Test bank for culture and psychology 6th edition by matsumoto

Test Bank for Culture and Psychology 6th Edition by Matsumoto

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Chapter 6 Culture and Personality 1. Which of the following statements best defines the term personality? a) It is a set of relatively enduring behavioral and cognitive characteristics, traits, or predispositions that people take with them to different situations, contexts, and interactions with others, and that contribute to differences among individuals. b) It refers to the conscious knowledge of one’s own character, feelings, motives, and desires. c) It is the sum total of ways of living built up by a group of human beings and transmitted from one generation to another, which includes customs, traditions, and social behavior. d) It refers to the stage of human social development and organization that is considered the most advanced.

ANS: a A-head: Defining Personality REF: 128 Feedback: The term personality is generally considered to be a set of relatively enduring behavioral and cognitive characteristics, traits, or predispositions that people take with them to different situations, contexts, and interactions with others, and that contribute to differences among individuals. It is the aggregate of behavioral and mental characteristics that are distinctive of an individual.

2. The term _____ refers to a consistent pattern of behavior, feelings, and thoughts that a person would usually display in relevant circumstances. a) trait b) morale c) ethics d) preference ANS: a A-head: Defining Personality REF: 128 Feedback: The term trait refers to a consistent pattern of behavior, feelings, and thoughts that a person would usually display in relevant circumstances. It is a characteristic or quality distinguishing a person.

3. In the context of personality, which of the following statements best describes the term “identity”? a) It refers to our perceived roles in life, aggregate role and life experiences, narratives, values, and motives. b) It refers to a predisposition or a tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain idea, object, person, or situation. c) It refers to a consistent pattern of behavior that a person would usually display in relevant circumstances. d) It refers to a process of promoting oneself as being powerful or important.

ANS: a

A-head: Defining Personality REF: 128–129 Feedback: In the context of personality, the term identity is defined as our perceived roles in life, aggregate role and life experiences, narratives, values, and motives. It refers to that aspect of our personalities that are created by performing repeated roles— thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that occur in real life across single role experiences— producing a history that comprises aggregate role experiences.

4. In the context of psychological anthropology, a national character refers to: a) the belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture. b) the belief of a nation that every culture has its own significance and therefore needs to be preserved. c) a condition or system in which two or more states, groups, principles, or sources of authority coexist. d) the perception that each culture has a modal personality type, and that most persons in that culture share aspects of it.

ANS: d A-head: Defining Personality REF: 129 Feedback: A national character refers to the perception that each culture has a modal personality type, and that most persons in that culture share aspects of it. Although many cultural and psychological anthropologists recognize the important contributions of biologically innate factors to personality and psychology, the main thrust of the psychological anthropology is its view of personality as culturally specific, formed by the unique forces each culture deals with in its milieu.

5. The _____ view of personality attributes more importance to the learning of psychological mechanisms and personality in the environment through cultural practices than to biological or evolutionary factors. a) cross-cultural b) cultural anthropological c) psychological anthropological d) nomothetic ANS: c A-head: Defining Personality REF: 129 Feedback: The psychological anthropological view of personality attributes more importance to the learning of psychological mechanisms and personality in the environment through cultural practices than to biological or evolutionary factors. In this view the foundations of personality development are set in early childhood according to each culture’s unique cultural traits.

6. The _____ approach tends to see personality as an etic or universal phenomenon that is equivalently relevant and meaningful in the cultures being compared. a) cross-cultural b) cultural indigenous

c) psychological anthropological d) cultural relativism ANS: a A-head: Defining Personality REF: 130 Feedback: In contrast to the psychological anthropological approach, the cross-cultural approach tends to see personality as an etic or universal phenomenon that is equivalently relevant and meaningful in the cultures being compared. This approach generally viewed personality as something discrete and separate from culture, and as a dependent variable in research.

7. The _____ to personality assumes that psychological processes are not just influenced by culture but are thoroughly culturally constituted. a) cultural perspective b) cross-cultural perspective c) indigenous perspective d) psychological anthropological perspective ANS: a A-head: Defining Personality REF: 130 Feedback: The cultural perspective to personality assumes that psychological processes are not just influenced by culture but are thoroughly culturally constituted. In turn, the cultural perspective assumes that personalities behaving in concert create the culture.

8. Which of the following statements is true of the cultural indigenous perspective to personality? a) It rejects the possibility of biological and genetic mechanisms underlying the universality of personality. b) It suggests that personality organization and dimensions are universal. c) It views personality as something discrete and separate from culture. d) It attributes importance to the learning of personality in an environment through biological factors.

ANS: a A-head: Defining Personality REF: 130 Feedback: The cultural indigenous perspective is somewhat antithetical to the crosscultural search for universals and rejects the possibility of biological and genetic mechanisms underlying universality. Instead, it suggests that just as no two cultures are alike, the personalities that comprise those cultures should be fundamentally different because of the mutual constitution of culture and personality within each cultural milieu.

9. Which of the following is true of the early cross-cultural studies on personality that would take a personality scale developed in one country or culture and translate it to use in another culture? a) These studies did not impose an assumed etic construct upon the cultures studied.

b) It was concluded that the personality dimensions represented by an imposed etic were equivalently represented in all cultures included in the studies. c) It provided sufficient evidence that the personality domains measured in these studies were equivalent in all the cultures studied. d) The researchers in these studies assumed that the methods of measuring personality dimensions were psychometrically valid and reliable.

ANS: d A-head: Defining Personality REF: 131 Feedback: A common practice in many of the early cross-cultural studies on personality was to take a personality scale that had been developed in one country or culture—most often the United States—and simply translate it and use it in another culture. In effect, the researchers merely assumed that the personality dimension measured by that scale was equivalent between the two cultures, and that the method of measuring that dimension was psychometrically valid and reliable.

10. The cross-cultural validation of personality measures requires psychometric evidence from all cultures in which the test is to be used. a) True b) False ANS: a A-head: Defining Personality REF: 131 Feedback: The cross-cultural validation of personality measures requires psychometric evidence from all cultures in which the test is to be used. In the strictest sense, therefore, researchers interested in cross-cultural studies on personality should select instruments that have been demonstrated to have acceptable psychometric properties in cultures of interest.

11. Which of the following is NOT a personality dimension of the five-factor model? a) Conscientiousness b) Introversion c) Neuroticism d) Agreeableness ANS: b A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 132 Feedback: The five personality dimensions of the five-factor model (FFM) are neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

The FFM was conceived after researchers noticed the similarities in the personality dimensions that had emerged across many studies, both within and between cultures.

12. The _____ was conceived after researchers noticed the similarities in the personality dimensions that had emerged across many studies, both within and between cultures. a) five-factor model

b) biopsychosocial model c) hierarchical model of personality d) social dominance theory ANS: a A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 132–133 Feedback: The five-factor model (FFM) was conceived after researchers noticed the similarities in the personality dimensions that had emerged across many studies, both within and between cultures. Most notably, support for the FFM arose out of factor analyses of trait adjectives from the English lexicon that were descriptive of self and others (Juni, 1996).

13. In the context of measuring personality, which of the following statements is true of the NEO PI-3? a) It is a 240-item instrument in which respondents rate the degree to which they agree or disagree that the item is characteristic of them. b) It is a statistical technique that allows researchers to group items on a questionnaire. c) It is a test that consists of 180 items rated on a seven point scale. d) It is a self-report personality test and can be used as a clinical instrument to help diagnose psychiatric disorders.

ANS: a A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 133 Feedback: In the context of measuring personality, the NEO PI-3 is a 240-item instrument in which respondents rate the degree to which they agree or disagree that the item is characteristic of them. It produces scores on the five major personality traits, as well as six subscores for each major trait.

14. In the context of the five-factor model, two of the most important traits for describing behavioral differences are _____ and _____. a) tender-mindedness; self-discipline b) openness to experience; agreeableness c) agreeableness; conscientiousness d) extraversion; neuroticism ANS: d A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 133 Feedback: In the context of the five-factor Model, two of the most important traits for describing behavioral differences are extraversion and neuroticism. The former refers to the degree to which an individual experiences positive emotions, and is outgoing, expressive, and sociable or shy, introverted, and avoids contact; the latter refers to the degree of emotional stability in an individual.

15. In the context of the five-factor model, _____ refers to the degree to which an individual experiences positive emotions, and is outgoing, expressive, and sociable or shy, introverted, and avoids contact. a) openness b) extraversion c) neuroticism d) conscientiousness ANS: b A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 133 Feedback: In the context of the five-factor model, extraversion refers to the degree to which an individual experiences positive emotions, and is outgoing, expressive, and sociable or shy, introverted, and avoids contact. It is one of the most important traits for describing behavioral differences.

16. In the context of the five-factor model, which of the following is a subtrait of conscientiousness? a) Trust b) Dutifulness c) Warmth d) Modesty ANS: b A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 134 Feedback: According to the five-factor model, dutifulness is a subtrait of conscientiousness. The five-factor model (FFM) is a conceptual model built around five distinct and basic personality dimensions that appear to be universal for all humans.

17. In the context of the five-factor model, which of the following is a subtrait of openness? a) Warmth b) Deliberation c) Fantasy d) Altruism ANS: c A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 134 Feedback: In the context of the five-factor model, fantasy is a subtrait of openness. The five-factor model (FFM) is a conceptual model built around five distinct and basic personality dimensions that appear to be universal for all humans.

18. In the context of the five-factor model, compliance, modesty, and tender-mindedness are subtraits of _____. a) conscientiousness b) agreeableness c) neuroticism d) openness ANS: b A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 134 Feedback: In the context of the five-factor model, compliance, modesty, and tendermindedness are subtraits of agreeableness. The five-factor model (FFM) is a conceptual model built around five distinct and basic personality dimensions that appear to be universal for all humans.

19. In the context of the five-factor model, the subtraits of neuroticism are depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, and vulnerability. a) True b) False ANS: a A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 134 Feedback: According to the five-factor model, the subtraits of neuroticism are depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, and vulnerability. The five-factor model (FFM) is a conceptual model built around five distinct and basic personality dimensions that appear to be universal for all humans.

20. Which of the following statements is true of the study conducted by Terraciano et al.

(2005) in 49 cultures on describing the “typical member” of a culture? a) The findings suggested that perceptions of national character may actually be substantiated by characteristics of members of those cultures. b) The respondents’ perceptions of national character were not correlated with the actual, aggregate personality levels of individuals of those cultures. c) There was relatively high disagreement about the national character perceptions of various cultures. d) The study was conducted using a single measure to assess personality and national character.

ANS: b A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 135 Feedback: Terraciano et al. (2005) asked approximately 4,000 respondents in 49 cultures to describe the “typical member” of a culture using 30 bipolar scales with two or three trait adjectives on the poles of each scale. There was relatively high agreement about the national character perceptions of the various cultures, that is, most people

within each of the cultures agreed on their perceptions. But, their perceptions were not correlated with the actual personality trait levels of the individuals of those very same cultures.

21. Terraciano and colleagues (2005) suggested that one of the functions of stereotypes about other groups is to affirm, or reaffirm, the perceptions, and often the self-worth, of one’s own group. a) True b) False ANS: a A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 135–136 Feedback: Terraciano and colleagues (2005) suggested that one of the functions of stereotypes about other groups is to affirm, or reaffirm, the perceptions, and often the self-worth, of one’s own group. Sometimes, these functions are dangerous; when perceptions of others are unfavorable, they often lead to prejudice, discrimination, and violence.

22. According to McCrae & Costa (1999), which of the following is a core component of the five-factor theory? a) External disposition b) Motive dispositions c) Characteristic adaptations d) National character ANS: c A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 136 Feedback: According to McCrae & Costa (1999), characteristic adaptations is a core component of the five-factor theory. The other core components are basic tendencies and the self-concept, which is a subcomponent of characteristic adaptations.

23. The _____, one of the core components of the five-factor theory, representing the universal personality traits are not culturally variable. a) external dispositions b) characteristic adaptations c) basic tendencies d) motive dispositions ANS: c A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 137 Feedback: The basic tendencies representing the universal personality traits are not culturally variable, and a universal personality structure is the mechanism by which such goals are achieved through a balance and interaction with culture. Culture is undeniably

relevant in the development of characteristics and adaptations that guide the expression of personality in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (McCrae et al., 1998), and the characteristic adaptations vary greatly across cultures.

24. In the context of the five-factor theory, which of the following statements is NOT true of culture? a) Characteristic adaptations can be substantially influenced by culture through the resources, social structures, and social systems available. b) Culture can influence mean levels of personality and values about the various personality traits. c) Culture defines context and provides differential meaning to the components of context. d) The basic tendencies representing the universal personality traits are culturally variable.

ANS: d A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 137 Feedback: In the context of the five-factor theory, the basic tendencies representing the universal personality traits are not culturally variable, and a universal personality structure is the mechanism by which such goals are achieved through a balance and interaction with culture. Culture is undeniably relevant in the development of characteristics and adaptations that guide the expression of personality in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (McCrae et al., 1998), and the characteristic adaptations vary greatly across cultures.

25. One of the most contentious parts of the five-factor theory is its suggestion that the origin of the personality traits is at least partially _____ determined. a) behaviorally b) biologically c) situationally d) religiously ANS: b A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 137 Feedback: One of the most contentious parts of the five-factor theory is its suggestion that the origin of the personality traits is at least partially biologically determined. An alternative perspective suggests a role of culture or environment in the shaping of the personality traits underlying basic tendencies of behavior.

26. Which of the following is a difference between the five-factor model (FFM) and the five-factor theory (FFT)? a) The FFM is always consistent and reliable, whereas the FFT depends on the FFM for its validity.

b) The FFM is a model about the sources of culture-specific traits, whereas the FFT is a theory of five dimensions of personality that are culture-specific. c) The FFM is a model of the universal personality traits, whereas the FFT is a theory about the source of those traits. d) The core components of the FFM are basic tendencies, characteristic adaptations, and self-concept, whereas the core components of the FFT are extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness.

ANS: c A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 138 Feedback: The five-factor model (FFM) is a model of the universal personality traits, whereas the five-factor theory (FFT) is a theory about the source of those traits. The number of traits that are universal and where they come from are two distinct issues that need to be kept separate in one’s minds.

27. In the context of an evolutionary approach, _____ is viewed as a universal psychological mechanism, a product of natural selection that serves both social and nonsocial functions in problem solving and environmental adaptation. a) social structure b) identity c) personality structure d) perception ANS: c A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 138 Feedback: In the context of an evolutionary approach, personality structure is viewed as a universal psychological mechanism, a product of natural selection that serves both social and nonsocial functions in problem solving and environmental adaptation. An evolutionary approach posits universality both of human interests and of the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying trait variation.

28. _____, one of the dimensions of the five-factor model, refers to the degree of organization, persistence, control, and motivation in goal-directed behavior. a) Agreeableness b) Neuroticism c) Openness d) Conscientiousness ANS: d A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 138 Feedback: Conscientiousness, a component of the five-factor model, refers to the degree of organization, persistence, control, and motivation in goal-directed behavior. In the evolutionary view, traits such as conscientiousness, neuroticism, and the other

components of the FFM are considered to reflect stable variations in systems that serve critical adaptive functions.

29. _____, a component of the five-factor model, refers to the tendency to experience negative emotions, vulnerability to stress, and emotional stability. a) Agreeableness b) Openness c) Neuroticism d) Extraversion ANS: c A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 138 Feedback: Neuroticism refers to the tendency to experience negative emotions, vulnerability to stress, and emotional stability. In the evolutionary view, traits such as conscientiousness, neuroticism, and the other components of the five-factor model are considered to reflect stable variations in systems that serve critical adaptive functions.

30. According to MacDonald (1991, 1998), an evolutionary approach suggests a _____ model in which behavior related to personality occurs at several levels based ultimately on the motivating aspects of evolved personality systems. a) social learning b) universal personality c) hierarchical d) biological ANS: c A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 138 Feedback: According to MacDonald (1991, 1998), an evolutionary approach suggests a hierarchical model in which behavior related to personality occurs at several levels based ultimately on the motivating aspects of evolved personality systems. In this model, human needs—evolved motive dispositions—are serviced by a universal set of personality dispositions that help individuals achieve their affective goals by managing personal and environmental resources.

31. Which of the following statements is true of the hierarchical model of motivation? a) It rejects the notion of universality of personality. b) It states that humans possess evolved motive dispositions, which are serviced by a universal set of personality dispositions that help individuals achieve their affective goals by managing personal and environmental resources. c) It states that people from all cultures share basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. d) It concerns the maintenance and stability of social hierarchies, and suggests that cultural ideologies, values, attitudes, and worldviews provide the justification for intergroup behaviors such as discrimination and prejudice.

ANS: b A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 138 Feedback: According to the hierarchical model of motivation, humans possess evolved motive dispositions, which are serviced by a universal set of personality dispositions that help individuals achieve their affective goals by managing personal and environmental resources. This resource management leads to concerns, projects, and tasks, which in turn lead to specific actions or behaviors through which the individual achieves the goals specified by the evolved motive dispositions.

32. Culture can substantially influence personality through the resources, social structures, and social systems available in a specific environment to help achieve goals. a) True b) False ANS: a A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Personality Traits: The Five-Factor Model and FiveFactor Theory REF: 139 Feedback: Culture can substantially influence personality through the resources, social structures, and social systems available in a specific environment to help achieve goals.

Culture can therefore influence mean levels of personality and values about the various personality traits.

33. Which of the following traits was included in the indigenous scale developed by Cheung and colleagues to measure personality in China? a) Tempermentalness b) Dominance c) Defensiveness d) Aggressiveness ANS: c A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Other Dimensions of Personality REF: 140 Feedback: Cheung and colleagues (2001) developed an indigenous scale designed to measure personality in China that included “defensiveness” as one of the traits. Cheung and colleagues named these dimensions “interpersonal relatedness.”

34. According to Church, Katigbak, & Reyes (1998) and Church, Reyes, Katigbak, & Grimm (1997), the two additional traits, apart from the five dimensions, that described the Filipino personality adequately were: a) cooperativeness and compassion. b) tempermentalness and self-assurance. c) responsiveness and hospitality. d) dutifulness and argumentative.

ANS: b A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Other Dimensions of Personality

REF: 140 Feedback: According to Church, Katigbak, & Reyes (1998) and Church, Reyes, Katigbak, & Grimm (1997), the two additional traits, apart from the five dimensions, that described the Filipino personality adequately were tempermentalness and self-assurance.

Similar types of findings were found previously with Spanish-speaking samples in Europe as well (Benet-Martinez & Waller, 1995, 1997).

35. Which of the following traits were considered important in predicting behaviors such as smoking, drinking, gambling, praying, tolerance of homosexuality, and tolerance of premarital and extramarital relations in Filipinos, above and beyond what could be predicted by the five-factor model? a) Harmony, timidity, and dominance b) Aggressiveness, easy-going behavior, and lack of empathy c) Social curiosity, risk-taking behavior, and religiosity d) Calmness, obliging behavior, and authoritativeness ANS: c A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Other Dimensions of Personality REF: 141 Feedback: Social curiosity, risk-taking, and religiosity were especially important in predicting behaviors such as smoking, drinking, gambling, praying, tolerance of homosexuality, and tolerance of premarital and extramarital relations in Filipinos, above and beyond what could be predicted by the five-factor model (FFM). Early studies using the same statistical techniques that have been used to test the FFM demonstrated that seven, not five, dimensions were necessary to describe the Filipino personality adequately (Church, Katigbak, & Reyes, 1998; Church, Reyes, Katigbak, & Grimm, 1997).

36. Hofstede, Bond, and Luk (1993) analyzed data from 1,300 individuals in Denmark and the Netherlands, and found six personality dimensions. Five of these were related to the five-factor model, and the sixth dimension was labeled _____. a) authoritarianism b) collaborationism c) narcissism d) associationism ANS: a A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Other Dimensions of Personality REF: 141 Feedback: Hofstede, Bond, and Luk (1993) analyzed data from 1,300 individuals in Denmark and the Netherlands, and found six personality dimensions. Five of these were related to the five-factor model, and the sixth dimension was labeled “authoritarianism,” which is related to dominance. In the mid-20th century, European psychologists suggested the existence of an “authoritarian personality,” and developed scales to measure it (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, & Levinson, 1950).

37. The findings of a study of chimpanzees by King and Figueredo (1997) and other studies involving orangutans and chimpanzees suggest that _____ is an inherited trait among animals. a) hostility b) attention c) sociability d) dominance ANS: d A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Other Dimensions of Personality REF: 141 Feedback: King and Figueredo (1997) presented 43 trait adjectives with representative items from the five-factor model to zoo trainers who worked with chimpanzees in 12 zoos.

Factor analysis of the ratings produced six factors, five of which corresponded to the FFM; the sixth corresponded to dominance. The same findings have been reported in studies of orangutans and chimpanzees (Pederson, King, & Landau, 2005; Weiss, King, & Enns, 2002; Weiss, King, & Figueredo, 2000), and suggest that dominance is an inherited trait among animals.

38. Which of the following statements is true of the social dominance theory? a) It states that behavior related to personality occurs at several levels based ultimately on the motivating aspects of evolved personality systems. b) It views personality structure as a universal psychological mechanism, a product of natural selection that serves both social and nonsocial functions in problem solving and environmental adaptation. c) It states that people from all cultures share basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, but that the specific ways in which these needs are met and expressed differ according to context and culture. d) It concerns the maintenance and stability of social hierarchies, and suggests that cultural ideologies, values, attitudes, and worldviews provide the justification for intergroup behaviors such as discrimination and prejudice.

ANS: d A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Other Dimensions of Personality REF: 141 Feedback: The social dominance theory concerns the maintenance and stability of social hierarchies, and suggests that cultural ideologies, values, attitudes, and worldviews provide the justification for intergroup behaviors such as discrimination and prejudice. A scale used to measure individual-level tendencies to endorse these ideologies is the social dominance orientation scale, which has been widely used across cultures to assess this aspect of dominance.

39. People with a(n) _____ see their behavior and relationships with others as dependent on their own behavior. a) powerful locus of control b) internal locus of control c) external locus of control d) weak locus of control

ANS: b A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Other Dimensions of Personality REF: 142 Feedback: People with an internal locus of control see their behavior and relationships with others as dependent on their own behavior. People with an external locus of control see their behavior and relationships with the environment and others as contingent on forces outside themselves and beyond their control.

40. Which of the following statements is true of people with an external locus of control? a) They see their behavior and relationships with others as dependent on their own behavior. b) They see their behavior and relationships with the environment and others as contingent on forces outside themselves and beyond their control. c) They feel themselves to be more self-efficacious when their agency is made explicit, leading to greater feelings of autonomy and efficacy. d) They need to worry about interpersonal harmony less because their group shares the goal of control.

ANS: b A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Other Dimensions of Personality REF: 142 Feedback: People with an external locus of control see their behavior and relationships with the environment and others as contingent on forces outside themselves and beyond their control. People with an internal locus of control see their behavior and relationships with others as dependent on their own behavior.

41. According to Yamaguchi (2001), in _____, the self acts as an agent, and individuals feel themselves to be more self-efficacious when their agency is made explicit, leading to greater feelings of autonomy and efficacy. a) direct control b) indirect control c) proxy control d) collective control ANS: a A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Other Dimensions of Personality REF: 143 Feedback: According to Yamaguchi (2001), in direct control, the self acts as an agent, and individuals feel themselves to be more self-efficacious when their agency is made explicit, leading to greater feelings of autonomy and efficacy. Direct control may be the preferred mode of behavior in cultural contexts that promote independence or autonomy.

42. In the context of control across cultures, people in _____ pretend as if they are not acting as an agent even though in reality they are doing so. a) indirect control b) direct control c) proxy control d) collective control

ANS: a A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Other Dimensions of Personality REF: 143 Feedback: In the context of control across cultures, people in indirect control pretend as if they are not acting as an agent even though in reality they are doing so. In indirect control, one’s agency is hidden or downplayed.

43. According to Yamaguchi (2001), which of the following statements is true of proxy control? a) It is a form of control in which one attempts to control the environment as a member of a group, and the group serves as the agent of control. b) It is a form of control that can be used when personal control, either direct or indirect, is not available or inappropriate. c) It is a type of control in which one’s agency is hidden or downplayed. d) It is a type of control in which the self acts as an agent, and individuals feel themselves to be more self-efficacious when their agency is made explicit.

ANS: b A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Other Dimensions of Personality REF: 143 Feedback: According to Yamaguchi (2001), proxy control is a form of control that can be used when personal control, either direct or indirect, is not available or inappropriate.

These are third-party interventions, when intermediaries are called in to regulate or intervene in interpersonal relationships or conflicts between parties with potential or actual conflicts of interest.

44. According to Yamaguchi (2001), in _____, one attempts to control the environment as a member of a group, and the group serves as the agent of control. a) proxy control b) direct control c) indirect control d) collective control ANS: d A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Other Dimensions of Personality REF: 143 Feedback: According to Yamaguchi (2001), in collective control, one attempts to control the environment as a member of a group, and the group serves as the agent of control. In this situation, individuals need to worry about interpersonal harmony less because the group shares the goal of control.

45. Which of the following theories states that people from all cultures share basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, but that the specific ways in which these needs are met and expressed differ according to context and culture? a) Five-factor theory b) Social dominance theory c) Social learning theory d) Self-determination theory

ANS: d A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Other Dimensions of Personality REF: 144 Feedback: Self-determination theory states that people from all cultures share basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, but that the specific ways in which these needs are met and expressed differ according to context and culture.

Meeting these needs, in whatever form or by whatever means, should be related to greater well-being of people in all cultures.

46. Conceptualizations of cultures that focus on individualism versus collectivism suggest that people of collectivistic cultures are _____. a) autonomously self-reliant b) autonomously independent c) not heteronomous d) not autonomous ANS: d A-head: Cross-Cultural Studies on Other Dimensions of Personality REF: 144 Feedback: Conceptualizations of cultures that focus on individualism versus collectivism suggest that people of collectivistic cultures are not autonomous. According to selfdetermination theory, people are autonomous when their behavior is experienced as willingly enacted and when they fully endorse the actions in which they are engaged or the values expressed by them.

47. According to Doi, all Japanese relationships can be characterized by _____, loosely translated as passive, childlike dependence of one person on another, which serves as a fundamental building block of Japanese culture and personality. a) cheong b) amae c) ren qing d) pakikisama ANS: b A-head: Indigenous Personalities REF: 145 Feedback: According to Doi, all Japanese relationships can be characterized by amae, loosely translated as passive, childlike dependence of one person on another, which serves as a fundamental building block of Japanese culture and personality. This fundamental interrelationship between higher- and lower-status people in Japan serves as a major component not only of individual psychology but of interpersonal relationships, and it does so in ways that are difficult to grasp from a North American individualistic point of view.

48. Markus & Kitayama (1998) and Shweder & Bourne (1984) argue that the research supporting universality of personality and its possible biological substrates may be contaminated by the methods used. a) True

Test Bank for Culture and Psychology 6th Edition by Matsumoto

b) False ANS: a A-head: Indigenous Personalities REF: 145 Feedback: Markus & Kitayama (1998) and Shweder & Bourne (1984) argue that the research supporting universality of personality and its possible biological substrates may be contaminated by the methods used. Much of the work on indigenous personality has provided fuel for those who subscribe to the view that culture and personality are mutually constituted.

49. Which of the following is more likely to be “mutually constituted” in development, arising out of an interaction between an individual and the environment? a) Trait b) Gender c) Identity d) Race ANS: c A-head: Integrating Universal and Culture-Specific Understandings of Personality REF: 146 Feedback: Identity is more likely to be “mutually constituted” in development, arising out of an interaction between the individual and the environment. During these interactions, culturally determined meanings of right and wrong, good and bad, appropriate and inappropriate help to guide the construction of meaning, and thus the creation of identities, roles, and motives.

50. In terms of research findings, evidence for indigenous conceptions of personality is not necessarily antithetical to the existence of universal personality traits. a) True b) False ANS: a A-head: Integrating Universal and Culture-Specific Understandings of Personality REF: 147 Feedback: In terms of research findings, evidence for indigenous conceptions of personality is not necessarily antithetical to the existence of universal personality traits such as the five-factor model. Both the FFM and indigenous personality concepts are empirical findings based on scientifically valid research.

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