Juancho (30), Artisan.

Alberto(45), Produce provider.

5.

3.

1.

Phase II

2.

7.

4.

6.

8.

Public spaces and the pedestrian paths are the arena for the vast majority of accidental encounters, where people will confront their opponent in the most genuine and unexpected way. Proxemics is considered as a crucial strategy in the development of public spaces, addressing physical distances of people and ensuring that people cannot avoid the other, increasing the opportunities for interaction. ... Social events such as music, sports and food are the most generous scenarios for social issues; political assumptions and generalizations lose prominence in fun and immersive environments.

1. Ordonez Family, both FARC and Civilian.

2. Tatiana (24), Journalist.

3. Fabricio (82), from Valledupar.

4. Simona (40), Ex-combatant.

5. Axel (42), From Manaure.

6. Florencia (25), Professional Porro Dancer.

7. Fausto (28), Professional Porro Dancer.

8. Diego (22), Musician, lives in ETCR. 9. Gabriel (30), Musician, Ex-combatant.

10. Tadeo (35), Musician, ex-combatant.

11. Silvestre (46), Vallenato Singer.

12. Tiang Xi (50), Chinese Tourist 13. Alana (48), Brazilian Tourist.

14. Tomas (36), Empanada Seller, Ex-combatant.

15. Anamaria (65), Ex-Combatant.

16. Juan Jose (70), from Valledupar.

17. Dionisio (65), Artisan, Ex-Combatant.

18. Orlando (45), Ex-Combatant.

19. Tony (42), Ex-Combatant.

20. William (40), Works in the Municipality.

12. 13.

31.

30. 29.

21. Diana (17), Skater from San Jose del Oriente.

14.

28.

22. Francisco (18), Skater from San Jose del Oriente.

23. Vicenta (70), Artisan, lives in ETCR. 24. Horacio (72), Teacher.

26.

25. Marco (26), Journalist.

1.

27.

26. Paola (45), from Valledupar.

2.

3.

27. Lorena (38), Ex-Combatant.

28. Alicia (50), Lives in ETCR. 29. Moraima (45), Ex-combatant.

30. Cleotilde (70), Moraima’s Mom. 31. Anibal (34), Ex-Combatant.

Phase III

20.

21. 22. 19. 18.

17.

15. 16.

25.

23.

24.

4. 5.

10.

11.

8.

6.

7.

9.

Wood Harvest (Community Based): 0 Located in a forest and with access to multiple species of hardwoods, the chosen building material for main structure will be wood, reminiscing the site it lays on and allowing the people to develop milling skills.

0 In order to do this sustainably, for every choped tree there will be another one planted.

Construction Processes for Reintegration: 0 The construction of the complex will improve the skill set and can be applied for own dwellings and/or increasing the possibility of being hired in the construction industry, enhancing social interaction; and in result, reintegration.

Daniel José Vélez Cabrera

Anticipated Results trough Methods.

ARCH 799 Graduate Architecture Studio

Thesis II, Spring 2019

Prof. Julie Rogers Varland

May 2019

n it dawns a little cooler, we nts of the settlement rehearse s get up early to prepare the , some commute to the nearby tart coming to appreciate the

Active FARC Zones

Direct Connections Active FARC Zones Coincidential Possibility

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

CHAPTER 13

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Figure 87

125

Savannah College of Art and Design

Daniel Jose Velez Cabrera

Figure 88

126

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Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

Figure 89

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Savannah College of Art and Design

Daniel Jose Velez Cabrera

Figure 90

128

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Savannah College of Art and Design

Figure 91

Daniel Jose Velez Cabrera

May 2019

Conclusions

130

Symbiotic Assimilation: Social Reconciliation through Architectural Intervention.

Daniel Jose Velez Cabrera Savannah College of Art and Design 131

El desarrollo de este proyecto se llevo gracias a una necesidad que siento por dar lo mejor de mi hacia con las personas que me rodean. Soy participe de que cuando nos vemos rodeados de las peores situaciones solo esta en uno mismo dar su mejor cara para salir adelante. Mi pais ha vivido una historia muy oscura que se ha llevado la vida de millones de personas y para mi es vital contribuir para evitar que esto siga pasando. Las problematicas sociales van muy de la mano con el contexto politico pero sobretodo fisico, pues es la realidad tanglible de cualquier conflicto.

Esta thesis los invita a reflexionar sobre que podemos aportar todos para ayudar a reparar las heridas de guerra a una comunidad. Yo, por mi parte, me convenci de que la arquitectura juega un papel necesario; y cuando hablo de arquitectura, no me refiero a grandes estructuras o proyectos inacequibles, me refiero a una arquitecura colectiva, donde todos somos los arquitectos y poco a poco vamos creando un lugar donde en algun dia podamis convivir en paz.

Las dinamicas sociales en territorios de post guerra son sistemas muy complejos donde la interaccion social se puede ver muy restringida por el espacio fisico. Como ser humano sensible y activo de la red a la que llamamos humanidad, me comprometo plantar esta semilla para algun dia poder dejar a Colombia mejor de como la encontre.

The development of this project was carried out thanks to the need I have for giving the best of me towards the people that surround me. I believe that when we are surrounded by the worst situations, it is only in oneself to give the best face to get ahead.

My country has lived a dark history that has taken the lives of millions of people and for me it is vital to contribute to prevent this from continuing. Social problems go hand in hand with the political context but above all physical, because it is the tangible reality of any conflict.

This thesis invites you to reflect on what we can all contribute to help repair the wounds of war in a community. For my part, I was convinced that architecture plays a necessary role; and when I talk about architecture, I do not mean big structures or inaccessible projects, I mean a collective architecture, where we are all architects and little by little we are creating a place where one day we can live in peace.

Social dynamics in post-war territories are very complex systems where social interaction can be seen very restricted by physical space. As a sensitive and active human being of the network we call humanity, I commit myself to plant this seed for some day to be able to leave Colombia better than I found it.

May 2019

Bibliography

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Daniel Jose Velez Cabrera

Bibliography Ariza, L. J., & Iturralde, M. (2016.). La prision como espacio de exclusion o de reconciliacion. Dearq Revista De Arquitectura / Journal of Architecture, (18), 21-30. Retrieved September 21, 2018.

Betancur Restrepo, L., & Blanco Chaparro, C. (2016). Arquitectura y Urbanismo para la Paz y la Reconciliacion. Dearq Revista De Arquitectura / Journal of Architecture, (18), 1-2. doi:10.18389/dearq18.2016.0. Retrieved September 20, 2018.

Colombia, La Oficina del Alto Comisionado para la Paz. (2016). El Acuerdo Final de Paz. La Havana, Cuba.

Enrique, R. B., Humberto, B. G., & Luz, R. G. (2013). Historia de Colombia: Todo lo que hay que saber. Bogota (Colombie): Punta de lectura.

Fenton, J., Kaplan, K., Woods, L., Cadwell, M., Silver, M., & Ray, M. (2011). Pamphlet Architecture 11-20. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.

Foucault, M. (2011). Discipline and punish the birth of the prison. New York: Vintage Books.

GuzmaĚ n Campos, G. (2005). La violencia en Colombia. 1a ed. BogotaĚ : Taurus.

Hall, E. T. (1992). The hidden dimension. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith Pub. Katyal, N.K (2002). Architecture as Crime Control. Yale Law Journal, 111, 1039-1139. Retrieved September 29,2018.

Murphy, M. (n.d.). Architecture that is built to heal. Speech presented at TED Talk in TED, Vancouver.

Savannah College of Art and Design

Osborne, H. (1997). South American Mythology (pp. 110-124). London: Chancellor.

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Redaccion El Tiempo. (1998, August 07). LOS 114 PRESIDENTES DE COLOMBIA. El Tiempo. Retrieved September 29, 2018, from https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-818579 Shah, R. C., & Kesan, J. P. (2007). How architecture regulates, Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 24(4), 350-359. Retrieved September 16, 2018.

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